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AbstractBody language is an important part of nonverbal communication. It is a very usual phenomenon in our daily life. Body language plays an assistant role in communication, especially when communicate with foreigners. But in different countries, body languages have different significances and expressions except some world known ones. This paper，on the basis of some examples，comparing the body languages in the Western countries and China. It aims to illustrate the differences body language in different cultures and put forward the principles of reducing barriers in communication so as to achieve efficient communication and to avoid misunderstanding.Then promote people’s cross-cultural communication competence, reinforce the heart-to-heart understanding and in the end will benefit the communication between Weatern people and Chinese people.Key Words:body language; Western countries and China；comparison; difference; cross-cultural communication摘要体态语是非语言交际的重要组成部分，在我们生活中是很常见的现象。
英汉跨文化非言语交际身势语语用特征及文化差异1 引言人类交际是语言交际和非语言交际的结合，非语言交际是整个交际中不可缺少的组成部分。
非语言交际指不用词语的交际，有无声和有声之分。
但一般说来，非语言交际多指无声。
我们的面部表情，头部动作，坐立姿势，手势和身体某一部位的移动，身体的接触，对话时的位置和距离，都在有意识无意识的发出某种信息，表达某种意识。
人们就把这种非语言交际方式成为身势语。
身势语主要包括手势，姿态，面部表情，嗓子的音质，交谈者之间的距离，谈话者选择衣着打扮的方法所传递的信息，说话人判断接话时机的方法等。
2 身势语的语用特征作为符号概念的身势是交际和传递信息的符号单位，它用于传递信息，早已未人们所熟悉，并能自如的运用各自群体中所通用的符号势进行交际。
从话语意义的研究角度看，身势语的语用特征主要体现在以下几个方面。
2.1 辅助，替代功能身势语伴随话语，对话语起着补充，强调或者确定的辅助功能，他们相互依附，相互支持以取得预期良好的交际效果。
身势语与话语同时或先后进行，它能使语言表达更生动，更形象，语义信息量更大，更清楚。
由于各种原因，在许多场合人们用身势语来替代话语，并给交际增加了特殊的表现力。
例如：” Pardon me，sir ，will you do mea favor ？Let mepurchase you one of these puddings. It would give mesuch pleasure. ”He jumped back as if he had been stung ，and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.“请原谅，先生，能赏我个脸吗？让我为您买一只布丁吧，如果您肯收下，我将不胜感激。
”他往后一跳，仿佛被什么东西蛰了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨的通红。
2.2 表情功能主要是通过面部表情表露感情或者情绪，当然，身体其他部分也可显露这类情绪。
A Contrastive Study of Body Language Between Chinese andEnglish-speaking Countries[Abstract] In human communication, people use body language to communicate, as well as verbal language. Body language is also called Kinesics. It belongs to the scope of nonverbal communication. Body language plays an important role in complementing, accenting, symbolizing or substituting utterance meaning. Body language, like verbal language, is also a part of culture. But in different cultures body language means the different things. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. Understanding the different cultural implication of English and Chinese body language can promote people’s cross-cultural communication competence, reinforce the heart-to-heart understanding and in the end will benefit the communication between English and Chinese people. This paper mainly expounds the features and functions of body language in pragmatics, presents the meanings of body language in different cultures from the point of cultures, researches body language’s cultural differences between English and Chinese, especially those in gesture, posture, facial expression_r_r_r, eye contact and physical distance, and discusses the importance of knowing cultural meanings. The research of English and Chinese body language in nonverbal communication is helpful for people todiminish or avoid misunderstandings caused by the cultural differences of body language.[Key Words] body language; English-speaking countries; China; contrast英汉身势语的对比研究[摘要] 人们在进行交流的过程中，除了运用语言这种普遍的方式外，也经常运用身势语。
相聚与分离——从中西方文化看身势语牛萌颖(长春师范学院外语学院．吉林长春130032)摘要：身势语作为一种语言，既是文化的栽体。
又是文化的组成部分。
中西方身势语的表现也就是中西方文化的表现，对它们之间差异的研究，有利于跨文化交际。
关键词：中西方文化身势语差异许多学者都曾指出身势语在跨文化交际中的重要性，Bi rdw hi s t ed R a yJ m过实验结果估计．交际中非语言交际信息约占65％。
心理学研究结果也表明，从人们获取信息的渠道来看．只有11％的信息是通过听觉获得的，83％通过视觉获得。
由此．心理学家提出一个公式：情感表达=7％的言语+39％的声音+55％的动作表情。
这说明。
在人的交际中身势语的因素占据着多么重要的位置。
对于任何一国语言，身势语都是对语言的补充，甚至有些学者认为身势语和一国语言是相互依存的。
学习并了解身势语对于学习一国语言是非常有帮助的。
它能在交际中帮助我们理解对方。
能表达出语言所表达不了的含义及功能。
一、身势语也是文化的载体它和语言一样是传播情感及信息的媒介。
是任何一种文化的重要表现形式，是人们互相交往的方式。
有了身势语．我们能更好地理解语言理解对方的含义。
身势语(body l a nguage)的概念是由美国心理学家伯德惠斯特尔(B i r dw hi st el l)首先提出的。
他指出人的身体各部位的运动肌的动作、器官都可以表达和交流信息、感情、态度——“身体即信息”，身势语包括目光语、手势、身体姿势、面部表情、举止动作、触觉等若干方面。
二、中西方身势语的差异身势语在不同的文化背景的渲染下．在不同的民族差异的引导下，在不同的主观因素的影响下，有着不同的含义，也传达了不同的内容。
在实际的跨文化交际中，人们必然会发现，不但不同国家和民族的人的身势语的行为不同。
即使同一国家和民族的人身势语的行为也不是完全一样的．甚至在同一地区不同职业、不同年龄层次、不同文化水平之间的人也是千差万别的．这也是身势语的差异性所在。
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英汉生理现象委婉语对比研究在现代社会中，委婉语的运用是世界各民族语言中的普遍现象。
英汉两种语言中都有大量的委婉语，文章就英汉语中的生理现象委婉语进行了对比分析，以寻求其共性和个性，加深对英汉委婉语的认识。
标签：委婉语；英汉对比；生理现象一、引言运用委婉语是世界各个地区的普遍现象。
在很多情况下，人们忌讳说令人不悦、感觉不文雅的生理现象，于是选择含蓄、模糊、委婉的方式来表达生理现象。
英汉生理现象的委婉语具有很多相似之处，但因为英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言，在历史、文化、价值等方面存在着较大差异，因而英汉生理现象的委婉语存在着很大的不同。
本文就生理现象这一方面对英汉委婉语进行了对比研究。
二、委婉语的含义英语中的euphemism即汉语中的委婉语，euphemism源于希腊语euphemismos，前缀eu-意为well、pleasant、good；词干-pheme-意为speech。
因此，euphemism是指“说好听的话”或“讨人喜欢的话”。
人们因为有些事物不能、不便、不愿直接描述或表达，直接说明或提及这些事物会让言者、听者、被提及者有消极的心理反应，因而用委婉语去替代直截了当的、可能触怒人的词语来避免情感伤害或引起不快。
委婉语是从语言禁忌开始的，当人们不愿意说出禁忌的事但需指明此事时，就不得不用其他词语来代替禁忌词语，于是创造了委婉语。
语言禁忌的出现源于人们对语言的崇拜，人们认为语言拥有超自然的神力，语言等同于客观事物。
比如，开店做生意的人每天关门说打烊而不是关门，因为关门有“破产倒闭”之意，如果说关门，那么就可能会不幸言中。
三、英汉生理现象委婉语的对比研究语言禁忌受制于民族文化、价值观念等人文因素的影响，具有民族个性，因而委婉语也具有民族个性。
英语和汉语属于两种不同语言，而民族文化、价值观念等人文因素都存在差异，因此决定了英汉委婉语差异十分明显。
我们可以从英汉两种语言中的几种主要的生理现象的委婉语窥见一斑。
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人称指示英汉语用对比
一、人称指示和语用分析
人称指示是指通过篇章中词汇和语法特点来解码篇章信息。
斐尔莫(Fillmore)和列文森(Levinson)将人称指示分为五类:人称指示、时间指示、地点指示、语篇指示和社交指示,此文将从语用角度出发来分析人称指示。
人称指示无法避免的把主观性引入到自然语言的词汇结构(Lynons1977,646).在说话人使用语言的时候对人称指示的选择上很大程度上受到了主观因素的影响。
大多数语言基本上存在三种人称代词:第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,第一人称是指说话人,第二人称是指听话人,第三人称是指除说话人和听话人之外的人。
说话人对人称指示词的选择会表现出说话人在特殊的情况下对听话人的感情、态度和与听话人的关系,在这篇论文中作者会用一些生活中常见的例子从语用的角度来分析英语与汉语中说话人如何选择人称指示来增进感情。
列文森(Levinson1983)提出了指示中心的观点,指示中心是指把说话者作为中心点来解释人称指示词。
根据指示词与指示中心的距离,指示词可以分为近指指示词(proximaldeixis)和远指指示词(distaldeixis)(Levinson1983,81)。
Lyons也提出了情感指示(empatheticdeixis)的说法,也就是说说话人选择近指指示词还是远指指示词在一定程度上取决于说话人的心里经验,说话人选择人称指示词来缩短他与听话人之间的心理距离从来表现出他们之间的友谊、亲密关系或者是疏远、冷淡。
1。
中西方身势语的文化差异浅论[摘要]在不同文化背景中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。
本文从文化角度对身势语在不同文化背景中的含义作了介绍，阐述了身势语的功能和作用。
通过大量的例证探讨了东西方人在姿态动作、面部表情、目光交流、身体接触和空间距离等方面的文化差异。
[关键词]英语国家；身势语；文化差异一、引言身势语同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。
在不同文化中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。
各民族有不同的非语言交际方式，因此，不断加强对身势语的研究，揭示其文化差异和文化冲突，排除文化干扰，对顺利、成功地进行跨文化交际有着非常重要的现实意义。
非语言交流研究的带头人之一莱伊•伯德克斯戴尔曾就人际交流问题作过如下分析：在两人的对话中，通过语言传达的信息，不过占整体的35%，剩下的65%则通过谈吐风度、动作、姿势、与对方的距离等语言以外的手段传达。
[1]142二、身势语的功能作为伴随语言表达主体意思的一种方式，身势语有其特定的功能和作用，一般来说可以概括为三类：辅助功能、代替功能、和掩饰功能。
下面将从这三个不同的方面进一步研究讨论身势语在英汉两种不同文化环境中存在的差异。
（一）辅助功能身势语伴随话语，对话语起着补充、强调或确定的辅助功能，它们互相支持以取得预期的良好交际效果。
例如，敲桌子提高音量的作用是在进行语言交流时强调语言信息。
用手指指路是进一步明确口头说出的方位。
对恋人用轻缓柔和充满爱意的声音说话，就加强了所说的内容。
在传达某一信息时，我们为了判定这一信息是否被接收、是否被理解，常常注视接受者的反馈。
此时，接收者的点头、眼睛的活动、脸上的表情之类线索，将成为双方调整下一步交流状态的依据。
[2]152-153 身势语与话语同时或先后进行，它能使言语表达更生动、更形象，语义信息量更大、更清楚。
请看下面这段话：With a quick decision he turned to the shop girl and said in a loud voice, “Kindly pack me up this one here. I will take it with me.” He pointed at one of the largest and most expensive of the puddings. 他当机立断，转向女店员，大声说道：“劳驾把这只替我包扎一下，我要带走。
A Comparison of Body Language between China and English-speaking CountriesWith the development of inter-cultural communication, the role of non-verbal communication becomes more and more obvious, which means that the position of body language is also becoming increasingly important. Therefore, if we want to have a successful inter-cultural communication it is very necessary for us to understand the similarities and differences of body language in different countries. There are many examples which can show the similarities and differences between China and English-speaking countries. And the comparison of body language between China and English-speaking countries is a very complicated question for us to understand them drastically. And it is a very hard task for us to learn every body language of every nation and countries. So this article mainly takes some typical ones to explain the similarities and differences of body language between China and English-speaking countries.3.1 The GesturesIn stead of verbal communication, people can also communicate and express our thoughts by the movements and patters of hands and fingers. And that is called gesture communication. Gesture communication which is the core of non-verbal communication plays a very important role in the whole communication. But gesture has different meanings in different countries and different cultural backgrounds also give the same gesture different functions in communication. For example, Chinese people show the meaning of good by thumbs up and show the meaning of bad or poor by extending the pinkie. However, the situation in America is not the same. If Americans extend their thumbs up that means hitchhike. There are also some other typical examples can show the importance of gesture in inter-cultural communication. And following are the examples.Firstly, in China, people move their fingers around the temples it means they are thinking. But in America, if people move their fingers around their temples it means that they are crazy. Secondly, when Chinese people see the foreign gusts use their palms across the neck after the dinner they feel very amazed because they can not understand why the foreigners show the action of suicide after the dinner. But in fact, the Americans just want to show that they are stuff.Thirdly, the posture of salutation is also different between China and English-speaking countries. If people want to ask someone to come over they will move their index finger upward and inside in English-speaking countries, while Chinese people will move their hands down and towards themselves. The gesture of number is another typical example which shows the differences of body language between China and English-speaking countries. Take the number 10 for example, in English-speaking countries, people will show the meaning of ten by opening their two fists, while Chinese people express the meaning of ten by making a fist by one of their hand. There are also a number of unique gestures in China and English-speaking countries, such as o-type gesture, which means zero or no in France and which refers to a man with homosexual tendencies in some Mediterranean countries. O-type gesture means both three and zero in China. The sign of victory between China and English-speaking countries can also show the cultural influence of the body language among different nations. In English-speaking countries, the V-type gesture express the meaning of victory and this action started from the World War II when Churchill took this gesture to show meaning of victory. But in China, the way to show victory is that people hold the arms and wave their hands in the air. For example, when Chinese athletes win the games in the sport meeting the always do this action to show their mood. The main reason forthose situations above is that the habits of different nations are not the same. It is well known to us, the habits can be represented through the behavior. And the habit can also incarnate the historical backgrounds of culture in different countries. So the differences and similarities of body language are still inseparable from the culture. In personal contacts everyone has his or her gesture. And because of the differences of culture, the gestures bring us many conveniences. But at the same time it also causes many troubles, especially in inter-cultural communication. If we do not know the meaning and ambiguity of gestures in the communication, we will not be success in the inter-cultural communication in both our daily life and in the business.3.2 The Facial ExpressionThe importance of facial expression in non-verbal communication is recognized for most of us. But the various cultural connotations of facial expression are hard to estimate. Compared with any party of body movement, the facial movement is more unpredictable and vague. Most of the facial movement are innate rather than acquired result of cultural. Rules about facial expression are too numerous and complex. It is difficult for us to know all the details, but we can try to understand the basic ones. Smile is a very important and common facial expression. In the culture of both China and English-speaking countries, a slight smile means happiness. However, in daily behavior, because of the humble attitude of the people in China and conceited attitude in English-speaking countries, there are really some differences of facial expression which can be not ignored among those countries. For example, when people are praised sincerely by others Chinese people always give a negative response both in language and action with the facial expression of denial, unacceptable, unbelievable and so on, while the people in English-speaking countries will accept the praise with smile and say thank you. Chinese people always think that this attitude of the English-speaking countries is too proud and arrogant. Conversely, English-speaking countries' people believe that Chinese people are too modest. Just from this, we can get the differences of the way of thinking between Chinese people and English-speaking countries' people.Eye contact is another typical example of facial expression. Eye language means that people use their eyes to convey information and express our thoughts and it is also a very important means of communication. As the common saying goes eyes are the windows of the soul, and which shows that through the eyes we can understand others' inner world. But due to the similarities and differences among countries, eye language also does not express the same meanings in different countries. For example, English-speaking countries' people always disgust that Chinese people often look back others in a very short time in the communication and the believe that this action is the symbol of looking down upon them. Though people in both China and English-speaking countries think that it is not a good habit when you communicate with others without the eye contact, the concrete reason of this attitude is not the same between Chinese and English-speaking countries' people. The people of English-speaking countries think that the lack of eye contact during the conversation is a symbol of lacking honesty and interest, while Chinese people think that is a symbol of lacking respect and obedience. In America, there is such a saying, do not believe those people who can not look at you directly. British people also think that you should look at each other directly to show you are listening in the communication.There is also another facial action which can show the difference of the body language between China and English-speaking countries. And that is called Shen shetou. In China when people, especially the children and girls feel embarrassing they always take this action to show they are shy. But in English-speaking countries, English-speaking countries' people never do thisaction because they think this is a very rude action. From the examples of facial expression, we can know that the Chinese are more undemonstrative, while the people in English-speaking countries are more direct. The main reason for this difference is that the people receive the different education in different nations. Though both Chinese and the English-speaking countries' people are educated to be more polite, Chinese receive a more conservative education. And the education background is one form of the culture, so that the body language is actually affected by the culture.3.3 The Head MovementHead movements are used very frequently in the non-verbal communication. And the head movements also have a very important contribution in body language in the inter-cultural communication. Knowing the meaning of the head movement of other countries can help us avoid a lot of trouble in the conversation.Firstly, take nod for example, in China it is a symbol of greeting or it just means coming here. But this body action also often seems a little superiority and it is also regarded as an action of contempt. For example, the policeman can call the suspect come over by this action. Another typical head movement is shacking head, which shows the meaning of no, reject, refusal and so on. Some people think that the origin of shacking head is the action, by which the baby refused to eat. This shows that the way of thinking of different nations still have something in common. This action in both China and English-speaking countries is also a contradictory action. It sometimes also means happy or admire, but it often accompanied with a smile and other signs of pleasure and admiration. In this situation, shaking head shows the meaning of that I could not believe or it shows the meaning of that this can not be true. There are also some other head movements which express different meanings in different countries. For example, when people want to show the meaning of might, hesitation, and so on, they will shake their head side to side in English-speaking countries. But there is no such a head action in China. There is also another head action which is not done by Chinese people. When people lower their head into 8-type that means they are feeling shyness and discomfiture. And this action also accompanied with some expression, such as hide their hands behind their back and so on. Though there are many head movements which show differences in meanings, most of the head movements have the same meaning in different countries. This situation shows that it is not the only rule that every body language is different among different countries. And as it has been explained before, the body language is one part of culture; the culture also has the same points in different nations.3.4 The Posture The importance of posture in body language can be not ignored, because when you talk to others the first thing comes into their vision is posture. The choice of body posture is also reflected by the cultural differences between China and English-speaking countries. There is an example can show this reflection. In Chinese traditional culture, people always think that the person who often sits is in the position of dominance. There are some example can show this situation, such as the king sit, while the courtiers stand; the father sit, while the son stand; the boss sit, while the employees stand and so on. Therefore younger people always give their seat to the older ones to show their respect. But the situation in English-speaking countries is on the contrary; the persons who are in the position of dominance tend to stand in order to show a higher status. If people of higher status choose a sitting position it means that they hope to create an atmosphere of harmony and equality and hope to reduce the distance between the two sides. Standing and sitting posture in different cultures also represent different behavior. When Americanmen sit they love to put one of his legs to the other and let the tiptoe toward the next person and this action is called Qiao Erlang Tui, which is the habit that Chinese people can not accept, because this is considered extremely impolite to the guest. In Cairo, there had been such a thing that a British professor sits on the chair and let his feet point to the students and such a behavior angered the Egyptian students so that the students parade and strongly demand to expulse the British professor. In fact, such actions have also caused strong resentment of students in China. The arm movement is a very important part of the posture.As for the arm movement, the significance of the arm movement in different nations is very different. There are many body languages which take the arm as one of the tool. Take oath for example, the action of oath is much different between China and English-speaking countries. In China, when people swear they always clench the right hand and let the palm outward and over the shoulder simultaneously. But in terms of the people in English-speaking countries, they are used to pen their right hands and raise the hand on a high level and sometimes they may put their left hands on the Bible.The leg movement is another party of posture. It seems that legs are not important in non-verbal communication because of its tick and inflexible. However, if we observe carefully we will find that the contribution of legs in non-verbal communication can not be ignored. Leg movements mainly base the stance. When people talk to others whether they sit or stand all depends on the cultural difference in different countries. In our daily interactions, Chinese people like to ask the guest to sit down because they think they can not exchange very will when the guests are standing. But in many cases, westerners have a preference for station. They stand for meeting, dinner, chatting and so on. In the National Day Celebration Party of Franc, there are thousands of participants, of which there many old people who are over seventy years old. But to our surprise is that there is no any chair in the garden. Because all the people just stand to talk to others freely. Even though both their waist and legs are painful, they will not have any complain. This shows that the leg movement in different cultures may differ materially. The examples of the difference of the posture show the differences of characters of the people of different countries. Most of English-speaking countries have the Open character. They always dare to express themselves, and which is the behavior which most of the Chinese people can not accept. The character is also influenced by the history background which is also the part of culture. So it is easily to know that because of the cultural difference the body language can be different in different nations. And if we want to success in the inter-cultural communication we should try to understand those differences in the posture.3.5 The Physical Contact Except those body languages above, there are still many other examples of body language which can show the differences of non-verbal communication in inter-cultural communication. Take physical contact for example. Contact mainly refers to change the information through body contact. China is a country with low contact culture.In China, when people meet each other or say hello to others they show their friendship just by nodding, raising their hands or shaking hands. In English-speaking countries, both homosexual and heterosexual people have the habit of hugging and kissing each other which can not be accept by Chinese people, because these actions are just be done between lovers and couples in China. But some close actions between the same-sex friends in China, such as arms around, hand in hand and so on, are regarded as the action which should happen between gays in English-speaking countries.In English-speaking countries, if people touch others because of crowding or carelessness they will apology for that immediately. But in China, people will not do so, because they think this situation is just a piece of cake and they have been used to the crowding in public places. This has become one habit of Chinese people. From all these examples of body language between China and English-speaking countries, we can know that the specific traditions and national customs decide the specific signification of body language and we can get that the reasons cause these differences and similarities are various, such as the difference of education background, the difference of characters, the difference of view, and so on. And all of these causes are collectively referred to cultural differences. There is no list for all the examples of this, but the examples above are enough to prove the differences of body language in different lingual backgrounds.From this we can know that body language is a part of culture it plays a very important role in the inter-cultural communication. Furthermore, we should realize that if we do not understand the different meaning of body language in different cultures and if we do not understand the ambiguity of body language in different cultures, we will meet a lot of troubles in the interpersonal communication. So we all should know the importance of understanding and the importance of mastering the comparison of body language between China and English-speaking countries. And that can help us avoid many unnecessary troubles in our future inter-cultural communication.4. ConclusionBody language, by which we can express our thoughts and feelings and transfer the information, is a very important tool of communication and as a main part of non-verbal communication it has a very close relation with the culture. If we want to avoid the troubles in the communication we should try to learn the cultures of other countries. Only when we clearly understand the characteristic of different culture, we can benefit from the body language. And body language is a very complicated topic, so that we can not study of all the fields of the body language in such a short passage. Therefore, in this essay the author mainly talk about the basal information of body language, the body language in non-verbal and inter-cultural communication and the comparison of body language between China and English-speaking countries. From the study of body language above, we can get that the purpose of this article is to help more people know the importance of body language in communication and let them understand the different meanings and types of body language in different cultures. But besides all of those above, we should also realize that there are some difficult places to which people should pay more attention during the process of studying body language. In short, body language is a kind of magical tool in intercultural communication, even if two speakers coming from different countries can't speak each other's language, they can understand each other smoothly by hand gesture, facial behavior, eye contact and so on.Bibliography[1] Andersen, Peter, Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions [M]. London: Waveland Press, 2007.[2] Birdwhistell, R. S. Kinesics and Context[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.[3] Knapp, M. Nonverbal communication in Human Interaction[M]. Winston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978.[4] Patrick, W. M. Nonverbal Communication [M]. USA: Natal Education Assent, 1988.[5] Samovar, L. et al. Understanding Intercultural Communication[M]. California: Wadsworth, 1981.[6] 毕继万. 跨文化非语言交际[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999.[7] 陈望道. 修辞学发凡[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2008.[8] 邓炎昌＆刘润清. 语言与文化[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.[9] 胡文仲. 跨文化交际学概论[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999。
探析英汉人体词语认知的对比【摘要】本文以英汉人体词为研究对象，从认知的角度，运用原型范畴理论和实体隐喻理论对英汉人体词在结构、隐喻意义、隐喻机制等方面进行分析和比较，发现英汉人体词在结构上异大于同。
在隐喻意义上，相同的喻体其隐喻意义有同有异;在隐喻机制上，隐喻意义因取象视点的不同而不同。
本文还指出造成英汉人体词异同的认知原因――两个民族思维方式的异同以及语言结构本身的因素。
【关键词】人体词认知隐喻文化差异一、引言在过去的20年中，传统的语言学受到了挑战，它不能解释一些语言现象，所以认知语言学便应运而生。
它描述和解释语言构造，并分析其认知功能基础。
运用认知语言学理论对英汉语言进行分析是一种全新的研究视角。
本文运用认知语言学的理论，对英汉人体词语在结构、隐喻意义及隐喻机制等方面进行对比，旨在分析它们之间的差异，探究造成差异的认知理据。
人类最初的生活方式是物质的，人类对物体的经验为我们将抽象的概念表达、理解为“实体”提供了物质基础，由此而派生出了实体隐喻。
在这类隐喻概念中，人们将抽象的和模糊的思想、感情、心理活动、事件、状态等无形的概念看作是具体的有形的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论、量化、识别其特征及原因。
实体隐喻最典型的和具有代表性的容器隐喻。
人是独立于周围世界以外的实体，每个人本身就是一个容器，有身体分界面、里外等。
人们将这种概念投射于人体以外的其他物体。
二、英汉人体词语的对比(一)结构对比1.HBW+HBW当我们表达感情或传达信息时，不仅仅使用一个HBW，有时使用两个或多个强调作用。
在英汉语中，“HBW+HBW”都比较普遍。
在汉语中，这种结构通常直接由两个人体词构成，形成并列结构，如:手足、嘴脸、唇舌、唇齿。
而在英语中，这种结构比较少，通常由两个人体词用“and“连接起来的情况比较多，如:“heart and hand”、“heart and soul”、“eyes and ears”，etc。
而其他由“N-N”(两个名词相同)的结构中，英汉语中看起来意义相同，如:心连心=heart linked to heart;面对面=face to face，etc。
英汉文化背景下身势语的对比分析
蔡子亮
【期刊名称】《温州职业技术学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2005(5)3
【摘要】身势语是一种重要的非语言交际形式,同一种身势语在不同的文化中有着不同的意义.了解英汉身势语的不同文化内涵,有助于英汉国家的人民之间更好地交流,提高跨文化交际能力,增进感情与心态的理解,做到"入乡随俗",传情达意.
【总页数】4页(P56-58,88)
【作者】蔡子亮
【作者单位】嘉应学院,外语系,广东,梅州,514015
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G04
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最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》：哈克和吉姆的性格对他们关系的影响分析2 中国英语与中式英语的对比研究——从英汉民族思维差异的角度3 论礼貌制约下You-attitude在英语商务信函中的用法4 An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting5 对《灿烂千阳》中姐妹情谊的分析6 非语言行为在小学外教英语教学中的运用7 Culture Teaching in College English Listening Classrooms8 英文电影片名翻译策略研究9 On the Fighting Spirit of Buck in The Call of The Wild10 《政府工作报告》中的概念隐喻及其英译方法11 文化负迁移对翻译的影响12 论中西婚姻观的差异13 美国情景喜剧字幕翻译的归化策略－－以《生活大爆炸》为例14 A Brave Call for Peace－－An Analysis of the Relationship between Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley and Its Tragic Ending in A Farewell to Arms15 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。
原创Q 805 990 74 916 中文商标英译研究17 The Destruction and Degeneration of Heroines in William Faulkner’s Works18 《人性的污点》中主要人物的悲剧命运与社会原因的分析19 性格、学习策略和英语学习成绩的关系研究20 论《黑夜中的旅人》中主人公的信仰冲突与融合21 从《简爱》看世纪女性地位及女性意识的觉醒22 英语阅读理解中的若干信息处理手段23 浅析《德伯维尔家的苔丝》中造成苔丝悲剧的因素24 A Freudian Psychoanalytical Interpretation of Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights25 论英汉数字习语的差异及翻译26 浅谈《旧约》中女性的形象和地位27 简爱与嘉莉妹妹女性形象比较28 英汉动物习语的对比研究29 网络流行语翻译评析——“神马都是浮云”个案分析30 文化差异对商标翻译的影响及翻译策略31 《马克•吐温—美国的镜子》中的中英文衔接手段的对比和翻译32 从民族文化心理差异角度看功能对等论在商标翻译中的运用33 中英动物习语使用和翻译的差异研究34 中英广告的文化差异及翻译35 从语言角度分析《功夫熊猫》中中西文化的交融36 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)浅析促销战略在电子商务中的应用——以淘宝“双十一”大促为例37 从接受美学浅谈英文电影片名的汉译38 论狄更斯在《双城记》中的人道主义思想39 《莫比.迪克》中的象征意义40 中医术语翻译方法研究41 语言行为性别差异研究42 从凯特肖邦的“觉醒”中映射出的女性自由43 从冲突到和解—解析《接骨师之女》中的母女关系44 游戏教学法在初中英语课堂教学中的应用45 Cooperative Learning in English Interpretation Class46 澳大利亚英语词汇和澳大利亚文化（开题报告+论）47 汉英语序对比浅析48 Influences of Encouraging Words on Students In High School Classes49 A Study on Differences of Family Education between China and America－－A Case Study of The Joy Luck Club50 Scarlett的人物形象分析51 目的论视角下的化妆品翻译52 A Preliminary Survey of Translating San in Chinese Idioms53 An Analysis on Shear's Personality in The Bridge on the River Kwai54 文化对在校英语学习的重要性55 A Comparison of the English Color Terms56 A Cultural Approach to the Translation of Movie Titles57 从跨文化交际视角谈品牌翻译策略58 浅析《白牙》中爱的力量59 《请买票》的生态女性主义解读60 The Comparison of Marriage Traditions between China and America61 伊丽莎白．贝内特与简．爱的婚姻观之比较62 论英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵差异63 《我的安东妮娅》中的文化冲突研究64 浅谈英语中歧义65 An Analysis of Key Elements of Cross-cultural Business Negotiation66 英语歌曲名称汉译研究67 《远离尘嚣》中女主角的情感变迁研究68 杰克•伦敦《野性的呼唤》的生态解读69 对跨文化交际中肢体语言的研究70 A Comparative Study on Gratitude Expressing Approaches of Chinese and Western Relatives71 Psychological Analysis of Stuttering in The King’s Speech72 《基督山伯爵》中的复仇，复活以及宽恕73 全身反应法在少儿英语教学中的应用——以杭州英之辅EF语言培训为例74 论中西文化中家庭观念的差异75 On Advertising Translation from the Perspective of Skopostheorie76 浅谈《竞选州长》中的幽默与讽刺77 A Script-based Study of the Female Theme in Scent of a Woman78 卡门-波西米亚之花79 打破沉默——接骨师之女中“沉默”主题的解读80 试析《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》中女主人公艾米莉的形象81 非言语交际对演讲的影响82 经济学视野下的《鲁滨逊漂流记》83 任务型英语教学的理论与实践探讨84 《远离尘嚣》人物分析及悲剧写法85 从女性主义的角度研究萧伯纳《华伦夫人的职业》中的女性形象86 东西方隐逸文化对比——试比较梭罗与陶渊明的作品87 论爱伦•坡小说《莫格街谋杀案》中悬疑的设置88 论《兔子归来》中黑人民权意识的觉醒89 《神探夏洛克》文化现象研究90 图式在英语阅读中的作用91 英文电影片名翻译中的归化与异化策略92 大学生英语学习归因倾向的调查研究93 《紫色》的妇女主义解读94 埃德娜：一个孤独的女战士——解读凯特•肖邦的《觉醒》95 A Research on Frances Burnett’s “Fauntleroy” Writing Style96 解析网络语言的变异97 对罗伯特•弗罗斯特自然诗的尝试性研究98 论《宠儿》中的象征意象99 关注耐心教育——浅谈《差不多是大人的人》中黑孩子的叛逆心理100 《名利场》的女性主义解读101 禅宗思想在艾米莉迪金森诗歌中的体现102 中西饮食文化差异探析103 论委婉语与国际商务谈判104 伍尔芙的人生经历对其小说创作的影响105 旅游翻译中的文化差异和处理策略106 汽车广告英语的语言特点及其翻译107 Negative Transfer and the Errors Committed by Chinese English Learners108 Sino-US Cultural Differences——Through Comparison Between APPLE and OPPO 109 时政漫画看美国社会110 浅析《儿子与情人》中的恋母情结111 文化差异对英语学习的影响112 《名利场》的女性主义解读113 外贸函电写作中存在的误区及其对策114 盖茨比的悲剧成因分析115 从语用学角度分析《老友记》中的幽默116 对公共演讲课堂中大学生课堂表现的心理分析117 比较约翰·邓恩与艾米丽·迪金森诗歌中奇思妙喻的艺术效果118 会计文本语言特色分析——以《国际收支手册》为例119 A Tentative Study of the Origin of American Place Naming120 Wessex Women: Female Characters in Thomas Hardy's Novels121 聊天室中网络英语缩略词浅析122 Improving the College Students’Writing Skill through Cohesive Devices123 如果不复仇——论呼啸山庄中的爱与恨124 An Analysis of the Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Tess of the D’Urbervilles125 从认知语言学的视角下浅析隐喻和换喻的异同126 汉语中的英语外来语127 从文化角度探析中英基本颜色词的比较和翻译128 解析马克吐温《竞选州长》中的幽默讽刺艺术129 诠释《儿子与情人》中儿子、母亲、情人之间的关系130 抽象名词词义内涵及其翻译策略131 中西方文化中颜色词的隐喻比较研究132 合作原则视角下对《老友记》中台词的幽默研究133 中国奢侈品的营销之道134 浅析中美幽默之差异135 从语用学的角度谈美剧中的言语幽默——以《老爸老妈浪漫史》为例136 梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中的“简单”原则137 A Comparison of the English Color Terms138 重新诠释玛格丽特的人生悲剧根源139 从电视剧《绝望主妇》看委婉语的交际功能140 Two Trapped Roses—A Comparative Study on Emily and Miss Havisham141 A Brief Discussion on the Translation of Brand Names142 论《追风筝的人》中父子关系的心理剖析143 从数字的联想意义研究中西文化的差异144 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征及其作用145 中英爱情隐喻的对比研究146 简爱与林黛玉的形象比较分析147 从电影《美丽人生》看完美男人形象148 从动态对等角度分析中国旅游景点名称英译——以中国庐山网为例149 《喜福会》体现的中美家庭观念冲突解析150 托马斯•哈代《无名的裘德》中的书信研究151 傅东华译《飘》归化现象浅析152 浅析英语委婉语的应用领域153 论海勒《约塞连幸免于难》的黑色幽默的荒诞与反讽154 The Interpretation of A Rose for Emily from the Perspective of Feminism155 西方骑士精神与中国侠义精神的比较研究—以《亚瑟王之死》和《水浒传》为例156 《哈利波特》中西弗勒斯•斯内普的人物分析157 旅游资料翻译中文化因素的处理158 从《麦琪的礼物》看欧亨利留给世人的礼物159 凯特•肖邦《觉醒》中女主人公女性意识的觉醒160 论莎士比亚戏剧中的女扮男装现象161 从尤金•奈达的功能对等理论角度论网络流行语的可译与不可译162 Pragmatic Differences of Politeness in Intercultural Communication Between English and Chinese163 论旅游广告的显影性164 The Death Image of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry165 《园会》中男性人物性格作用分析166 论《麦田里的守望者》中的象征体系及霍尔顿的精神世界167 从追求走向幻灭与死亡——谈马丁•伊登的美国梦168 On Characteristic Features of the Main Characters in The Moon and Sixpence169 中西方文化背景对理解隐喻的影响170 A Study on Humanity——Based on the Analysis of David Copperfield171 论纳撒尼尔霍桑《牧师的黑面纱》中的象征172 英语写作中的母语迁移作用及教学启示173 A Withering Rose：An Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy174 英语商标的汉译原则及策略175 英语抽象名词和物质名词的数概念分析176 A Comparison of the English Color Terms177 《奥罗拉•李》中的女性形象解读178 《可爱的骨头》的电影改编分析179 论《小妇人》中的家庭教育问题180 Cause of Tragedy in Desire Under the Elms181 福斯特《霍华德庄园》中的三个世界182 浅析委婉语的构造方式及功能183 中英文化中寒暄语的比较184 意象图式研究185 语用模糊及语用功能186 适者生存—对《飘》中生存意识的探究187 《飞屋环游记》的人物设置特色分析188 从文体风格谈培根散文《论美》的翻译189 美国文学中的美国梦研究190 从文化差异的角度对英语习语翻译的研究191 从《简爱》和《藻海无边》看罗切斯特对女性和婚姻的态度变化192 《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的悲剧193 文化差异视角下的英语称谓语的翻译策略194 从《纯真年代》中的女性角色看伊迪斯•华顿的女性意识195 加工层次理论指导下的商务英语词汇学习196 The Tragic Destiny of Brett Ashley in The Sun Also Rises197 《瓦尔登湖》中寂寞观的超验主义分析198 Analyzing the Development of English Color Term and Its Chinese Translation199 On C-E Translation of Neologisms from the Perspective of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory200 浅谈商务英语合同的翻译。
