Correct interpretation of trace normalized density matrices as ensembles

英语文献引用In the realm of academic writing, citing English literature is not just a matter of adhering to rules but an art that enhances the credibility and depth of one's work. Correct citation not only avoids plagiarism but also acknowledges the contributions of others, fostering a culture of respect and collaboration within the academic community.The basic rules of citing English literature are relatively straightforward, yet their application can be nuanced and complex. The most common citation styles are APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), and Chicago, each with its own unique set of guidelines. It is essential to familiarize oneself with these styles and understand the differences between them, as they govern the formatting and presentation of citations.When citing English literature, it is important to identify the key elements of the source: the author's name, the title of the work, the publication information (including publisher, publication date, and edition), andany relevant page numbers or section headings. These elements should be presented in a consistent and accurate manner, reflecting the style guide chosen.One common mistake made by writers is the failure to properly identify and cite secondary sources. Secondary sources are those that discuss or analyze primary sources, such as books, articles, or other published works. It is crucial to trace the information back to its original source and cite it directly, rather than relying on a secondary source's interpretation or summary.In addition to the basic rules of citation, there are also ethical considerations to bear in mind. Citing sources accurately and honestly is integral to maintaining the trustworthiness of academic writing. Failure to do so can lead to serious consequences, including accusations of plagiarism and damage to one's professional reputation.Practically speaking, citing English literature can be a challenging task, especially for non-native speakers. However, with the help of citation tools and resources, such as online citation generators and style guides, the process can be made easier. These tools provide step-by-step instructions and templates that help writers format their citations correctly, saving time and reducing therisk of errors.In conclusion, citing English literature is not just a technical requirement but an integral part of academic writing. It is a mark of respect for the work of others and a crucial component of building credibility and trustworthiness in one's own writing. By mastering the art of citation, writers can ensure that their work is both accurate and impactful.**英语文献引用的艺术与实践**在英语学术写作中，引用英语文献不仅仅是一种规则，更是一种艺术，能够增强作品的可信度和深度。

倾听的英语演讲稿关于倾听的英语演讲稿（精选5篇）演讲稿的内容要根据具体情境、具体场合来确定，要求情感真实，尊重观众。

随着社会一步步向前发展，需要使用演讲稿的场合越来越多，相信写演讲稿是一个让许多人都头痛的`问题，以下是小编整理的关于倾听的英语演讲稿（精选5篇），仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

倾听的英语演讲稿1Some people say: "the most beautiful flowers because it is bright." Someone said: "the most beautiful rain because it moist". Some people say: "the sun is the most beautiful because it is warm." And I said: "listen to the most beautiful because it has dyed the soul and the body the warmth of the world." We should learn to listen.Listening to nature.Leisure occasion unmatched mountains and woods listen attentively to the nature of voice listen to the mountain deep Kuangyuan listen to the river Pentium noisy listen to a single grass in the wind and rain in swaying cry listen to a gold leaves to late autumn calm listen to flowers hither rendering listen to eaves angle such as broken line pearl rain listen to the winding path here the birds.Listen to let people find belongs to own the land let people recovered deep inside the most beautiful real. Let people to find the unique quiet.Listen to the crowd.On the platform in the stream of people in the depths of the alley on the balcony of the building in the Mercedes Benz train in the warm small home as long as you want anytime anywhere can listen listen to let us aftertaste life listen to old street theshoemaker his views on life brilliant listen to a seriously ill patients calm in the face of lifes confession listen to the repeated hardships and several men to stand the tragic history of listen to the successful people Zheng sound vehemently listen to those soaked with sweat and wisdom of the glorious past listen to the tide with blood meal as touching the plot.Listen to the strings of a fresh story the one true footsteps we will understand this day is really wonderful this life is really very beautiful this life really should interpretation of the picturesque.Listen to the teachers teachings like to read a good book benefit bandit is shallow listening to a friend talk friends and share the joy share the pain and listen to the complaints of others let others feel comfortable meet.Because host listened to the boys words so that everyone could hear the a young body of the noble soul listening is the soul of the flower listen to can reflect the pure and warm light listening is a breeze it was blown away by the wind shrouded in gloom.The song of our life for listening and melodious sound our river of life for listening and never dried up the light of our lives for listening and never extinguished.We should learn to listen.倾听的英语演讲稿2It is quite important to be a good listener.Effective listening is more than simply avoiding the bad habit of interrupting others while they are speaking.It’s b eing content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond.Slowing down your responses and becoming a better listeneraids you in becoming a more amiable person.As you wait for the person you are communicating with to finish,as you simply listen more intently to what is being said,you will feel more relaxed,and so will the people you are talking to.Not only will being a better listener make you a more patient person,but it will also improve your relationship with others because everyone loves to talk to someone who truly listens to what they are saying.It is quite easy for you to be a better listener.As long as you for get yourself and imagine yourself in the speaker’s experience to understand the emotion behind the words,and then give your appropriate responses slowly,you will be an endeared listener.倾听的英语演讲稿3Busy is busy with the world. Family name Lilu, when you are tired, you may wish to stop, close your eyes and feel the natural breath, listen to the wonderful sounds of nature. If it is spring, the peach blossoms are shameful, and the pear is still maintaining its ice and jade.Farmers like to put peach trees. Pear tree mix. So a red, garden, is like a snow. Red and white, you are so beautiful that you are not willing to lick. But you still need to close your eyes, because only your eyes are closed, peoples hearing will become extremely keen. After closing your eyes, you will listen to the sound of the wind, the bees rumored the sound of the wings, butterflies jumped on the sound of the wonderful circle. In an instant, you will feel such a wonderful life, what is annoying, after being thrown behind, forgetting a dry two. If summer, the clear pond is full of fields of farm leaves, slim lotus. A wind blowing, full of nose is a lotus fragrance. It is best to breathe at night, soothing soothing, a sound like the spree of the mountains.The evening wind blows, the leaves "Shasha " have been loud, and it seems to tell the day to see the day. At this time, you should find a clean stone, it is best to be on the pond. Sitting on the stone, organizing the confusing thoughts, let yourself into this wonderful night movement. Sometimes, the wind will suddenly stop, the bamboo leaves of the Demolge dew are accidentally leaked, and they have a crisp sound on the bluestone. You will suddenly Mourning: He is full, you can fall out some troubles, and leave the gap to those who are happy. If it is autumn, Big Wild Wildene, the grass is withered. However, this is a season of harvest. You can temporarily let the hand of the hand, stand in the cornfield, look at the golden corn rod, listen to the peasants loudly. Listen carefully, you will hear the corn rods to be "click ", and the peasants sweat "" fell on fertile land. This is also the season you have harvested. You should think about it. Im not coming out, I repeatedly chews the lessons learned from it. If it is winter, the north wind roars, all things are covered by ice. If you dont want to listen to the whisper of snow, you can also hide in the fire stove.The fire has expressed his feelings of life. At this time, you should be close to let the fire on your face. The fire like a grandfather, but you cant get rid of it. The grandfather is all the philosophy of life, you should tell him your experience, let him analyze you. Winter can be a good season, it has been prepared for the future everything in the future. Give yourself a leisure day, listen to the sound of the four seasons, feel a big natural, life will not be gloomy.倾听的英语演讲稿4It is quite imporlant to be a good listener. effective listening is more than simply avoiding the bad habit of interrupting otherswhile they are speaking. its being content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond.Slowing down your responses and becoming a better listener aids you in becoming a more amiable person. as you wait for the person you are communicating with to finish, as you simply listen more intently to what is being said, you will feel more relaed, and so will the people you are talking to. not only will being a better listener make you a more patient person, but it will also improve your relationship with others because everyone loves to talk to someone who truly listens to what they are saying.It is quite easy for you to be a better listener. as long as you for get yourself and imagine yourself in the speakers eperience to understand the emotion behind the words, and then give your appropriate responses slowly, you will be an endeared listener. 倾听的英语演讲稿5Listening is also a learning.Listen, is a kind of wisdom; is a kind of open-minded; is a kind of elegant. Learn to listen, then learn the way of life, they learn to laugh at everything. Listen, you will get no money for this.Listen to the flowersFlowers, lost moisture and lose their fragrance and sense of the city, little macular watery stains leave traces, trace residual red record the bloom is pride. Unfortunately, it has no vitality, it does not stay in the branches. Wind blow. It may fall down.You listen to, in the flower of the moment, how it sounded a heavy sigh, perhaps in lamenting the relentless years, time in a hurry. A bachelors complaint to himself: not to cherish the short time.Listen to the flowers, I see not the wind flying, like the mountain firmly seize the youth! Oh! The effects of time.Listening to the waterWater, happily into the ocean, Ruoyu rock, it didnt flinch, indomitable, eventually flow into the sea, ending the difficult course.Listen to the water into the sea, at the moment, its laughter.I go through untold hardships, finally successful smile; or laughing and pays off.Listen to the water, I learned to insist on, work hard, do not give up. So, is the way of success.Listen to the windThe wind blowing, blowing the rich and the poor, high streets and back lanes, not for big money in, but also no mercy to the poor. It witnessed the war, witnessed the change of Dynasty, but it just blows over. Have a heart of stone.Listen, in the twinkling of an eye it blows over all things, a far cry from the croon, as if in ridicule human ignorance, or for his relentless witness.Listen to the wind, I learned to live through everything, dont do everything to be so important, they are not really so important. There is no need to learn to learn......Learn to listen, you will learn how to behave. Listening is a kind of life to the highest level......。

山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报２０２０年７月第３４卷第４期ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｔｏｌａｒｙｎｇｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＯｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＶｏｌ.３４ꎬＮｏ.４ꎬ２０２０收稿日期:２０２０￣０５￣２２基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助(８１８７０６８６)ꎻ首都卫生发展科研专项资助(首发２０１８￣１￣２０２１)通信作者:王艳玲ꎮＥ￣ｍａｉｌ:ｂｓｈｕａｎｇ＠１６３.ｃｏｍｄｏｉ:１０.６０４０/ｊ.ｉｓｓｎ.１６７３￣３７７０.１.２０２０.０４７述评正确判读眼缺血综合征预警信号ꎬ提高诊断水平黄映湘ꎬ王艳玲首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院眼科ꎬ北京１０００５０㊀㊀王艳玲ꎬ«山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报»编委ꎮ首都医科大学眼科学院副院长㊁医学博士㊁教授㊁博士生导师ꎬ附属北京友谊医院眼科主任ꎮ临床研究侧重于黄斑疾病玻璃体视网膜手术ꎬ为黄斑疾病患者选择个体化手术治疗方案ꎮ科研方面侧重眼与全身病的相关性研究ꎬ特别是颈动脉狭窄与视网膜血管相关性方面的研究ꎮ学术兼职:中国微循环学会眼科分会副主任委员ꎬ中华医学会神经眼科学组委员ꎬ中国医师协会眼底病学组委员ꎬ北京医学会眼科分会副主任委员ꎬ北京中西医结合眼科分会副主任委员ꎬ北京医师协会眼科分会常务理事ꎮ学术成就:主持国家自然科学基金等多项课题ꎬ发表眼科学术论文１２０余篇ꎬＳＣＩ收录４０篇ꎬ实用新型专利３项ꎮ摘要:眼缺血综合征(ＯＩＳ)是由颈动脉狭窄或闭塞引起的一系列眼前部及/或眼后部缺血性疾病ꎬ早期临床表现隐匿ꎬ详细地问诊有助于疾病的早期诊断ꎻ因眼部供血血管堵塞位置和程度不同ꎬ患者的体征也千差万别ꎬ追根溯源十分重要ꎻ不同血管成像模式的检查方法可用来评估颈动脉供血㊁侧支循环和脑灌注ꎬ需要了解不同技术的特性ꎬ有针对性地选择检查手段ꎬ正确判读ＯＩＳ预警信号ꎬ多学科合作精准诊断ꎬ挽救ＯＩＳ患者视力ꎮ关键词:眼缺血综合征ꎻ颈动脉狭窄ꎻ颈动脉闭塞ꎻ血管成像中图分类号:Ｒ７７１.３㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:Ａ㊀㊀㊀文章编号:１６７３￣３７７０(２０２０)０４￣０００１￣０４引用格式:黄映湘ꎬ王艳玲.正确判读眼缺血综合征预警信号ꎬ提高诊断水平[Ｊ].山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报ꎬ２０２０ꎬ３４(４):１￣４.ＨＵＡＮＧＹｉｎｇｘｉａｎｇꎬＷＡＮＧＹａｎｌｉｎｇ.Ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｏｃｕｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｐｅｒ￣ｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｔｏｌａｒｙｎｇｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＯｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬ２０２０ꎬ３４(４):１￣４.ＣｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｏｃｕｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅＨＵＡＮＧＹｉｎｇｘｉａｎｇꎬＷＡＮＧＹａｎｌｉｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｙꎬＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＦｒｉｅｎｄｓｈｉｐＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌꎬＣａｐｉｔａｌＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００５０ꎬＣｈｉｎａＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ｏｃｕｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ(ＯＩＳ)ｉｓａｓｅｖｅｒｅｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｉｃｄｉｓｅａｓｅｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｏｃｕｌａｒｈｙｐｏｐｅｒｆｕｓｉｏｎꎬｗｈｉｃｈｏｃｃｕｒｓｄｕｅｔｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓｏｒｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｏｒｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｃａｒｏｔｉｄａｒｔｅｒｉｅｓ.ＴｈｅｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｓｉｇｎｓｏｆＯＩＳａｒｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘꎬｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌꎬａｎｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ.ＯＩＳｉｓｅａｓｉｌｙｍｉｓｄｉａｇｎｏｓｅｄｏｒｒｅｍａｉｎｓｕｎｄｉａｇｎｏｓｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓａｓｙｍｐｔｏｍａｔｉｃｏｎｓｅｔａｎｄｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｏｃｕｌａｒｍａｎｉｆｅｓ￣ｔａｔｉｏｎｓ.ＴｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅꎬｉｔｉｓｃｒｕｃｉａｌｔｏｔｒａｃｅｔｈｅｅｔｉｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＯＩＳ.Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｌｙꎬｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉｍａｇｉｎｇｍｏｄａｌｉｔｉｅｓｃａｎｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｃａｒｏｔｉｄａｒｔｅｒｙｂｌｏｏｄｓｕｐｐｌｙꎬｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎꎬａｎｄｂｒａｉｎｐｅｒｆｕｓｉｏｎ.ＴｈｕｓꎬａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｍｏｄａｌｉｔｉｅｓｍｕｓｔｂｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｏｒＯＩＳｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｉｒａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓａｎｄｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ.ＦｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅꎬｔｈｅａｕｘｉｌｉａｒｙｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙａｎｄｐｒｏｍｐｔｌｙｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｅｄｗｈｅｎｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇａｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓｏｆＯＩＳ.ＴｈｕｓꎬｔｈｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＯＩＳｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓꎬｃａｒｄｉｏｌ￣ｏｇｉｓｔｓꎬａｎｄｎｅｕｒｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ＯｃｕｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅꎻＣａｒｏｔｉｄａｒｔｅｒｙｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓꎻＣａｒｏｔｉｄａｒｔｅｒｙｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎꎻａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ㊀㊀眼缺血综合征(ｏｃｕｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅꎬＯＩＳ)是由颈动脉狭窄或闭塞引起的一系列眼前部或眼后部缺血性疾病ꎬ临床中以表现为低灌注性视网膜病变最常见ꎮ本病常与缺血性脑病伴随出现ꎬ目前已发展成为一类涉及眼科㊁神经科和血管外科的交叉学科疾病[１]ꎮ文献报道[２]ꎬＯＩＳ患者的５年死亡率高达４０％ꎬ大多数死因以继发性心脑血管疾病为主ꎮ广大眼科医师近年来已经对ＯＩＳ进行了高度关注ꎬ对ＯＩＳ的认知逐步提高ꎮ由于ＯＩＳ的表现多样且隐匿的临床特点ꎬ我们需要正确判读ＯＩＳ预警１山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报２０２０年７月第３４卷第４期ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｔｏｌａｒｙｎｇｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＯｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＶｏｌ.３４ꎬＮｏ.４ꎬ２０２０信号ꎬ加强多学科合作ꎬ提高诊治水平ꎬ才能更准确地发现问题解决问题ꎮ１㊀详细询问病史ꎬ有助于早期发现高危人群１.１㊀临床表现隐匿多样㊀ＯＩＳ病例的早期临床表现隐匿ꎬ呈一过性ꎬ非特异性ꎬ若无高度警惕ꎬ很容易遗漏ꎮ而眼部表现可能是最早出现的ꎬ并对全身其他脏器的缺血性损害具有 预警 作用ꎬ因此ꎬ详细地问诊有助于疾病的早期诊断ꎮ眼部表现[３]可为一过性黑矇㊁畏光㊁幻视㊁视物变形㊁视力下降㊁视野缺损㊁眼前有漂浮物㊁复视㊁眼痛和眶周疼痛ꎬ严重者突发视力丧失ꎮ可伴有头痛㊁晕厥㊁心悸㊁偏瘫㊁跛行等神经系统症状ꎬ也可完全无全身表现ꎮ发病早期往往症状可自行消失而被患者和医师忽略ꎬ易误诊为颈椎病和体位性低血压ꎮ例如眼部不适㊁眼痛是ＯＩＳ早期表现之一ꎬ在无青光眼的情况下ꎬ５％~１０％的ＯＩＳ患者有眼眶不适或疼痛主诉[４]ꎬ推测是由于三叉神经眼分支的缺血性损伤所致ꎬ当平卧时眼痛可减轻ꎮ因此在问诊中不要忽略任一看似 不相关 的主诉ꎮ１.２㊀体征特点千差万别㊀因眼部供血血管堵塞位置和程度不同ꎬ患者的体征也千差万别ꎮ前节体征包括结膜水肿㊁巩膜血管扩张㊁角膜水肿㊁前房细胞和明显的房闪(缺血性假性炎性葡萄膜炎)㊁中度扩张的瞳孔㊁白内障㊁虹膜萎缩㊁虹膜新生血管形成ꎬ伴或不伴有房角新血管形成或新生血管性青光眼等ꎮ虹膜新生血管形成预示着远期视力预后不佳ꎮ发现异常体征需细致寻找原因ꎬ如巩膜上血管扩张可能是同侧颈内动脉(ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｃａｒｏｔｉｄａｒｔｅｒｙꎬＩＣＡ)闭塞时血流代偿性增加所致ꎮＣｏｕｎｔｅｅ等[５]报告了７例患者表现为巩膜上血管扩张ꎬ伴有同侧ＩＣＡ闭塞ꎬ没有其他ＯＩＳ证据ꎬ动脉造影证实了眶内扩张的颈外动脉侧支血管通过逆行血流充盈了扩张的眼动脉ꎬ作者推测患有ＩＣＡ闭塞的患者中ꎬ同侧巩膜上动脉扩张可能是重要的体征ꎬ并且提示颈外动脉是向同侧脑半球供应血液的主要来源ꎮ有学者[４ꎬ６]认为ꎬ视乳头深层毛细血管内的灌注压力不足可能导致前部缺血性视神经病变ꎬ这可能是一种罕见与ＯＩＳ相关的颈动脉阻塞并发症ꎮ单侧严重的颈动脉狭窄还可以解释糖尿病视网膜病变患者双眼眼底病变程度的不对称性ꎮ无论是大脑短暂性脑缺血发作(ｔｒａｎｓｉｅｎｔｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃａｔｔａｃｋꎬＴＩＡ)ꎬ或短暂性单眼失明(黑矇)ꎬ或视网膜中央/分支动脉闭塞ꎬ还是慢性缺血严重时表现的低灌注性视网膜病变和ＯＩＳꎬ可能只威胁了视力ꎬ但它们代表着威胁生命的颈动脉狭窄的最初迹象[４]ꎮ因为在严重颈内动脉狭窄患者的同侧脑半球可有侧支循环建立ꎬ从而保护脑组织ꎮ当患者有反复发作的ＴＩＡꎬ但没有脑梗死ꎬ不能除外ＯＩＳꎮ大部分ＯＩＳ是单眼发作的ꎬ但有２０％病例是双侧受累ꎮ双侧ＯＩＳ多出现在主动脉弓综合征㊁高同型半胱氨酸血症和Ｔａｋａｙａｓｕ动脉炎患者中[７]ꎮ糖尿病(５６％)㊁高血压(５０％~７３％)㊁缺血性心脏病(３８％~４８％)和脑血管疾病(２７％~３１％)都与ＯＩＳ密切相关[８]ꎮ对于伴有高血压㊁糖尿病㊁缺血性心脏病和脑血管病的患者ꎬ详细询问既往症状ꎬ更加重要ꎮ详细询问病史ꎬ不放过任一症状ꎬ结合既往体征ꎬ追根溯源可帮助早期发现ＯＩＳ高危人群ꎮ２㊀及时准确解读辅助检查结果ꎬ有助于早期发现ＯＩＳ危险因素２.１㊀ＯＩＳ的眼部检查㊀除了常规眼科检查ꎬ如裂隙灯㊁眼底镜和眼压等检查外ꎬ眼底血管造影是早期发现ＯＩＳ的重要诊断性检查ꎮＯＩＳ的发病基础为眼部血流量灌注不足和(或)血液循环障碍ꎬ患者主要表现为不同程度的缺血ꎬ尤其是发现虹膜新生血管ꎬ需详查眼底ꎮＯＩＳ患者眼底多表现为视网膜静脉扩张但不迂曲ꎬ多在中周视网膜上出现斑点状出血ꎬ很少出现硬渗ꎮ荧光血管造影发现臂￣视网膜循环时间延长是其主要诊断依据之一ꎮ脉络膜造影显示血管充盈延迟ꎬ呈现斑片状ꎮ当眼底表现符合低灌注视网膜病变时ꎬ急性期就应尽快安排眼底血管造影检查ꎬ关注造影早期ꎬ臂￣视网膜循环时间㊁动脉充盈时间ꎬ在静脉期寻找无灌注区ꎬ若眼底有大片无灌注区和新生血管ꎬ及时给予眼底激光治疗是避免新生血管青光眼的关键ꎮ２.２㊀放射科多种影像检查方法的不同特性㊀寻找ＯＩＳ的病因是确诊和治疗的关键ꎮ随着影像学技术的发展ꎬ多种检测方法应用于临床[９]ꎮ传统的脑血管造影术(ｄｉｇｉｔａｌｓｕｂｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙꎬＤＳＡ)被公认为是评估解剖学改变的 金标准 ꎬ特别是软脑膜和颈外动脉血液循环的观察ꎬ以及对侧支循环的认定ꎬ但ＤＳＡ是有创检查ꎬ具有侵袭性ꎬ风险高ꎬ成本高ꎮ２.２.１㊀ＣＴＡ与ＣＴＰ㊀基于ＣＴ的方法ꎬ即ＣＴ血管造影(ＣＴ￣ａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙꎬＣＴＡ)和灌注ＣＴ(ｐｅｒｆｕｓｉｏｎＣＴꎬＣＴＰ)ꎬ被广泛用于测量脑血流动力学参数ꎮＣＴＡ是一种非介入性血管成像技术ꎬ可以较准确的评价脑动脉狭窄的程度以及发生的部位和侧支循环２山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报２０２０年７月第３４卷第４期ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｔｏｌａｒｙｎｇｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＯｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＶｏｌ.３４ꎬＮｏ.４ꎬ２０２０等情况ꎮ它对诊断颅内动脉狭窄程度的准确性较高ꎬ据文献报道ＣＴＡ与ＤＳＡ相关性很高(ｒ＝０.９８７)ꎬ重度狭窄患者ＣＴＡ与ＤＳＡ比较ꎬ敏感性㊁特异性㊁准确性分别为９２％~１００％㊁９３％~１００％和９８％~１００％ꎬ对完全闭塞者ＣＴＡ和ＤＳＡ检测结果基本吻合[１０]ꎮＣＴＡ㊁ＤＳＡ作为经典检测方法ꎬ均能准确显示颈内动脉狭窄程度[１１]ꎮ但肾功能衰竭和静脉造影剂过敏者不能做ＣＴＡ/ＣＴＰ检查ꎮ与ＣＴ技术相似ꎬ弥散加权成像(ＤＷＩ)和灌注加权成像(ＰＷＩ)的ＭＲＩ技术有助于识别脑缺血ꎬＭＲＩ的定量分析可以提供对脑梗死面积的客观测量ꎮ灌注核磁(ＭＲｐｅｒｆｕｓｉｏｎꎬＭＲＰ)可评估如果侧支循环建立不良ꎬ随后发生脑梗死的风险ꎬ对于有症状的颈动脉闭塞性疾病患者ꎬＭＲＰ帮助确定手术时机ꎮＣＴＡ和核磁血管造影(ＭＲａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙꎬＭＲＡ)主要用于观察颅内血管ꎬ可观察到眼动脉和睫状后短动脉㊁睫状后长动脉的供血情况ꎬ但需要适当调整检查参数ꎮ２.２.２㊀经颅多普勒超声(ｔｒａｎｓｃｒａｎｉａｌＤｏｐｐｌｅｒꎬＴＣＤ)㊀ＴＣＤ可为我们提供颈总动脉㊁颈内动脉颅外段以及虹吸部前后颅内段的颈内动脉狭窄引起的眼动脉血流变化的信息ꎬ是一种实时可靠评价眼动脉㊁颈总动脉㊁颈内动脉㊁锁骨下动脉和颅内脑动脉㊁前后循环等血管血流模式的诊断方法ꎮ但是由于它采用多普勒技术ꎬ要求探头与血流方向一致ꎬ方可测量到血流实时的最大速度ꎬ若眶外侧壁骨缝闭合ꎬ或血管斜行弯曲ꎬＴＣＤ均无法探测到真实的血流速度ꎬ如眼动脉的血流ꎮ来自不同地区㊁不同年龄组患者㊁不同操作者的研究所报道的ＴＣＤ测量的血流速度结果有一定差异ꎬ目前尚无统一的检测标准ꎬ这些因素都影响了ＴＣＤ诊断的准确率[１０]ꎮＴＣＤ方法对重度狭窄具有较高的诊断价值[１１]ꎮ２.２.３㊀颈动脉双重超声㊀颈动脉双重扫描中使用的两种超声分别是常规超声和彩色多普勒超声ꎮ常规的ｂ型超声利用从血管反射的声波来提供血管结构的图像ꎮ多普勒超声是使用声波来跟踪移动的物体而测定血流速度ꎮ彩色多普勒超声检查结果与操作者手法㊁血管走行方向㊁有无骨性遮挡密切相关ꎮ以重度狭窄率７０％作为切分点ꎬＤＳＡ㊁彩色多普勒超声㊁ＣＴＡ诊断颈动脉狭窄程度结果一致性较好[１２￣１３]ꎮ彩色多普勒超声因具有快速㊁简便㊁无创和重复性好的优点ꎬ可作为临床筛查颈动脉狭窄的首选方法ꎻ而ＣＴＡ更适用于进一步明确诊断[１２]ꎮ２.２.４㊀彩色多普勒血流成像(ＣｏｌｏｒＤｏｐｐｌｅｒｉｍａ￣ｇｉｎｇꎬＣＤＩ)㊀ＣＤＩ检查发现颈内动脉闭塞或严重狭窄ꎬ是确诊眼缺血原因的重要指征ꎮ然而ꎬ颈动脉多普勒只能对部分颈动脉进行评估ꎬ而不能测量颈内动脉颅外段的虹吸部分ꎬ此处狭窄同样可引起眼部缺血ꎬ所以ꎬ单纯ＣＤＩ未发现颈内动脉狭窄不能除外ＯＩＳ[１４]ꎮ眼部彩色多普勒成像(ＣＤＩ)是研究球后血管循环参数和评价视网膜及脉络膜血流灌注最常用的方法ꎮ测量参数包括收缩期最大流速(Ｖｍａｘ)㊁舒张末期最小流速(Ｖｍｉｎ)㊁平均流速(Ｖｔａｍｘ)㊁搏动指数(ＰＩ)㊁阻力指数(ＲＩ)ꎮ可检测眼动脉㊁视网膜中央动脉ꎬ也可测量到睫状后短动脉㊁睫状后长动脉的血流ꎬ但变异较大ꎮ反向眼动脉血流图像是重度颈内动脉内膜狭窄或栓塞的高度特异性指标ꎬ具有极好的阳性预测价值ꎬ可为预测颈内动脉内膜狭窄或栓塞提供８５％的准确性ꎬ然而其敏感性仅为５５％[１５]ꎮ随着检查技术不断提高ꎬ越来越多的影像学检查手段可用于眼部供血的检查ꎬ我们需要了解不同技术的优劣性ꎬ不可无目的过多检查ꎬ浪费医疗资源ꎬ建议有针对性的选择检查手段ꎮ在脑动脉狭窄的筛查中ꎬ我们更多地关注ＴＣＤ/ＣＴＡ/ＭＲＡ/ＤＳＡ检查[１６]ꎬ为了解颈动脉和眼动脉供血情况ꎬ建议ＴＣＤ联合ＣＤＩ检查ꎬ必要时使用ＣＴＡ检查[１２]ꎮ３㊀小㊀结㊀㊀ＯＩＳ作为一类涵盖眼科㊁神经内外科㊁血管外科等多学科的疾病ꎬ它的诊疗需要眼科㊁心内科㊁神经内科㊁神经外科㊁血管外科以及介入放射科等多个学科共同合作ꎬ打破分科诊治ꎬ形成一个全新的多学科整合诊疗工作模式ꎬ取长补短ꎬ其治疗也整合了药物㊁介入和外科手术ꎮ正确判读ＯＩＳ预警信号ꎬ及时进行诊断和精准治疗ꎬ才能挽救患者视力和生命ꎮ参考文献:[１]王艳玲.建立多学科综合诊疗模式ꎬ提高眼缺血综合征诊治水平[Ｊ].中华眼底病杂志ꎬ２０１３ꎬ２９(３):２３３￣２３６.ｄｏｉ:１０.３７６０/ｃｍａ.ｊ.ｉｓｓｎ.１００５￣１０１５.２０１３.０３.００１.ＷＡＮＧＹａｎｌｉｎｇ.Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｄｉａｇ￣ｎｏｓｉｓａｎｄｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｆｏｒｏｃｕｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ[Ｊ].ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｃｕｌａｒＦｕｎｄｕｓＤｉｓｅａｓｅｓꎬ２０１３ꎬ２９(３):２３３￣２３６.ｄｏｉ:１０.３７６０/ｃｍａ.ｊ.ｉｓｓｎ.１００５￣１０１５.２０１３.０３.００１.[２]ＳｉｖａｌｉｎｇａｍＡꎬＢｒｏｗｎＧＣꎬＭａｇａｒｇａｌＬＥꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｅｏｃｕ￣ｌａｒｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ.ＩＩ.Ｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｃｍｏｒｂｉｄ￣ｉｔｙ[Ｊ].ＩｎｔＯｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌꎬ１９８９ꎬ１３(３):１８７￣１９１.ｄｏｉ:１０.１００７/ＢＦ０２０２８２０８.[ＰｕｂＭｅｄ][３]杨秀芬ꎬ李红阳ꎬ赵露ꎬ等.眼缺血综合征的临床及影像学特点分析[Ｊ].山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３３３。

CABLE TEST EQUIPMENTCable Route TracerDESCRIPTIONThe AccuTrace® Cable Route Tracerconsists of a transmitter, which ener-gizes the line with a traceable signal,and a portable receiver, which detectsthe signal. The transmitter can ener-gize the line either by magneticinduction from a built-in antenna orby direct conductive connection tothe metallic line.Energizing the line conductively pro-vides increased tracing distance andminimizes signal coupling to otherlines. Inductive coupling, which doesnot require a mechanical connectionto the line, permits a buried line to betraced without uncovering or de-ener-gizing it.The transmitter provides a simpleLO/HI pushbutton to adjust the trans-mitted signal’s strength, and a PULSEbutton for battery conservation andeasy identification of the signal.The receiver can be used to trace linesusing either peaks (detection of themaximum signal) or nulls (detection ofthe minimum, or zero, signal).The antenna is swivel-mounted foroperation in vertical, horizontal or 45°mode used to calculate depth. Thereceiver provides audible and visualindication of detected signal strength.Simple controls adjust sensitivity andamplification, and a jack provides foraudio output to an optional headset.Standard AA batteries provide up to30 hours of continuous operation.When the receiver is not in use, thetelescoping handle retracts for conve-nient, compact storage.APPLICATIONSAccuTrace locates and traces any con-ductive line such as cable, pipe ormetallic conduit. Depth of the line canbe established quickly by taking ad-vantage of the swivel-mounted an-tenna. Adding an optional ring clampto the system provides a stronger in-ductive signal for tracing in areas withheavy cable activity. Blockages in wa-ter pipes such as sewer lines can befound with the use of an optional wa-tertight capsule transmitter. A tape-ontransmitter lets the operator locatecollapsed duct work.FEATURES AND BENEFITS•Easy to use and simple to operate,this cable route tracer can be usedsuccessfully the first day in the field.•Conductive coupling lets the opera-tor discriminate between multipleutility cables in a common trench andtrace the line of interest. Conductivetracing also increases tracing distance.•Inductive coupling lets the signal betransmitted without a direct metal-to-metal connection. The operator cantrace an energized cable using a dis-tinctive transmitted signal. Also,cables that do not have exposed ter-minations can be traced with ease.•Both peak- and null-tracing modemethods can be used during a singletrace to ensure accuracy and speed.Null tracing is very fast and can beused to identify sharp changes in di-rection. Peak tracing can be used tofind the cable at the start of the traceand to identify cable location whenconditions make null tracing ineffec-tive.•Superinductive circuitry allows, in theinductive tracing mode, the AccuTraceto trace longer lengths than any knowncompetitor. If conditions such as cabledepth make normal inductive tracinginefficient, the superinductor will pro-duce a signal that the receiver cantrace.•The receiver picks up only the dis-tinctive transmitted signal by filteringout electric noise and static.•Extremely loud, adjustable audiooutput eliminates the need for head-phones in noisy areas. This makes theAccuTrace more comfortable andeasier to use than units requiring head-phones and visual interpretation.•Extremely lightweight receiver in-creases operator comfort when tracinglong cables or when using for extendedperiods.ACCUTRACE®Cable Route Tracer•Peak– and null–tracingcapability•Traces and determinesdepth of any conductiveline•Traces energized orde-energized linesthrough inductive orconductive coupling•Extremely lightweightreceiverCABLE TEST EQUIPMENTSPECIFICATIONSDepth Limit: 20 to 30 ft (6 to 9 m)Range: 5 ft to 3 miles (1.5 m to 5 km)Transmit Frequency: 116 kHz Pulse Rate: 5 to 10 HzOutput VoltageConductive Mode, No Load: 48 V peak-to-peak on HI, 27 V peak-to-peak on LO Power Source: Eight AA, 1.5-volt alka-line batteries Temperature RangeOperating: 32 to 158° F (0 to 70° C)Storage: –149 to +174° F(–65 to +79° C)Humidity : Moisture resistantDimensions Transmitter3.5 H x4.75 W x 11 D in.90 H x 120 W x 280 D mm Receiver (extended)27 in. (680 mm)Carrying Case15 H x 19 W in. x 8 D380 H x 480 W mm x 200 D WeightTransmitter: 2 lb (0.9 kg)Receiver: 2.5 lb (1.1 kg)Accessory Kit: 1.75 lb (0.8 kg)Carrying Case: 6 lb (2.7 kg)The ring clamp is optionally available.。

Reports of the synthesis of new dendrimers containing organometallic fragments have increased dramatically over the past few years and examples of dendrimers containing many different metals are now known. This article highlights some of the ways in which t ransition metals and their ligand systems have been incorporated into the growing number of dendrimers. Some structural details and properties of metal containing dendrimers are described , and their applications are also discussed.
摘要的每个概念、论点都要具体鲜明。一般不笼统地写论文“与什么有关”, 而直接写论文“说明什么”。用词方面要求准确,多用一些源自法语和拉丁语 且使用范畴较窄的“大词”“长词”,尽量避免含混不清或一词多义的词语。 摘要本身要完整。有些读者是利用摘要杂志或索引卡片进行研究工作的,很可 能得不到全篇论文,因此要注意不要引用论文某节或某张插图来代替说明。
语 态
科技文章一般都着重客观叙述,极力排除主观 成分,不带感情色彩。因此写英文摘要时,往往采用 第三人称的被动语态。用被动语态可以避免提及 有关的执行者,使行文显得客观。同时,被动语态的 句子在结构上有较大的调节余地,有利于采用恰当 的修辞手段,扩展名词短语,扩大句子的信息量,有 利于突出有关的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容。 但有些表达采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更 简练,表达更为直接有力,可以突出动词所表达的内 容。

水位分带改正correction of tidal zoning水位改正correction of water level水位改正correction of water level水位曲线curves of water level水位曲线curves of water level水位遥报仪communication device of water level水位遥报仪communication device of water level水文观测，*水文测验 hydrometry水文要素 hydrologic features水下摄影测量 underwater photogrammetry水下摄影机 underwater camera水准测量 leveling surveying水准尺 leveling staff水准点 Benchmark水准路线 leveling line水准面 level surface水准器 Bubble水准网 leveling network水准仪，*水准器 level水准原点 leveling origin瞬间地图 twinkling map瞬时极 instantaneous pole瞬时视场 IFOV瞬时视场instantaneous field of view丝网印刷 silk-screen printing斯托克斯公式 Stokes formula斯托克斯理论 Stokes theory撕膜片 peel-coat film四色印刷four color printing似大地水准面 quasi-geoid搜索区 searching area岁差 precession隧道测量 tunnel survey穗帽变换tasseled cap transformation缩微地图 microfilm map缩微摄影 microcopying缩微摄影 microphotography缩小仪 photoreducer塔尔科特测纬度法Talcott method of latitude determination 台链 station chain太阳辐射波谱solar radiation spectrum太阳光压摄动solar radiation pressure perturbation太阳同步卫星 sun-synchronous satellite态势地图 posture map特殊水深 special depth特征 feature特征编码 feature coding特征码 feature codes特征码清单 feature codes menu特征提取 feature extraction特征选择 feature selection特种地图 particular map体素 voxel天波干扰 sky-wave interference天波修正 sky-wave correction天顶距 zenith angle天顶距 zenith distance天球坐标系celestial coordinate system天球坐标系celestial coordinate system天文大地垂线偏差astro-geodetic deflection of the vertical天文大地网 astro-geodetic network天文大地网平差Adjustment of astrogeodetic network天文点 astronomical point天文定位系统 astronomical positioning system天文方位角 astronomical azimuth天文经度 astronomical longitude天文经纬仪 astronomical theodolite天文年历 astronomical almanac天文年历 astronomical ephemeris天文水准 astronomical leveling天文纬度 astronomical latitude天文重力水准 astro-gravimetric leveling天文坐标测量仪astronomical coordinate measuring instrument 天线高度 antenna height田谐系数coefficient of tesseral harmonics田谐系数coefficient of tesseral harmonics条幅[航带]摄影机 continuous strip camera条幅[航带]摄影机 continuous strip camera条幅[航带]摄影机 strip camera条件方程 condition equation条件方程 condition equation条件平差 condition adjustment条件平差 condition adjustment铁路工程测量railroad engineering survey通用横墨尔卡投影 Universal Transverse Mercator projection 通用极球面投影Universal Polar Stereographic projection通用极球面投影 UPS通用墨卡尔投影 UTM同步观测 simultaneous observation同步验潮 tidal synobservation同名光线corresponding image rays同名光线corresponding image rays同名核线corresponding epipolar line同名核线corresponding epipolar line同名像点 corresponding image points同名像点 corresponding image points同名像点 homologous image points统计地图 statistic map投影变换 projection transformation投影差 height displacement投影差 relied displacement投影方程 projection equation投影器 Projector投影器主距principal distance of projector投影晒印 projection printing透光率 transmittance透明负片 transparent negative透明正片 transparent positive透明注记 stick-up lettering透视截面法 perspective traces透视投影 perspective projection透视旋转定律，*沙尔定律 Chasles theorem透视旋转定律，*沙尔定律 Chasles theorem透视旋转定律，*沙尔定律rotation axiom of the perspective 透视旋转定律，*沙尔定律 rotational theorem图幅 mapsheet图幅编号 sheet designation图幅编号 sheet number图幅接边 edge matching图幅接合表 index diagram图幅接合表 sheet index图根点 mapping control point图根控制 mapping control图解纠正 graphical rectification图解图根点 graphic mapping control point图廓edge of the format图廓 map border图历簿mapping recorded file图例 legend图面配置 map layout图象 picture图像编码 image coding图像变换 image transformation图像处理 image processing图像分割 image segmentation图像分析 image analysis图像复合 image overlaying图像几何纠正geometric rectification of imagery图像几何配准geometric registration of imagery图像理解 image understanding图像描述 image description图像识别 image recognition图像数字化 image digitization图像增强 image enhancement图形 graphics图形-背景辨别 F-G discrimination图形-背景辨别 Figure-ground discrimination图形符号 graphic symbol图形记号 graphic sign图形权倒数weight reciprocal figure图形元素 graphic elements土地规划测量 land planning survey土地利用现状图 present landuse map土地信息系统 land information system土地信息系统 LIS推荐航线 recommended route托帕可斯卫星 T/P托帕克斯卫星 TOPEX/POSEIDON拖底扫海 aground sweeping陀螺定向光电测距导线gyrophic EDM traverse陀螺方位角 gyro azimuth陀螺经纬仪 gyro theodolite陀螺经纬仪 gyroscopic theodolite陀螺仪定向测量 gyrostatic orientation survey椭球扁率 flattening of ellipsoid椭球长半轴，*地球长半轴semimajor axis of ellipsoid 椭球短半轴，*地球短半轴semiminor axis of ellipsoid 椭球面大地测量学 ellipsoidal geodesy椭球偏心率 eccentricity of ellipsoid拓扑地图 topological map拓扑关系 topological relation拓扑检索 topological retrieval外部定向 exterior orientation网点 stipple网格地图 grid map网格法 grid method网格结构 grid structure网屏 screen网纹片 transparent foil网线 ruling危险界限 limiting danger line微波测距仪microwave distance measuring instrument微波辐射 microwave radiation微波辐射计 microwave radiometer微波图像 microwave imagery微波遥感microwave remote sensing微波遥感器microwave remote sensor微重力测量 microgravimetry维纳频谱 Winer spectrum维宁•曼尼斯公式 Vening-Meinesz formula伪彩色图像 pseudo-color image伪等值线地图 pseudo-isoline map伪距测量 pseudo-range measurement卫星测高 satellite altimetry卫星大地测量 satellite geodesy卫星定位 satellite positioning卫星多普勒[频移]测量satellite Doppler shift measurement卫星多普勒定位 satellite Doppler positioning卫星高度 satellite altitude卫星跟踪卫星技术 satellite-to-satellite tracking卫星跟踪卫星技术 SST卫星跟踪站satellite tracking station卫星共振分析analysis of satellite resonance卫星构形 satellite configuration卫星-惯导组合定位系统satellite-inertial guidance integrated positioning sy卫星轨道改进improvement of satellite orbit卫星激光测距satellite laser ranging卫星激光测距，侧视雷达 SLR卫星激光测距仪satellite laser ranger卫星-声学组合定位系统satellite-acoustics integrated positioning system卫星受摄运动perturbed motion of satellite卫星像片图 satellite photo map卫星星下点 sub-satellite point卫星运动方程equation of satellite motion卫星重力梯度测量 satellite gradiometry卫星姿态 satellite attitude位置[线交]角intersection angle of LOP位置函数，*坐标函数 position function位置精度 positional accuracy位置线 line of position位置线 LOP位置线方程equation of LOP文化地图 cultural map文化地图 cultural map纹理分析 texture analysis纹理增强 texture enhancement沃尔什变换 Walsh transformation无线电定位 radio positioning无线电航行警告 radio navigational warning无线电指向标，*电指向 radio beacon无线电指向标表list of radio beacon五角棱镜 pentaprism物镜分辨力resolving power of lens物理大地测量学，*大地重力学 physical geodesy 误差检验 error test误差理论theory of errors误差椭圆 error ellipse雾[信]号 fog signal系列地图 series maps系统集成 system integration系统误差 systematic error弦线支距法 Chord off-set method弦线支距法 Chord off-set method显微摄影 photomicrography现势地图 up-to-data map线路平面图 route plan线路水准测量 route leveling线路中线测量 center line survey线路中线测量 center line survey线路中线测量 location of route线纹米尺，*日内瓦尺 standard meter线形锁 linear triangulation chain线形网 linear triangulation network线性调频脉冲 Chirp线性调频脉冲 Chirp线阵遥感器linear array sensor线阵遥感器 pushbroom sensor线状符号 line symbol限差 tolerance限航区 restricted area乡村规划测量 rural planning survey相对定位 relative positioning相对定向 relative orientation相对定向元素element of relative orientation相对航高 relative flying height相对论改正 relativistic correction相对误差 relative error相对重力测量 relative gravity measurement相干声呐测深系统interferometric seabed inspection sonar相关平差Adjustment of correlated observation相关器 correlator相关器 correlator相位传递函数 phase transfer function相位传递函数 PTF相位多值性 phase ambiguity相位模糊度解算 phase ambiguity resolution相位漂移 phase drift相位稳定性 phase stability相位周，*巷 lane相位周，*巷 phase cycle相位周值，*巷宽 lane width相位周值，*巷宽 phase cycle value镶嵌索引图 index mosaic巷道验收测量footage measurement of workings象限仪 quadrant象形符号 replicative symbol像场角angular field of view像等角点 isocenter of photograph像底点photo nadir point像地平线，*合线 horizon trace像地平线，*合线 image horizon像地平线，*合线 vanishing line像幅 picture format像空间坐标系image space coordinate system像片 photo像片 photograph像片比例尺 photo scale像片地质判读，*像片地质解译geological interpretation of photograph 像片方位角 azimuth of photograph像片方位元素photo orientation elements像片基线 photo base像片纠正 photo rectification像片内方位元素elements of interior orientation像片判读 photo interpretation像片平面图 photoplan像片倾角tilt angle of photograph像片外方位元素elements of exterior orientation像片镶嵌 photo mosaic像片旋角 swing angle像片旋角 yaw像片主距principal distance of photo像平面坐标系photo coordinate system像移补偿image motion compensation像移补偿 IMC像元 pixel像主点principal point of photograph像主纵线principal line [of photograph]销钉定位法 stud registration小潮升 neap rise小潮升 neap rise小角度法minor angle method小像幅航空摄影 SFAP小像幅航空摄影small format aerial photography 协调世界时 coordinate universal time协调世界时 coordinate universal time协调世界时 UTC协调世界时时号time signal in UTC协方差函数 covariance function协方差函数 covariance function心象地图 mental map新版海图new edition of chart新版海图new edition of chart信号杆 signal pole信息量 contents of information信息量 contents of information信息提取 information extraction信息属性 information attribute星载遥感器 satellite-borne sensor行差 run error行星大地测量学 planetary geodesy行政区划图 administrative map修版 retouching虚地图 virtual map虚拟地景 virtual landscape序惯平差 sequential adjustment悬式经纬仪 hanging theodolite旋转参数 rotation parameters选取限额norm for selection选取限额norm for selection选取指标index for selection选权迭代法iteration method with variable weights寻北器 north-finding instrument寻北器 north-finding instrument寻北器 polar finder压力验潮仪 pressure gauge亚太区域地理信息系统基础设施常设委员会 PCGIAP亚太区域地理信息系统基础设施常设委员会 Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific严密平差 rigorous adjustment沿海测量 coastwise survey沿海测量 coastwise survey颜色空间 color space颜色空间 color space验潮 tidal observation验潮仪 tide-meter验潮站 tidal station验潮站零点zero point of the tidal阳像 positive image遥感 remote sensing遥感测深 remote sensing sounding遥感模式识别pattern recognition of remote sensing遥感平台 remote sensing platform遥感数据获取remote sensing data acquisition遥感制图 remote sensing mapping野外地质图field geological map野外填图 field mapping因瓦基线尺invar baseline wire阴像 negative image阴像 negative image引潮力 tide-generating force引潮位 tide-generating potential引航图集 pilot atlas引力 gravitation引力位 gravitational potential引水锚地 pilot anchorage引张线法method of tension wire alignment印刷版 printing plate荧光地图 fluorescent map影像 image影像 imagery影像地质图 geological photomap影像分辨力 image resolution影像分辨力resolving power of image影像复原 image restoration影像金字塔 image pyramid影像匹配 image matching影像融合 image fusion影像数据库 image database影像相关 image correlation影像镶嵌 image mosaic影像质量 image quality游艇用图 smallcraft chart游艇用图 yacht chart渔礁 fishing rock渔堰 fishing haven渔业用图 fishing chart渔栅 fishing stake宇宙制图 cosmic mapping宇宙制图 cosmic mapping预报地图 Prognostic map预打样图 pre-press proof预制符号 preprinted symbol预制感光板，*PS 版 presensitized plate原子钟 atomic clock圆曲线测设 circular curve location圆曲线测设 circular curve location圆-圆定位，*距离-距离定位 range-range positioning 圆柱投影 cylindrical projection圆柱投影 cylindrical projection圆锥投影 conic projection圆锥投影 conic projection远程定位系统long-range positioning system远海测量 pelagic survey月平均海面monthly mean sea level月球轨道飞行器 lunar orbiter运动方程分析解analytical solution of motion equation 运动方程数值解numerical solution of motion equation 运动方程数值解numerical solution of motion equation 运动线法 Arrowhead method晕滃法 hachuring晕渲法 hill shading载波相位测量 carrier phase measurement载波相位测量 carrier phase measurement再分结构 subdivisional organization凿井施工测量construction survey for shaft sinking凿井施工测量construction survey for shaft sinking栅格绘图 raster plotting栅格数据 raster data站心坐标系topocentric coordinate system章动 nutation章动 nutation照相排字机 phototypesetter照相制版镜头 printer lens照相制版镜头 process lens照准点 sighting point照准点归心 sighting centring真地平线，*真水平线 true horizon真实孔径雷达 real-aperture radar真误差 true error真子午线 true meridian整体大地测量 integrated geodesy整体感 associative perception整体结构 extensional organization正常高 normal height正常高 normal height正常水椭球，*水准椭球 normal level ellipsoid 正常水椭球，*水准椭球 normal level ellipsoid 正常引力位 normal gravitation potential正常引力位 normal gravitation potential正常重力 normal gravity正常重力 normal gravity正常重力场normal gravity field正常重力场normal gravity field正常重力公式normal gravity formula正常重力公式normal gravity formula正常重力位normal gravity potential正常重力位normal gravity potential正常重力线normal gravity line正常重力线normal gravity line正方形分幅 square mapsubdivision正片 positive正象 right-reading正直摄影normal case photography正直摄影normal case photography正轴投影 normal projection正轴投影 normal projection郑和航海图Zheng He's Nautical Chart政治地图 political map支水准路线 spur leveling line直方图规格化 histogram specification直方图均衡 histogram equalization直角坐标网 rectangular grid志田数 Shida'a number制图分级 cartographic hierarchy制图分级 cartographic hierarchy制图简化 cartographic simplification制图简化 cartographic simplification制图精度 mapping accuracy制图夸大 cartographic exaggeration制图夸大 cartographic exaggeration制图专家系统cartographic expert system制图专家系统cartographic expert system制图资料 cartographic document．制图资料 cartographic document．制图资料 source material 质底法quality base method质量感 qualitative perception秩亏平差rank defect adjustment置信度 Confidence置信度 Confidence中程定位系统medium-range positioning system中国测绘学会Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartog中国测绘学会 CSGPC中国测绘学会Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartog中国测绘学会 CSGPC中国大地测量星表 CGSC中国大地测量星表Chinese Geodetic Stars Catalogue中国大地测量星表 CGSC中国大地测量星表Chinese Geodetic Stars Catalogue中华人民共和国测绘法Surveying and Mapping Law of the People's Republic of中天法 transit method中误差 RMSE中误差root mean square error中心式快门 between-the-lens shutter中心式快门 lens shutter中星仪 transit instrument中性色调，*灰色调 middle tone中央子午线 central meridian中央子午线 central meridian钟偏 clock offset钟偏 clock offset钟速 clock rate钟速 clock rate重采样 resampling重力 gravity重力测量 gravity measurement重力场 gravity field重力潮汐改正correction of gravity measurement for tide 重力潮汐改正correction of gravity measurement for tide 重力垂线偏差gravimetric deflection of the vertical重力垂直梯度vertical gradient of gravity重力点 gravimetric point重力固体潮观测gravity observation of Earth tide重力归算 gravity reduction重力基线 gravimetric baseline重力基准 gravity datum重力数据库 gravimetric database重力水平梯度horizontal gradient of gravity重力梯度测量gradiometry重力梯度测量gravity gradient measurement重力梯度仪 gradiometer重力位 gravity potential重力仪 gravimeter重力异常 gravity anomaly周期误差 periodic error周跳 cycle slip周跳 cycle slip轴颈误差error of pivot主垂面principal plane [of photograph]主垂面principal vertical plane主动式遥感 active remote sensing主分量变换 Principal component transformation主合点principal vanishing point主核面principal epipolar plane主核线principal epipolar line主检比对 main/check comparison主台 main station主轴线测设setting-out of main axis属性精度 attribute accuracy助曲线，*辅助等高线 extra contour专题测图仪 thematic mapper专题测图仪 TM专题层 thematic overlap专题地图 thematic map专题地图集 thematic atlas专题地图学 thematic cartography专题海图 thematic chart专用地图special use map转点仪，*制点仪point transfer device转绘仪 sketchmaster状态向量 state vector准确度 Accuracy姿态 Attitude姿态参数 attitude parameter姿态测量遥感器 attitude-measuring sensor资源与环境遥感remote sensing for natural resources and environment 子午面 meridian plane子午圈 meridian子午圈曲率半径radius of curvature in meridian自动安平水准仪 automatic level自动安平水准仪 compensator level自动安平水准仪 compensator level自动化地图制图 automatic cartography自动绘图 automatic plotting自动空中三角测量 automatic triangulation自动坐标展点仪 automatic coordinate plotter自检校 self-calibration自然地图 physical map自准直目镜 autocollimating eyepiece综合测绘系统general surveying system综合地图 comprehensive map综合地图 comprehensive map综合地图集 comprehensive atlas综合地图集 comprehensive atlas综合法测量photo planimetric method of photogrammetric mapping纵断面测量 profiles survey纵断面图 Profile纵断面图 profile diagram组合地图 homeotheric map组合定位 integrated positioning钻孔位置测量 bore-hole position survey最大似然分类 maximum likelihood classification最小二乘法 least square method最小二乘配置法，*最小二乘拟合推估法least squares collocation最小二乘相关least squares correlation最小距离分类 minimum distance classification左右视差 horizontal parallax左右视差 x-parallax坐标地籍 coordinate cadastre坐标地籍 coordinate cadastre坐标方位角 grid bearing坐标格网 coordinate grid坐标格网 coordinate grid坐标量测仪coordinate measuring instrument坐标量测仪coordinate measuring instrument坐标增量increment of coordinate坐标增值闭合差closing error in coordinate increment 坐标增值闭合差closing error in coordinate increment 坐标中误差mean square error of coordinate。

训诂学英语The Significance of Etymology in the English LanguageThe study of etymology, the origin and history of words, plays a crucial role in understanding the complexities and nuances of the English language. As an integral part of linguistics, etymology provides valuable insights into the evolution of language, the cultural influences that have shaped it, and the deeper meanings that lie beneath the surface of the words we use daily.One of the primary benefits of studying etymology is the ability to trace the origins of words. By examining the root words, prefixes, and suffixes that make up a term, we can uncover the etymological lineage and gain a deeper appreciation for the word's evolution. This knowledge can be particularly useful when encountering unfamiliar or obscure vocabulary, as it allows us to decipher the meaning based on the word's constituent elements.Moreover, the study of etymology can shed light on the cultural and historical contexts that have influenced the development of the English language. Many words in the English lexicon have their roots in other languages, reflecting the diverse linguistic and culturalinfluences that have shaped the language over time. For instance, the word "restaurant" is derived from the French word "restaurer," meaning "to restore," which reflects the origin of the modern restaurant as a place where weary travelers could restore their strength. Understanding these linguistic connections can provide valuable insights into the cultural exchange and interactions that have occurred throughout history.Beyond the historical and cultural significance, the study of etymology can also enhance our understanding of the nuanced meanings and connotations of words. By tracing the evolution of a word's meaning, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the subtle differences and shades of meaning that exist within the language. This knowledge can be particularly valuable in fields such as literature, where the precise use of language is crucial for conveying complex ideas and emotions.Furthermore, the study of etymology can have practical applications in language learning and acquisition. By understanding the root words and patterns that underlie the English language, students can more effectively learn and retain new vocabulary, as well as develop a better understanding of the language's structure and grammar. This knowledge can also assist in the translation and interpretation of texts, as it allows for a more nuanced understanding of the original meaning and context.In the realm of professional and academic writing, the knowledge of etymology can be a valuable asset. Writers and researchers can use their understanding of word origins to craft more precise and evocative language, selecting words that convey the desired meaning and tone with greater accuracy. This attention to linguistic detail can enhance the clarity, persuasiveness, and overall impact of written communication.Beyond its academic and professional applications, the study of etymology can also be a source of personal enrichment and intellectual curiosity. Exploring the origins and evolution of words can be a fascinating journey, revealing the hidden stories and cultural connections that lie within the language we use every day. This pursuit can foster a greater appreciation for the complexity and beauty of the English language, and inspire a lifelong fascination with the power of words.In conclusion, the study of etymology is a vital component of understanding the English language. By tracing the origins and evolution of words, we can gain valuable insights into the cultural, historical, and linguistic forces that have shaped the language we use today. Whether in the classroom, the workplace, or our personal lives, the knowledge of etymology can enhance our understanding,communication, and appreciation for the richness and nuance of the English language.。

人体的健康因数The health factors of the human body云南曲靖曲煤焦化黄兆荣健康是指一个人在身体、精神和社会等方面都处于良好的状态。

健康包括两个方面的内容：一是主要脏器无疾病，身体形态发育良好，体形均匀，人体各系统具有良好的生理功能，有较强的身体活动能力和劳动能力，这是对健康最基本的要求；二是对疾病的抵抗能力较强，能够适应环境变化，各种生理刺激以及致病因素对身体的作用。

影响人体健康的因素很多，人体是一个有机平衡体，对于个体人来说只有两个因素：一个是物质方面的，另一个是精神方面的。

Health means that a person is in good physical, mental and social condition. Health includes two aspects: first, there is no disease in the main organs, the body shape is well developed, the body shape is uniform, all the systems of the human body have good physiological functions, have strong physical activity ability and labor ability, which is the most basic requirements for health; Second, the ability to resist disease is strong, able to adapt to environmental changes, a variety of physiological stimuli and pathogenic factors on the body.There are many factors that affect human health. Human body is an organic balance body, and there are only two factors for individual people: one is material, the other is spiritual.一、物质方面：某些物质多了会影响健康，甚至生病，少了也是如此，如钙在人体的含量，多了骨头容易断，少了，会抽筯，骨质疏松，骨质增生。

Most Frequent Words of the Academic Word List by SublistSublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.analysis approach area assessment assume authority available benefit concept consistent constitutional context contract createdata definition derived distribution economic environment established estimate evidence export factors financial formula function identified income indicate individual interpretation involved issues labourlegal legislation major method occur percent period policy principle procedure process required research response role section sector significant similar source specific structure theory variablesSublist 2 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the second most frequent words in the Academic Word List from the Academic Corpus.achieve acquisition administration affect appropriate aspects assistance categories chapter commission community complex computer conclusion conduct consequences construction consumer creditcultural design distinction elements equation evaluation featuresfinalfocusimpactinjury institute investment itemsjournal maintenance normal obtained participation perceived positive potential previous primary purchase range region regulations relevant resident resources restricted security sought selectsite strategies survey text traditional transferSublist 3 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the third most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.alternative circumstances comments compensation components consent considerable constant constraints contribution convention coordination core corporate corresponding criteria deduction demonstrate document dominant emphasis ensure excluded framework funds illustrated immigration impliesinitial instance interaction justification layerlinklocation maximum minorities negative outcomes partnership philosophy physical proportion published reaction registered reliance removed scheme sequence sexshift specified sufficient task technical techniques technology validity volumeSublist 4 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the fourth most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.access adequate annual apparent approximated attitudes attributed civilcode commitment communication concentration conference contrast cycledebate despite dimensions domestic emerged errorethnicgoals granted hence hypothesis implementation implications imposed integration internal investigation joblabel mechanism obvious occupational optionoutputoverall parallel parameters phase predicted principal prior professional project promote regime resolution retained series statistics status stress subsequent sum summary undertakenSublist 5 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adjustment alter amendment aware capacity challenge clause compounds conflict consultation contact decline discretion draft enable energy enforcement entities equivalent evolution expansion exposure external facilitate fundamental generated generation image liberal licence logic marginal medical mental modified monitoring network notion objective orientation perspective precise prime psychology pursue ratio rejected revenue stability styles substitution sustainable symbolic target transition trend version welfare whereasSublist 6 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesabstract accurate acknowledged aggregate allocation assigned attached authorbondbrief capablecited cooperative discrimination display diversity domain edition enhanced estate exceed expert explicit federalfees flexibility furthermore gender ignored incentive incidence incorporated index inhibition initiatives input instructions intelligence interval lecture migration minimum ministry motivation neutral nevertheless overseas preceding presumption rational recovery revealed scope subsidiary tapestrace transformation transport underlying utilitySublist 7 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesadaptation adults advocateaidchannel chemical classical comprehensive comprise confirmed contrary converted couple decades definitedeny differentiation disposal dynamic eliminate empirical equipment extractfilefinite foundation globalgrade guarantee hierarchical identical ideology inferred innovation insert intervention isolated mediamode paradigm phenomenon priority prohibited publication quotation release reverse simulation solely somewhat submitted successive survive thesistopic transmission ultimately unique visible voluntarySublist 8 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesabandon accompanied accumulation ambiguous appendix appreciation arbitrary automatically biaschartclarity conformity commodity complement contemporary contradiction crucial currency denote detected deviation displacement dramatic eventually exhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelines highlighted implicit induced inevitably infrastructure inspection intensity manipulation minimised nuclear offset paragraph plus practitioners predominantly prospect radical random reinforced restore revision schedule tension termination theme thereby uniform vehiclevia virtually widespread visualSublist 9 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesaccommodation analogous anticipated assuranceattainedbehalfbulkceasescoherence coincide commenced incompatible concurrent confined controversy converselydevicedevoted diminished distorted/distortion - equal figures durationerosionethicalformatfoundedinherentinsightsintegral intermediate manualmaturemediationmediummilitaryminimalmutualnormsoverlappassiveportion preliminary protocol qualitative refine relaxed restraints revolution rigidroute scenario sphere subordinate supplementary suspended team temporary trigger unified violation visionanalogous anticipated assurance attained behalf bulk ceases coherence coincide commenced incompatible concurrent confined controversy conversely device devoted diminished distorted/distortion - equal figures duration erosion ethical format founded inherent insights integral intermediate manual mature mediation medium military minimal mutual norms overlap passive portion preliminary protocol qualitative refine relaxed restraints revolution rigid route scenario sphere subordinatesupplementary suspended team temporary trigger unified violation vision Sublist 10 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Families This sublist contains the least frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. adjacent albeit assembly collapse colleagues compiled conceived convinced depression encountered enormous forthcoming inclination integrity intrinsic invoked levy likewise nonetheless notwithstanding odd ongoing panel persistent posed reluctant so-called straightforward undergo whereby。

Package‘CompareTests’October12,2022Type PackageTitle Correct for Verification Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy&AgreementVersion1.2Date2016-2-6Author Hormuzd A.Katki and David W.EdelsteinMaintainer Hormuzd Katki<***************.gov>Description A standard test is observed on all specimens.We treat the second test(or sam-pled test)as being conducted on only a stratified sample of specimens.Verifica-tion Bias is this situation when the specimens for doing the second(sampled)test is not under in-vestigator control.We treat the total sample as stratified two-phase sampling and use in-verse probability weighting.We estimate diagnostic accuracy(category-specific classifica-tion probabilities;for binary tests reduces to specificity and sensitivity,and also predictive val-ues)and agreement statistics(percent agreement,percent agreement by category,Kappa(un-weighted),Kappa(quadratic weighted)and symmetry tests(reduces to McNemar's test for bi-nary tests)).See:Katki HA,Li Y,Edelstein DW,Castle PE.Estimating the agreement and diag-nostic accuracy of two diagnostic tests when one test is conducted on only a subsample of speci-mens.Stat Med.2012Feb28;31(5)<doi:10.1002/sim.4422>.License GPL-3LazyLoad yesURL /about/staff-directory/biographies/A-J/katki-hormuzd NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2017-02-0616:37:03R topics documented:CompareTests-package (2)CompareTests (3)fulltable (6)specimens (7)Index912CompareTests-packageCompareTests-package Correct for Verification Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy&AgreementDescriptionA standard test is observed on all specimens.We treat the second test(or sampled test)as beingconducted on only a stratified sample of specimens.Verification Bias is this situation when thespecimens for doing the second(sampled)test is not under investigator control.We treat the totalsample as stratified two-phase sampling and use inverse probability weighting.We estimate diag-nostic accuracy(category-specific classification probabilities;for binary tests reduces to specificityand sensitivity)and agreement statistics(percent agreement,percent agreement by category,Kappa(unweighted),Kappa(quadratic weighted)and symmetry test(reduces to McNemar’s test for binarytests)).DetailsPackage:CompareTestsType:PackageVersion: 1.1Date:2015-06-19License:GPL-3LazyLoad:yesYou have a dataframe with columns"stdtest"(no NAs allowed;all specimens with NA stdtest re-sults are dropped),"sampledtest"(a gold standard which is NA for some specimens),sampling strata"strata1""strata2"(values cannot be missing for any specimens).Correct for Verification Bias in thediagnostic and agreement statistics with CompareTests(stdtest,sampledtest,interaction(strata1,strata2),goldstd="sampledtest")Author(s)Hormuzd A.Katki and David W.EdelsteinMaintainer:Hormuzd Katki<***************.gov>ReferencesKatki HA,Li Y,Edelstein DW,Castle PE.Estimating the agreement and diagnostic accuracy of twodiagnostic tests when one test is conducted on only a subsample of specimens.Stat Med.2012Feb28;31(5):10.1002/sim.4422.Examples#Get specimens datasetdata(specimens)#Get diagnostic and agreement statistics if sampledtest is the gold standardCompareTests(specimens$stdtest,specimens$sampledtest,specimens$stratum)#Get diagnostic and agreement statistics if stdtest is the gold standardCompareTests(specimens$stdtest,specimens$sampledtest,specimens$stratum,goldstd="stdtest")#Get agreement statistics if neither test is a gold standardCompareTests(specimens$stdtest,specimens$sampledtest,specimens$stratum,goldstd=FALSE) CompareTests Correct for Verification Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy&AgreementDescriptionA standard test is observed on all specimens.We treat the second test(or sampled test)as beingconducted on only a stratified sample of specimens.We treat the total sample as stratified two-phase sampling and use inverse probability weighting.We estimate diagnostic accuracy(category-specific classification probabilities;for binary tests reduces to specificity and sensitivity)and agree-ment statistics(percent agreement,percent agreement by category,Kappa(unweighted),Kappa (quadratic weighted)and symmetry tests(reduces to McNemar’s test for binary tests)).UsageCompareTests(stdtest,sampledtest,strata=NA,goldstd="sampledtest") Argumentsstdtest A vector of standard test results.Any NA test results are dropped from the analysis entirely.sampledtest A vector of test results observed only on a sample of specimens.Test results with NA are assumed to no be observed for that specimenstrata The sampling stratum each specimen belongs to.Set to NA if no sampling or simple random sampling.goldstd For outputing diagnostic accuracy statistics,denote if"stdtest"or"sampledtest"is the gold standard.If no gold standard,set to FALSE.ValueOutputs to screen the estimated contingency table of paired test results,agreement statistics,and diagnostic accuracy statistics.Returns a list with the following componentsCells Observed contingency tables of pair test results for each stratumEstCohort Weighted contingency table of each pair of test resultsCellvars Variance of each weighted cell countCellcovars Variance-covariance matrix for each column of weighted cell countsp0Percent agreementVarp0Variance of percent agreementAgrCat Percent agreement by each test categoryVarAgrCat Variance of Percent agreement by each test categoryuncondsymm Symmetry test test statisticMargincovars covariance of each pair of marginsKappa Kappa(unweighted)Kappavar Variance of KappaiPV Each predictive value(for binary tests,NPV and PPV)VarsiPV Variance of each predictive value(for binary tests,NPV and PPV)iCSCP Each category-specific classification probability(for binary tests,specificity and sensitivityVarsiCSCP Variance of each category-specific classification probability(for binary tests, specificity and sensitivityWeightedKappa Kappa(quadratic weights)varWeightedKappaVariance of quadratic-weighted KappaNoteOrder the categories from least to most severe,for binary(-,+)or(0,1)to make sure that what is output as sensitivity is not the specificity,or that PPV is not reported as NPV.If you have multiple variables to be crossed to represent the sampling strata,use interaction(),e.g.strata=interaction(strata1,strata2)Author(s)Hormuzd A.Katki and David W.EdelsteinReferencesKatki HA,Li Y,Edelstein DW,Castle PE.Estimating the agreement and diagnostic accuracy of two diagnostic tests when one test is conducted on only a subsample of specimens.Stat Med.2012Feb 28;31(5):10.1002/sim.4422.Examples##----Should be DIRECTLY executable!!----##--==>Define data,use random,##--or do help(data=index)for the standard data sets.###Stat Med Paper2x2Chlamydia testing verification bias example#Note that p for symmetry test is0.12not0.02as reported in the Stat Med paper###Convert2x2Chlamydia testing table to a dataframe for analysis#Include NAs for the samples where CTDT test was not conducted(HC2was conducted on all) HC2stdtest<-c(rep(1,827),rep(0,4998))stratum<-HC2stdtestCTDTsampledtest<-c(rep(1,800),#1,1cellrep(0,27),#1,0cell HC2+,CTDT-rep(NA,827-800-27),#HC2+,and no CTDT test donerep(1,6),#0,1cell:HC2-,CTDT+rep(0,396),#0,0cell:HC2-and CTDT-rep(NA,4998-6-396)#HC2-,no CTDT test done)chlamydia<-data.frame(stratum,HC2stdtest,CTDTsampledtest)#Analysistemp<-CompareTests(chlamydia$HC2stdtest,chlamydia$CTDTsampledtest,chlamydia$stratum,goldstd="sampledtest")###Example analysis of fictitious data example##data(specimens)temp<-CompareTests(specimens$stdtest,specimens$sampledtest,specimens$stratum,goldstd="sampledtest")##The output is#The weighted contingency table:#as.factor.stdtest.#as.factor.sampledtest.1234#147.887.158 3.3220.000#220.12104.00621.861 2.682#30.0010.83697.4948.823#40.000.000 3.32274.495###Agreement Statistics##pct agree and95%CI:0.8057(0.74380.8555)#pct agree by categories and95%CI#est left right#10.61010.45010.7494#20.62410.53150.7083#30.66930.55620.7658#40.83400.63400.9358#Kappa and95%CI:0.734(0.65090.8032)#Weighted Kappa(quadratic weights)and95%CI:0.8767(0.71070.9536)#symmetry chi-square:9.119p=0.1676fulltable ####Diagnostic Accuracy statistics##est left right#1PV0.70410.54220.8271#2PV0.85250.73620.9229#3PV0.77380.65470.8605#4PV0.86620.69280.9490#est left right#1CSCP0.82040.60110.9327#2CSCP0.69960.61690.7710#3CSCP0.83220.72190.9046#4CSCP0.95730.56050.9975fulltable fulltable attaches margins and NA/NaN category to the output of ta-ble()Descriptionfulltable attaches margins and NA/NaN category to the output of table()Argumentssame as table()Valuesame as returned from table()Author(s)Hormuzd A.KatkiSee AlsotableExamples##The function is currently defined asfunction(...){##Purpose:Add the margins automatically and don t exclude NA/NaN as its own row/column ##and also add row/column titles.Works for mixed numeric/factor variables.##For factors,the exclude option won t include the NAs as columns,that s why ##I need to do more work.##----------------------------------------------------------------------##Arguments:Same as for table()##----------------------------------------------------------------------##Author:Hormuzd Katki,Date:5May2006,19:45#This works for purely numeric input,but not for any factors b/c exclude=NULL won t #include NAs for them.#return(addmargins(table(...,exclude=NULL)))###Factors are harder.I have to reconstruct each factor to include NA as a level###Put everything into a data framex<-data.frame(...)#For each factor(in columns),get the raw levels out,reconstruct to include NAs#That is,if there are any NAs--if none,add it as a level anywayfor(i in1:dim(x)[2]){if(is.factor(x[,i]))if(any(is.na(x[,i])))x[,i]<-factor(unclass(x[,i]),labels=c(levels(x[,i]),"NA"),exclude=NULL)elselevels(x[,i])<-c(levels(x[,i]),"NA")}#Make table with margins.Since NA is a level in each factor,they ll be included return(addmargins(table(x,exclude=NULL)))}specimens Fictitious data on specimens tested by two methodsDescriptionstdtest has been done on everyone,and sampledtest has been done on a stratifed subsample of275 out of402specimens(is NA on the other127specimens)Usagedata(specimens)FormatA data frame with402observations on the following3variables.stratum6strata used for samplingstdtest standard test result available on all specimenssampledtest new test result available only on stratified subsampleExamplesdata(specimens)Index∗datasetsspecimens,7∗packageCompareTests-package,2 CompareTests,3CompareTests-package,2fulltable,6specimens,79。

The Academic Word ListSublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 1 are listed below.analysis分析approach方法area地区领域assessment 评价assume假设authority权威available可提供的benefit好处，受益concept概念consistent一致的constitutional宪法的context 环境contract收缩合同create 创造data 数据definition 定义derived由来，派生distribution 分布economic 经济的environment 环境establish 建立estimate 估计evidence 证据export出口factors 因素financial 金融的formula公式function 功能identified确认的income 收入indicate 指出individual 个人的interpretation理解involved 涉及到issues 问题labour 劳动力legal 合法的legislation 立法major 主要的专业method 方法occur 出现percent 百分之period 时期policy 政策principle 原则procedure 步骤process 过程，处理required 必须的research 研究response 回应role 角色，作用section 部分sector 行业区域significant 重要的similar 相似的source 源头specific 具体的structure 结构theory 理论variables 变量Sublist 2 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesThis sublist contains the second most frequent words in the Academic Word List from the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 2 are listed below.achieve获得acquisition收购获得administration管理affect影响appropriate合适的aspects 方面assistance 协助categories 种类chapter 章节commission委托community社区complex组成的,合成的computer电脑conclusion结论conduct做consequences 后果construction 建设consumer 顾客credit 信用cultural 文化的design 设计distinction 区别elements 元素equation等式evaluation 评价features 特点final 最后的focus 关注impact 影响injury 受伤institute 协会investment 投资items 项目条款journal期刊maintenance 维修normal 正常的obtained 获得participation 参与perceive 认识到positive 积极的potential 潜在的previous 之前的primary 主要的purchase 购买range 范围region 地区regulations 规则relevant 相关的resident 定居者resources 资源restricted 受限security 安全sought 寻找（过去式）select 挑选site 选址strategies 策略survey 调查text 文本1traditional 传统的transfer 转移Sublist 3 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesThis sublist contains the third most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 3 are listed below.alternative 可供选择的circumstance 环境comments评论compensatio n 补偿components 组成部分consent同意considerable 大量的constant连续的constraints 限制contribution 贡献convention 准则coordination 协调core 核心的corporate大公司corresponding相应的criteria 标准deduction减除demonstrate证明document文件dominant 主导的emphasis重要性ensure确保excluded排除framework框架funds资金illustrated给…插图immigration移民implies 暗示initial 开始的instance例子interaction互动justification证明正确layer层link连接location地点maximum 最大minorities 少数negative 消极的outcomes 结果partnership合作philosophy 哲学physical 身体的proportion部分比例publish出版reaction 反应registered 登记reliance 依靠removed 移开scheme 计划方案sequence顺序sex 性shift 转换specified具体说明的sufficient足够的task 任务technical 技术的techniques 技术technology 技术validity合法性volume量Sublist 4 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesThis sublist contains the fourth most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 4 are listed below.access获得adequate足够的annual年度的apparent明显的approximate近似attitudes 态度attributed 归因于civil国内的code代码commitment承诺communication交流concentration浓度conference会议contrast 对比cycle 循环debate 辩论despite尽管dimensions维度domestic 国内的emerge 出现error 错误ethnic 民族的goals 目标granted 授予hence 因此hypothesis 假说implementation 实施implications 含意暗示imposed 强加integration 结合internal 内部多investigation 调查job 工作2label 标签mechanism机制obvious 明显的occupational 职业的option选择output 产出overall 整体的parallel 平行parameters参数phase阶段predicted预测principal 主要的prior 先前的professional 专业的project项目promote促进regime政权resolution决心retained保留series 系列statistics统计status 地位stress 压力subsequent 紧随其后的sum 总量summary 总结undertaken 承担Sublist 5 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesacademic学术的adjustment调整alter 改变amendment修订aware 注意到capacity 能力challenge挑战clause从句compounds混合物conflict 矛盾consultation 咨询contact接触decline 下降discretion谨慎draft 草稿enable 使…能energy能量enforcement 强制执行entities 实物equivalent相等的evolution 进化expansion扩张exposure 接触external 外部的facilitate协助fundamental 根本的generated产生generation 代image图像liberal 开明的licence 执照logic 逻辑marginal 边缘的medical 医学的mental 精神的modified 修改monitoring 监督network 网络notion 概念objective 客观的orientation定位perspective角度precise 精准的prime 主要的psychology 心理学pursue追逐ratio 比例rejected 拒绝revenue 税收stability稳定性styles 风格substitution 代替物sustainable 可持续的symbolic 象征的target 目标transition过度trend 潮流version 版本welfare 福祉whereas却Sublist 6 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesabstract摘要accurate 准确的acknowledge承认aggregate 总计allocation分配assigned指派attached粘附author作者bond纽带brief简洁的capable有能力的cite引用cooperative合作的discrimination歧视display显示diversity多样性domain 领域edition版本enhanced提高estate地产exceed超过expert专家explicit明显的federal联邦的fees费用flexibility 灵活性furthermore而且gender 性别ignored忽视incentive 刺激incidence 发生incorporate纳入index 索引inhibition内抑感initiatives 主动性input输入instructions指示intelligence 智力interval间隔lecture 讲座migration 迁徙minimum 最小ministry 部motivation动机neutral 中立的nevertheless然而overseas 海外的precede先于presumption推测rational合理的recovery恢复revealed揭示scope范围subsidiary次要的tapes 带子trace追踪transformation蜕变transport交通underlying潜在的utility实用效用3Sublist 7 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesadaptation适应adults成年人advocate支持aid 帮助channel渠道chemical 化学的classical经典的comprehensive全面的comprise由…组成confirmed确定contrary 相反的converted 转换couple 一对decade 十年definite明确的deny否认differentiation区分disposal丢弃dynamic动态的eliminate消除empirical经验主义的equipment设备extract 提取file 文件finite有限的foundation 基础global 全球的grade成绩guarantee保证hierarchical分等级的identical相似的ideology意识形态inferred推断innovation创新insert 嵌入intervention 干预isolate使孤立media媒体mode模式paradigm范例phenomenon 现象priority 优先权prohibited禁止publication 出版物quotation 引用release释放reverse倒退simulation 模仿solely独自的somewhat稍微submit提交successive连续的survive幸存thesis论文topic主题transmission传播ultimately最终地unique独特的visible可见的voluntary自愿的Sublist 8 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesabandon放弃accompanied陪伴accumulation积累ambiguous模糊的appendix附录appreciation感激arbitrary武断的automatically自动的bias偏见chart图表clarity清楚conformity遵守commodity商品complement补充contemporary现代的contradiction矛盾crucial 重要的currency货币denote 指示detected察觉deviation偏离displacement位移dramatic戏剧的eventually最后的exhibit展示exploitation充分利用fluctuations波动guidelines指导highlighted强调implicit含蓄的induced引诱inevitably不可避免的infrastructure基础设施inspection检查intensity强度manipulation操控minimised最小化nuclear核offset抵消paragraph段落plus 加practitioners 从业者predominantly主导的prospect前景radical根本的random随意的reinforced加强restore储存revision修订schedule行程表tension紧张termination终结theme主题thereby因此uniform不变的vehicle工具轿车via通过virtually几乎widespread普遍的visual视觉的Sublist 9 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesaccommodation住宿analogous类比的anticipated预料assurance确保attained获得behalf为了...的利益bulk 体积ceases停止coherence协调的coincide同时发生commenced开始4incompatible不兼容的concurrent同时发生的confined限制controversy争执conversely相反的device装置devoted投入diminished减少distorted/distortion 扭曲duration 持续erosion腐蚀ethical道德的format布局founded建立inherent内在的insights洞察力integral必需的intermediate中间的manual用手的mature成熟的mediation调停medium媒介military军事的minimal最小的mutual双方的norms惯例overlap重合passive消极的portion比例preliminary基础的protocol惯例qualitative质的refine提炼relaxed放松的restraints 限制revolution革命rigid严格的route线路scenario梗概sphere球面领域subordinate下级的supplementary补充道suspended暂停team团队temporary暂时的trigger 引起unified 统一的violation违背vision视力Sublist 10 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in familiesThis sublist contains the least frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 10 are listed below.adjacent 比邻的albeit尽管assembly聚集到一起的人collapse倒塌colleagues同事compiled汇编conceived构思convinced使信服depression 萧条降低encountered 面临enormous 巨大的forthcoming 即将到来的inclination倾向integrity完整，诚实intrinsic内在的invoked引起产生levy 征收likewise同样nonetheless 尽管如此notwithstanding尽管odd 古怪的ongoing持续的panel 委员会，小组persistent 坚持不懈的posed形成构成reluctant不情愿的so-called所谓的straightforward 易懂的undergo经受whereby 借56。

登录AE的菜单中英文对照File菜单新建← New┗New Project → 新建项目New Folder →新建文件夹打开项目← Open Project打开最近项目← Open Recent Projects关闭← Close保存← S ave另存为← Save As...保存副本← Save a Copy...恢复← Revert导入← Import┗File... → 文件Multiple Files... →多个文件Placeholder... →输入占位符Solid... →实色导入最近镜头← Import Recent Footage输出← Export查找← Find...再次查找← Find Next添加镜头到合成← Add Footage to Comp选定脚本建立合成← Ne w Comp From Selection...整理镜头← Consolidate All Footage删除未用镜头← Remove Unused Footage简化项目← Reduce Project文件打包← Collect Files...浏览文件夹← Watch Folder...运行脚本← Run script建立代理← Create Proxy┗Still... → 静态图片Movie... → 影片设置代理← Set Proxy┗File... → 文件None →无解释镜头← Interpret Footage┗Main... → 常规Proxy... → 代理Remember Interpretation →保存解释Apply Interpretation →应用解释替换镜头← Replace Footage┗File... → 文件Placeholder... → 占位符Solid.. → 实色重载镜头← Reload Footage显示所在文件夹← Reveal in Explorer项目设置← Project Settings...打印← Print...退出← Exit================================Edit菜单撤消← Undo Copy重复← Redo Copy历史记录← History剪切← Cut复制← Copy粘贴← Paste清楚← Clear副本← Duplicate分层图层← Split Layer抽出工作区域← Lift Work Area挤压工作区域← Extrace Work Area选择全部← Select All全部取消← Deselect All标签← Label清空← Pruge┗All → 全部Undo → 撤消Image Caches → 图象缓存Snapshot → 快照Video Memory → 视频内存编辑原稿← Edit Original模版← Templates┗Render Settings... → 渲染设置Output Module... → 输出模式预置← Preferences┗General... → 常规Previ ews... → 预演Display → 显示Import... → 输入Output → 输出Grids & Guides... → 辅助线及网络Label Colors... → 标签颜色Label Defaults... → 标签设置Cache... → 缓存Video Preview... → 视频预演====================================================Animation菜单添加关键帧← Add Keyframe冻结关键帧← Toggle Hold Keyframe关键帧插值← Keyframe Interpolation...关键帧速率← Keyframe Velcity...辅助关键帧← Keyframe Assistant┗Convert Audio to Keyframes → 转换音频为关键帧Convert Expression to Keyframes → 转换表达式为关键帧Easy Ease → 缓和曲线Easy Ease In → 缓和曲线进入Easy Ease Out → 缓和曲线离开Exponential Scale → 指数缩放RPF Camera Import → RPF摄象机导入Sequence Layers... → 图层排序Time-Reverse Keyframes → 反转关键帧文字动画← Animate Text┗Anchor Point → 轴心点Position → 位置Scale → 缩放Skew → 倾斜Rotation → 旋转Opacity → 不透明度All Transform → 所有变换Fill Color → 填充色Stroke Color → 描边色Stroke Width → 描边宽度Tracking → 追踪Line Anchor → 线形频谱Line Spacing → 线形间距Character Offset → 字符位移Character Value → 字符值率添加文字选择器← Add Text Selector┗Range → 平行Wiggly → 抖动移除所有文字动画← Remove All Text Animators添加表达式← Add Expression追踪运动← Track Motion稳定运动← Stabilize Motion追踪当前属性← Track this property显示关键帧← Reveal Animating Properties显示被修改属性← Reveal Modified Properties============================================View菜单新视图← New View放大← Zoom In缩小← Zoom Out解析度← Resolut ion┗Full → 最佳Half → 一半Third → 三分之一Quarter → 四分之一Custom.... → 自定义隐藏/显示标尺← Show Rulers隐藏/显示辅助线← Hide Guides吸附辅助线← Snap To Guides锁定辅助线← Lock Guides清楚辅助线← Clear Guides隐藏/显示网格← Show Grid吸附网格← Snap to Grid视图选项← View Options...显示图层控制← Hide Layer Controls重置3D视图← Reset 3D View切换3D视图← Switch 3D View┗Active Camera → 当前摄象机Front → 前视图Left → 左视图Top → 顶视图Back → 后视图Right → 右视图Bottom → 底视图Custom View 1 → 自定视图1Custom View 2 → 自定视图2Custom View 3 → 自定视图3快速设置3D窗口← Set 3D View Shortcut┗Rep lace "Front" → 替换为前视图Replace "Custom View 1" → 替换为自定视图1 Replace "Active Camere" → 替换为动态摄象机切换到最近的3D视图← Switch To Last 3D View观察选择图层← Look At Selected Layers观察所有图层← Look At All Layers前往指定时间← Go To Time...===========================================Layer菜单新建← New┗Text → 文字Solid... → 实色Light... → 灯光Camera.. → 摄象机Null Object → 虚拟对象Adjustment Layerv → 调节层层设置← Layer Settings...打开层窗口← Open Layer Window打开素材窗口← Open Source Window遮罩← Mask┗New Mask → 新建遮罩Mask Shape → 遮罩形状Mask Feather →遮罩羽化Mask Opacity → 遮罩不透明度Mask Expansion → 遮罩伸缩Reset Mask → 重置遮罩Remove Mask → 删除遮罩Remove All Masks → 删除所有遮罩Mode →模式┗None → 无Add → 相加Subtrace → 相减Intersect → 交集Lighten → 变亮Darken → 变暗Difference → 差值RotoBezier → 旋转式曲线Inverse → 反转Closed → 封闭S et First Vertex → 设置起始点Locked → 锁定Motion Blur → 运动模糊┗Same As Layer → 与层相同On → 开Off → 关Unlock All Maskss → 解锁所有遮罩Lock Other Masks → 锁定其他遮罩Free Transform Points → 自由变换点质量← Quality┗Best → 最佳Draft → 草图Wireframe → 线框转换开关← Switches┗Hide Other Vid eo → 隐藏其他视频层Show All Video → 显示所有视频层Unlock All Layers → 解锁所有层Shy → 退缩Lock → 锁定Audio → 音频Videl → 视频Solo → 独奏Effect → 特效Collapse → 卷展Frame Blending → 帧融合Motion Blur → 运动模糊Adjustment Layer → 调节层变换← Transform┗Reset → 复位Anchor Point → 定位点Positi on → 位置Scale → 缩放Orientation → 方向Rotation → 旋转Opacity → 不透明度Auto-Orient → 自动定向三维层← 3D Layer添加标记← Add marker保持透明← Presserve Transparency混合模式← Blending Mode┗Normal → 正常Dissolve → 溶解Dancing Dissolve → 动态溶解Daiken → 变暗Multiply → 正片叠底Linear Bu rn → 线性加深Color Burn → 颜色加深Classic Color Burn → 典型颜色加深Add → 加Lighten → 变亮Screen → 屏幕Linear Dodge → 线性减淡Color Dodge → 颜色减淡Classic Color Dodge → 典型颜色减淡Overlay → 叠加Soft Light → 柔光Hard Light → 强光Linear Light → 线性光Vivid light → 艳光Pin Light → 点光Har d Mix → 强烈混合Difference → 差值Classic Difference → 典型差值Exclusion → 排除Hue → 色相合成Sateration → 饱和度Color → 颜色Luminosity → 亮度Stencil Alpha → Alpha模版Stencil Luma → 亮度模版Silhouette Alpha → Alpha轮廓Silhouette Luma → 亮度轮廓Alpha Add → Alpha添加Luminescent Premu l → 冷光下一个混合模式← Next Blending Mode上一个混合模式← Previous Blending Mode 轨道蒙版← Track Matte┗No Track Matte → 无Alpha Matte → Alpha蒙版Alpha Inverted Matte → 反相Alpha蒙版Luma Matte → 亮度蒙版Luma Inverted Matte → 反相亮度蒙版图层置顶← Bring Layer to Front图层置上← Bring Layer Forward图层置下← Send Layer Backward图层置底← Send Layer to Back转换为可编辑文本← Convert To Editable Text 创建轮廓← Create Outlines自动追踪← Auto-trace...激活时间变速← Enable Time Remapping时间伸缩← Time Stretch...重组← Pre-compose...====================================================Effect菜单特效控制←Effect Controls上一个特效←Reduce Interlace Flicker全部删除←Remove All有储收藏←Save Favorite应用收藏←Apply Favorite最近收藏←Recent Favorites三维通道←3D Channel┗3D Chaccel Extract →提取三维通道Depth Matte →深度蒙版Depth of Field →场深度Fog 3D →雾化ID Matte →ID蒙版调整←Adjust┗Brightness & Contrast →亮度和对比度Channel Mixer →通道混合Color Balance →色彩平衡Color Stabilizer →色彩平衡器Curves →曲张Hue/Saturation →色相/饱和度Levels →色阶Levels(Individual Controls) →色阶(个体控制)Posterize →色调分离Threshold →阈值音频←Audio┗Backwards →倒播Bass & Treble →低音和高音Delay →延迟Flange & Chorus →变调和合声High-Low Pass →高低音过滤Modulator →调节器Parametric EQ →EQ参数Reverb →回声Stereo Mixer →立体声混合模糊与锐化←Blur & Sharpen┗Channel Blur →通道模糊Comound Blur →混合模糊Direction Blur →方向模糊Fast Blur →快速模糊Gauss ian Blur →高斯式模糊Radial Blur →径向模糊Sharpen →锐化Unsharp Mask →反遮罩锐化通道←Channel┗3D Glasses →三维眼睛Alpha Levels →Alpha色阶Arithmetic →运算Blend →混合Calculations →计算Channel Combiner →通道组合Cineon Converter →转换Cineon文件Compound Arithmetic →复合计算Invert →反相Minimax →扩亮扩暗Remove Color Matting →删除蒙版颜色Set Channels →设置通道Set Matte →设置蒙版Shift Channels →转换通道Solid Composite →实色合成扭曲←Distort┗Bezier Warp →贝塞尔曲线弯曲Bulge →凹凸镜Corner Pin →边角定位Displacement Map →置换Liquify →液化Magnify →放大Mesh Warp →网格变形Mirror →镜像Offset →位移Optics Compensation →镜头变形Polar Coordinates →极坐标转换Reshape →形变Ripple →波纹Smear →涂抹Spherize →球面化Transform →变换Turbulent Displace →剧烈置换Warp →弯曲Wave Warp →波浪变形表达式控制←Expression Controls┗Angle Control →角度控制Checkbox Control →检验盒控制Color Control →色彩控制Layer Control →层控制Point Control →点控制Slider Control →游标控制图象控制←Image Control┗Change Color →转换色彩Change To Color →定向转换色彩Color Balance(HLS) →色彩平衡Color Link →色彩连接Colorama →彩光Equallize →均衡Gamma/Pedestal/Gain →伽玛/基色/增益Grow Bounds →增长边缘PS Arbitrary Map →映象Tint →色彩键控←Keying┗Color Difference Key →色彩差异键Color Key →色彩键Color Range →色彩范围Difference Matte →差异蒙版Extrace →提取Inner/Outer Key →轮廓键Keylight →光键Linear Color Key →线性色彩键Luma Key →亮度键Spill Suppressor →溢色抑制蒙版工具←Matte Tools┗Matte Choker →蒙版清除Simple Choker →简单清除杂色←Noise绘画←Paint透视←Perspective渲染←Render仿真←Simulation风格化←Stylize文字←Text时间←Time切换←Transition视频←Video==============================================Compostion菜单新建合成←New Composition合成设置←Compodition Settings背景颜色←Background Color设置海报←Set Poster Time修剪合成适配工作区域←Trim Comp to Work Area裁切合成适配自定区域←Crop Comp to Region of Interest增加到渲染序列←Add To Render Queue添加输出模块←Add Output Module预演←Preview┗RAM Preview →内存预演Wireframe Preview →线框预演Motion with Trails →运动轨迹Audio →音频Audio Preview(Here Forward) →音频预演(当前位置)Audio Preview(Work Area) →音频预演(工作区域)存储单帧为←Save Frame As┗File →文件Photoshop Layers →Photoshop图层制作影片←Make Movie组合渲染←Pre-render存储内存预演←Sav e RAM Preview观察流程图←Comp Flowchart View============================================== Window菜单工作空间←Workspace┗One Comp View →单视图Two Comp View →双视图Four Comp View →四视图Conform All Windows →适应窗口Save Workspace →存储工作空间Delete Workspace →删除工作空间层叠←Cascade拼贴←Tile排列图标←Arrange Icons全部关闭←Close All全组关闭←Closing in Groups工具箱←Tools信息调板←Info时间控制调板←Time Controls音频调板←Audio特效调板←Effects字符调板←Character段落调板←Paragraph绘画调板←Paint笔刷技巧调板←Brush Tips运动草图←Motion Sketch智能遮罩插值←Smart Mask Interpo lation平滑←The Smoother抖动←The Wiggler对齐和分布←Align & Distribute追踪控制←Tracker Controls立方体建立←Box Creator Lite立体散布←Cubic Distribution Light圆柱体建立←Cylinder Creator Lite当前文件←Untitled Project.aep*项目流程图←Project Flowchart View渲染序列←Render Queue重置调板位置←Reset Palette Locations========================================== Help菜单关于AfferEffects ←About After EffectsAfferEffects帮助←After Effects Help特效帮助←Effects Help脚本帮助← script ing Help每日技巧←Tip og the Day注册←Registration3D Channel (3D通道)3D Channel Extract---------3D通道扩展Depth Matte----------------深厚粗糙Depth of Field-------------深层画面Fog 3D---------------------3D 雾化ID Matte-------------------ID 粗糙Adjust (调整)Brightness & Contrast----------亮度与对比度Channel Mixer------------------通道混合器Color Balance------------------色彩平衡Color Stabilizer---------------色彩稳压器Curves-------------------------曲线Hue/Saturation-----------------色饱和Levels-------------------------色阶Levels (Individual Controls)---色阶(分色RGB的控制) posterize----------------------色调分离Threshold----------------------阈值Audio (音频)Backwards---------------向后Bass & Treble-----------低音与高音Delay-------------------延迟Flange & Chorus---------边缘与合唱团High-Low Pass-----------高音/低音Modulator---------------调幅器Parametric EQ-----------EQ参数Reverb------------------回音Stereo Mixer------------立体声混合器Tone--------------------音调Blur & Sharpen (模糊与锐化)Clannel Blur---------------通道模糊Compound Blur--------------复合的模糊Directional Blur-----------方向性的模糊Fast Blur------------------快污模糊Gaussian Blur--------------高斯模糊Radial Blur----------------径向模糊Sharpen--------------------锐化Unsharp Mask---------------锐化掩膜Channel (通道)Alpha Levels-------------------ALPHA 层通道Arithmetic---------------------运算Bland--------------------------柔化Cineon Converter---------------间距转换器Compound Arithmetic------------复合运算Invert-------------------------反向Minimax------------------------像素化Remove Color Matting-----------去除粗颗粒颜色Set Channels-------------------调节通道Set Matte----------------------调节粗糙度Shift Channels-----------------转换通道Distort (变型)Bezier Warp----------------Bezier 变型Bulge----------------------鱼眼Displacement Map-----------画面偏移Mesh Warp------------------网状变形Mirror---------------------镜像Offset---------------------偏移量Optics Compensation--------光学替换(可制作球体滚动效果)Polar Coordinates----------极坐标Reshape--------------------重塑Ripple---------------------涟漪Smear----------------------涂片Spherize-------------------球型变形Transform------------------变换Twirl----------------------旋转变形Wave Warp------------------波型变形Expression Controls (表达式控制)Angle Control------------角度控制Checkbox Control---------复选框控制Color Control------------颜色控制Layer Control------------图层控制Point Control------------锐化控制Slider Control-----------滑块控制Image Control (图像控制)Chaner Color-------------------改变颜色Color Balance (HLS)------------色彩平衡(HLS)Colorama-----------------------着色剂Equalize-----------------------平衡Gamma/Pedestal/Gain------------GAMMA/电平/增益Median-------------------------中线PS Arbitrary MapPS-------------任意的映射Tint---------------------------去色Keying (键控制)Color Difference Key-----------差异的色键Color Key----------------------色键Color Range--------------------色键幅度Difference Matte---------------不同粗粗糙(以粗颗粒渐变到下一张图) Extract------------------------扩展Inner Outer Key----------------内部、外部色键Linear Color Key---------------线性色键Luma Key-----------------------LUMA键Spill Suppressor---------------溢出抑制器Matte Tools (粗糙工具)Matte Cloker-------------粗糙窒息物*Simple Choker------------简单的窒息物*Paint (油漆)Vector Paint------------矢量油漆Perspective (透视)Basic 3D-----------------基本的3DBevel Alpha--------------倾斜ALPHABevel Edges--------------倾斜边Drop Shadow--------------垂直阴影Render (渲染)4-Color Gradient-----------4色倾斜度Advanced Lightning---------高级闪电Audio Spectrum-------------音频光谱Audio Waveform-------------音频波形Beam-----------------------射线Cell Pattern---------------单元模式Ellipse--------------------椭圆Fill-----------------------填充Fractal--------------------分数维Fractal Noise--------------粗糙的分数维Grid-----------------------网格Lens Flare-----------------镜头光晕Lightning------------------闪电Radio Waves----------------音波Ramp-----------------------斜面Stroke---------------------笔划(与stylize-write on功能类似) Vegas----------------------维加斯Simulation (模拟)Particle Playground------------粒子运动场Shatter------------------------粉碎Stylize (风格化)Brush Strokes-------------笔刷Color Emboss--------------颜色浮雕Emboss--------------------浮雕Find Edges----------------查找边缘Glow----------------------照亮边缘Leave Color---------------离开颜色Mosaic--------------------马赛克Motion Tile---------------运动平铺Noise---------------------噪音Roughen Edges-------------变粗糙边Scatter-------------------分散Strobe Light--------------匣门光*Texturize-----------------基底凸现Write-on------------------在.....上写(与render-stroke功能类似) Text (文本)Basic Text---------------基本的文本Numbers------------------数字文本Path Text----------------路径文本Time (时间)Echo----------------------回响Posterize Time------------发布时间Time Difference-----------时间差别*Time Displacement---------时间偏移Transition (转场)Block Dissolve----------块溶解Gradient Wipe-----------斜角转场Iris Wipe---------------爱丽斯转场(三角形转场)Linear Wipe-------------线性转场Radial Wipe-------------半径转场Venetian Blinds---------直贡呢的遮掩(百叶窗式转场)Video (视频)Broadcast Colors---------------广播色Reduce Interlace Flicker-------降低频闪Timecode-----------------------时间码。

石油英语词汇(A1)1-butoxyethoxy-2-propanol 1-丁氧乙氧基-2-丙醇1-methylanthracene 1-甲基蒽10-round thread form 每英寸10扣100-year return period storm 百年一遇的风暴100-year storm 百年一遇的风暴100-year wave 百年一遇的海浪123 mud acid 12%的盐酸与3%的氢氟酸配制的土酸13-isopimaradiene 13-异海松二烯1dc 一维校正2-ethylhexanol 2-乙基已醇2-ethylhexyl acrylate 2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate 磺基琥珀酸2-乙基己酯2-ethylnaphthalene 2-乙基萘2-methyl anteiso-paraffin 二甲基反异链烷2-methyl butadiene 2-甲基丁二烯2-methyl parafin 2-甲基石蜡烃2-nitro-p-cresol 2-硝基对甲酚2-pot gravel compaction ficompaction filter unit 双罐砾石充填过滤装置2d pore network model 二维孔隙网络模型2d-2w two dimension-two wire 二度二线制2d-3w two dimension-three wire 二度三线制2dc 二维校正3-d black diagram 三维透视图3-d data collection 三维数据采集3-d data set 三维数据集3-d data volume 三维数据体3-d display 三维显示3-d histogram 三维直方图3-d interpretation 三维解释3-d migration 三维偏移3-d ray-tracing 三维射线跟踪3-d seismics 三维地震3-d seismology 三维地震学3-d technology 三维技术3-d television display 三维电视显示3-phase separator 三相分离器3-way valve 三向阀3-year outdoor weatherability 三年室外耐候性3d cdp-sort 三维共深度点道集3d collection system 三维采集系统3d dmo 三维倾角时差校正3d grid 三维网格3d hologram 三维全息3d modelling 三维模型3d processing 三维处理3d seismic data 三维地震数据3d stacked wavefield 三维叠加波场3d static correction 三维静校正3d velocity field 三维速度场3d-3w three dimension-three wire 三度三线制3d-4w three dimension-four wire 三度四线制3arm windmill 三臂风车型4-mdbt 4-甲基二苯并噻吩4-methyl-1-pentene 4-甲基-1-戊烯4-methyl-5α-cholestane 4-甲基-5α-胆甾烷4acetyl resorcinol 4乙酰基间苯二酚4arm caliper log 四臂井径仪测井4arm dipmeter 四臂地层倾角仪6amino caproic acid 6氨基己酸a and notb gate 禁止门a ignoreb gate 与b无关的a门a impliesb gate 蕴含门；a或b非门a or notb gate 蕴含门a posterior estimate 后验估计a posteriori 后天的a prior estimate 先验估计a priori 先天的a programming language apl语言a register 累加寄存器a wire 地址线a&r 组装与再循环a&t 装配与测试a.a. 同上a.a.r. 全险a.c. electric dipole 交流电偶极子a.c. 防腐的a.c. 交流a.c. 交流成分a.c. 吸收系数a.c. 自动控制仪a.c.d. 自动关闭装置a.c.e. 自动计算装置a.c.electric dipole field 交流电偶极场a.c.magnetic dipole field 交流磁偶极子场a.d. 开票后a.d. 平均深度a.f. 自动跟踪a.f.a. 音频放大器a.f.a. 音频设备a.f.c. 自动跟踪控制a.f.c. 自动频率控制a.f.e. 批准预算；费用批准书a.f.e. 现场费用支付权a.g.r. 改进型气冷反应堆a.h.m. 安培小时计a.j. 抗干扰a.m. 安培计a.m. 上述的a.m. 上午a.m.o.b. 自动气象海洋浮标a.m.t.b.a. 美国机床制造商协会a.n.g.t.s. 阿拉斯加天然气输送系统a.o.u. 表观耗氧量a.p 美国专利a.p. 等差级数a.p. 分析纯a.r.e. 逼近相对效率a.s.l. 海拔a.s.l.e. 美国润滑工程师学会a.s.m. 美国金属学会a.s.m.d 美国金属定义学会a.s.v. 空对海搜索雷达a.s.w. 美国线径规a.st 自动起动器a.t. 安匝数a.u. 埃单位a.u. 任意单位a.u. 运算器a.w. 辅助绕组a.w. 原子量a.w. 自动焊接aa 氨基酸分析器aa 活化分析aa 极光带吸收aa 块状熔岩流aa 原子吸收aa 原子吸收分光光度计aaa 幅度衰减分析aaa 原子吸收分析aaas 美国科学促进会aac 自动振幅控制aac 自动装置与自动控制aacc 美国自动控制委员会aace 美国成本工程师协会aad 原子吸收检测器aae 美国工程师协会aaee 美国电气工程师协会aalenian stage 阿连阶aam 耐磨损材料aam 烷基取代的丙烯酰胺aaodc 美国油井钻井承包商协会aaoec 亚非经济合作组织aapg 美国石油地质学家协会aaqr 美国第四纪研究协会aas 美国科学院aas 原子吸收光谱aas 原子吸收光谱法aasg 美国州属地质家协会aass test 醋酸性盐雾试验aasw 美国科学工作者协会aatp 近代数组转换处理机ab electrodes a b电极ab initio 从一开始ab 大约ab 地脚螺栓ab 航空测向器ab 绝对的ab 绝对压力ab 空运的ab 偶氮苯abac 算图abaci abacus的复数abacterial 无菌的abactinal 反口方的abacus 算盘；冲洗液槽；顶板abaft the beam 在正横后的方向abampere cgs 电磁制安培abandoing party 弃权方abandon 报废abandoned channel 废弃河道abandoned footage 报废进尺abandoned meander 废弃河曲abandoned range 报废井段abandoned well 放弃井abandonment cap 弃井封盖abandonment charge 废弃费用abandonment cost 放弃成本abandonment of lease 放弃租用abandonment oil production rate 废弃产油量abandonment plugging 废弃封堵abandonment pressure 废弃压力abandonment water cut 废弃含水量abandonment water oil ratio 废弃水油比abandonment 油气井因故废弃；报废；放弃abas 诺谟图abate 减价abatement 减少；废除；冲销；废料abaxial 离开轴心的abb 气吹式断路器abb. 缩写词abb. 缩写的abbe refractometer 阿贝折光仪abbevillian 阿布维尔期abbr 简写的abbrev 简写的abbreviate 缩写abbreviation 缩写abc method abc 校正法abc 自动亮度调整abcoulomb cgs 电磁制库伦abd 表观容积密度abd 放弃的abd 丰富的abd 准博士生abdc 自动基线漂移校正abdhabi national oil co. 阿布扎比国家石油公司abeam 正横abel flash point 阿贝耳闪点abel tester 阿贝耳闪点测定仪abel transform 阿贝耳变换abelian differential 阿贝耳微分abelian group 阿贝耳群abel fourier method 阿贝耳傅里叶法abend 异常终止abendoned oil 废弃油aber 河口aberdeen sandstone 阿伯丁砂岩aberrant 异常的aberration 越轨；畸变；光行差aberrational correction 象差校正aberration free 无象差abeyance 中止；暂时搁置；未定abf 钢丝折断拉力总和abfarad cgs 电磁制法拉abhenry cgs 电磁制亨利abherent 防粘材料abhesion 脱粘abhesive 防粘材料abhgm 自动井下重力仪abide 持续；遵守；容忍abies oil 松香油abiespollenites 冷杉粉属abietane 松香烷abietene 松香烯abietic acid 松香酸abietineaepollenites 单束松粉属abietipites 拟松粉属ability of paying back 偿还能力ability to bargain 议价能力ability to pay 纳税能力ability to repay the loan 偿贷能力ability 能力；性能；效率；才能abiochemistry 非生物化学abiocoen 无机生境abiogenesis 非生物成因；自然发生abiogenetic gas 无机成因气abiogenetic 非生物成因的；自然发生的abiogenic gas 无机成因气abiogenic reaction 非生物反应abiogenic 非生物成因的abiogeny 非生物成因论abioglyph 非生物层面印痕abiological 非生物的abioseston 无机浮聚物质abiotic origin 非生物成因abiotic surround 无生命环境abiotic 非生物的abl 基准线以上abl 美国阿特拉斯计算机基本语言ablation area 消融区ablation breccia 消融角砾岩ablation cave 冰川消融穴ablation cone 消融锥ablation factor 消融因素；消融速率ablation form 消融地形ablation gradient 消融梯度ablation layer 消融层ablation swamp 消融沼泽ablation till 消融冰碛ablation 除去；剥蚀；消融；烧蚀；风化ablative plastics 烧烛塑料ablaze 着火燃烧的；闪耀的able 作业平衡线评价abluent 洗涤的；洗涤剂ablution 清除abmho cgs 电磁制姆欧abmtm 英国机床制造商协会abnd 放弃的abnomal condition 非正常状态abnormal anticlinorium 逆复背斜abnormal compaction 异常压实abnormal contact 异常接触abnormal cost 非正常成本abnormal curve 非正规曲线abnormal depreciation 非常折旧abnormal dip 异常倾斜abnormal distribution 非正态分布abnormal end 异常终止abnormal events 异常波abnormal exposure 异常照射abnormal fan shaped fold 逆扇状褶皱abnormal fault 异常断层abnormal fluid pressure 异常流体压力abnormal formation pressure 异常地层压力abnormal gain 非常收益abnormal indication 反常指示abnormal ionization 异常电离abnormal load 不规则载荷abnormal loss 特别损失abnormal magnetic variation 异常磁变abnormal occurrence 异常现象abnormal polarization 异常偏振abnormal risk 特殊风险abnormal spoilage 非常损坏abnormal synclinorium 逆复向斜abnormal trace 不正常道abnormal 异常abnormality 异常；破坏；紊乱abnormally pressurized reservoir 异常压力储集层abnormity 异常abnormous 异常的aboard 船上abohm cgs 电磁制欧姆aboi 英国海洋协会abolish 废除abolition 废除aborane 乔木烷aboriginal 土著的abort sensing control unit 紧急测定控制装置abort 故障；紧急停车；半途终止abortive enterprise 经营失败的新企业about sledge 强力锻造；锻锤above curb 路边标高以上的above freezing 零上above ground piping insulation 地面管道保温above sea level 海拔above tide 海拔abovebelow ground transition 地面和地下管线过渡段above critical 临界以上的above grade 地面的；高于原定级别的above ground hydrant 地上消防栓above ground 地上的above mentioned 上述的above named 上述的above normal 正常以上的above thermal neutron 超热中子above water platform 水上平台abra 磨料abra 岩洞abradability 磨蚀性abradant 磨料；磨蚀剂；磨蚀的abrade 研磨abraded bedrock surface 浪蚀基岩面abraded depth 磨蚀深度abraded diamond 表面磨损的金刚石abraded perforation 磨蚀的射孔眼abraded platform 海蚀台地abrader 磨蚀机abrased glass 磨光玻璃abrasion cycle 磨耗周期abrasion drilling 冲蚀钻井abrasion hardness 研磨硬度abrasion index 磨蚀指数abrasion loss 磨耗abrasion mark 磨蚀痕迹abrasion platform 海蚀台abrasion resistance index 耐磨指数abrasion resistance 抗磨力abrasion resisting pump 耐磨泵abrasion shoreline 浪蚀海岸线abrasion surface 海蚀面；浪蚀面abrasion tableland 浪蚀台地abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasion test 耐磨试验abrasion tester 磨损试验机abrasion testing machine 磨耗试验机abrasion value 磨耗量abrasion wear 磨耗abrasion 磨蚀；海蚀abrasion proof 耐磨的abrasive action 磨蚀作用abrasive blast 喷磨处理abrasive brick 研磨砖abrasive cloth 砂布abrasive cut off machine 砂轮切割机abrasive disk 砂轮abrasive dust 磨屑abrasive formation 研磨性地层abrasive grain 磨粒；磨料粒度abrasive jet bit 磨料喷射钻头abrasive jet cleaning 喷砂清理abrasive jet drilling 磨蚀喷射钻井abrasive jet wear testing 喷砂磨损试验abrasive jets 磨料喷嘴；喷射磨料钻头；磨料喷流abrasive lapping 磨料研磨abrasive machine 砂轮机abrasive material 磨料abrasive paper 砂纸abrasive particle 磨粒abrasive perforating 喷砂射孔abrasive property 研磨性abrasive sand 磨料砂abrasive stick 油石abrasive substance 研磨材料abrasive surface 研磨面abrasive suspension 悬浮磨料abrasive tool 研磨工具abrasive wheel 砂轮abrasive 研磨料abrasiveladen 含有磨料的abrasiveness 磨蚀性abrasive laden jet 含磨料喷流；含磨料喷嘴abrasive resistant material 抗磨材料abrator 抛丸清理机；喷砂清理abraum salt 杂盐；层积盐abrazite 水钙沸石abreuvage 机械粘砂abri 岩洞abriachanite 镁铁青石棉abridge 缩短；摘要abridged edition 缩编本abridgment 概略abrogation 废除；取消abrolhos 蘑菇形堡礁abrsv res 耐磨的abrsv 磨料abrupt component 管路上流动截面有突变的部件abrupt contact 突变接触abrupt curve 陡度曲线abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt tooth engagement 齿轮急剧啮合abrupt wave 陡浪abruption 裂断；中断；断路；分裂abruptness 急缓度abruptophycus 裂片藻属abs copolymer 丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物abs pipe 丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯管abs resin 丙烯腈丁苯树脂abs 不存在的abs 绝对的abs 空气断路开关abs 美国标准局abs 美国船级社abs 美国广播系统abs 烷基苯磺酸盐abs 吸收abs 摘要abs 钻头截面积abs. alt. 绝对高度abs. e. 绝对误差abs. 摘要absarokite 橄榄粒玄岩abscess 气孔；砂眼；脓肿abscissa axis 横坐标轴abscissa 横坐标abscissae abscissa的复数abscission 切断absence 缺席；没有absent phase 缺失相absenteeism 旷工absolute absorption 绝对吸收absolute abundance 绝对丰度absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute accuracy 绝对精度absolute activity 绝对活性absolute address 绝对地址absolute addressing 绝对编址absolute alcohol 无水酒精absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute boiling point 绝对沸点absolute calibration 绝对刻度absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute code 绝对码absolute coding 绝对编码absolute continuity 绝对连续性absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute coordinates 绝对坐标absolute cost 绝对成本absolute cover 绝对保值absolute cross section 绝对截面absolute damping 绝对衰减absolute dating 绝对年龄测定absolute deflection 绝对变位absolute deformation 绝对变形absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute dispersion 绝对离差absolute displacement 绝对位移absolute effeciency test 绝对效率检验absolute elevation 绝对高程absolute encoder 绝对编码器absolute energy scale 绝对能量标度absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute fixed capital 纯粹固定资本absolute flow rate 绝对流量absolute flying height 绝对航高absolute frequency 绝对频率absolute galvanometer 绝对检流计absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学absolute gradient 绝对梯度absolute gravimeter 绝对重力仪absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute heating effect 绝对热效应；绝对供暖效果absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定absolute integrability 绝对可积性absolute language 机器语言absolute liability 绝对赔偿责任absolute loader 绝对地址装入程序absolute magnetic instrument 绝对磁测量仪absolute manometer 绝对压力计absolute mass unit 绝对质量单位absolute measurement 绝对测量absolute misclosure 绝对闭合差absolute modulus 绝对模量absolute monotone 绝对单调absolute number 绝对数absolute open flow potential 绝对敞喷流量absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute ownership 绝对所有权absolute parallax 绝对视差absolute pavilion 绝对亭absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙度absolute precision 绝对精度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute price 绝对价格absolute priority 绝对优先权absolute program 绝对程序absolute reaction rate theory 绝对反应速度理论absolute reference 绝对基准absolute refraction 绝对折射absolute roughness 绝对粗糙度absolute scale 绝对标度absolute scattering power 绝对射散能力absolute sensitivity 绝对灵敏度absolute stability 绝对稳定absolute standard 绝对标准absolute stereoscopic parallax 绝对立体视差absolute stoppage design 绝对阻挡设计absolute strength 绝对强度absolute stress 绝对应力absolute symmetrical balance 绝对对称平衡absolute system of units 绝对单位制absolute temperature scale 绝对温标；凯氏温标absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute term 绝对项absolute time code 绝对时间码absolute time 绝对时absolute title 绝对所有权absolute total loss 绝对全损absolute unit 绝对单位absolute vacuum 绝对真空absolute valence 绝对价absolute value error 绝对误差absolute value 绝对值absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute viscometry 绝对粘度测定法absolute viscosimeter 绝对粘度计absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute water content 绝对含水量absolute yield 绝对产额absolute zero 绝对零度absolute 绝对的absorb foreign capital 吸收外资absorb 吸收absorbability 可吸收性absorbable 可吸收的absorbance 吸收率absorbate 被吸收物absorbed costing 归纳成本法absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbed film 吸附膜absorbed gas 吸收气absorbed layer 吸收层absorbed water 吸收水absorbed in fracture energy 冲击韧性absorbence =absorbency 吸收率absorbent agent 吸收剂absorbent carbon 活性碳absorbent charcoal 活性炭absorbent cotton 脱脂棉absorbent formation 渗漏地层absorbent ground 渗漏地层absorbent oil 吸收油absorbent paper 吸水纸absorbent powder 粉状吸收剂absorbent 吸收剂；吸收体；有吸收能力的absorber 吸收器absorbing agent 吸收剂absorbing capacity 吸收能力absorbing curtain 吸收挡板absorbing econometer 吸收式二氧化碳分析器absorbing pipette 气体吸收量管absorbing resistor 吸收电阻absorbing well 吸水井absorbing 减震absorbite 活性碳absorptance 吸收比absorptiometer 吸收比色计；液体吸气计；调液厚器absorptiometry 吸收测量学absorption band 吸收带absorption border 融蚀边缘absorption bottle 吸收瓶absorption capacity 吸收能力absorption capture 俘获吸收absorption chamber 吸收室；填料塔absorption chromatography 吸收色谱法absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption color 吸收色absorption column 吸收柱absorption constant 吸收常数absorption costing 全部成本法absorption cross section 吸收截面absorption decay time 吸收衰减时间absorption dispersion pair 吸收波散对absorption edge 吸收限absorption effect 吸收效应absorption factor 吸收系数；吸收因素absorption frequency 吸收频率absorption gasoline 吸收汽油absorption impurity 吸收杂质absorption index 吸收系数absorption jump 吸收跃迁absorption law 吸收律absorption layer 吸收层absorption length 吸收长度absorption lifetime 吸收寿期absorption line 吸收线absorption loss 吸收损失absorption oil 吸收油absorption plant 吸收装置absorption power 吸收能力absorption probability 吸收概率absorption profile 吸收剖面absorption pyrometer 吸收式光学高温计absorption rate 吸收率absorption ratio 吸收系数absorption reaction 吸收反应absorption refrigerating machine 吸收致冷机absorption refrigeration 吸收致冷absorption spectrometry 吸收光谱测定法absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption surface 吸收面absorption test 吸收试验absorption thickness 吸收厚度absorption tower 吸收塔absorption well 漏失井absorption 吸收；专注absorption diffraction analysis 吸收衍射分析absorption dispersion property 吸收频散性质absorptive character 吸收性能absorptive type filter 吸收型过滤器absorptivity 吸收能力absrn. 吸收abst. 摘要abstention 戒除；弃权abstergent 洗净剂；去污的abstract code 抽象代码abstract function 抽象函数abstract model 抽象模型abstract of tittle 证明土地拥有权各种证件的简要汇集本abstract 抽象；摘要abstraction of heat 减热abstraction 概括abstracts 文摘absurdity 不合理；谬论abt 约abtragung 剥蚀作用abukuma type facies series 阿武隈型相系abundance anomaly 丰度变异abundance measurement 丰度测定；分布量测定abundance pattern 丰度模式abundance range 丰度量程abundance ratio 丰度比abundance sensitivity 丰度灵敏度abundance zone 富集带abundance 丰富；丰度abundant product 长线产品abundant 丰富的abuse 滥用；违反操作规程abut 邻接abutment crane 高座起重机abutment joint 对接接头abutment piece 桥台；支座abutment pier 岸墩；墩式桥台abutment pressure 支座压力abutment ring 连接环abutment span 近岸跨abutment 邻接abutting joint 对接接头abvolt cgs 电磁制伏特abwatt cgs 电磁制瓦特abysmal area 深海区abysmal deposit 深海沉积abysmal facies 深海相abysmal sea 深海abysmal 深海的；深成的abyss 深海abyssal activity 深源火山活动abyssal assimilation 深成同化作用abyssal association 深海组合abyssal benthic zone 深海底栖带abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物abyssal circulation 深层环流abyssal cone 深海扇abyssal current 深海流abyssal deposit 深海沉积abyssal dune 深海砂丘abyssal environment 深海环境abyssal facies 深海相abyssal fan 深海扇abyssal fault 深断层abyssal fauna 深海动物群abyssal floor 深海底abyssal fractionation 深海分异作用abyssal gap 深海通道；深洋隘口abyssal hearth 深层生烃热源abyssal heat recharge 深源热补给abyssal hill 深海底山abyssal injection 深成贯入abyssal intrusion 深成侵入abyssal oceanic basin 深海大洋盆地abyssal oceanography 深海海洋学abyssal ooze 深海软泥；生物软泥abyssal pelagic zone 远洋深海带abyssal plain 深海平原abyssal province 深海区abyssal region 深海区abyssal rock 深成岩abyssal sea 深海abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带abyssal 深成的；深海的abyssinian well 管桩井abyssobenthic 深海底栖的abyssoconite 深海钙质软泥abyssolith 岩基abyssopelagic ecology 远洋深海生态学abyssopelagic fauna 远洋动物群abyssopelagic zone 远洋深海带abyssopelagic 远洋深海的abyssopelite 深海泥质岩ab脱离；绝对ac & dc arc welding machine 交直流两用弧焊机ac and dc alumite 交直流镀覆耐蚀铝ac arc welding 交流电弧焊ac coupling 交流耦合ac demagnetization 交流去磁ac drive rig 交流电驱动钻机ac erasing 交流消磁ac generator 交流发电机ac receiver 交流接收机ac rel 交流继电器ac slip ring motor 滑环式交流电动机ac thr 梯形螺纹ac 地沥青胶结料ac 地址控制ac 飞机ac 副承包人ac 公元前ac 交流成分ac 交流电ac 绝对升限ac 空气调节ac 空气动力中心ac 空气压缩机ac 模拟计算机ac 区域码ac 石棉水泥ac 适应性控制ac 酸ac 吸收系数ac 蓄电池ac 英亩ac 帐户ac 轴向离心式ac 自动控制ac 锕aca 醋酸aca 交流电弧aca 美国通信协会aca 自动电路分析器academia 学术界；学术环境academic degree 学位academic stratigraphy 理论地层学academic 专科院校的；大学的；研究院的；学术的；学会的academician 院士；学会会员academy 专科院校；中等学校；学会；研究院acadian geosyncline 阿卡迪亚地槽acadian orogeny 阿卡迪亚造山运动acadian series 阿卡迪亚统acantha 刺acanthocordylodus 刺棘肿牙形石属acanthodina 似荆棘牙形石属acanthodus 荆棘牙形石属acanthoica 刺球石acanthophora 鱼栖苔属acanthophorous 具刺的acanthophyllia 漏斗针珊瑚属acanthoplecta 刺褶贝属acanthopodus 具刺柄的acanthopore 刺孔acanthoporella 细刺管苔藓虫属acanthopullum 针珊瑚属acanthos 刺acanthosolenia 刺管石acanthotriletes 三角刺面孢属acaroid resin 禾木树脂acarpous 无果实的acaulescent 无茎的acaulose 无茎的acaulosia 无茎性acaustobiolith 非可燃性生物岩acaustophytolith 非可燃性植物成因岩acausto phytogenic 非可燃性植物成因的acavatitriletes 无壁腔三缝孢亚类acb 空气自动断路器acbl 声波水泥胶结测井acc 会计成本控制acc 加速度acc 自动燃烧控制acc. 承兑acc. 存取acc. 累加器acce 加速度计accelerant 催化剂accelerate 加速accelerated aging test 加速老化试验accelerated cement 快凝水泥accelerated corrosion test 加速腐蚀试验accelerated delamination test 快速层离试验accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accelerated deterioration 加速老化accelerated exposure test 加速大气腐蚀试验accelerated flow 加速流accelerated income investment 加速收益投资accelerated iterative method 加速迭代法accelerated load test 加速载荷试验accelerated test 加速试验accelerated weathering test 加速风化试验accelerated gas blowdown 加速降压采气accelerater 速凝剂accelerating action 加速作用accelerating agent 速凝剂accelerating chemicals 速凝剂accelerating coil 加速线圈accelerating convergence 加速收敛accelerating effect 加速作用accelerating field 加速场accelerating type seismometer 加速型地震仪acceleration detector 加速度检波器acceleration effect 加速效应acceleration head 加速度头acceleration meter 加速度计acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration potential 加速度势acceleration response 加速度反应acceleration tensor 加速度张量acceleration time 加速卷绕时间acceleration torque 加速转矩acceleration 加速度；加速acceleration cancelling hydropone 消加速度海洋检波器acceleration sensitive transducer 加速度换能器accelerator jar 加速式震击器accelerator pedal 加速踏板accelerator spectrometer 加速器谱仪accelerator theory 加速理论accelerator 加速器；加速剂accelerogram 加速度记录accelerograph 加速度自记仪accelerometer 加速度计accent sign 撇号accent 重音；强调；音调；特征；重读accented contour 指示等高线accentuation 加重；重读；强调；音频加重accentuator 加重器；振幅加强线路accept 承兑；验收acceptability 可接受性；可承兑性acceptable age 采用年龄acceptable concentration 容许浓度acceptable dose 容许剂量acceptable emergency dose 容许紧急剂量acceptable level 可接受的程度acceptable payoff vector 可接受支付向量acceptable point 可接受点acceptable product 合格产品acceptable quality level 合格质量标准acceptable rate 许可产量acceptable reliability level 容许可靠性程度acceptable 可接受的；合格的acceptance bill 承兑票据acceptance certificate 验收合格证acceptance check 验收；核收acceptance credit 承兑信用acceptance criteria 验收标准acceptance domain 接受域acceptance inspection 验收acceptance liability 承兑责任acceptance market 票据承兑市场acceptance maturity record 承兑票据到期记录acceptance of risks 承担风险acceptance of the bid 中标acceptance of work 工程验收acceptance payable 应付承兑票据acceptance point 接收点acceptance receivable 应收承兑票据acceptance test 验收试验acceptance tolerance 容许公差acceptance value 合格判断值acceptance 验收acceptation 接受；相信accepted bill 已承兑票据accepted practice 习惯作法accepted tolerance 容许限差accepted 已承兑accepter =acceptoraccepting bank 承兑银行accepting charge 承兑费accepting fluid zone 吸液层段accepting house 承兑银行acception station 接收站acceptor circuit 接受器电路；谐振电路acceptor defect 受体缺陷acceptor impurity 受体杂质acceptor level 受体能级acceptor 受主acceptor atom density 受主原子密度access arm 存取臂access board 跳板access bridge 进入栈桥access circuit 存取电路access code 存取代码access conflict 存取冲突access control 存取控制access cycle 存取周期access door 检修门access eye 检查孔access hole 检查孔；检修孔；出入孔access ladder 便梯access mechanism 存取机构access mode 存取方式access privilege 存取特权access railroad 专用铁路access road 便道access sleeve 放样套access speed 存取速度access time 存取时间access type 存取类型access valve 入口阀access violation 存取违例；访问破坏access width 存取位数access 接近；访问；进入；发作；增加；存取；调整孔；取数accessary 附件accessibility 可及性accessible state 可达状态accessible 易接近的accessio credi principali 附属物属于主物accession differentiation 岩浆上升分异作用accession tax 财产增益税accession 接进；就任；增加；同意；财产自然增益accessional 附加的accessory case 附件箱accessory constituent 附属部分accessory element 副元素accessory factor 辅助因子accessory gearbox 辅助变速箱accessory mineral 副矿物accessory pyroclast 同源火山碎屑accessory risk 附加险accessory shaft 附轴；副轴accessory substance 副产品accessory system 辅助系统accessory =accessaryaccident analysis 故障分析accident brake 紧急制动器accident costs 事故经济损失accident error 偶然误差accident free 无事故accident frequency 意外事故发生频率accident hazard 事故危险accident insurance 事故保险accident liability 事故易发性；事故责任accident potential 事故隐患accident prevention 安全措施accident repeater 屡出事故者accident statistics 事故统计accident 事故；偶然事件；故障accidental cost 意外费用accidental count 偶然计数accidental dispersal 偶然迁移accidental error 偶然误差accidental inclusion 捕虏体accidental maintenance 事故维修accidental relief 崎岖地形accidental shutdown 事故停机accidental 偶然的accidented relief 起伏地形accidented 凹凸不平的accinctisporites 阿克辛粉属acclimation 气候适应acclimatization 气候适应acclive 倾斜的acclivitous 向上倾斜的acclivity 上升；螺距；斜度；斜坡；上斜acclivous 向上倾斜的accommodate 调节；适应；接纳；供应accommodation bill 空头票据accommodation deck 起居甲板accommodation ladder 舷梯accommodation rig 半潜式居住和供应海洋平台accommodation space 起居间accommodation 适应accompaniment 伴随物；跟踪accompanying figure 附图accompanying gas 伴生气accompanying mineral 伴生矿物accomplish 完成accord and satisfaction 债务替代清偿协议抵偿；一致同意accord unconformity 平行不整合accord 一致；协定accordance 调和accordant connection 整合连接accordant drainage 谐调水系accordant fold 谐调褶皱accordant junction 交合汇流accordant unconformity 平行不整合accordant 一致的accordion fold 手风琴状褶皱accordion 手风琴；可折叠的；折式地图account balance 结平帐户；帐户余额；两讫account balanced 帐户；合讫account book 帐簿account day 结算日account manual 会计手册account name 帐目名称account number 帐号account of business 损益表account of payments 支出表account of proeedings 会计报告程序account payable 应付帐款account point 存款帐户地点account purchase 赊买account title 会计科目account to receive 收入帐目account transfer memo 转帐通知单account with branch office 分公司往来帐account with head office 总公司往来帐account with parent company 母公司往来帐account with subsidiary company 子公司往来帐目account year 会计年度account 计算；叙述accountability 会计责任accountancy law 会计法accountancy 会计工作；财务accountant 会计员accounting agreement 计帐协议accounting assumption 会计假定accounting books and records 会计帐目accounting control 会计控制accounting cost control 会计成本管理accounting cost 会计成本accounting covention 会计惯例accounting equation 会计方程式accounting files 会计档案accounting for management 管理会计accounting price 计算价格accounting procedure 会计程序accounting records 会计记录accounting regulation 会计规则accounting report 财务报告accounting rule 会计规则accounting standard 会计标准accounting statement 会计报表accounting system 会计制度accounting temperature 计算温度accounting voucher 财务单据accounting year 会计年度accounting 会计学；借贷对造表；清算帐目accounts custody period 帐目保管期accounts receivable 应收帐款accouplement 匹配；连合；连接accreting line 增长线accreting plate 增生板块accreting 加积作用accretion beach face 加积海滩面accretion bed 加积层accretion ridge 古海滩砂脊accretion ripple mark 加积波痕accretion topography 加积地形accretion unit 加积层；加积单位accretion zone 加积层带accretion 增大；增加物；积成物；炉结；加积层；增殖accretional prism 加积层系accretionary bar 加积沙坝accretionary basin 增生盆地accretionary belt 加积带accretionary limestone 堆积灰岩accretionary prism 加积棱柱accretionary ridge 外展滩脊；加积砂岭accretionary subduction complex 加积俯冲复合体accretionary wedge 增生楔accrual basis accounting 发生制会计accrual basis 应计制；权责发生制accrued assets 应计资产；应收未收资产accrued depreciation 应计折旧accrued expenses 预提费用accrued income 应收未收收益accrued liabilities 应计负债accrued payroll 应付工资accrued profit 应计利润accrued royalty 已产出油气的矿区使用费acct 帐目acct. no 帐号acct. tit. 会计科目；会计名称acct. 帐户；会计师acct.code 帐号acculeate 锐刺边的accumulate 积累accumulated amortization 累计摊销accumulated angle 总角accumulated deficit 累计亏空accumulated depletion 累计储量耗减accumulated depreciation 累计折旧accumulated dose 累积剂量accumulated error 累积误差accumulated footage 累积进尺accumulated growth 层积生长accumulated island 堆积岛accumulated profit 累积利润accumulation area 聚集区accumulation curve 累积曲线accumulation factor 累加因子accumulation horizon 堆积层accumulation point 聚点accumulation rate 堆积速率accumulation season 累积季节accumulation strain 累积应变accumulation system 储能系统accumulation variogram 累积方差图accumulation zone 聚集带accumulation 累积accumulational platform 堆积台地accumulational 聚集的；堆积的accumulation quotient register 累加商寄存器accumulative carry 累积进位accumulative crystallization 聚集结晶accumulative deposit 堆积沉积accumulative effect 集聚效应accumulative formation 堆积建造；堆积层accumulative percent 累积百分比accumulative phase 堆积阶段accumulative process 积累过程accumulative reception 累积接收accumulative total of net cash flow 累计净现金流量accumulative 累积的accumulator addressing 累积器寻址accumulator battery 蓄电池组accumulator cell 蓄电池accumulator grid 蓄电池栅板accumulator pressure 储能器压力accumulator pump unit 储能器机泵装置accumulator register 累加寄存器accumulator system 储能系统accumulator tank 储罐accumulator unit 储气装置accumulator vehicle 蓄电池车accumulator 储罐；蓄压器accuracy check 精度检验accuracy contours 等精度线accuracy control character 精度控制符号accuracy rating 精确度accuracy requirement 精度要求accuracy table 修正值表accuracy test 精度检验accuracy 准确accurate adjustment 精密调整accurate calibration 精确校准accurate grinding 精磨accurate measurement 精密测量accurate pointing 精确定向accurate position indicator 精确位置指示器accurate seismic analysis 精细地震分析accurate surveying 精确观测accurate 准确的accuse 指责accused 被告accuser 谴责者；起诉者accutron 电子手表acdalopora 阿克达尔珊瑚属acdc receiver 交直流接收机ace 空气调节设备ace 平均纵波能量ace 自动计算机ace 自动检测设备ace 最高aceanthrene 醋蒽acenaphthene 苊acenaphthenyl 苊基acenaphthenylene 苊撑；次苊基；1 acenaphthenylidene 苊叉acenaphthylene 苊烯acentric factor 重质系数；偏心因子；离散系数acentric 无中心的aceramic age 无陶器时代aceratherium 无角犀属acerbic 酸的；涩的；尖刻的acerbity 涩味；涩度acerosus 针形acervoschwagerina 簇希瓦格nfda3属acervularia 堆珊瑚属acervulus 分生孢子盘acescency 氧化作用；酸化度；微酸味acescent 微酸的acet 乙炔acetabularia 伞藻属acetacetate 乙酰乙酸盐acetal linkage 乙缩醛键合acetal resin 缩醛树脂acetal 缩醛；醛酸醇acetaldehyde 乙醛acetamide 乙酰胺acetanilide n乙酰替苯胺acetate butyrate 醋酸丁酸盐acetate fiber 醋酸纤维acetate tracer 醋酸盐示踪剂acetate 醋酸盐；醋酸根；醋酸纤维素acetenyl 乙炔基acetic acid 醋酸acetic aldehyde 乙醛acetic anhydride 醋酸酐acetic 醋酸的acetic hydrochloric acid 乙酸盐酸混合物acetification 醋化作用acetince 醋精acetl. 乙炔。

Definition of Text
From the aspect of structure: text is a unit of language above the unit ranging from morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence to paragraph. E.g., “Exit”, “Help!”, etc. A text may be anything from a simple greeting to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.
翻译类型
当时，比较有名的有 Otto Kade（1964），他研究的 是实用性文本的翻译，Rudolf W. Jumpelt（1961） 研究的是科技翻译，Eugene A. Nida（1964）研究 的是《圣经》翻译，Rolf Kloepfer（1967）研究的是 文学——散文和诗歌的翻译，Ralph Wuthenow（ 1969）研究的是古代文献的翻译。莱斯经过对他们的 作品和翻译理论进行认真研究后发现，他们的共同缺点 是：把自己在某一方面研究所得出的结论推广到其它的 文本翻译当中去了，把它说成是唯一的、通用的翻译标 准。这是以偏代全，很不科学的。
Passage Translation
翻译单位
翻译单位的概念最早是Vinay & Darbelnet(1958)提 出的,他们认为翻译单位与思维单位、词汇单位同义,是 在翻译过程中关系紧密、不可分割开进行翻译的最小言 语片段。
影响较大的是巴尔胡达罗夫对翻译单位作出的定义。 1985年，蔡毅等编译出版了巴尔胡达罗夫的《语言与 翻译》。

they
appear
with
great
frequency
in
a
broad
range
of
academic
texts
The
list
does
not
include
words
that
are
in
the
most
frequent
words
of
English
the
excluded
consent
proportion
demonstrate
reaction
criteria
minorities
technology
philosophy
removed
sex
compensation
sequence
corresponding
the
least
frequent
Group
Practice
test
sector
available
financial
process
individual
specific
principle
estimate
variables
method
data
research
preparing
learners
for
tertiary
level
study
or
used
by
students
working

第1单元1 a(n) symbolic (象征的) gesture of love2 The publisher distributed (分发) the book in Asia.3 A “site”(地点) is a place, and so a website.4 a(n) complex (复杂的) network of systems5 be used to identify (识别) potential terrorists6 deal the matter with him fairly (完全地)7 start with a pretty straightforward (直截了当) question8 beyond the capability (功能) of the computers9 hit the target (目标) at a distance10 the person never attempt (尝试) to do anything more11 a highly sophisticated process (过程)12 work within the parameter (限定因素) of time and budget13 thanks for your kind interpretation (解释)14 use many technical (专业的) terms15 Prices range (变化范围) from 340 U.S. Dollars to 390 U.S. Dollars.16 exploit (开拓) a new market in the city17 be absorbed in the social networking (社交网络)18 involve (涉及) unnecessary extra charges19 only one instance (实例) out of many20 get to know more about the specification (具体的细节) of the wedding21 accompany (陪伴) with her to watch movies22 the only thing predictable (可预言的) about life23learn the profile (概要) of the project第2单元1 throw away a(n) compromised (损坏的) computer2 earn somebody considerable notoriety (恶名)3 be used interchangeably (可互换地)4 A computer has malfunctioned (发生故障).5 squeeze (挤) milk into the bottle6 a(n) ingenious (有独创性的) solution to the problem7 China’s emergence (出现) as a great power8 of humble (卑微的) birth9 Cunning (狡猾的) men often pass for wise.10 exploit their vulnerability (弱点) to fight them11 a suspected criminal (罪犯)12 a jacket with leather patches (补丁) on the elbows.13 the sinister(阴险的) looks on his face14 This is a(n) daunting (艰巨的) challenge.15 the virus that can replicate (复制) itself16 His malicious (恶毒的) gossip caused much mischief.17 The path spirals(盘旋) up the mountain.18 a(n) secure(安全的) operating system19 blur(使模糊) my vision20 stem(阻止) the spread of an epidemic21 fall into disrepute (坏名声)22 solve sophisticated (复杂的) electrical problems23 harness (利用) natural resources24 write a personal note to each recipient (收件人)25 convert (转换) holdings into shares第3单元1 irrespective (不管) of their age and education2 The program must be tailored (迎合) to the needs of your customers.3 prone(易于) to develop lung cancer4 opt(选择) for one style or the other5 He supplies the maximum (最大的) amount of information.6 These product orders should be coded(编号).7 the provision (提供) of facilities for children 8 a restaurant catered (合适于) for families9 the need for a tighter check(检查) on arms sales10 ready-made (现成的) excuse11 The aircraft has been modified (改进) and improved.12 provide treatment on-demand (所要求的)13 the whereabouts (去向) of the missing documents14 Hazardous (有害的) waste must be appropriately dealt with.15 The terrible damage has been incurred (遭受到了).16 Few of the rules are applicable (适合于) to the country.17 an industrial developer (开发商)18 a whole range of services on offer (所提供的)19host (主持) a talk show20 It is free or for a nominal(极小的，象征性的) charge.21 get these accounts certified (核证)22 a highly automated (自动化) factory23 a power outage (断供期)24 Demand and supply are out of sync(同步一致).25 The evidence can back up (证实) his story.26 a great victory with minimal (最小的) price27 a highly mobile(流动的) society第4单元1 A(n) analogy (类比) is drawn between the two things.2 Cats and birds are seldom compatible (协调的).3 Distribute (分发) the prizes among the winners.4 implement (执行) a new policy to help the unemployed5 The function can be activated (激活) anytime.6 a(n) static(静止的) view of the world7 The audiences aggregated (总计达到) a million people.8 a(n) clone(一模一样的复制品) of a real panda9 look for a(n) innovative (革新的) way10 try to find the replacement (替代品) of a damaged desk11 Their business crashed (突然垮了).12 Their equality is compromised (受到损害).13 mine(挖掘有价值的) for detailed information14 a bridge substantial (坚固的) enough to last a hundred years15 He is a national asset(宝贵的人).16 centralize (使集中) power in him17 airport facilities (设施)18 He has to loose(松开) his hold.19 monitor (监听) his conversation20 help individuals integrate (使适应，融合于) into the community21 From his father he derived(获得) his enthusiasm for sports.22 update (修订，更新) a textbook23 download (下载) the material to your computer24 upgrade (提高) the pay and status of the teacher25 They are only licensed (批准) for beer.26 pay differential (级差的) rents according to their income27 install(安装) a new computer in the office28 practice each day for a(n) minimum (最少的) of 30 minutes29 a lot of company will do in-house (内部的) training30 a(n) crucial(重要的) decision第5单元1 electric power automation (自动化) equipment2 occupational (职业的) disease3 illegal immigrant (移民)4 Music can uplift(振奋) your spirits.5 result in substantial population displacement (转移)6 the hand-crafted (手工制作的) furniture7 He has ranched (在牧场工作) in the north for 20 years.8 eat nutritious (有营养的) food9 be involved (卷入) in the trouble10 a new assembly (装配) line11yield (屈服) to the enemy12 make incredible (难以置信的) progress13 unrealistic optimism (乐观)14 in recent mob(暴徒) violence15 get professional (专业的) help16 the luggage should be labeled (加上标签)17 financial analyst(分析员)18 trade surplus(盈余)19 attack on pearl harbor(海港)20 a professional columnist (专栏作家)21 the virtual(事实上的) manager of the business22 underestimate the strength of the revolutionary (革命的) forces23 untie the lace(鞋带) and take off your shoes24 trying to undercut (削弱) his authority25 barter(交换) furs for guns26 a(n) litigable (可诉讼的) case27 raise the specter (恐惧) of oil crisis28sift (仔细翻看) through her purse29 He has got a(n) pot(大量的) of money.第6单元1 Some places are problematic (有问题的) for women traveling alone.2 I have to make some presumptions (推测).3 go through what he calls a period of political brinkmanship (边缘政策)4 She reminds us of the famous dictum(格言).5 enjoy the monopoly (垄断) of cigarette business6 try to conceal (隐藏) his envy7 If you want a(n) share(份额) of the pay, you’ll have to do your fair share of the work.8 They threatened him with a(n) lawsuit(诉讼).9 No difficulty can deter(阻止) us from trying it again.10 joint together for mutual(相互的) benefits11 If you are serious about our relationship, you should make commitment (保证).12 promise never to reveal(泄露) his secret13 a(n) purposive (有目的的) decision and action14 fare(过得) badly during those days15 the interdependence (相互依赖) between humans and nature16 The troops were thoroughly demoralized (士气低落) by this setback.17 The children helped the old man collectively (共同地).18 He stipulated (规定) payment in advance.19 The car is sold with a 12-month warranty (担保).20 The benefits have outweighed (超过) the risk.21 Too much food will induce(引起) sleepiness.22 force applied uniformly (一致地) over a surface23 the optimal(最佳的) method for improving speaking practice24 refuse to confess (承认) to his crime25 Even the best quality rubber will perish(毁坏) with age.26 Unless the employers move(采取行动) quickly, there will be a strike. 27 be faced with a(n) dilemma (两难境地)28 remain neutral(中立的) in the war29 intolerable (无法忍受的) temper and attitude30 The right hand is dominant (占优势的) in most people.31 His statement doesn’t square(符合) with the facts.32 the outcome (结果) of the election33 bluff (吓退) the man offexpand34 It is a(n) linear (直线的) diagram.第7单元1 amateur astronomer (天文学家)2 sign a(n) contract (合同) with the landlord3 professional dedication (奉献)4 theory of evolution (进化)5 a(n) trace(踪迹) of evidence for the claim6 have no conception (概念) of the law7 diffuse(散发) light and heat8 correct erroneous (错误的) data9 be embedded (插入) in the soil10 climate prediction (预报)11 quantitative (数量的) information on both costs and benefits12 (扩大) domestic demand13 be precisely (精确地) the same14 No one can degrade (贬低) us except ourselves.15 a(n) repulsive (排斥的) force16 goods in transit(运送)17 give us a(n) insight(洞察力) into the problems of education18 capture (俘获) an escaped convict19 sufficient (充分的) and necessary condition20 a huge gulf(分歧) between them21 have a productive capacity (能力) of 200 cars a week22 cling to a somewhat static(静态的) view of society23 The flames licked(舔着) against the building.24 slowly fall into decay(衰落)25 primitive (原始的) accumulation of capital26 Success entails(使承担) hard work.27 refined(精炼的) oil28 the most spectacular(引人注目的) global event29 unbreakable(不易破碎的) glass30 theoretical(理论上的) foundation31 a(n) barrier(障碍) to understanding32 cancel(取消) the dinner party33 broaden our horizon(眼界)34 a pair of mismatched(配错的) shoes35 blatantly(公然地) break promises36 witness(目击) the robbery37 literally(照字面地) translated38 be of vital(至关重要的) importance第8单元1 We love the valley in all its aspects (方面).2 Please replicate (折叠) the paper.3 The two accidents took place simultaneously (同时地).4 There was an air of expectancy (期望) among the waiting crowd.5 Article in The Wall Street Journal (日报) leans heavily on fashion.6 What does it require to be a successful mechanic (技工), to do all the mechanics problems?7 Thousands of wounded were brought to the next town of Castiliogne where he arrived and there was practically (几乎) no medical assistance.8 A text message confirming the policy number and sale is then sent automatically (自动的)9 He says the troops will have to launch quick, sharp and precise (精确的) attacks in the area if they hope to prevail.10 The trouble with Bill was that he never had a(n) specific(明确的) aim in life.11 Kevin drove erratically (不规律地), knocked down several cones, and ran over atleast one of the inflatable dolls.12 This is a(n) exclusive (纯粹的) white residential area.13 “Good morning”is a(n) conventional (传统的) greeting.14 Honesty, industry and kindness are elements (基础) ofa good life.15 I needed a place to fire ceramic semiconductor (半导体) substrates for homemade integrated circuits.16 The findings appeared just days after another team reported its findings in the journal Nature Structural and molecular (分子的) Biology.17 It is a(n) vast(广阔的) desert.18 The appearance (外貌) of the old house completely changed.19 The dispute has scared away potential (潜在的) investors.20 This small house is my only property (资产).21 Do you know how to manipulate (操作) a computer?22 You are not allowed to fabricate (伪造) a certificate.23 It is hard to foresee(预见) what will happen.24 The substance (主旨) of his speech was that he was better than the other candidates.25 Exceptions cannot be made for individual (个体).26 She then looked at the reverse(反面) side of the coin.27 The government and central bank were in theoretical(理论上的) harmony.第9单元1 the magnitude (巨大) of loss2 increase significantly (显著地) overnight3 atmosphere (大气) pressure4 work with greater intensity (紧张)5 give evidence (证据) in support of a theory6 birds migrating (迁徙) in winter7 speak more specifically (明确地)8 amplify(增强) the electric current9 a disease of frequent occurrence (发生)10 be in control of your own destiny (命运)11 strong motivation (动机) to succeed12annual (年度的) bonus13 be released (释放) from prison14 a(n) vicious(恶毒的) enemy to defeat15 create a(n) environmentally (有关环境方面) safe society16 alternate (交替) between rain and sunshine17 the most prominent (突出的) feature of the book18 his reaction (反应) to the news19 drastically (大幅度地) cutting staff20 traffic regulation (规则)21 a(n) minimal (最小的) charge for the service22 exposure (暴露) of the body to strong sunlight23retain (保持) youthful vigor24 compound (混合) the ingredients25 They are free eventually (最后).26 decline(谢绝) an invitation 27 Man is a reasoning creature (生物).第10单元1 undergo (经历) a smooth transition2 be offered massive (大量的) sums to leave3 unprecedented (史无前例的) reforms in any socialist countries4 runaway (失控的) inflation5 achieve a wide variety of consensus (共识) on many issues6 such a motion will largely hinder(阻碍) any move by the new Governor7 total farm output(产量) for this year8 a child’s concentration span (注意力集中的时间)9 paint a(n) bleak(无望的) picture for the future of the U.S. labor market10 make a dent (有点进展) in the work11 constantly(经常地) changing population12 complete the project with a satisfactory outcome(结果)13 play down (淡化) the significance of the meeting14 temperature variation (变化) due to solar radiation15 skills that are absolutely (绝对地) vital to these performers16 denigrate (诋毁) his rivals17 Don’t mess with (干预) things you don’t know.18 windows which admit light but totally herald(隔离) from cold or heat19 resist the overwhelming (无法抗拒的) temptation to eat chocolate20 witness the results of savage(野蛮的) attacks on the public21 take actions to help resolve(解决) housing problems22 create a(n) gigantic(巨大的) bubble in shares and house prices23 the innovative system which reduced pollution output(输出) to zero24 conditions that vary dramatically (戏剧化地) day to day25 ban the use of sex-selective (性别选择性的) abortion 第11单元1 a small breach(缺口) in the dam2 shallow(浅的) foundation3implement (履行) a promise4 the survivor(s) (幸存者) of the earthquake5 hypothetical (假设的) situation6 initiate(发起) a reform7 have potential (潜力) as an artist8 despite(不顾) their strong disagreement9 neutralize (中和) acids10 be in contact(联系) with each other11 transport (运输) goods by lorry12 the volume(大量) of exports13 penetrate (穿透) the fog14 confirm(证实) my suspicious15 strategy(战略) of sustainable development16 a rough estimate(估计) of your income17 noticeable(显著的) change18 power generation (产生)19 avert(转移) one’s glance from an ugly sight20 medical (医学的) apparatus and instruments21 disperse(传播) knowledge22 territorial integrity(完整)23 compensate(赔偿) for the loss第12单元1 The match won’t collide with(发生冲突) the general election.2 brave (勇敢面对) difficulties3 Some drugs have a deleterious (有毒的) effect on the body.4 The fuel gauge (测量仪器) dropped swiftly.5 Its aftermath(后果) will never be fully known.6 the duration(持续时间) of the movie7 a box of tissues(纸巾)8 Accounting and banking have changeddramatically (戏剧地).9 suggest a possible scenario (情况)10 Physics is governed by cosmic(宇宙的) laws.11 Everything is absolutely normal(正常的).12 Water power can be used to generate (形成) electricity.13 The children were evacuated (疏散) to the country.14 This city underwent (经历) great changes.15 sustain (承受) the severe fuel shortage16 Energy is released by the fission(裂变) of atomic nuclei.17 reposition (调整) a number of its strategies18 Everyone must abide(遵守) by the law.19 keep calm in an emergency (突发事件)20 a famine in the wake of(随之而来的) the war21 The project could stoke(刺激) imports.22 The house was a wreck (残骸).23 be used for tracking virus prevalence (传播)24 make great profit in the long-term (长期的) growing25 To err(犯错误) is human.26 I would caution(警告) you against undue optimism.第13单元1 make the masses panic (恐慌)2 feed the malnutritioned (营养不良的)3 the poultry(禽类) market4 monitor(监控) the radiation in food5 synthetic (合成的) drugs6 floor(难倒) by his question7 smaller concentrations (浓度) of radiation in the environment8 lie blatantly(明目张胆地)9 a dire(极端的) situation10 ensure(确保) safety11 a less-informed populace (老百姓)12 local livestock (家禽) farmers13 be perplexed (困惑不解) by increases in disease14 represent (代表) manufacturing companies15 deem(认为) the radioactive elements harmless16 in a state of bliss(极乐)17 a(n) detectable (检测得到的) increase of radiation in the milk18 a(n) devoure (吞食) their prey19 distract(分心) me from my work20 pose(造成) no health concern21 a milk sample(样品)22 have an adverse(不利的) impact23 new glass cases hermetically (密不透风地) sealed24 elevated(偏高的) levels of radioactive material in water25 the forthcoming (即将到来的) talks第14单元1 the symptoms (症状) of depression2 the core(核心) curriculum3 speak in a menacing (威胁的) tone4 a study on the male sterility(不育)5 compromise (危害) human health6 the cumulative (日积月累的) effect of human activity on the environment7 a harmful dose(剂量) of radiation8 ingest(摄入) radioactive particles throughexposed food9 penetrate (穿透) the skin10 his premature (过早的) death at the age of 3711 the temperature hovering (徘徊) around 38 degrees12 disrupt(打乱) the process of repairing damaged tissue13 a rise in premarital conception(s) (受孕)14 an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude (震级)15 spark(激发) interest in art16 a(n) acute(剧烈的) pain in the chest17 special facilities (设施) for the disabled18 energy transmitted (传送) in the form ofParticles。

AE CS4 菜单中英文对照表View菜单新视图← New View放大← Zoom In缩小← Zoom Out解析度← Resolution┗Full → 最佳Half → 一半Third → 三分之一Quarter → 四分之一Custom.... → 自定义隐藏/显示标尺← Show Rulers隐藏/显示辅助线← Hide Guides吸附辅助线← Snap To Guides锁定辅助线← Lock Guides清楚辅助线← Clear Guides隐藏/显示网格← Show Grid吸附网格← Snap to Grid视图选项← View Options...显示图层控制← Hide Layer Controls重置3D视图← Reset 3D View切换3D视图← Switch 3D View┗Active Camera → 当前摄象机Front → 前视图Left → 左视图Top → 顶视图Back → 后视图Right → 右视图Bottom → 底视图Custom View 1 → 自定视图1Custom View 2 → 自定视图2Custom View 3 → 自定视图3快速设置3D窗口← Set 3D View Shortcut┗Replace "Front" → 替换为前视图Replace "Custom View 1" → 替换为自定视图1 Replace "Active Camere" → 替换为动态摄象机切换到最近的3D视图← Switch To Last 3D View 观察选择图层← Look At Selected Layers观察所有图层← Look At All Layers前往指定时间← Go To Time...Layer菜单1新建← New┗Text → 文字Solid... → 实色Light... → 灯光Camera.. → 摄象机Null Object → 虚拟对象Adjustment Layerv → 调节层层设置← Layer Settings...打开层窗口← Open Layer Window打开素材窗口← Open Source Window 遮罩← Mask┗New Mask → 新建遮罩Mask Shape → 遮罩形状Mask Feather → 遮罩羽化Mask Opacity → 遮罩不透明度Mask Expansion → 遮罩伸缩Reset Mask → 重置遮罩Remove Mask → 删除遮罩Remove All Masks → 删除所有遮罩Mode →模式┗None → 无Add → 相加Subtrace → 相减Inte rsect → 交集Lighten → 变亮Darken → 变暗Difference → 差值RotoBezier → 旋转式曲线Inverse → 反转Closed → 封闭Set First Vertex → 设置起始点Locked → 锁定Motion Blur → 运动模糊┗Same As Layer → 与层相同On → 开Off → 关Unlock All Maskss → 解锁所有遮罩Lock Other Masks → 锁定其他遮罩Free Transform Points → 自由变换点质量← Quality┗Best → 最佳Layer菜单2Draft → 草图Wireframe → 线框转换开关← Switches┗Hide Other Video → 隐藏其他视频层Show All Video → 显示所有视频层Unlock All Layers → 解锁所有层Shy → 退缩Lock → 锁定Audio → 音频Videl → 视频Solo → 独奏Effe ct → 特效Collapse → 卷展Frame Blending → 帧融合Motion Blur → 运动模糊Adjustment Layer → 调节层变换← Transform┗Reset → 复位Anchor Point → 定位点Position → 位置Scale → 缩放Orientation → 方向Rotation → 旋转Opacity → 不透明度Auto-Orient → 自动定向三维层← 3D Layer添加标记← Add marker保持透明← Presserve Transparency 混合模式← Blending Mode┗Normal → 正常Dissolve → 溶解Dancing Dissolve → 动态溶解Daiken → 变暗Multiply → 正片叠底Linear Burn → 线性加深Color Burn → 颜色加深Classic Color Burn → 典型颜色加深Add → 加Lighten → 变亮Screen → 屏幕L inear Dodge → 线性减淡Color Dodge → 颜色减淡Layer菜单3Classic Color Dodge → 典型颜色减淡Overlay → 叠加Soft Light → 柔光Hard Light → 强光Linear Light → 线性光Vivid light → 艳光Pin Light → 点光Hard Mix → 强烈混合Difference → 差值Classic Difference → 典型差值Exclusion →排除Hue → 色相合成Sateration → 饱和度Color → 颜色Luminosity → 亮度Stencil Alpha → Alpha模版Stencil Luma → 亮度模版Silhouette Alpha → Alpha轮廓Silhouette Luma → 亮度轮廓Alpha Add → Alpha添加Luminescent Premul → 冷光下一个混合模式← Next Blending Mode上一个混合模式← Previous Blending Mode轨道蒙版← Track Matte┗No Track Matte → 无Alpha Matte → Alpha蒙版Alpha Inverted Matte → 反相Alpha蒙版Luma Matte → 亮度蒙版Luma Inverted Matte → 反相亮度蒙版图层置顶← Bring Layer to Front图层置上← Bring Layer Forward图层置下← Send Layer Backward图层置底← S end Layer to Back转换为可编辑文本← Convert To Editable Text 创建轮廓← Create Outlines自动追踪← Auto-trace...激活时间变速← Enable Time Remapping时间伸缩← Time Stretch...重组← Pre-compose...特效控制←Effect Controls上一个特效←Reduce Interlace Flicker全部删除←Re move All有储收藏←Save Favorite应用收藏←Apply Favorite最近收藏←Recent Favorites三维通道←3D Channel┗3D Chaccel Extract →提取三维通道Depth Matte →深度蒙版Depth of Field →场深度Fog 3D →雾化ID Matte →ID蒙版调整←Adjust┗Brightness & Contrast →亮度和对比度Channel Mixer →通道混合Color Balance →色彩平衡Color Stabilizer →色彩平衡器Curves →曲张Hue/Saturation →色相/饱和度Levels →色阶Levels(Individual Controls) →色阶(个体控制) Posterize →色调分离Threshold →阈值音频←Audio┗Backwards →倒播Bass & Treble →低音和高音Delay →延迟Flange & Chorus →变调和合声High-L ow Pass →高低音过滤Modulator →调节器Parametric EQ →EQ参数Reverb →回声Stereo Mixer →立体声混合Tone →音质模糊与锐化←Blur & Sharpen┗Channel Blur →通道模糊Comound Blur →混合模糊Direction Blur →方向模糊Fast Blur →快速模糊Gaussian Blur →高斯式模糊Radial Blur →径向模糊Shar pen →锐化Unsharp Mask →反遮罩锐化通道←Channel┗3D Glasses →三维眼睛Alpha Levels →Alpha色阶Arithmetic →运算Blend →混合Calculations →计算Channel Combiner →通道组合Cineon Converter →转换Cineon文件Compound Arithmetic →复合计算Invert →反相Minimax →扩亮扩暗Remove Color Matti ng →删除蒙版颜色Set Channels →设置通道Set Matte →设置蒙版Shift Channels →转换通道Solid Composite →实色合成扭曲←Distort┗Bezier Warp →贝塞尔曲线弯曲Bulge →凹凸镜Corner Pin →边角定位Displacement Map →置换Liquify →液化Magnify →放大Mesh Warp →网格变形Mirror →镜像Offset →位移Optics Compensation →镜头变形Polar Coordinates →极坐标转换Reshape →形变Ripple →波纹Smear →涂抹Spherize →球面化Transform →变换Turbulent Displace →剧烈置换Twirl →扭转Warp →弯曲Wave Warp →波浪变形新建← New┗New Project → 新建项目New Folder →新建文件夹打开项目← Open Project打开最近项目← Open Recent Projects关闭← Close保存← Save另存为← Save As...保存副本← Save a Copy...恢复← Revert导入← Import┗File... → 文件Multiple Files... →多个文件Placeholder... →输入占位符Solid... →实色导入最近镜头← Import Recent Footage输出← Export查找← Find...再次查找← Find Next添加镜头到合成← Add Footage to Comp选定脚本建立合成← New Comp From Selection... 整理镜头← Consolidate All Footage删除未用镜头← Remove Unused Footage简化项目← Reduce Project文件打包← Collect Files...浏览文件夹← Watch Folder...运行脚本← Run Script建立代理← Cre ate Proxy┗Still... → 静态图片Movie... → 影片设置代理← Set Proxy┗File... → 文件None →无解释镜头← Interpret Footage┗Main... → 常规Proxy... → 代理Remember Interpretation →保存解释Apply Interpretation →应用解释替换镜头← Replace Footage┗File... → 文件Placeholder... →占位符Solid.. → 实色重载镜头← Reload Footage显示所在文件夹← Reveal in Explorer项目设置← Project Settings...打印← Print...退出← ExitEdit菜单撤消← Undo Copy重复← Redo Copy历史记录← History剪切← Cut复制← Copy粘贴← Paste清除← Clear副本← Duplicate分层图层← Split Layer抽出工作区域← Lift Work Area挤压工作区域← Extrace Work Area选择全部← Select All全部取消← Deselect All标签← Label清空← Pruge┗All → 全部Undo → 撤消Image Caches → 图象缓存Snapshot → 快照Video Memory → 视频内存编辑原稿← Edit Original模版← Templates┗Render Settings... → 渲染设置Output Module... → 输出模式预置← Preferences┗General... → 常规Previews... → 预演Display → 显示Import... → 输入Output → 输出Grids & Guides... → 辅助线及网络Label Colors... → 标签颜色Label Defaults... → 标签设置Cache... → 缓存 Video Previe w... → 视频预演Animation菜单添加关键帧← Add Keyframe冻结关键帧← Toggle Hold Keyframe关键帧插值← Keyframe Interpolation...关键帧速率← Keyframe Velcity...辅助关键帧← Keyframe Assistant┗Convert Audio to Keyframes → 转换音频为关键帧Convert Expression to Keyframes → 转换表达式为关键帧Easy Ease → 缓和曲线Easy Ease In → 缓和曲线进入Easy Ease Out → 缓和曲线离开Exponential Scale → 指数缩放RPF Camera Import → RPF摄象机导入Sequence Layers... → 图层排序Time-Reverse Keyframes → 反转关键帧文字动画← Animate Text┗Anchor Point → 轴心点Position → 位置Scale → 缩放Skew →倾斜Rotation → 旋转Opacity → 不透明度All Transform → 所有变换Fill Color → 填充色Stroke Color → 描边色Stroke Width → 描边宽度Tracking → 追踪Line Anchor → 线形频谱Line Spacing → 线形间距Character Offset → 字符位移Character Value → 字符值率添加文字选择器← Add Text Selector┗Range → 平行Wiggly → 抖动移除所有文字动画← Remove All Text Animators添加表达式← Add Expression追踪运动← Track Motion稳定运动← Stabilize Motion追踪当前属性← Track this property显示关键帧← Reveal Animating Properties显示被修改属性← Reveal Modified PropertiesCompostion菜单新建合成←N ew Composition合成设置←Compodition Settings背景颜色←Background Color设置海报←Set Poster Time修剪合成适配工作区域←Trim Comp to Work Area裁切合成适配自定区域←Crop Comp to Region of Interest 增加到渲染序列←Add To Render Queue添加输出模块←Add Output Module预演←Preview┗RAM Preview →内存预演Wireframe Preview →线框预演Motion with Trails →运动轨迹Audio →音频Audio Preview(Here Forward) →音频预演(当前位置) Audio Preview(Work Area) →音频预演(工作区域)存储单帧为←Save Frame As┗File →文件Photoshop Layers →Photoshop图层制作影片←Make Movie组合渲染←Pre-render存储内存预演←S ave RAM Preview观察流程图←Comp Flowchart View工作空间←Workspace┗One Comp View →单视图Two Comp View →双视图Four Comp View →四视图Conform All Windows →适应窗口Save Workspace →存储工作空间Delete Workspace →删除工作空间层叠←Cascade拼贴←Tile排列图标←Arran ge Icons全部关闭←Close All全组关闭←Closing in Groups工具箱←Tools信息调板←Info时间控制调板←Time Controls音频调板←Audio特效调板←Effects字符调板←Character段落调板←Paragraph绘画调板←Paint笔刷技巧调板←Brush Tips运动草图←Motion Sketch智能遮罩插值←Smart Mask Interpolation 平滑←The Smoother抖动←The Wiggler对齐和分布←Align & Distribute追踪控制←Tracker Controls立方体建立←Box Creator Lite立体散布←Cubic Distribution Light圆柱体建立←Cylinder Creator Lite当前文件←Untitled *项目流程图←Project Flowchart View渲染序列←Render Queue重置调板位置←Reset Palette Locations关于AfferEffects ←About After EffectsAfferEffects帮助←After Effects Help特效帮助←Effects Help脚本帮助←Scripting Help每日技巧←Tip og the Day注册←Registration效果与预置3D Channel (3D通道)3D Channel Extract---------3D通道扩展Depth Matte----------------深厚粗糙Depth of Field-------------深层画面Fog 3D---------------------3D 雾化ID Matte-------------------ID 粗糙Adjust (调整)Brightness & Contrast----------亮度与对比度Channel Mixer------------------通道混合器Color Balance------------------色彩平衡Color Stabilizer---------------色彩稳压器Curves-------------------------曲线Hue/Saturation-----------------色饱和Levels-------------------------色阶Levels (Individual Controls)---色阶 (分色RGB的控制) posterize----------------------色调分离Threshold----------------------阈值Audio (音频)Backwards---------------向后Bass & Treble-----------低音与高音Delay-------------------延迟Flange & Chorus---------边缘与合唱团High-Low Pass-----------高音/低音Modulator---------------调幅器Parametric EQ-----------EQ参数Reverb------------------回音Stereo Mixer------------立体声混合器Tone--------------------音调Blur & Sharpen (模糊与锐化)Clannel Blur---------------通道模糊Compound Blur--------------复合的模糊Directional Blur-----------方向性的模糊Fast Blur------------------快污模糊Gaussian Blur--------------高斯模糊Radial Blur----------------径向模糊Sharpen--------------------锐化Unsharp Mask---------------锐化掩膜Channel (通道)Alpha Levels-------------------ALPHA 层通道Arithmetic---------------------运算Bland--------------------------柔化Cineon Converter---------------间距转换器Compound Arithmetic------------复合运算Invert-------------------------反向Minimax------------------------像素化Remove Color Matting-----------去除粗颗粒颜色Set Channels-------------------调节通道Set Matte----------------------调节粗糙度Shift Channels-----------------转换通道Distort (变型)Bezier Warp----------------Bezier 变型Bulge----------------------鱼眼Displacement Map-----------画面偏移Mesh Warp------------------网状变形Mirror---------------------镜像Offset---------------------偏移量Optics Compensation--------光学替换 (可制作球体滚动效果) Polar Coordinates----------极坐标Reshape--------------------重塑Ripple---------------------涟漪Smear----------------------涂片Spherize-------------------球型变形Transform------------------变换Twirl----------------------旋转变形Wave Warp------------------波型变形Expression Controls (表达式控制)Angle Control------------角度控制Checkbox Control---------复选框控制Color Control------------颜色控制 Point Control------------锐化控制Slider Control-----------滑块控制 Layer Control------------图层控制Image Control (图像控制)Chaner Color-------------------改变颜色Color Balance (HLS)------------色彩平衡 (HLS)Colorama-----------------------着色剂Equalize-----------------------平衡Gamma/Pedestal/Gain------------GAMMA/电平/增益Median-------------------------中线PS Arbitrary MapPS-------------任意的映射Tint---------------------------去色Keying (键控制)Color Difference Key-----------差异的色键Color Key----------------------色键Color Range--------------------色键幅度Difference Matte---------------不同粗粗糙 (以粗颗粒渐变到下一张图) Extract------------------------扩展Inner Outer Key----------------内部、外部色键Linear Color Key---------------线性色键Luma Key-----------------------LUMA键Spill Suppressor---------------溢出抑制器Matte Tools (粗糙工具)Matte Cloker-------------粗糙窒息物 *Simple Choker------------简单的窒息物 *Paint (油漆)Vector Paint------------矢量油漆Perspective (透视)Basic 3D-----------------基本的3DBevel Alpha--------------倾斜 ALPHABevel Edges--------------倾斜边Drop Shadow--------------垂直阴影Simulation (模拟)Particle Playground------------粒子运动场Shatter------------------------粉碎Render (渲染)4-Color Gradient-----------4色倾斜度Advanced Lightning---------高级闪电Audio Spectrum-------------音频光谱Audio Waveform-------------音频波形Beam-----------------------射线Cell Pattern---------------单元模式Ellipse--------------------椭圆Fill-----------------------填充Fractal--------------------分数维Fractal Noise--------------粗糙的分数维Grid-----------------------网格Lens Flare-----------------镜头光晕Lightning------------------闪电Radio Waves----------------音波Ramp-----------------------斜面Stroke---------------------笔划 (与stylize-write on功能类似) Vegas----------------------维加斯Stylize (风格化)Brush Strokes-------------笔刷Color Emboss--------------颜色浮雕Emboss--------------------浮雕Find Edges----------------查找边缘Glow----------------------照亮边缘Leave Color---------------离开颜色Mosaic--------------------马赛克Motion Tile---------------运动平铺Noise---------------------噪音Roughen Edges-------------变粗糙边Scatter-------------------分散Strobe Light--------------匣门光 *Texturize-----------------基底凸现Write-on------------------在.....上写 (与render-stroke功能类似)Text (文本)Basic Text---------------基本的文本Numbers------------------数字文本Path Text----------------路径文本Time (时间)Echo----------------------回响Posterize Time------------发布时间Time Difference-----------时间差别 *Time Displacement---------时间偏移Transition (转场)Block Dissolve----------块溶解Gradient Wipe-----------斜角转场Iris Wipe---------------爱丽斯转场 (三角形转场) Linear Wipe-------------线性转场Radial Wipe-------------半径转场Venetian Blinds---------直贡呢的遮掩 (百叶窗式转场)Video (视频)Broadcast Colors---------------广播色Reduce Interlace Flicker-------降低频闪Timecode-----------------------时间码表达式控制←Expression Controls┗Angle Control →角度控制Checkbox Control →检验盒控制Color Control →色彩控制Layer Control →层控制Point Control →点控制Slider Control →游标控制图象控制←Image Control┗Change Color →转换色彩Change To Color →定向转换色彩Color Balance(HLS) →色彩平衡Color Link →色彩连接Colorama →彩光Equallize →均衡Gamma/Pedestal/Gain →伽玛/基色/增益Grow Bounds →增长边缘PS Arbitrary Map →映象Tint →色彩键控←Keying┗Color Difference Key →色彩差异键Color Key →色彩键Color Range →色彩范围Difference Matte →差异蒙版Extrace →提取Inner/Outer Key →轮廓键Keylight →光键Linear Color Key →线性色彩键Luma Key →亮度键Spill Suppressor →溢色抑制蒙版工具←Matte Tools┗Matte Choker →蒙版清除Simple Choker →简单清除杂色←Nois e绘画←Paint透视←Perspective渲染←Render仿真←Simulation风格化←Stylize时间←Time切换←Transition视频←Video。