余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(美国历史(Ⅰ)(1600—1900))【圣才出品】

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。

在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。

物流 11401 帅旭东英语国家概况课后习题（附答案）Chapter 1Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— F— 1.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.— T —2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain ,which originates in Wales and flows through western England.— F— 3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.— F— 4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the secondlargest part of Britain.— F— 5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild ,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls bello w-10℃ in January.— T —6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendantsof the Anglo--Saxons.— T —7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.— F— 8.English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are—A—A.Great Britain and IrelandB.Great Britain and ShcotlandC.Great Britain and EnglandD.Great Britain and England2.—B—is the capital city of Scotland.A.BelfastB.EdinburghC.LondonD.Cardiff3.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,— D—is the smallest.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.Northern Ireland4.English belongs to the — C—group of the Indo- European family oflanguages.A.CelticB.NormanC.GermanticD.Roman5.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of -—D—words to English.A.Danish and FinnishB.Dutch and GermanC.French and Italiantin and Greek6.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the—A—influence.A.NormanB.DutchC.GermanD.Danish7.Samuel Johnson‘s dictionary was influential in establishing astandard form of—C— .8.At present,nearly —C—of the world‘s populations communicate inEnglish.A.halfB.a quarterC.one thirdD.one fifthⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why do tourist from all over the world like go to Scotland?2.How many periods can the development of the English language bedivided intoand what are they?3.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.Who are the British people?2.What is Standard English?Chapter 2Ⅰ.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F).— T —1.Birtish history before 55 BC is basically undocumented.th— T —2.The Anglo Saxon came to Britain in the 5 century.— F— 3.The chief or king of the Anglo Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.— T —4.The Viking began to attack the English coast in the th8century.— T —5.Henry Ⅱ built up a large empire which included England and most of france.— F— 6.The Magana Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and townspeople.— F— 7.The Hundred Years‘War was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.— T —8.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth Ⅰactually defended the fruit the Reformation.Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The —D—attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC.CelticD.Germanic2.By the late 7th century, —D—became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo Saxons ChristianityC.Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.The—C—marked the establishment of feudualism in England.A.Viking invasionsB. signing of the Magna CartaC.Norman ConquestD.adoption of common law4.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule —ofC—A.the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5.The direct cause ofor the Reformation was King Henry Ⅷ ‘s effortto—A—.A.divorce his wifeB.break with RomeC.support the ProtestantD.declare his supreme power over the church6.The English Civil War broke out in1642 between—B—A.the Protestant and the PuritansB.the Royalist and the ParliamentarianC.the nobles and the peasantsD.the aristocrats and the Christians7.—A—was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A.The Bill of RightsB.The Act of SupremacyC.The Provisions of OxfordD.The Magna Carta8.The Industrail Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middleof the —C—century.A.17thB.18thC.19thD.20thⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What were Queen Victoria‘s major achievements?2.What were the two camps in the World WarⅠ?3.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the Uinited States after World War Ⅱ?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the results of the Industrail revolution in Britain?2.Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire.Chapter 3Ⅰ.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F).— T —1.Conventionsare regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the England government.— F— 2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.— F— 3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the house of all government powers.— F— 4.The British Parliament is the law making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.— F— 5.The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.— T —6.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the minority party in Parliament.— F— 7.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.— T —8.The legal systems in England ,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law,orgalizations and practice.Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The British government is characterized by a division of powersbetween three of the following branchs EXCEPT the—C—.A.judiciaryB.legislatureC.monarchyD.executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on—D—.A.passing billsB.advising the gowernmentsC.political partiesD.public attitude3.As a revising chamber ,the House of Lords is expected —toB— the Houseof Commons.A.rivalplementC.criticizeD.inspect4.— A— is at the center of the British political system.A.The CabinetB.The House of LordsC.The House of CommonsD.The Privy Council5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to— B—.A.make decisionsB.give adviceC.pass billsD.supervise the Cabinet6.Generally speaking,the British Parliament operates on —a B— system.A.single partyB.two partyC.three partyD.multi party7.The politices of the Conservative Party are characterized bypragmatism and—D—.ernment interventionB.nationalization of enterprisesC.social reformD.a belief in individualiam8.In Britain,the parliamentary general election is held every—C— years.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the three functions of the House of Commons?2.What kind of public image does the Liberal Democrats have in Britain?3.Why are independent candidates unlikely towin in the general elections? Ⅳ .State your understanding of the following questions.1.What do British electoral campaigns usually involves during theprocess of a general election?2.What is the Commonwealth of Nations?Chapter 4Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— T —1.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.— T —2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.— F— 3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent.— F— 4.Thatcher‘s revolution turned out to be agreat success in dealing with all the British economic and social problems.— T —5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservetive Party.— T —6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in oder to separate politics from economic policy.— F— 7.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.— T —8.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The — A— in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A.oil crisisB.high inflation ratesrge importsD.unemployment problem2.Of the following practices, —C—did not belong to Thatcher‘s social welfare reform.A.reducing child benefitsB.shortening the period of unemploymentbenefits C.reducing unemploymentD.lowering old age pension3.The Blair government was successful in the following aspect EXPECT —D—.A.limiting government spendingB.keeping inflation under controlC.reducing unemploymentD.reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted about—C— of its land area to agriculture.A.50%B.60%C.70%D.80%5.Britain ‘s important fishing areas include all the following EXCEPT— D— .A.the North SeaB.the English ChannelC.the area around the Irish coastD.the sea area between Britain and Ireland6.Coal mining industry in Britain provides —B— of the energy consumedin the country.A.one thirdB.one fourthC.one fifthD.two thirds7. The car industry in Britain is mostly— A—.A.foreign ownedB.state ownedC.joint ownedD.privately owned8.Of the following sectors in Britain, —C—has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of the World WarⅡ.A.agricultureB.the energy industryC.the service sectorD.the manufacturing industryⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What was the negative aspect of Thatcher‘s reform in the early 1980s.2.What are the charactoristics of Britain‘sagriculture?3.What happened to Britain‘s beef industry in the mid 1990s?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the major causesof Britain ‘s relative economic decline in thepostwar period?2.Why do developed nations like Britian encourage the development of the service industry?Chapter 5Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— F— 1.The Britain government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.— F— cation inBritain is compulsory for all children between the ages of6 and 15.— F— 3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the states system and the independent system.— T —4.When children finish their schoolingat 16,they are required to take a national GCSE examination.— T —5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.— F— 6.The Times is the world oldest Sunday newspapers.— F— 7.The BBC World Service broadcast only in English throughout the world.— T —8. Some British holidays are celebrated to mark important events in the Christian calendar,and some others are related to local customs andtraditions.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.In Britain,the division between grammer schoolsand vocational schools was ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in —theD —.A.1930sB.1940sC.1950sD.1960s2. Over—C—of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A.5%B.6%C.7%D.Partially funded 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants,most of the British universities receive the remaining funds from all the following sources EXCEPT —B—.A.tuition feesB.loansC.donationsD.corporate contributions4.To be admitted to the Open University, one needs—B—.A.some educational qualificatonsB.no educational qualificationsC.the General Certificate of Education Advanced level.D. the General Certificate of Secondary Education5. Among Britain ‘s quality press,the following newspapers are regarded asthe ―Big Three‖EXCEPT —C— .A.The TimesB.The GuardianC.The ObserverD.The Daily Telegraph6.Life On Earth is a kind of —C—program produced by the BBC is popularworldwide.A.radioB.dramaC.documentaryD.soap opera7. —D—is Britain‘s top pay television provider.A.BSBB.SkyTVC.BBCD.BSkyB8.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British EXCEPT —A— .A.Trooping the ColorB.the Queen‘s Christmas messageC.Boxing DayD.the Christmas pantomimeⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What used to be the major functions of grammer schoolsand vocational schools in Britain.2.What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?4.What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What are the general features of Britain‘s independent schools?2.What are the ―Quality Press‖and the ―tabloids‖in Britain?Chapter 6Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— F— 1.The Canterbury Tales is representative work of the old English period.— T —2.The Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.— T —3.As a great English peot,Alexander Pope also translated Homer‘sIliad.— F— 4.Jhonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language,and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.— F— 5.William Wordsworth amd Sumuel Taylor Colerdge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.— F— 6.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems,such as―Ode to the West Winds‖.— F— 7.Jane Austen is a well known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.— T —8.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism,which prevailed before World War Ⅱ.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance—isB—.A.poetryB.dramaC.novelD.pamphlet2.—C—is viewed as Romantic poetry‘s―Declaration of independence‖.A. ―I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud‖B.Don JuanC.The preface to Lyrical BalladsD.Prometheus Unbound3.Of Dicken‘s novels,— B—is considered most autobiographical.A.A Tale of Two CitiesB.Davied CopperfiedC.Oliver TwistD.Great Expectations 4.th—D—is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19century.A.Robert Louis SetevensonB.John MiltonC.Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5.Of the following books,—C—is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d‘UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6.—A—is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7.Of the following writers, —B— is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8.Waiting for Godot is written by—A— .A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the three catergries of Shakespeare‘s plays and their representatives?2.What is Critical Realism?th3.What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of 19 century?4.What is the stream of consciousness?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What is Romanticism?th2.What are the characteristics of English literauture in the 20 century?Chapter 7Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— F— 1.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland.— F— 2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe.— F— 3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.— T —4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic, but belonged to the British Commonwealth of Nations.— F— 5.Ireland ‘s economy wasn‘t affected by World War Ⅱ because it remained neutral during the war.— F— 6.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern counties.— F— 7.English is the only official language in Ireland becausethe majority of people speak it as their mother tongue.— T —8.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith, but of public identity.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.th1. --B-- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2.Divergent views about --C--resulted in the Irish Civil War.A.the Act of UnionB.the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC.the Anglo-Irish TreatyD.the Anglo-Irish Agreement3.--C---was the first Irish President to visit Queen ElizabethⅡ .A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4.---D--brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB.The signing of the Downing Street Declaration C.The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA ‘s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055.In Ireland, the head of state is--B---A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6.---C---has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supportspeaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB.The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7.Emigration in Ireland started since the --A--A. medieval periodB. 17th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18th century8. Ireland now has a --B-- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why was Cork given the nickname―the Rebel County‖?2.Who were the first groups of people that came to Ireland?3.Why did Ireland remain neutral in World War Ⅱ？Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What is the significance of the following documents: the Act of Union, the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the Belfast Agreement?2. What are the goals of the main political parties in Ireland?Chapter 8Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— F— 1.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachian Range hold one-third of the country‘s continental territory.— T —2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate, with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.— T —3.A 50-centimeter rainfall line runs through the middle of the United States.— T —4.New York is composed of five boroughs, including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island and Queens.— F— 5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world-famous Hollywood is located here.— T —6.During the 1830s and the 1840s, many Northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.— T —7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.— T —8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The U.S. lies in --B--North America, with Canada to the north, Mexicoto the south, the Atlantic to its ----and the Pacific to its -----.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, west, east2.The continental United States has--C---states.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353.The state of --A--- is the largest in area of all the U.S. states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4.The longest river in the U.S. is ---B---A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Lake Itasca5.Some of the world-famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MITare located in--C--.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to --D--A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD. California7.The Immigration Act of 1924 restricted further immigration into theUnited States, particularly from--A----.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8.The characteristics of the dominant American culture are--D-A.English-speaking, Northern European, Roman Catholic andmiddle-classB.English-speaking, Western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC.English-speaking, Northern European, Protestant and upper-classD.English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-classⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.How is the American population distributed?2.Why was the Immigration Act of 1924 instituted?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.Why is the United States regarded as ―amelting pot‖and a ―salad bowl‖?2.What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in amulticultural society?Chapter 9Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).— T —1.American was named after Amerigo Vespucci,who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.— F— 2.The Second Continental Congress was held in Phiadelphia,and the Continental Army and Navy was established under the command ofThomas Jerfferson.— T —3.The Amemrican Civil War not only put an end to slavery,but also make American a single,indivisible nation.— F— 4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.— T —5.In1990,American troops and the troops from allied nations took joint military action in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.— F— 6.According to the American government,Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on Septemble11,2001.— T —7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the ―axis of the evil‖.— F— 8.On March 20,2003,American and United Nations‘troops, supposed by several other countries,began an invasion of Iraq.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The first successful English conoly in North America was founded at—C—in—— .A.Jamestown,LouisianaB.Boston, MassachusettsC.Jamestown,VirginiaD.Plymouth,Gergia2. The Seven Years‘War occurred between—C—.A.the French and the American IndiansB.the French and the SpanishC.the French and the BritishD. the British and the American Indians3. ―No taxation without representation‖was the rallying slogan of—D—.A.the settlers of VirginiaB.the people of PennsylvaniaC.thecolonists in New England D.the people of the 13 colonies4.In May 1775, — B—was held in Phiadelphia and began to assume thefunctions of a provisional government.A.the First Continental CongressB.the Second Continental CongressC.the Boston Tea PartyD.the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued the—C—to grant freedom to all slaves.A.Declaration of IndependenceB.ConstitutionC.Emancipation ProclamationD.Bill of Rights6.The policy of the United States was —A—at the beginning of the twoWorld Wars.A.nuetralityB.full involvementC.partial involvementD.appeasement7. President — C— introduced the NⅡew Deal to deal with the problemsof the Great Depression.A.WilsonB.TrumanC.RooseveltD.Kennedy8.The Vietanam War was a long time suffering for Americans,and itscontinued throughout the terms of president—D—.A.Johnson,Nixon and FordB.Truman,Eisenhower and KennedyC.Kennedy,Johnson and NixonD.Eisenhower,kennedy and Johnson Ⅲ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why did American change its policy and enter World WarⅡ ?2.What were Nixon‘s well known contributions during his presidency?3.What were the measure of Reagans ‘economic program?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What was the course of the American Civil War?2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War Ⅱ?Chapter 10Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are true(T) or false (F).— F— 1.The Bill of Right was written into the Constitution in 1787.— T —2.The form of the American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and rule of law.— F— 3.The US Congress consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.— T —4.The judicial branch of the US federal government consists of a series of courts: the supreme court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.— F— 5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.— T —6.The American presidential campaignsadhere to the ―winner-takes-all‖practice.— F— 7.The American foreign policy throughout World War 2 was neutrality.— T —8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The US.Constitution came into effect in–B--A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D.17932.The Constitution of the United States --C--A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power tothe presidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD.gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Right –B--A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB.guarantees citizens of the US specific individual rights and freedomC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has norelationship with the Constitution.4.The terms for a Senator and Representative are __D_ and ___ yearsreapectively.A. 2;4B.2;3C. 2;6D.6;25.All the following can make legislative proposals EXCEPT –C--A. the senatorB.the RepresentativeC. the secretary of stateD. the president6.The following are all powers of the President EXCEPT CA. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD.issuing executive orders7.The Supreme Court is composed of __D_ justicesA.6B.7C. 8D.98. The president is directly voted into office by _C__A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and therepresentativesⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.what are the two characteristics of the us constitution?2.what are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?3.what are the major powers of the Supreme Court?4.what are the differences between the Democrats and the Republicans in terms of political ideology.Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?2.what was President Eisenhower‘s foreign policy and what were the consequences?Chapter 11Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are true(T) or false (F).— T —1.America is the world‘s largest industrial nation.— T —2.In the US Constitution ,the recognition of the importance of?intellectual property‘could be identified.— F— 3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantations in the South made more profits from selling their agricultural products.— F— 4. President Roosevelt‘s New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s— F— 5. The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American business.— T —6. American agriculture exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.— T —7. Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.— F— 8. The growth and decline of the American foreign trade has little to do with the world economy.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.America produces a major portion of the world‘s products in the following fields EXCEPT __C_A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2.The modern American economy progressedfrom___ to____, and then to __C__A. a colonial economy, a handcraft economy, an industrial economyB.a farming economy, a handcraft economy, an industrial economyC. a colonial economy, a farming economy, an industrial economyD.a handcraft economy, a farming economy, an industrial economy。

第25章政府和政策25.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The System of Government1. The Government2. The Canadian Constitution3. Executive power4. Legislative power5. The Provincial government and territories6. Laws and courtsⅡ. Political Parties1. two-party system2. One-Party rule3. Other political partiesⅢ. The Separatist Issue in QuebecⅠ. The System of Government1. The Government(1) Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is afederation of 10 provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick,Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and two territories (Northwest Territories and Yukon).(2) In 1867, at the request of three British colonies (United Canada, Nova Scotia andNew Brunswick), passed the British North America Act which created a federal union.(3) The Federal Government was assigned powers in such areas as defense, customsand border control, currency and coinage, as well as criminal law in general, those areas involving the interests of the whole country.Ⅰ. 政府的组成1. 政府(1) 加拿大是英联邦自治成员国。

第16章美国历史(Ⅱ)(1900—1945)16.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Economic DevelopmentⅡ. ProgressivismⅢ. World War Ⅰ and the United StatesⅣ. The United States in the 1920sⅤ. The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ. World War Ⅱ and the United StatesⅠ. Economic DevelopmentIn the early 20th century, there emerged a number of features in the growth of the American economy.1. Beginning in 1989, there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers.2. With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network, there was a mushroom growth of cities.3. There was a rapid development of new technology.Ⅰ. 经济发展20世纪早期，美国经济的增长呈现了很多特点。

1. 1989年开始，出现了工业和金融的合并。

2. 随着工业的发展和铁路网络的扩展，城市的数量开始迅速增长。

3. 新技术开始迅速发展。

Ⅱ. Progressivism1. With the development of the economy, there also arose a number of social problems.2. Pushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) made a policy that the government should merely preserve order and protect property, leaving the control over the economy to the business people.3. President Wilson put forward his program of New Freedom and made many achievements.Ⅱ. 进步主义1. 随着经济的发展，也出现了一系列的社会问题。

第4章向现代时期的过渡4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)Ⅱ. The English ReformationⅢ. Elizabeth Ⅰ (1558—1603)1. Elizabeth and Parliament2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3. Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ. The English RenaissanceⅤ. James Ⅰ (1603—1625) and the ParliamentⅥ. Charles Ⅰ (1625—1649) and the ParliamentⅦ. The Civil WarsⅧ. The Commonwealth (1649—1660)Ⅸ. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)1. The name Wars of the Roses as a series of wars between House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. After the war, the great medievalnobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.2. Henry Tudor became Henry Ⅶ (1485—1509). He gave England very firm rule. Ⅰ. 向现代时期的过渡(1455—1485)1. 玫瑰战争指的是兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝之间从1455年到1485年的一系列战争。

第5章英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990)5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Whigs and ToriesⅡ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1830)Ⅳ. The Chartist Movement (1836—1848)Ⅴ. Trade Unions and the Labour PartyⅥ. Colonial Expansion1. The growth of dominions2. The Conquest of India3. The Scramble for Africa4. Aggression against ChinaⅦ. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War2. Britain Between the Two World Wars3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainⅠ. Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.Ⅰ. 辉格党和托利党这两大党派起源于光荣革命时期(1688)。

19世纪早期，辉格党和托利党联合，后来变成了自由党。

托利党是保守党的前身。

Ⅱ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century1. Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century.2. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, depending on the countryside for food.3. Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results.Ⅱ. 18世纪晚期的农业变化1. 18世纪，农业是英国一个重要的职业。

第2章国家的起源2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The Iberians2. The Beaker Folk3. The CeltsⅡ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)Ⅲ. The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish InvasionsⅤ. The Norman Conquest (1066)Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The IberiansThe first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, the Iberians came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula.2. The Beaker FolkAt about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.3. The CeltsThe Celts began to arrive about 700 BC. They came to Britain in three main waves. Ⅰ. 早期的定居者(5000 BC—55 BC)1. 伊比利亚人英国最早的定居者是伊比利亚人。

大约公元前3000年，新石器时期，来自伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚人来到了英国。

2. 宽口陶器人大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人来到现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区。

3. 凯尔特人公元前700年，凯尔特人来到英国。

他们分三批来到这里。

Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)1. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.2. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅱ. 罗马统治时期(55 BC—AD 410)1. 尤里乌斯·凯撒，罗马将领，在公元前55年入侵英国。

Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ire landp3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?2 tell3 geographical names of the UK3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britainp4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 19312 the Commonwealth3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east5 the English Channelp5 1 Chunnel2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to itswest and Scotland to its north.4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowlandp6 1 the Pennines2 tell the3 natural zones in Scotland3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River2 Thames Riverp8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Irelandp9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain 2 tell the characteristics of Britain’s climatep11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population2 Britain has a population of 57,411,0003 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per squarekilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish 2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxonsinvaded and conquered Britain.13 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that theEnglish people and the English language were born.p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England andnorthern England2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English3 Cockney4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britonsp14 1 Eisteddfodau2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin?p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of theRomans.p18 1 the Celts’s religion was Druidism2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion3 Julius Caesar4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupationp19 1 Hadrian’s Wall2 Antonine Wall3 York had been created as a northern strongholdp20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 3062 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?p21 1 Angles2 seven principal kingdoms3 Heptarchy4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britainp22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.22 St. Augustine3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?p23 1 Witan2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan4 Alfred5 the Danelaw6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”7 Alfred the Greatp24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more concerned with the building ofWestminster Abbey than with affairs of state.p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings 2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishopof Yorkp26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.2 William the Conqueror3 the Norman Conquest4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles5 Who were the Vikings?6 What do you know about St Augustine?p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeinsor serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the GrandCouncil of his new tenants in chiefp28 1 Domesday Book2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of Englandmade in 1085p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of thecustoms of the manor.p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into3collision with Thomas Becket3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164p32 Geoffrey Chaucerp33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?2 the Baron’s charter3 Magna Carta4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the GreatCharter on June 19, 12155 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carryout the Great Charterp34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the lossof the whole of Poitou.3 Simon de Montfort4 Provisions of Oxford5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—14532 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?3 Battle of Argencourt4 Joan de Arc5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of theEnglish.6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?p37 1 Black Death2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was aterrible shortage of labour.3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute ofLabourersp38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?2 the Peasant Uprising3 the Lollardsp39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death byKing Richard.p40 1 Wars of the Roses42 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,theHouse of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Warsof the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinarypeople were little affected.p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII3 Henry VIIIp43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?p44 Bloody Maryp45 1 Elizabeth I2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s tieswith Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policyp47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,covering the years c1350-c16502 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accessionof the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.p49 1 Christopher Marlowe2 Ben Jonson3 William Shakespearep50 1 Edmund Spenser2 Francis Baconp51 1 Gunpowder Plot2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and hisministers up in the Houses of Parliament.p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed fromPlymouth in the Mayflower.2 Charles I was the son of James I3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.5p53 Petition of Rightp55 1 Cavaliers2 Roundheadsp56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution3 Puritan Revolutionp57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England2 the “Rump”p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against thePuritans, now known as Nonconformistsp59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? p60 Bill of Rights (1689)p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?2 Give a brief account of Henry VIIp62 1 the Whigs2 the Tories3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as“Utilitarianism”p65 1 Enclosure Acts2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep andhorses by Robert Bakewell3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?2 John Kay’s flying shuttle63 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny4 James Wattp69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshopof the world”2 “workshop of the world”3 Luddites4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a centuryp70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?p71 1 a People’s Charter in 18382 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?p74 Trade Union Act of 1871p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 15833 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.4 1763 Treaty of Parisp79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’spopulation and areap81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of25.2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nationsp82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.p83 Winston Churchillp84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastenedthe end of Britain’s empire2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back topower in 1951.p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European EconomicCommunity.p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party72 Thatcherismp87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemonybut also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%3 British diseasep89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capitaincome third in the world3 John M. Keynesp90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growthrate and the highest inflation.2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomescontrol and state interventionism.(排除型选择)p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization,the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developedin the West Midlands and South-East of England2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growthp99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of theland area.2 agribusinessp100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultryof pigs.2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.82 nation of shopkeepers3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?p104 1 the City of London2 Lloyd’sp105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?3 What are new industries in England?4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?p106 1 constitutional monarchy2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions(排除型选择)4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the9th century.p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, shecame to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nationp110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellorp112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651 Members of Parliament2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequentintervals4 Black Rodp114 shadow cabinetp115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Ministerp116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits inthe House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime9Minister2 the Privy Council3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord Presidentp118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Servicep121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?2 What does the Cabinet consist of?3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?4 What is the function of the House of Lords?5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?8 How often does a general election take place?9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.p123 1 criminal law2 civil lawp124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independentlyreviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecutep125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences2 either way3 in 1994 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminalcases.3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotlandp127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the CrownCourt, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are CountyCourts of which there are 2702 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have thepower to sit in the county courtp129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the HomeSecretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)10p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the LordChancellor2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the HomeSecretary.p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more thansix month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracyp132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centre in Northern Ireland2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a youngoffender institution3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?5 What is the jury’s job?6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?7 How many police forces are there in the UK?8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force in Great Britain?9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.p134 1 welfare state2 NHS3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts ofParliament.p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded outof general taxation.2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations withfamily doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.p138 NHS service(排除型选择)p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around7% live in communal establishments.p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social securityprogramme2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)113 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a stateretirement pension.p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly fromtheir employer for a maximum of 18 weeksp144 war pensionsp145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.p146 Church of Englandp147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterianp148 1 the Methodist Church2 the Baptists3 the United Reformed Church4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restoredin 18505 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)2 Hogmanayp153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday----Armistice Day2 Boxing Dayp154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and fourin Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools2 eleven-plusp157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attendcomprehensive schools2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)3 sixth-form college4 Teriary college5 publish school(in the UK)12p158 there are some 90 universities in the UKp159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?2 quality dailies(排除型选择)3 quality papersp162 1 the Economist2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK 2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providingregular television broadcasts since 1936.p165 Reutersp166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly takepart in sport or exercise2 football is the most popular sport in England3 Cricket is the most typical English of sportsp171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museumsand art galleries open to the public.p172 the Beatlesp173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the operap176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the EdinburghInternational Festival of Music and Drama2 BFIp177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?4 How is the BBC financed?5 list some most important journals in the UK.6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?137 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Irelandp181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the LiffeyRiver at its confluence with the Dodder River.4 Ireland has been compared to a basinp182 Shannon Riverp183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry yearIs estimated at 25%P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population declinep187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and Englishp188 1Catholicism2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Irelandp189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16105 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?P190 1 IRA2 Easter Uprising3 Anglo-Irish Treaty4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World WarII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.P191 foreign policy of IrelandP192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiatea peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland142 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 19793 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries4 What is the largest river in Ireland?5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?P193 1 president of Ireland2 taoiseachP194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliamentP195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislationand the 1937 Constitutionp196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael2Sinn Fein3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the Britishin 19214Anglo-Irish Treatyp197 Fine Gaelp198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sectorp201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europep202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin BroadcastingStation2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.3 James Joycep206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.2Ulysses3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?155 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy6 List Ireland’s main industries7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish Part three the United States of Americap209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada toits north.2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.4 the United States has an ideal location for trade5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the worldp210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as theContinental Divide.2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one ofthe world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi3Mississippi4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians5Missouri6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joinsthe Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois8 father of waters9 old man riverp212 1 American Ruhr2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulfof Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)4 Great Lakes5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the worldp213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.3 What factors influence the climate of US?4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the16country(New England)p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climatewith warm, dry summers and moist winters.3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of the US.4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US.Washington and New York are located herep217 1 Chicago2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent5 list some major economic activities of South America. p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians2 the Great Plains3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.4 Yellowstone National Park5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?p220 1 the Grand Canyon2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressivesight.p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People andis the site of New Mexico’s state university.2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii p222 the penisula of alaska is bordered on its east side by Canada.p224 1 the US is the 3rd most populous country in the worldp225 1 the US had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independenceuntil the 1960s.2 Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s.17。

第31章政府和政策31.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The ConstitutionⅡ. Parliament1. The Governor-General2. The House of Representatives3. The Executive4. The Senate5. State Parliaments6. Local GovernmentⅢ. Political Parties1. The Australian Labor Party2. The Liberal Party of Australia3. The National Party of Australia4. The Australian DemocratsⅣ. The JudiciaryBackgroundsThe Commonwealth of Australia is a federation. It came into being on January 1,1901 when the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was enacted by the British Parliament.The Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: the federal parliament and government, six State parliaments and governments, and about 900 local governments at the city, town, municipal and shire level.The powers of the federal parliament are defined in a written Constitution. Australia is independent but still has constitutional links with Britain.Britain’s monarch is also formally Australia’s and is represented in Australia by the Governor-General and six State governors. They are head of state and formally chief executive.Apart from the federal system, the Constitution and Parliament, government of Australia is also carried out through other political institutions. They include the High Court, Cabinet, political parties, elections and the public service.The basic structure of Australian government is based on both the British and American models. There are also some significant Australian variations.背景1901年1月1日澳大利亚联邦宪法法案由英国议会颁布，澳大利亚联邦政府成立。

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇公号-精研学习网-查找资料本书是余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）教材的学习辅导书，主要包括以下内容：1．整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。

在参考了国内外名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记基础上，复习笔记部分对该章的重难点进行了整理，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了该教材的知识精华。

2．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。

本书参考了该教材的国内外配套资料和其他教材的相关知识对该教材的课（章）后习题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。

本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。

第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Geographical Features1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2.Rivers and LakesⅡ.Climate1.A Maritime Climate2.Factors Which Influence the Climate3.RainfallⅢ.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant Life2.Animal Life1.Ethnic Groupsnguages3.Religion4.Urbanization5.Population Growth6.Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1.Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland,and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The total population of the UK was around63million,which is the third-largest in the European Union and the22nd-largest in the world.3.The UK is a developed country with considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.4.The UK’s capital is London,and it has other major cities including,Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1.大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。