What Are Repeatability and Reproducibility

品质人员名称类：QC quality control品质管理人员F QC final quality control终点质量管理人员IP QC in process quality control制程中的质量管理人员O QC output quali y control最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control全面质量管理POC passage quality control段检人员QA quality assurance质量保证人员OQ A output quality assurance出货质量保证人员Q Equality engineering品质工程人员二、品质保证类：FAI first article inspection新品首件检查FAA first article assurance首件确认TVR tool verification report模具确认报告3B3B模具正式投产前确认CP cap abi ity index能力指数CPK cap abi ity index of process模具制程能力参数SSQ A standardized supplier quality合格供货商品质评估OOB A out of box audit开箱检查QFD quality function deployment品质机能展开FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis失效模式分析8 disciplines 8项回复内容FA final audit最后一次稽核CAR corrective action request改正行动要求corrective action report改正行动报告三、F QC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level运作类允收品质水准S/S Sample size抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept允收REE Reject拒收CR Critical极严重的MAJ Major主要的MIN Minor轻微的A OQ Average Output Quality平均出厂品质A OQL Average Output Quality Level平均出厂品质Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service品质/可靠度服务MIL-STD Ml itary-Standard军用标准PPM Percent Per Milon百万分之一L/N Lot Number 生产批号四、制程统计品管专类：SPC Statistical Process Control统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control统计质量管理R Range全距A RAver ary Range全距平均值UCL Upper Central Limit管制上限LCL Lower Central Limit管制下限MAX Maximum最大值MIN Minimum最小值GRR Gauge Reproducibility&Repeat abilty量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension尺寸DIA Diameter直径FREQ Frequency频率N Number样品数五、其它品质术语类：PDCA Plan Do Check Action计划执行检查总结QI Quali y Improvement品质改善QP Quality Policy目标方针SI-SIV Special l-SpecialⅣV特殊抽样水准等级P/N Part Number料号AOD Accept On Deviation特采UAI Use As It首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million百万分之一QCC Quality Control Circle品质圈Plan Do Check Action计划执行检查总结ZD Zero Defect零缺点TQM Total Quality Management全面品质管理MRB Material Reject Bill退货单LQ L Limiting Quality Level最低品质水准RMA Return Material Audit退料认可Q AN Quality A me lion rate Notice品质改善活动ADM Absolute Dimension Measure mat全尺寸测量QT Quality Target品质目标7QC Tools 7 Quality Controll Tools品管七大手法六、QS-9000中的术语：APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan，产品质量先期策划和控制计划PPAP Production Part Approval Process，生产件批准程序FMEA Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysi，潜在失效模式及后果分析MSA Measure System Analysis，测量系统分析SPC Statistical Process Control，统计过程控制六、QS-9000中的术语：APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan，产品质量先期策划和控制计划PPAP Production Part Approval Process，生产件批准程序FMEA Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis，潜在失效模式及后果分析MSA Measure System Analysis，测量系统分析SPC Statistical Process Control，统计过程控制Audit审核Audit 能力Capability 能力Capability Indices 能力指数Control Plans 控制计划Corrective Action 纠正措施文件Documentation 文件work instruction作业指导书Nonconformity 不符合项Nonconforming products不合格品Unqualified 不合格Defective Parts Per Milon，DPPM 每百万零件不合格数Preventive Action预防措施Procedures程序Process Flow Diagram过程流程图，Quality Manual质量手册Quality Plan质量计划Quality Planning质量策划Quality Records 质量记录Reaction Plan反应计划Repair返修返工Rework现场Site分承包方Subcontractors产品product质量quality质量要求quality requirement顾客满意customer satisfaction质量管理体系quality management system 质量方针quality policy质量目标qua ity objective质量管理quality management质量控制quality control质量保证quality assurance组织organization顾客customer供方supplier过程process服务service设计与开发design and development特性characteristic可追溯性traceability合格conformity缺陷defect纠正correction让步concession放行release报废scrap规范specification评审review测量measurement计数型数据Attributes Data普通原因CommonCause单值Individual均值Mean随机抽样Random Sampling 极差Range特殊原因Special Cause稳定性Stabi ity子组Subgroup计量型数据Variables Data 变差Variation固有变差Inherent Variation 总变差Total Variation偏倚Bias重复性Repeatability再现性Reproduc ibi ity稳定性Stability Linearity分辨率Resolution过程更改Process change过程更改Process change质量功能展开QFD过程特殊特性Special Process Characteristic产品特殊特性Special Product Characteristic外观项目Appearance Item初始过程能力Preliminary Process Capability材料清单Bill of Material设计确认Design Validation设计验证Design Verification顾客的呼声Voice of the Customer过程的呼声Voice of the Process七、常用缩略词语：ES工程规范Engineering SpecificationKCC关键控制特性(GM) Key Control CharacteristicKPC关键产品特性(GM) Key Product CharacteristicOEM整车厂Original Equipment ManufacturerSC重要(特殊) 特性Significant(Special) Characteristic ANOVA方差分析法Analysis of Variance CFT多方论证小组Cross function T eam DFMEA设计失效模式及后果分析Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis DOE试验设计Design of Experiment DVP&R设计验证计划和报告Design verification Plan and ReportFTC试生产能力First Time CapabilityGR&R量具的重复性和再现性Gage Repeatability and ReproducibilityP FMEA过程失效模式及后果分析Process Failure Mode and Effect AnalysisSF ME A系统失效模式及后是分析System Failure Mode and Effect Analysis QSR 质量体系要求Quality System RequirementQFD质量功能展开Quality Function DeploymentTGR运行情况良好Things Gone RightTGW运行情况不良Things Gone WrongVE/VA价值工程/价值分析Value Engineering/Value AnalysisBOM物料清单Bill of MaterialCpk 稳定过程的能力指数Cap ablity for stable processLCL 下控制限Lower Control LimitUCL 上控制限Upper Control LimitLSL 工程规范下限Lower Specification LimitUS L 工程规范上限Upper Specification LimitPpk 性能指数The performance indexMRB 物料评审Material Review BoardPSW 零件提交保证书Part Submission WarrantX(-)--R图均值一极差图Average-Range ChartSR PC 供方要求产品更改Supplier Request for Product ChangeIAA临时批准授权Interim Approval AuthorizationAAR外观件批准报告Appearance Approval ReportPTR试生产(报告) Production Trial Run(Report)DCP尺寸控制计划(动态控制计划) Dimension Control Plan(Dynamic Control Plan) 防错(POKA-YOKE) Mistake ProofingECN：工程变更通知单BOM：物料清单SOP：作业指导书SIP：检验指导书AC：允收RE：拒收AQL：品质允收水准CR：致命缺陷9.MAX：严重缺陷MIN：轻微缺陷QA：品质保证IP QC：制程品质控制IQC：进料品质控制QE：品质工程F MEN：失效模式及后果分析SPC：统计过程控制CPK：工序能力指数SQC：统计品质管控QMS：质量管理体系ISO：国际标准化组织ISO 9000：质量管理体系ISO 14001：环境管理体系CAR：客户投诉不良改善报告CPAR：纠正/预防措施报告TQC：全面质量管理ROHS：电机电子产品之危害物质限用指令QCC：品管圈UCL：管制上限LCL：管制下限14.P DCA：计划、实施、检查、处置5M1E：人员、机器、物料、方法、测量、环境5W2H：何时、何地、何人、何事、为何、如何、几何(几多、多少) PCBA：印刷电路板SQM：供应商品质管理ECR：设计变更IQC：来料检验IP QC：制程检验F QC：最终检验(成品检验)O QC：出厂检验QA：品质保证QE：品质工程PQE：产品品质工程师PE：产品工程师PC：生产控制(生管)MC：物料控制ME：机械工程师FE：设备工程师SQC：统计品管TQC：全面品质管制QFD：质量机能展开we nku.con CW QC：日本模式TQC-全公司品管TQM：全面品质管理AQL：判定基准-不良率为%PPM：百万分之一不良率SOP：标准作业程序SIP：标准检验程序PDCA：戴明管理循环(Plan设计、Do制造，实施、Check检查、Action修正) BOM：物料清单ECO：工程变更指令MN：制造通知MPI：作业指导书TPI：测试指导书API：调试指导书Rev：版本WIP：在制品MAJ：主要缺点MIN：次要缺点CRI：严重缺点SAMPLE：样品。

《现代语言学》问答题1.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?ArbitrarinessIt means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place.Cultural transmissionLanguage is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted.2. How are the English consonants classified?1)by manner of articulation.a.stops（plosive爆破音）: [p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]b.fricatives（磨擦音）: [f],[v],[s],[z],[ θ],[ð], [∫], [ʒ], [h]c.affricates（破擦音）: [ t∫], [dʒ]d.liquids（lateral边音，流音）: [l], [r]e.nasals（鼻音）: [m],[ n],[ŋ]f.glides （semivowels半元音）: [w], [ j]2)by place of articulation :a.bilabial（双唇音）: [p],[b],[m],[w]biodental（唇齿音）: [f],[v]c.dental（舌齿音）: [θ],[ ð]d.alveolar（齿龈音）: [t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]e.palatal（腭音）: [∫], [ʒ],[ t∫], [dʒ], [j]f.velar（软腭音）: [k], [g], [ŋ ]g.glottal（喉音，声门单）: [h]3. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? 英语的元音是如何分类的？1) According to the position of the tongue, vowels may be distinguished as front vowels such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a], central vowels such as [ɜ:] [ə] [ʌ], and back vowels such as [u:] [ʊ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [ɑ:]2) According to the openness of the mouth, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels such as [i:] [i] [u:] [ʊ], semi-close vowels such as [e] [ɜ:], semi-open vowels such as [ə] [ɔ:], and open vowels such as [æ] [a] [ʌ] [ɔ] and [ɑ:].3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. In English all the front and central vowels are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels, with exception of [ɑ:], are rounded.4) According to the length of the vowels, the English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels. The long vowels include [i:] [ɜ:] [ɔ: ] [u:] [ɑ:]，while the rest are short vowels.4. What are phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair?If two phonetically similar sounds can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast. [p], [b]If two phonetically similar sounds are two allophones of the same phoneme and they occur in different environments, they are said to be in complementary distribution. [p], [ph].When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. For example, kill and bill.5. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r] , then the next sound must be a vowel. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:the first phoneme must be /s/the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [i:] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign or design, there is no [g] soundalthough it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding forms signature, designation, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.6. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features are phonological features above the sound segment level. The major suprasegmental features in English are word stress, sentence stress and intonation.1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence. The more important words such as nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns, are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. And the other categories of words (articles, personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions) are usually not stressed. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” For example, to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.7. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”.Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes andsuffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginn ing of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.8. What is the relation between sense and reference?Sense and reference are two terms in the study of meaning. (1) Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning that dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. (2) Obviously, linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. On the other hand, there are less frequent occasions when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. “morning star” and “evening star”.9. What are the major lexical sense relations?1)Synonymya)Dialectal synonyms --- regional dialectse.g. British English: autumn/liftAmerican English: fall/elevatorb)Stylistic synonymse.g. old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentc)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaninge.g. collaborator & accompliced)collocational synonymse.g. accuse…of/ charge…with/ rebuke…fore)semantically different synonymse.g. amaze: confusion and bewildermentastound: difficulty in believing2)Polysemye.g. “table” has many meanings such as 1.a piece of furniture 2. a level area, a plateau and etc.3)HomonymyHomophones: identical in sound e.g. night/ knightHomographs: identical in spelling e.g. bow v./ bow n.4)Hyponymye.g. superordinate: furniturehyponyms: bed, table5)Antonymya)Gradable antonymse.g. old and young are immediately recognized as antomyms, between whichthere exist intermediate forms such as “mature”, “middle-aged”b)complementary antonymse.g. a person can be either alive or dead; there is no third possibilityc)Relational oppositese.g. husband and wife are a paior of relational opposites.10. Illustrate Searle’s classification of speech acts with examples.According to Searle, speech acts fall in five general categories. Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point, but differ in their strength.1)Representatives/assertives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be trueTypical cases: stating, believing, swearinge.g. (I swear)I have never seen the man before.(I state)The earth is a globe.2)Directives: trying to get the hearer to do somethingTypical cases: Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, orderinge.g. Open the window, please.You’d better go to the clinic.3)Commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action Typical cases: Promising, undertaking, vowinge.g. I promise to come.4)Expressives: expressing feelings of attitude towards an existing stateTypical cases: apologizing, thanking, congratulatinge.g. I’m sorry for the mess I have made.It’s really kind of you to have thought of me.5)Declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.e.g. I now declare the meeting open.I fire you!11. Illustrate Grice's Cooperative Principle with examples.Grice's Cooperative Principle consists of four maxims: QUANTITY, QUALITY, RELATION, and MANNER.1)A: What are you reading?B: A book.A knowsB is reading a book, and is asking about the content of the book. Simply by saying "a book", B is not offering enough information. The implicature here is: I do not want to talk to you right now. In this case, the maxim of QUANTITY is violated.2)He is made of iron.Our common sense tells us no human being is made of iron. Obviously this is a false statement and has violated the maxim of QUALITY. The implicature here is: he is as strong as iron.3)A: Mrs. Smith was such a bore at the party last night.B: It's really chilly here. I want to go out to warm up.When A is talking about Mrs. Smith, B turns to talk about something totally irrelevant.Therefore the maxim of RELATION is violated. The implicature here is: It is impolite to say that.4)a. Miss Smith sang "Home sweet home".b. Miss Smith produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the song of "Home sweet home".The two sentences actually are basically talking about the same thing. But sentence b is stated in such a way that makes it more obscure for the audience and therefore violates the maxim of MANNER. The implicature here is: Miss Smith does not sing well and I do not like her singing.12. With examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.The rapid development of science and technologye.g. fax, laser printer, hi-tech, CD-ROM, lapto p computer and etc.Social and political changes and political needse.g. mini-summit, jungle war, Euro and etc.more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for mene.g. chairman---chairpersonfireman---fire fighterpoliceman---police officerThe way children acquire a languagee.g. “It’s I.”---“It’s me”.Economy of memory(results in grammar simplification)e.g. By analogy to foe/foes, dog/dogs, speaker started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of kine.Theory of least efforte.g. Cheap is always used in the place of cheaplySimplification of grammar occurs, so does elaboration and complication.13. Is standard language better than non-standard language? Explain your answer.The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. Nonstandard, or vernacular, languages are language varieties other than the standard language. Standard language is not superior to nonstandard language at all. The designation of the standard language variety is motivated by historical and socio-political reasons and has nothing to do with any supposed linguistic superiority intrinsic to the grammatical components of that particular language variety. In view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect of a language, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more correct, any more logical, or any purer than any other dialect of the language. All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.14. What is the relationship between pidgin and creole?A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of otherlanguages as a medium of communication. A pidgin is used for some practical purposes, such as trading, by groups of people who do not know each other' s languages. It is not a native language of a particular region, but only a marginal language used by people whose cultures are sharply separated and whose business contact is very specialized .As a simplified language, a pidgin involves reductions in sounds, vocabulary and syntax. Although pidgins are simplified languages, they are rule-governed.A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole. A creole involves expansion in sounds, vocabulary and syntax. Creoles are fully developed languages.。

高考英语口语考试真题及答案云南版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey everyone, it's me again with another inside scoop on the Gaokao. This time, I'm dishing all the details about the English speaking section for the Yunnan province version. You know how important English is for getting into a good university, so you'll want to read this carefully!First off, the structure of the speaking exam. It consisted of three parts: first there was a reading comprehension where you had to read a short passage and answer two questions about it. Next was the individual response where you had to choose one out of three topics and talk about it for 1-2 minutes. Finally, there was the roleplaying section where you got a scenario and had to act it out with the examiner.For the reading part, the passage was actually pretty manageable in length and difficulty level. Mine was about environmental protection and recycling. The two questions asked for key details from the passage, so as long as you understood the main points, you could answer them accurately.Pro tip: make sure to clearly state which part of the passage you are referring to when giving your answer.The individual response topics seemed pretty standard - things like describing a memorable experience, discussing an admirable person, talking about your future goals, etc. The key here is having a basic structure prepared that you can then adapt to whichever prompt you get. Something like a short intro, 2-3 main points with examples, and a conclusion. Also, try to sprinkle in some fancy vocab and grammar structures without going overboard.But let me tell you, the role play part was by far the trickiest! You don't get any time to prepare, the scenario is just sprung on you. For mine, I had to act as a student asking a clerk at the student center about joining an extracurricular club. Keeping up my character's persona while still producing coherent and contextually appropriate English responses on the fly was really challenging. My advice would be to practice, practice, practice doing improv conversations with others beforehand.In terms of evaluation criteria, I've been told fluency, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary usage, and how well you respond to the actual prompts all factored in. Making silly little mistakes was okay, but having lots of awkward pauses or notproperly addressing what you were asked could really hurt your score.Of course, staying calm and confident is also huge. It's normal to feel nervous, but try your best not to let it show through things like mumbling or fidgeting. Speak slowly and clearly, and don't be afraid of a little bit of awkward silence while you gather your thoughts.One reassuring thing was that the evaluators seemed like pretty chill, supportive people overall. They didn't have intimidating poker faces and tried to put me at ease. As long as you make an earnest effort, I don't think they'll be too harsh in their judgement.So there you have it, all the insider deets on the Gaokao English speaking test for Yunnan! It's definitely a challenge, but if you prepare properly, you can definitely put your best foot forward. Let me know if you need any other tips or have questions. Wishing all my fellow test takers the best of luck - you've got this!篇2The Dreaded English Oral Exam: Yunnan's College Entrance Exam Strikes FearAs if the gauntlet of the college entrance exam wasn't tough enough, we students in Yunnan province have to contend with the dreaded English oral exam as well. This seemingly innocuous addition to the test has caused many a student to break out in a cold sweat. After all, isn't it hard enough to master written English? Now we have to demonstrate oral fluency too? The pressure is immense.I'll never forget my own experience with the English oral exam two years ago. I had been diligently preparing by watching English movies, listening to podcasts, and even talking to myself in the mirror to practice. But when I stepped into that small room with the examiners staring me down, my mind went blank.The first question they asked was deceptively simple: "Tell us about your favorite book and why you enjoyed it." I stammered through some jumbled thoughts about the sci-fi novel I had read, rambling aimlessly until they had to move me along to the next question mercifully.From there, it didn't get any easier. They fired off questions about my future goals, current events, even asking my opinion on government policies. With each query, I felt more tongue-tied and flustered. By the end, I could have filled a swimming pool with the cold sweat dripping down my back.Needless to say, I didn't exactly ace the oral portion. Luckily, my written English exam scores were strong enough to buoy my overall grade. But I shudder to think about my poor classmates who struggled with both the written and spoken components. The oral exam seems almost designed to causthem maximum anxiety.As this year's English oral exams get underway, I can't help but sympathize with the students sweating it out. To help them out, I've compiled some of the actual questions given this year along with sample answers that earned top marks:Question: What are your thoughts on climate change? What steps can individuals take to reduce their carbon footprint?Sample Answer: Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our world today. The effects of rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and increasing extreme weather events will be absolutely devastating if not addressed. On an individual level, we can all do our part by reducing energy consumption, taking public transportation, eating less meat, and being diligent about recycling. Collective action through sustainable practices is crucial to curbing our carbon emissions and protecting the environment for future generations.Question: Tell me about a major historical figure you admire and why you look up to them.Sample Answer: One historical figure I greatly admire is Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. What I find so inspiring about Malala is her unwavering courage and commitment to her cause, even after being shot in the head by the Taliban for daring to want an education. Rather than being cowed by this horrific act, Malala has doubled down on her advocacy, drawing global attention to the educational inequalities and human rights abuses girls face in parts of the world. Her resilience, eloquence, and steadfast dedication to creating a better world for girls and women everywhere is something I aspire to emulate.Question: What is your opinion on the growing role of artificial intelligence in daily life? What are the potential benefits and drawbacks?Sample Answer: Artificial intelligence is rapidly becoming integrated into our daily lives through technologies like virtual assistants, facial recognition, and self-driving vehicles. While AI undoubtedly offers many potential benefits in terms of efficiency, automation, and insight through data analysis, I also have concerns about the implications for privacy, security, and humanrights. We must be prudent that the algorithms powering AI are not harboring unconscious biases that perpetuate discrimination. There are also thorny ethical questions around ceding certain decisions to machines rather than human discretion. Ultimately, I believe AI should be a tool that enhances and complements human capabilities while following a robust ethical framework - not a replacement for human judgment altogether.As torturous as the English oral exam was for me, mastering spoken fluency is a critical skill for success in our increasingly globalized world. My struggle was a humbling lesson in overcoming fears, thinking on my feet, and rolling with the punches. To all my fellow students facing the ordeal this year, the best advice I can give is: be prepared for anything, stay calm and confident, and don't stress too much over any single question. The oral exam judges overall command of the language, not perfection. You've got this!篇3Sure, here's an article about "Authentic Yunnan High School English Oral Test Questions and Answers" written from a student's perspective, with a length of around 2000 words in English.The Nerve-Wracking English Oral Exam: Yunnan's High School AdventureAs students in Yunnan, the English oral exam was the stuff of nightmares. The mere mention of it sent shivers down our spines and prompted frantic last-minute cramming sessions. Yet, despite our best efforts, the unpredictable nature of the test left us feeling like we were venturing into uncharted territory every single time.One year, the topic was "Environmental Protection" – a subject we thought we had a decent grasp on. Little did we know that the examiner would throw us a curveball by asking about the intricate details of carbon footprint calculations. Needless to say, our carefully rehearsed speeches about recycling and energy conservation went out the window faster than a plastic bottle tossed into a landfill.Another year, the topic was "Technology and Its Impact on Society." We diligently prepared our talking points, covering everything from the rise of social media to the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. However, the examiner decided to focus exclusively on the nuances of blockchain technology, leaving us scrambling to string together coherentsentences about decentralized ledgers and cryptographic hashing.Then there was the year when the topic was "Cultural Traditions in China." We meticulously studied the history and significance of various festivals, prepared to wax poetic about the beauty of Chinese calligraphy and the intricacies of traditional cuisine. But the examiner had other plans. They inquired about the obscure rituals of minority ethnic groups we had barely scratched the surface of, leaving us floundering like fish out of water.Despite the challenges, we persevered, always hoping that the next year's topic would be the one we had thoroughly mastered. We practiced our pronunciation, expanded our vocabularies, and rehearsed our responses until our tongues felt like they would fall off. Yet, the English oral exam continued to be a formidable foe, testing not only our language skills but also our ability to think on our feet and adapt to the unexpected.One particular year, the topic was "Travel and Adventure." We eagerly prepared our tales of daring escapades andawe-inspiring destinations, only to be met with a barrage of questions about the logistics of travel planning and the environmental impact of tourism. Suddenly, our grand stories ofscaling mountains and exploring exotic locales seemed irrelevant, and we found ourselves grasping for information about carbon offsets and sustainable travel practices.Through it all, we learned valuable lessons about resilience, quick thinking, and the importance of having a diverse knowledge base. We discovered that the English oral exam wasn't just about regurgitating memorized facts but about demonstrating our ability to communicate effectively, even in the face of curveballs.As we look back on those nerve-wracking experiences, we can't help but chuckle at the absurdity of some of the questions we encountered. Yet, we also feel a sense of pride for having survived the gauntlet that was the Yunnan High School English Oral Exam. And who knows? Maybe one day, we'll be the ones crafting the questions, ensuring that the next generation of students faces their own unique set of challenges and learns the invaluable art of thinking on their feet.。

Duramin-160The High-End Rockwell Hardness TesterIf you read this, you have probably realized something that most people haven’t – you know that imprecise repeatability is a frustrating waste of time and money. And you don’t need that. That’s why we have built the Duramin hardness testers, so that they deliver even higher precision than required by standards.Because such standards don’t always cut it.Enjoy the power of repeatability by Duramin-160.The Power of Repeatability45 Noteworthy DetailsDuramin-160 is full of interesting details – assuming of course that you are a bit of a hardness testing aficionado like us. Here, we have selected five of the most interesting details to spotlight.High precision load cell technology ensures the ultimate degree of accuracy.Duramin-160 delivers even higher precision than required by standards. Duramin-160 is based on a load cell system where test loads are applied via a closed loop control unit with a load cell, a DC motor, and electronic measurement. In this way, we have eliminated the over- and under-shoot that is common in deadweight systems, ensuring the maximum repeatability and reproducability.A fully automated test cycle takes reproducibility to the max. The entire test cycle of applying the load and evaluating hardness is fully automated. This improves reproducibility to a maxi-mum, as the operator's influence is mini-mized.There is an intuitive touchscreenso that even the least tech-savvycan create immediate reports.Duramin-160 displays data on thetouchscreen from which you can easilygenerate complete reports with results,statistics, and customized comments.Export your data in various formats viayour network or a USB stick. All generateddata is always accessible for review. Asan optional feature, Duramin-160 is alsocompatible with Q-DAS software for thoseof you who use it.A wide range of anvils andsample holders enables you totest irregular and larger samples.In addition to testing standard samples, theDuramin-160 is ideal for testing irregular orlarger samples, as many different anvilsand sample holders are available. TheDuramin-160 handles samples of up to100 kg, and the Duramin-160Z handlessamples of up to 60 kg. You can even doyour testing without sample holders.A dedicated Rockwell machineoffers the option of measuring forHVT and HBT.A dedicated, high-precision Rockwelltester provides immediate results – anda little extra. Aside from Rockwell,Duramin-160 offers the depth-basedmeasurement methods: HVT (Vickersdepth) and HBT (Brinell depth), where theindenter penetration depth is measuredinstead of the indent's diagonals or diam-eters – for those of you who need a quicksolution without an optical evaluation ofthe indents.6Duramin-160Test area illumination Provides a clear view of the sample.Option to measure HVT and HBT For those of you who want the freedom to use other methods.Versatile sample holders and anvils For workpieces in all shapes.Create different user profiles To restrict or allow different privileges.6.5-inch touchscreen Offers an intuitive interface for every user level. Handles heavy samples Up to 100 kg for Duramin-160 and up to 60 kg for Duramin-160Z.High precision load cell Delivers even higher precision than required by standards.Built-in report manager Generates complete data reports for easy exporting.Color-coded hardness limits For easy recognition of values within or outside of your specified limits.Compatible with Q-DAS software An optional feature for those of you who use Q-DAS software.Ergonomic, motorized Z-axis Frees you from manual adjustment to enhance a healthy working environment.8More Than140 Years Fine-Tuned Service Don’t hesitateto use it.When you choose a hardness tester from Struers,you also choose some of the best specialists in theworld and a wide range of support at your fingertips.This includes:• Access to our global support hotline• Specialist counseling on how to optimize yourindividual processes• All critical spare parts available for immediateshipping• An annual service review• Online manualsSpecialist counselingYou can always, and at no expense, contact Struers'experienced application specialists with any questionsyou might have regarding your Struers equipment,best practice testing, or your specific testing situation.That is a natural part of your Struers equipmentpurchase. Just go to /contact orcontact your local specialist.9 Extra ServicesServiceGuard – which service is right for you?Struers ServiceGuard covers a compre-hensive range of technical services and training including service plans, service packages, single services, and spare parts. Our global network of technical service engineers will work with you to determine the service level best suited to your requirements. See more at: struers. com/service Calibration services– Internationally accredited orStruers certifiedChoose the service that meets your restric-tions in accreditation. Both services aredesigned to ensure that your hardnesstester meets the required standards.A Struers technician performs calibration,including indirect or direct verification ofa chosen number of methods.Application assessmentA Struers Application Specialist visits yourfacility to perform an in-depth assessmentof your use of Struers equipment, materi-alographic processes, and workflows.The specialist identifies quality and opti-mization opportunities and provides youwith practical tips.10Technical DataModelsAccessoriesFor your customized hardness test, please choose from a wide range of accessories.• Indenters, available for different methods• Factory calibration report for additional methods • Vises, available in different sizes• Anvils, available in different sizes• Manual XY-stages• Base cabinets•Test blocks11**************************************************************************** ********************************************************** *******************************************************E-mail:*********************************.uk***************************************.jp**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************.uk****************7.3.2191/62111662Buy your consumablesin Struers e-Shop!。

The Essence of Repetitive PracticeIn the realm of learning and mastery, repetitive practice holds a pivotal position. Its significance cannot be overstated, as it is the backbone of skill acquisition and proficiency. The journey towards excellence is often marked by relentless repetition, as it helps to solidify knowledge, hone skills, and refine performance.Repetitive practice is the foundation of any skill. Consider the musician who spends hours practicing the same scale or the athlete who repeats the same drills day after day. Their dedication to repetition is what enables them to perform with precision and confidence. This is because repetition helps to ingrain patterns and sequences into our muscle memory, making them easier to execute with little conscious effort.Moreover, repetition is crucial for deepening our understanding of a subject. By repeatedly exposure to new information or concepts, we are able to internalize them better and apply them in different contexts. This is why students are often advised to review their lessonsregularly; repetition helps to consolidate knowledge and retain it over time.In addition, repetitive practice is essential for building mental toughness. It requires perseverance and discipline to stick to a practice routine, especially when progress seems slow. However, this perseverance pays off in the long run, as it cultivates resilience and the ability to persevere in the face of challenges.Furthermore, repetition is a powerful tool for refining performance. By repeatedly executing a task, we are able to identify areas that need improvement and work on them specifically. This iterative process leads to gradual but significant improvements in performance, as each repetition builds on the previous one.In conclusion, repetitive practice is indispensable in the pursuit of excellence. It is the driving force behind skill acquisition, knowledge retention, mental toughness, and performance refinement. By committing to regular and consistent repetition, we can transform ourselves from novices to experts and achieve remarkable results.**重复性练习的重要性**在学习和精通的领域中，重复性练习扮演着至关重要的角色。

日期Date:供应商名称:Supplier Name:制造邓氏代码:Mfg. DUNS:审核员:(SQE,SQI)Auditor: (SQE, SQI)审核员电邮地址:Auditor: E-Mail:零件编号:Part Number (s):图纸日期:Drawing Date:项目:Program创造性团队:Creativity Team: Future Launch CurrentPartialOtherInitial Follow UpAPQP ConfirmationCPIP/WarranTop Focus CSL-1Shutdown/StPart /Assembly批准ApprovedNo N/A 1.2. 3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.审核原因Reason For Audit:审核类型:Type of Audit:审核目的Driver of Audit:审核重点:Focus of Audit: 是否完成产品验证: Product Validation/Qualification Complete:是否安全件？Safety Related Part ？PFD 是否包括有物料接收、生产过程、成品及发运区域的标识和零件识别？Does the Process Flow Diagram include labeling and Part ID at receiving, WHIP,finished good and shipping areas?过程流程图包括报废吗?Does the Process Flow Diagram include scrap?过程流程图包括测量和检验吗?Does the Process Flow Diagram include gauging/inspection?过程流程图包括发运吗?Does the Process Flow Diagram include shipping?质量体系文件 QUALITY SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION 有可供使用的过程流程图吗？Is a Process Flow Diagram available?过程流程图包括物料接收吗?Does the Process Flow Diagram include receiving?过程流程图包括返工操作吗?Does the Process Flow Diagram include rework?图纸是否完整 (公差, GD&T, 正确基准, KPCs 等)?Is the print complete (Tolerances, GD&T, Correct Datums, KPCs, etc.)?是否具有全部的技术规范/零部件技术规范/子系统技术规范?Are all technical regulations/CTS/SSTS available?如果供应商有设计责任，是否使用DFMEA 来编制PFMEA ？If supplier is design responsible, has DFMEA been used to develop the PFMEA?技术信息有效性 TECHNICAL INFORMATION AVAILABILITYYes 备注 Comments在生产工厂是否具有最新更改等级的图纸?Are actual drawings availabe at production facilty with the latest change level?供应商图纸是否获得最终顾客批准?Does the supplier have the final customer approved drawing? OtherLine /CellOperation / Machine Complete Mfg. System Quality System - Ongoing Documentation批准，但是需要整理文件Approved, but need Documentation 没有批准Not Approved 跟踪审核日期:Follow-Up Audit Date:Run @ Rate CSL-2Major DisruptionComponent Check PlanD/PFMEADD&W产品:Commodity:Run at Rate (GP9 Attachement B)Mgmt. RequestPlant RequestEWO #: / ODM #工程更改等级:Eng. Change Level:PPAP 状态:PPAP/Interim/Benestare 批准年度车型:Model Year:SGMW 部门:SGMW Division:零件名称:Part Name:工厂地址和所在国家:Plant Location & Country:审核员电话:Auditor Phone:GM 1960-BGM 1927-162013.6.27供应商电话:Supplier Phone:全球采购 供应商质量 过程控制计划审核总结表（新版）WWP Supplier QualityProcess Control Plan Audit Summary Sheet新产品投产现有产品部分审核其他初次审核跟踪审核按节拍生产(GP9附件B)APQP 确认管理层要求工厂要求按节拍生产重点关注一级受控发运二级受控发运重大中断钻深钻横零部件检查计划Critical Fastner (D02)设计/产品失效模式及后果分析停/启审核现有产品改进流程/售后三包其他零件/装配生产线/单元操作/机器完整的制造系统质量体系-使用中的文件Yes No Yes No N/AN/A13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.PCP中是否列出KPC/PQC/KCC？Are KPCs/PQCs/KCCs called out on the PCP?图纸要求调整螺塞回转50°±5°，控制计划为25°±5每个操作的抽样数量和检查频次是否合理?Are sample sizes and check frequency for each operation reasonable?PFMEA中列出的“现有控制方法”是否在控制计划中详细列出?Are all "Current Controls" listed on the PFMEA detailed on the Control Plan?控制计划中缺少工序50发运PCP 中有过程控制方法对PFMEA 中高RPN 值进行识别吗? Are process controls inplace in the PCP to address the high PFMEA Risk Priority Numbers?是否有风险降低的持续改进程序/流程？Is there a procedure/process for Continuous Improvement for Risk Reduction?是否有记录表明PFMEA是最新的更新状态?Is there any evidence that it is kept up to date?是否有过程控制计划(PCP)?Is there a Process Control Plan (PCP) available?PCP可接受吗(编号与PFMEA和流程图一致, 包括KPCs/PQCs/ KCCs, GP-12 如适用和最新的EWO/ODM)? Is the Process Control Plan (PCP) acceptable(numbers match PFMEA and Process Flow, including KPCs/PQCs/KCCs, GP-12if applicable and latest EWO/ODM included)?PFMEA与流程图编号一样，不能区分有可供使用的PFMEA吗?Is there a PFMEA available?PFMEA可接受吗(RPNs, 编号与PFD一致，并包括 KPCs/PQCs/KCCs)?Is the PFMEA acceptable (RPNs, numbers match Process flow and includeKPCs/PQCs/KCCs)?PFMEA与流程图编号一样，不能区分23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.有培训，但无员工38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.是否有存档记录并跟踪额外运费的流程？Is there a process for documenting and tracking Premium Freight?是否有存档记录并跟踪工厂问题报告的流程？Is there a process for documenting and tracking Plant Problem Reports?所有零件和零部件是否得到正确标识?Are all parts and components labeled properly?管理层的质量体系实施 QUALITY SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION BY MANAGEMENT 是否有存档记录并跟踪停线的流程？Is there a process for documenting and tracking Downtime?是否有存档记录并跟踪废品的流程？Is there a process for documenting and tracking Scrap?制造过程证明其必须的产能和表现吗？Does the manufacturing process demonstrate the required capability or performance?包装和物料搬运能够避免零件受损吗？Does packaging and material handling protect parts from damage?齿条周转料架无防护易碰伤齿条生产过程的搬运和经过所有过程再到发运区域的最终产品，包括返修/返工区域，有操作指导书吗？Are instructions for handling Work In Process (WIP) and final product followed throughout the process to shipping area; including repair/rework areas?数据有意义并显示合理的控制限吗？Does the data make sense and are reasonable control limits shown?失控点是否标注有实施的纠正措施？Are out of control points noted with the corrective action taken?产品审核表明最终产品结果是否可以接受？Are product audits showing acceptable results for Final Product?控制计划中有SPC 要求的，SPC 的数据是否进行了有效的记录？Where the Process Control Plan calls for SPC are the data properly recorded?上控制线是否是当前的？Are the Upper Control Limits (ULC) current?下控制线是否是当前的？Are the Lower Control Limits (LCL) current?有工具的预防性维护并得到实施吗？Is there a Preventive Maintenance (PM) plan on tools and is it followed?有设备的预防性维护计划并得到实施吗？Is there a Preventive Maintenance (PM) plan on equipment and is it followed?设备年度计划中未对设备进行分类，无法确定维护周期。

７０殷禹等：复合绝缘子的人工加速老化试验、，０１．３０Ｎｏ．１２程称为老化（或劣化）。

在此意义上，复合绝缘子在使用中其硅橡胶伞裙和护套逐渐发生表面硬化、粉化、脆化以及憎水性退化，乃至烧蚀、开裂的过程，都是老化，而这些表现也都是老化的结果。

针对这种定义，在较长时间内对硅橡胶某种性能的考核试验都可称作老化试验。

如１０００ｈ盐雾法和转轮法，虽然所加因素简单，但其通过加强外界某些因素的影响，考核了试品在相当长一段时间内性能的变化情况，因此也可归类为老化试验的范畴。

老化试验的目的是用最简单的方法，在最短时间内模拟实际运行中复合绝缘子的长期性能的变化。

作为一种较好的人工加速老化试验方法，它必须具有等价性（或典型性，ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅ）、可重复性（ｒｅｐｅａｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ）和可再现性（ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｂｉｈｔｙ）。

在这３个特性中，等价性往往排第一，这是加速老化的第一要求，要反映真实的老化过程。

目前，复合绝缘子的人工加速老化试验方法基本上可分为２类：①由ⅢＣ６１１０９—１９９２眇Ｊ规定的漏电起痕和电蚀损试验（简称１０００ｈ盐雾法）和转轮法试验，即简单因素老化试验方法；②由５０００ｈ老化试验衍生出来的多因素人工加速老化试验方法。

１０００ｈ盐雾法也许是最早被写入标准ⅢＣ６１１０９—１９９２的老化试验方法，出现在１９８２年的德国标准Ｄ烈５７４４１中ｆｌ０Ｊ。

该方法主要是在盐雾条件下对绝缘子施加１０００ｈ的电压，观察试品的烧蚀及放电情况，它比较成功地再现了绝缘子表面在恶劣条件下的放电现象，但该方法被认为更接近污秽试验。

转轮法的研究出现得也很早，作为标准最早出现在ＩＥＥＥ１２０４—１９８８中１１１ｌ，它主要是使绝缘子间隔性地染污和加压。

转轮法在北美地区有着广泛的应用，被写入ＣＥＡＩＷｌｗＧ１９９６［１２‘１３ｌ。

转轮法分为２种：①采用喷射盐雾的方式使绝缘子表面染污；②采用将试品浸入盐水的方法。

这２种方法在加速老化结果方面基本相同。

repeatability和reproduction术语-回复Repeatability and Reproducibility: Ensuring Reliable Scientific ResearchIntroductionIn the realm of scientific research, the integrity of results holds immense importance. Researchers and scientists strive to achieve accurate and reliable results that can be reproduced and repeated by others in the scientific community. To achieve this, two concepts play a crucial role - repeatability and reproducibility. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of these terms, their significance, and the step-by-step process of ensuring reliable scientific research.Meaning of Repeatability and ReproducibilityRepeatability and reproducibility are closely related but distinct concepts in scientific research. Repeatability refers to the ability to replicate a specific experiment or study under the same conditions and obtain consistent results. In other words, if the experiment is repeated multiple times by the same researcher, it should yieldconsistent results with minimal variability, ensuring the reliability of the findings.On the other hand, reproducibility involves conducting the same experiment or study by different researchers or using different equipment or methodologies and obtaining similar results. This aspect of research ensures that the findings are not limited to a single individual or group and can be generalized across the scientific community. Reproducibility is a critical factor in validating scientific claims and theories.Significance of Repeatability and ReproducibilityRepeatability and reproducibility are essential for scientific progress, as they demonstrate the reliability and validity of research findings. Science aims to build upon existing knowledge and develop a body of evidence that can be trusted and utilized by others. Without repeatability and reproducibility, scientific studies run the risk of being unreliable, leading to wasted resources, false conclusions, and flawed theories.Importance in Maintaining Scientific IntegrityMaintaining scientific integrity is paramount, and repeatability and reproducibility play key roles in achieving this. By ensuring that the same results can be obtained repeatedly and by different researchers, the scientific community can trust and build upon the findings, leading to more robust theories and advancements in the field. Moreover, it also helps identify errors, biases, or flaws in the experimental design, methodology, or data analysis, allowing for necessary corrections and improving the overall quality of scientific research.Step-by-step Process of Ensuring Reliable Scientific ResearchWhile repeatability and reproducibility are vital, achieving them requires careful planning, meticulous execution, and transparent documentation. The following step-by-step process outlines how to ensure reliable scientific research:1. Detailed Protocol Design: Developing a detailed andwell-documented experimental protocol is the foundation of any scientific study. The protocol should outline the research question, hypothesis, methodology, materials, and equipment used, as wellas data analysis methods. This ensures transparency and allows other researchers to replicate the experiment accurately.2. Quality Control Measures: Implementing quality control measures throughout the experiment helps in minimizing experimental errors and bias. These may include regular calibration of instruments, proper environmental control, randomization, and blinding techniques to eliminate any potential sources of variability and ensure consistency.3. Data Collection and Documentation: Accurate and comprehensive data collection is crucial for repeatability and reproducibility. Ensure that all experimental data, observations, and measurements are recorded diligently, along with any relevant metadata, such as date, time, and experimental conditions. This documentation provides transparency and enables others to validate and reproduce the study.4. Statistical Analysis: Applying appropriate statistical methods to analyze the collected data is necessary to draw meaningful conclusions. Selecting the right statistical tests and ensuring the analysis is robust and reproducible is vital. Transparently reportingthe statistical approach used allows others to understand and replicate the analysis.5. Open Data Sharing: To enhance reproducibility, it is important to share data, protocols, and analysis code openly. This enables other researchers to independently verify the findings and conduct further investigations. Utilizing data repositories and publishing supplementary materials along with research papers are effective ways to share data and enhance reproducibility.6. Peer Review: Submitting research for peer-reviewed publication helps in identifying any errors or shortcomings in the research process. Peer review plays a crucial role in ensuring the scientific rigor and replicability of the study. Incorporating the feedback and addressing any concerns raised by reviewers strengthens the overall reliability of the research.7. Collaboration and Replication Studies: Collaborating with other researchers and encouraging replication studies can further support repeatability and reproducibility. Collaboration allows for the validation of findings across multiple research groups, reducing the reliance on individual studies. Replication studies byindependent researchers provide an additional layer of credibility and contribute to the overall reliability and reproducibility of the research.ConclusionRepeatability and reproducibility are fundamental pillars of reliable scientific research. They ensure that experiments can be repeated under the same conditions with consistent results and can be reproduced by different researchers, equipment, or methodologies. Maintaining scientific integrity, verifying research claims, and fostering scientific progress heavily rely on achieving repeatability and reproducibility. By following a step-by-step process that emphasizes meticulous planning, execution, documentation, and collaboration, researchers can contribute to a more reliable, transparent, and impactful scientific community.。

肺炎链球菌核酸检测试剂国家参考品的研制及验证李康** 黄洋* 王春娥 李江姣 梁丽 陈驰 刘茹凤 叶强 中国食品药品检定研究院生物制品检定所细菌多糖和结合疫苗室，北京102629［基金项目］国家科技重大专项课题(2018ZX10102 - 001-002、2018ZX09738006-006)；国家科技基础条件平台一国家菌种资源库课题(NMRC-2020-2)遥［作者简介］李康(1982.5-),男，博士，主要从事呼吸道细菌 疫苗质量控制、国家标准医学菌种检定和诊断试剂研究工作。

*共同第一作者［通讯作者］叶强(1964.12-),男，硕士，主任技师，中国食品 药品检定研究院细菌多糖和结合疫苗室主任，主要从事细 菌多糖和结合疫苗质量控制和国家标准医学菌种资源的保藏、研究及应用工作。

［摘要］目的研制肺炎链球菌核酸检测试剂国家参考品,并进行适用性验证。

方法选择10株肺炎链球菌和10株 非肺炎链球菌细菌制备成阳性参考品、阴性参考品、重复性参考品和最低检出限参考品遥对参考品的分装均匀性和稳定性进行评估。

采用4家企业生产的肺炎链球菌核酸检测试剂盒对制备的肺炎链球菌国家参考品进行准确 性、特异性、重复性和最低检出限验证。

结果参考品的分装均匀度良好，循环阈值的变异系数均在5.00%.以内。

2~8益、室温(25益)和37益放置3、7 d 及反复冻融3、5次都不影响参考品的稳定性。

4家企业的试剂盒的准确性、特异性及重复性检测结果均符合要求。

1家企业的试剂盒的最低检出限为1.0伊104个/mL,其他3家企业的试剂盒的最低检出限为1.0伊103个/mL 遥结论研制完成一套肺炎链球菌核酸检测试剂国家参考品，能够用于肺炎链球 菌核酸检测试剂盒的质量控制和评价。

［关键词］肺炎链球菌；核酸检测试剂；国家参考品；质量评价冲图分类号］R378.1［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1673-7210(2021)05(C )-0141-04Preparation and validation of a national reference for nucleic acid testreagent of Streptococcus pneumoniaeLI Kang' HUANG Yang' WANG Chun ' e LI Jiangioo LIA NG Li CHEN Chi LIU Rufe n g YE QiangDivision of BacLerial Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines, InsLiLuLe for Biological ProducL ConLrol, National InsLi-LuLes for Food and Drug ConLrol, Beijing 102629, China[Abstract] Objective To prepare a naLional reference for nucleic acid LesL reagenL of Streptococcus pneumonicae andvalidaLe iLs applicabiliLy. Methods Ten sLrains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Len sLrains of non -Streptococcuspneumoniae were selecLed Lo prepare posiLive reference, negaLive reference, repeaLable reference and minimum deLec-Lion limiL reference. The uniformiLy and sLabiliLy of Lhe reference package was evaluaLed. The accuracy, specificiLy, re- producibiliLy and minimum deLecLion limiL of Lhe prepared naLional reference of Streptococcus pneumoniae were vali-daLed by using nucleic acid deLecLion kiLs of Streptococcus pneumoniae produced by four enLerprises. Results The packing uniformiLy of Lhe reference was good, and Lhe coefficienL of variaLion of Lhe cycle Lhreshold values were allwiLhin 5.00%、The sLabiliLy of Lhe reference was noL affecLed by being placed for Lhree or seven days aL 2-8益，room LemperaLure （25益） and 37益 and repeaLed freezing-Lhawing for Lhree or five Limes. The accuracy, specificiLy and repro-ducibiliLy of Lhe kiLs from Lhe four enLerprises were all in line wiLh Lhe requiremenLs. The minimum deLecLion limiL of Lhe kiLs from one enLerprise was 1.0x104/mL, and Lhe minimum deLecLion limiL of Lhe kiLs from Lhe oLher Lhree enLer ­prises was 1.0x103/mL. Conclusion A seL of naLional reference reagenLs for nucleic acid LesL reagenL of Streptococcuspneumoniae has been prepared, which can be used for Lhe qualiLy conLrol and evaluaLion of Streptococc us pneumoniae nucleic acid deLecLion kiLs.[Key words] Streptococcus pneumoniae; Nucleic acid LesL reagenL; NaLional reference; QualiLy evaluaLion肺炎链球菌是引起儿童肺炎链球菌性疾病的主要病原菌［1］遥肺炎链球菌也是新型冠状病毒肺炎感染病例合并感染的主要呼吸道病原菌［2-4］遥根据荚膜多糖 抗原的不同,肺炎链球菌可以分为90多种血清型叫 早期及时准确的诊断有助于肺炎链球菌性疾病的临床治疗。

重复的力量作文英文回答：The Power of Repetition。

Repetition is a powerful tool that can be used to great effect in various aspects of life. It can be used to reinforce learning, build habits, and create lasting change.When we repeat something, we are essentially creating a stronger connection between the neurons in our brain that are associated with that information. This makes it easier for us to recall and use that information in the future. Repetition is therefore an essential part of the learning process. It allows us to commit new information to memory and to strengthen our understanding of existing knowledge.Repetition can also be used to build habits. When we repeat a behavior over and over again, it becomes more automatic and easier to do. This is why it is important topractice new habits on a regular basis. The more you repeat the desired behavior, the more likely you are to make it a permanent part of your life.Finally, repetition can be used to create lasting change. When we repeat something over and over again, it becomes a part of our identity. This is why it is important to choose your words and actions carefully. The things that you repeat often will shape who you are and what you become.In conclusion, repetition is a powerful tool that canbe used to great effect in various aspects of life. It can be used to reinforce learning, build habits, and create lasting change. By using repetition wisely, you can unlock your full potential and achieve your goals.中文回答：重复的力量。

重复与提升,复盘高手作文英文回答：Repetition and improvement are two key elements in the process of mastering any skill, including writing. When it comes to writing, repetition allows us to practice andrefine our skills, while improvement helps us to progress and enhance our abilities. By repeating the process of writing, we become more familiar with the structure andflow of a well-written piece, and we can identify areas where we need to improve. Through continuous improvement,we can expand our vocabulary, enhance our grammar and punctuation skills, and develop our own unique writing style.Repetition is essential because it allows us toreinforce what we have learned and internalize the rulesand techniques of writing. By repeatedly practicing writing, we become more comfortable with expressing our thoughts and ideas on paper. We also become more aware of commonmistakes and can make necessary corrections. For example, when I first started writing, I often struggled with using proper punctuation marks. However, through repeatedpractice and feedback from my teachers, I was able to improve my punctuation skills and now feel more confident in my ability to use commas, periods, and other punctuation marks correctly.Improvement, on the other hand, is about constantly striving to enhance our writing skills. It involves analyzing our own work, seeking feedback from others, and actively working on areas that need improvement. For instance, if I notice that my vocabulary is limited, I can make a conscious effort to read more books and articles to expand my word bank. By doing so, I not only improve my vocabulary but also gain exposure to different writing styles and techniques. Improvement also involves learning from the writing of others. By reading and studying the works of skilled writers, we can learn new ways tostructure our sentences, use literary devices, and engage our readers.In summary, repetition and improvement are crucial in becoming a proficient writer. Through repetition, we can reinforce our skills and become more comfortable with the writing process. Improvement, on the other hand, allows us to enhance our abilities and develop our own unique writing style. By continuously repeating and improving our writing, we can become more confident, effective, and engaging writers.中文回答：重复与提升是掌握任何技能的两个关键要素，包括写作。

Repeatability and reproducibilityTwo components of measurement precision.• Repeatability represents the variation that occurs when the same appraiser measures the same part with the same device. • Reproducibility represents the variation that occurs when different appraisers measure the same part with the same device. Gage R&R studies help assess the repeatability and reproducibility in measurement systems.RepeatabilityReproducibilityTo determine which gage is more repeatable, Appraiser 1 measures a single part with Gage A 20 times, then measures the same part with Gage B 20 times.Gage A has less variation, so it is more repeatable than Gage B. To assess gage reproducibility, Appraisers 1, 2, and 3 measure the same part 20 times with the same gage.The variation in average measurements between Appraisers 1 and 2 is much less than variation between Appraisers 1 and 3. Therefore, your gage demonstrates poor reproducibility.Measurement system variationAll variation associated with a measurement process. Potential sources of variation include gages, standards, procedures, software, environmental components, as well as others.When measuring the output from a process, consider both the part-to-part variation as well as the measurement system variation. For example, you have a known standard that is exactly 5.00g. You weigh it multiple times and get the following readings: 5.01g, 4.99g, 4.97g, 5.03g, 5.01g. The differences in the measurements are due to measurement system variation. If, however, you weigh different parts that come off your manufacturing line, are the differences due to measurement system variation or due to actual differences in the parts themselves? Use Minitab's measurement system analysis tools to determine the sources of variation. If the measurement system variation is large compared to part-to-part variation, the measurements may not provide useful information.Like any other process, a measurement system is subject to both common and special cause variation. To control the measurement system variation, you must first identify the sources of the variation, then you must either eliminate or reduce the various causes. Destructive testingA type of non-replicable testing that renders the test part or sample useless. Automotive crash tests are destructive tests because the vehicle is destroyed beyond testing again.Destructive testing changes the part, or even destroys it, during testing; therefore, replication is not possible. Examples include tensile, bend, impact, hardness, and fracture testing as well as stress corrosion, fatigue, and creep testing. For example, these tests evaluate the strength, ductility, and toughness of a weld and its ability to withstand certain applications or environments, but the test destroys the weld itself.Because destructive testing renders the parts useless, it can be very expensive. In many cases, non-destructive testing methods can replace a destructive test method. Non-destructive techniques to evaluate weld include dye penetration, magnetic particle, X-radiography, Gamma-radiography, ultrasonic, eddy current, and acoustic emission.。

20211112-RepetitioEstMaterStudiorum重复是学习之母Monday provided a beautiful example in the NQ daily chart of an overextended market pausing with a narrow-range inside day.周一在NQ日线图中提供了一个很好的例子，即市场过度扩张，在日内窄蝠暂停。

Volatility contraction!波幅收缩！A place of opportunity for those who’ve seen it before and who’ll be ready to react.这是一个机会之地，适合那些以前见过它并准备好做出反应的人。

And a place of learning for those who are new to this game.这也是一个新玩家学习的地方。

So I sent out the following social media post prior to the market open on Tuesday…因此，我在周二开盘前发布了以下社交媒体帖子...Why do I suggest daily study of the chart patterns and subsequent market reaction? Because learning from prior market behaviour is the best preparation for times when those patterns repeat.为什么我建议每天研究图表模式和随后的市场反应?因为从先前的市场行为中学习是为那些模式重复的时刻做最好的准备。

I have no interest in making market calls. There are plenty of others who will do that for you, if that is what you want.我对做市场预测没有兴趣。