Working With Process SOA and BPM

企业业务流程重组的原则简答题BPR(BusinessProcess Reengineering/Business Process Re-engineering/Business Process Redesign，业务流程重组)，“公司再造”、“再造工程”。

最早由美国的Michael Hammer 和James Champy 提出，在20世纪90年代达到了全盛的一种管理思想。

西方发达国家兴起了一场企业再造革命，被喻为“从毛毛虫变蝴蝶”的革命，也被认为是继全面质量管理运动后的第二次管理革命。

BPR强调以业务流程为改造对象和中心、以关心客户的需求和满意度为目标、对现有的业务流程进行根本的再思考和彻底的再设计，利用先进的制造技术、信息技术以及现代的管理手段、最大限度地实现技术上的功能集成和管理上的职能集成，以打破传统的职能型组织结构，建立全新的过程型组织结构，从而实现企业经营在成本、质量、服务和速度等方面的戏剧性的改善。

BPR最重要的是在组织高管层面有完善的业务流程重组管理计划与实施步骤以及对预期可能出现的障碍与阻力有清醒认识。

美国的一些大公司，如IBM、科达、通用汽车、福特汽车等纷纷推行BPR，试图利用它发展壮大自己，实践证明，这些大企业实施BPR以后，取得了巨大成功。

一、功能1、有助于一定目标或任务的顺利完成业务流程的评判标准是：它的可取性决定于对企业某项任务或工作目标的完成是否有贡献，而且是直接的贡献和作用。

2、有助于企业内部分工的细化3、有助于明确执行人的责任4、有助于时间的合理利用和效率的提高二、原则业务流程重组能够为企业创造优化的业务流程，提升企业的核心竞争力，在业务流程重组过程中的工作重点，就是要消除价值传递链中的非增值活动和调整核心增值活动。

1、以流程为中心在一个以流程为中心的企业中，企业的基本组成单位是不同的流程，这样就使得企业的部门乃至流程本身都富有弹性，能够随着市场的变化而随时增减改变。

企业架构(EA)系列2：企业架构之流程管理(BPM) (入选推荐日志，加10币)上一篇文章提到企业体系架构包括4个层面的内容：业务、应用程序、信息数据和技术。

在上述论述中，最重要的是业务这个角度，也就是对于企业是什么的描述。

其他三个角度，应用程序-数据-IT基础设施，应用程序是根本，数据是应用程序的数据及数据流动，IT基础设施对应用程序起支撑作用。

“业务角度”描述了业务的运作方式。

一般包括以下内容：1．企业的高级目标；2．整个企业或企业的重要部分实施的业务过程；3．执行的业务功能；4．主要的组织结构；5．各元素之间的相互关系；对于业务的描述，主要是从业务流程的角度来描述企业。

个人的感觉是，如果利用业务流程管理的思路，从业务角度来描述企业可能更加清晰和条理化。

1.业务流程（Business Process）首先，什么是业务流程？从流程的角度来描述企业，是20世纪最伟大的管理学发现之一。

这句话不是我说的，但是我非常认同。

什么叫业务流程？迈克尔•哈默说：业务流程是把一个或多个输入转化为对顾客有价值的输出的活动；T•H•达文波特说：业务流程是一系列结构化的可测量的活动集合，它为特定的市场或特定的顾客产生特定的输出；A•L•斯切尔说：业务流程是在特定时间产生特定输出的一系列客户、供应商关系；H•J•约翰逊说：业务流程是把输入转化为输出的一系列相关活动的集合，它增加输入的价值并创造出对接受者更为有效的输出；ISO 9000称：业务流程是一组将输入转化为输出的相互关联或相互作用的活动。

简单地说，流程就是不能靠一个岗位、一个人的技能和能力完成的工作和活动的集合。

个人理解，流程是一系列活动，有价值的活动。

与业务流程相关的词汇还有：added-value chain：价值链events：事件processes：流程rules：规则activities：活动roles：角色objects (data structures)：对象(数据)objects (documents)：对象(文档)audit trails：审计线索performance indicators：绩效指标services：服务2.业务流程管理概念-BPM（Business Process Management）企业有很多很多业务流程，需要对这些流程进行管理，这就是业务流程管理-BPM。

山东广播电视大学开放教育管理英语1课程随堂练习1Passage1Aging Crisis in China1“Aging,”says Alex Kalache,Head of the Programme on Aging at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,“is the number one problem in the world.And if it is not addressed now,there will be serious consequences.”It is the“number one problem”because the numbers of people over60–and particularly those over80–are growing fast.The rapid aging trend in China’s population also poses immediate challenges to Chinese society.How can China face this challenge?As the social structure changes in terms of demographics,so will tradition.2In1959there were200million people over60in the world,accounting for8percent of the total population.It is predicted that in china,by2000,the number of retired people will be several times that of the mid-90’s.In2020they will have increased by several times again.The problem is that as more and more people live longer and their numbers increase both in actual numbers and relative to the general population,there will be fewer people to care for them.The dependency ratio,as it is called,is also affected by the fact that women,who have been the traditional caretakers of the elderly,are becoming more career-oriented and are not at home to care for their parents.3One solution is senior homes.Traditionally,it is considered a Chinese virtue for children to take care of their parents.But if people are working long hours,older parents feel lonely at home.At senior citizen centres,they can get good care from the nurses,who are also willing to listen to their stories.“When I first came here,I complained about my daughter’s decision.But gradually,I began to like this place,”Wei Wenkuei,86,said.“The nurses are more attentive than a house maid,and the food is good.”Wei is staying at the Peixin Senior Citizens centre in Nanshi District.There are only three senior centres in the Dongjiadu Neighbourhood in Nanshi District,Which is not enough for more than20,000people over the age of60. However,the neighbourhood has about15000laid-off women workers who are eager for jobs,and the area expects to open several new centres in the near future.The government is not only encouraging individuals to run senior citizen’s homes,but the government itself is building centres.4Some say that these home isolate the elderly from the rest of society and that keeping an intergenerational bond is necessary for a rich,wise society.Another model which helps old people to live more independently is known as“care in the community.”A unique example of this is the“SOS Bells for the Elderly”system which was introduced in Changqiao Neighbourhood in the Western District in1996, and has proved successful.Families were encouraged to volunteer to form mutual help“pairs”with elderly people who had no children nearby to care for them.Bells were affixed at the bedside of lonely and ill senior citizens and connected to the home of the“pair household.”When the bell rings,the helper goes at once.In May1997,the Beijing Committee for the Elderly had emergency bells installed in297homes in Beijing’s10districts.5Although larger social welfare system reform needs to be undertaken,these changes in the traditional way of caring for old people show a China which is ready and willing to deal with change in a creative way. Now that“over-population”and“the aging crisis”are seen as problems by modern society world-wide,it is important that the elderly are not ignored,alienated or mistreated,but rather treasured for their great store of experience.These are problems that need thoughtful solutions.Directions:Find the following sentences in passage1and use the context of the sentence to determine the meaning of the underlined word.Then choose the word or phrase which best expresses the word’s meaning and write your answers on your answer sheet.(The paragraph in which the sentence appear is indicated in the brackets.)1.And if it is not addressed now,there will be serious consequences.”(paragraph1)A.to give the name of the placeB.to make a speechC.to deal with2.As the social structure changes in terms of demographics,so will tradition.(paragraph1)A.jobsB.populationC.gender3.Traditionally,it is considered a Chinese virtue for children to take care of their parents.(paragraph3)A.good qualityB.benefitC.advantage4.The nurses are more attentive than a house maid.(paragraph3)A.listening carefullyB.politely helpfulC.warm-hearted5.Now that“over-population”and“the aging crisis”are seen as problems by modern society world-wide, it is important that the elderly are not ignored,alienated or mistreated,but rather treasured for their great store of experience.(paragraph5)A.badly treatedB.well treatedC.properly treatedDirections:Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to passage1. Write true(T)or false(F)against the number for items6-10.6.According to Alex Kalache,over-population is the number one problem in the world.7.Wei Wenkuei fell in love with Peixin Senior Citizens Centre immediately when she went there.8.Only the government has the right to build senior citizen’s homes.9.“SOS Bells for the Elderly”system is a unique example of“care in the community.”10.It can be inferred from the passage,the elderly should be well treated rather than forgotten.Part IIQuestions11–20are based on Passage2.Passage2Bargain Fashion1.Scavenging for hand-me-downs is a way of life for those who have few resources and need to put clothes on their backs.For others on the high consumer end,even though they have more income,it’s become a pastime.It’s fun,it’s challenging and the clothes,they believe,make a fashion statement. Rummaging through thrift shops,combing weekend flea markets and yard sales,visiting vintage fashion stores,and even surfing the Internet has become a passion for people seeking out fashion treasures on the cheap.2.Some like to think of it as frugal living—a careful or thrifty way to live,a way to protect both their pocketbook and the environment.With the growing concern for waste,some people feel this is one way they can do their part by recycling and reusing.In San Francisco,California,there are1500recycle shops,selling everything from used refrigerators to designer evening gowns.San Diego,California,boasts more than2,000secondhand shops along with a quarterly newspaper called“Second Hand News”with a readership of thousands of people.This56-page publication contains information on store listings,shop ratings,coming events,and news of trends in recycling.People from all sectors of society read“Second Hand News”to learn about what’s happening in the secondhand scene.The interest is growing in the use of these shops—some drop off their goods that they no longer want or need,some come to browse and see what it’s all about,others come to search for that piece of clothing that will make them stand out in a crowd.3.Recycle centers and shops originated through community service organizations such as the YMCA,Salvation Army,Good Will and church groups.One such organization,the St.Vincent De Paul in San Diego,got its start in1948and is still doing a booming business anizations such as these offer a wide range of goods and products from used household items to baby clothes.In many urban centers these types of shops cater to the needier segment of the population.4.But as recycling became fashionable during the1980s,individuals opened secondhand shops geared to the middle and even upper classes of society.Shops like“Michael’s”in downtown San Diego, Auntie Helen’s in New York,and Brother Bennie’s in Los Angeles specialize in vintage clothing and accessories for both men and women.They claim to stock secondhand goods of the“finest quality”at low prices.“Choosing an evening gown at Michael’s is almost like shopping at Harrods in London or Barney’s in New York,except it’s a lot more exciting,”says Gennie,a fashion model based in San Diego.“You can choose from clothes that lots of famous people owned,and there’s a seamstress right there to make adjustments.You even get the option of a full refund up to1—1/2hours after a purchase if you get it home and decide it’s really not for you,”she explains.5.The recycle craze is not just all happening in the United States,it seems to have taken much of the whole world by storm.Some people in Tokyo,Japan make their living by what they call“thrifting”: Designers hire them to shop for treasures,which then form the basis of their next fashion collection.James Ashton says he’s become a professional scout.“I go to clubs to see what the kids are wearing,then hunt down old fabric,a belt buckle or a cool sweater pattern at a flea market,”he explains.The designer then invents a new look using the goods the scout has gathered.“Some are fashion wizards,others become famous just by copying thrift items,”says Ashton.6.In London,England,hunting for vintage clothing and jewelry has become the in thing to do. Helen,of Helen Uffner Vintage Clothing,has a huge collection of garments from1850through the1970s, some of which are for sale,others she rents out for use in feature films.“A number of the costumes for Outof Africa,which set off a Safari fad,came from my collection,”she exclaims.As your eye passes over the goods in her shop you can guess that a vintage shoe collector would be delighted to see her shoe collection. On the rack are a pair of1970s Charles Jourdan platform shoes with carved wooden chunky heels and braided,yellow patent leather straps.That same chunky look was revived in1997,a hot item in fashion circles then.Now she says,“This pair is just waiting for the right foot.”7.The idea is to take fragments of the past to create an image for yourself.The look may or may not be selling in the designer boutique down the street,but you can still be satisfied knowing you’ve done your personal look by yourself—and on the cheap to boot.(Word count=807)Directions:Read passage2and try to find each word using the paragraph markers()and then fill in the chart below. The first one is done for you as an example.(20points,2points each.)Part IIIQuestions21–30are based on Passage3.Passage3Seventy-four Years of Winter Olympic Glory1Chamonix,1924:The Games were first known as the"International Winter Sports Week."It wasn't until1925that they were officially named the Olympic Winter Games.Norway and Finland dominated Nordic skiing,speed skating and bobsleigh.Two days before the Closing Ceremony,the International Olympic Committee(IOC)was approved as the official organizing committee for the Games2St.Moritz1928:Unseasonable warm weather created havoc with the events at the Swiss Alpine resort,while Norway continued to dominate.Sonja Henie,just15,combined grace with athletic ability to win the first of three Olympic gold medals in women's figure skating.Japan sent its first delegation--six skiers and one official.3Lake Placid,1932:Warm weather again hit the Games,forcing organizers to haul snow from Canada to the upstate New York town.The four-man bobsleigh race had to be postponed until after the Closing Ceremony.Dog-sled racing and women's speed skating were demonstration events and Edward Eagan,a Summer Games Olympic medallist in1920,was on the winning U.S.four-man bobsleigh team to become the first summer-winter medallist.4Garmischi-Partenkirchen,1936:Blizzard conditions,and a possible boycott by the IOC over Adolph Hitler's politics threatened the Games initially.European speed skaters dominated the medalsstandings after the Olympics returned to the continental style of racing against the clock rather than"group starts"used four years earlier.5St Moritz,1948:The Swiss resort hosted the Winter Games for the second time,favoured as a neutral venue following World War II.Germany and Japan were not allowed to participate,while single-person sled racing was held for the first time since the previous St.Moritz Games.American John Heaton repeated as single silver medallist after two decades on the sidelines.6Oslo,1952:The Winter Games held its first torch relay,kindled at the home of Norwegian skiing legend Sondre Norheim.Attendance at events was exceptional with the ski jump alone attracting crowds of 150,000,an Olympic attendance record for both the Summer and Winter Games.Women's cross-country ski races made their Olympic debut and American Dick Button defended his figure skating title.7Cortina d'Ampezzo,1956:The Soviet Union debuted at the Winter Games,while a stadium built to hold10,000spectators--in a town of about6,000--hosted the skating and hockey events.Austrian Toni Sailor performed an Alpine skiing"hat trick,"which was,taking gold in the men's downhill,giant slalom and slalom.Chiharu Igaya won the men's slalom silver,Japan's first Winter Olympic medal.8Squaw Valley,1960:Through the campaigning of landowner Alexander Cushing,the mountain town in northern California edged Innsbruck in voting by the IOC.Women's speed skating becomes an official medal event,and biathlon was added to the Olympic program.East and West Germany sent a joint team, using Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as their national anthem.9Innsbruck,1964:For the first time in the Winter Games,the Olympic flame was lighted at Olympia, Greece.But the warmest winter in58years in Innsbruck left minimal snow cover and difficult conditions at many venues.*Luge made its Olympic debut,as did the microchip,which was used in judging and timing at events.India also debuted at the Winter Games.10Grenoble,1968:The"snowy Games"attracted only about70,000spectators on the ground,but500 million viewers watched them on television.Women were forced to take gender tests for the first time in the Olympics,while Frenchmen Jean-Claude Killy handled heavy pressure from countrymen with superb style,grabbing all three Olympic Alpine skiing golds on offer.11Sapporo,1972:At the first Winter Olympics held in Asia,a dispute over amateur status came to the boil when the IOC banned Austrian ski star Karl Schranz from the Games because he had been paid for appearing in a ski maker's advertisement.American figure skater Janet Lynn settled for women's bronze but won the hearts of the local audience while hotel manager Francisco Fernandez Ochoa staged a surprise victory in the men's slalom for Spain's first gold medallist in the Winter Olympics.12Innsbruck,1976:The Winter Games returned to Innsbruck after Denver,the planned host,decided to give the Games back due to fear of over-development and a mushrooming budget.Austrian Franz Klammer grabbed the men's downhill gold before a home crowd while American Dorthy Hamill pirouetted to women's figure skating gold.Ice dancing became an Olympic medal event.13Lake Placid,1980:The host of the1932Winter Games gained a unanimous vote from the IOC. American Eric Heiden swept all five gold medals in men's speed skating,while Austria's Annemarie Moser-Proell,after disappointment in Sapporo,snatched the women's downhill gold.14Sarajevo,1984:Sapporo offered in1978to host the1984Winter Games if no other cities decided to bid,but Sarajevo came forward to welcome a record49countries in the first Winter Games held in Eastern Europe.Katarina Witt of East Germany won the first of two figure skating golds.15Calgary,1988:Canada hosted its first Winter Olympics and the first that network ABC paid a record$309million for broadcasting rights and,despite Chinooks--warm,dry winds out of the Rocky Mountains--that disrupted the schedule,Italy's Alberto Tomba emerged a skiing hero with gold in the men's slalom and giant slalom.Britain's Michael Edwards"Eddie in the Eagle"captured no medals but grabbed the hearts of millions with his amateur bravado on the ski jump.Freestyle skiing,short track speed skating and curling were demonstration sports.16Albertville,1992:Organized by former skiing great Jean Claude Killy,the16th Winter Games were hit by criticism over the distance between venues in the French Alps.But Japan enjoyed its best medal victories ever,winning the Nordic combined team gold and a total of seven medals-this equaled the total medals won by Japan in all previous Winter Olympics combined.Canada's Kerrin Lee-Gartner thrilled one and all with gold in the women's downhill.17Lillehammer,1994:The town of23,000was recognized by many as having hosted the best Winter Games to date.Huge energetic crowds,good weather and smooth transportation were all widely acclaimed. Local favourite Johann Olav Koss showed why he was known as"The Boss"by winning three speed skating gold medals,all in world-record times.The media was engrossed by feuding U.S.figure skaters Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan,but Oksana Baiui from the Ukraine upstaged them both to take the women's gold.18Nagano,1998:Back in Japan for a second time,this Winter Games was recognized as being high-tech and environmentally friendly.*Winter snowsuits designed specifically for members of the IOC, the organizers and volunteers at the Olympics,were made famous by the fact they could be recycled into usable oil.The Olympic Village offered free internet use for all athletes,many setting up their own home page for fans to wish them good luck before their event,and congratulate them afterwards.The environment was also enriched-leftovers from the Olympic Village cafeteria were recycled into fertilizer. World records for both the men and women's speed skating were broken by skaters from the Netherlands and Germany,and Chinese aerial skiers made their first dazzling debut with Xu Nannan bringing home a silver for her double back somersault with a triple twist.Curling,women's hockey and snowboarding were added to the Winter Games.Directions:Read Passage3and match the following Olympic Games in the left column with their relevant descriptions in the right column.Write your answers on your answer sheet.（20points,2points for each choice）21.Chamonix,1924 A.in which Edward Eagan became the first summer-winter medallist22.St Moritz1928 B.in which Chiharu Igaya won Japan’s first Winter Olympic medalke Placid,1932 C.in which women’s speed skating becomes an official medal event24.Oslo,1952 sting16days25.Cortina D’Ampezzo,1956 E.first known as the“International Winter Sports Week”26.Squaw Valley,1960 F.in which the first torch relay was held27.Grenoble,1968G.in which Japan sent its first delegation28.Sapporo,1972H.in which American Eric Heiden swept all five gold medals in men’s speed skatingke Placid,1980I.held in Asia for the first time30.Calgary,1988J.in which women were forced to take gender test for the first timePart IVQuestions31–40are based on Passage4.Passage4The Tramp And The PhilosopherIn1911,a penniless young music-hall artist left England for America.His future was uncertain,but he did not believe it could be unhappier than his past.He had grown up in London’s East End and experienced great poverty.His mother’s life had been so hard that she had finally gone mad,and his father had died of drink.Both parents had been on the stage and lived in the hope that they would one day be“stars”.Their son was determined to succeed where they had failed.By1914his optimism and determination were justified.Charles Chaplin was the most talked about man in America,the king of silent movies.He was not only admired as a first-class actor and comedian,but he was also making his name as a director.How did he reach the top of the film world in such a short time? He was not an instant success.However,he gradually began to develop the character of the tramp that we always connect with his name.He borrowed ideas from many sources,and though he“stole”most of his clothes from other slapstick comedians of the time,he developed his own special mannerisms to go with them.He used his bowler hat to signal secret messages and his walking stick allowed him to cause confusion and punish his enemy from a distance.He got the idea for his famous flat-footed walk from a London taxi driver who had sore feet.Charlie,the tramp,looked very funny,but he was also lovable.Inside his tramp’s clothes,the audience saw a human being who was poor,but dreamed of being rich,who was ugly but wanted to be handsome, who was lonely and desperately wanted a girlfriend.The tramp was a great romantic,but he always lost his heart to girls who for some reason had to leave him.The audience would be moved by this,but before they had time to reach for their handkerchiefs,Charlie’s feet would get in the way and they would laugh instead. In his early days as a director,Chaplin produced sixty-two short silent comedy films in four years.He was able to take complete control of his work and he would use his many gifts as he wished.He was a master of the art of mime,and as an acrobat he used to perform many dangerous stunts.But his greatest gift was his sense of timing–something which he said had come to him from his mother,who had been a dancer.Later on his films began to be more serious.In The Kid,which is about an orphan,Chaplin remembered his own fear and unhappiness when he was separated from his mother.Then,in1929,the Wall Street Stock Market collapsed.Suddenly there were tramps like Charlie everywhere,and the cruel division between the rich and poor is reflected in the opening scene of City Lights.Chaplin now felt the need to comment on the fate of the world as well as on the life of his hero.At this time he made The Great Dictator which made fun of Hitler’s philosophy and mannerisms.He described Hitler as“this amazing imitation of me”.Extreme right-wing people in America persuaded the Americans through the press that Chaplin was too left-wing.When he was on a visit to Britain the American government refused to give him a re-entry visa.So in 1948he decided to make his home in Switzerland.His marriage to the lovely Oona O’Neill was happy,and he became the proud father of eight children.Nevertheless he still felt bitter and the films he continued to make show this.The King in New York is the story of a king living in a foreign country who is made to suffer for his beliefs.America still suspected Chaplin’s political beliefs and his films were not shown there.It was not until1972that Chaplin and Hollywood finally made up their quarrel and he was invited back to receive an apology–and the award of an Oscar.He was given a hero’s welcome and was deeply moved.Then,in1975,aged86,he returned to London,the city of his birth.He went to Buckingham Palace to be knighted by the Queen.Charlie,the tramp,would have fallen over as he left.Sir Charles Chaplin simply wept.Read passage4carefully and then decide whether statements31-40are true or false based on your understanding of the passage.Write T for true and F for false against the number of the statement on the answer sheet.(20points,2points each.)31.Charles Chaplin went to America in1911.32.Charles Chaplin’s parents thought they were“stars”.33.Charles Chaplin was not only a first-class comedian but also a director.34.Charles Chaplin borrowed his ideas from many sources.35.Charles chaplin’s films became more and more serious.36.Right-wing people in America thought Chaplin was too left-wing.37.Charles Chaplin decided to make his home in Britain.38.Charles Chaplin had eight children.39.After1948,Charles Chaplin’s films were shown everywhere in America.40.Charles Chaplin received the award of an Oscar in1972.Part VPassage5Why Study Public Speaking?1Today,beyond the relative security of the college or university classroom,nearly7,000speakers will stand in front of American audiences and deliver speeches.And during those same twenty-four hours, people will make more than30million business presentations.These speakers will express and elaborate their ideas,champion their causes,and promote their products or services.Those who are successful will make sales,obtain support,and educate and entertain their listeners.Many will also enhance their reputations as effective speakers.To achieve these goals,each will be using the skills,principles,and arts of public speaking.2Consider,too,that somewhere on a college campus right now is the students who will one day deliver an inaugural address after being sworn in as President of the United States;the student who will appear on national television to accept the Tony Award for Best Actress,or the Academy Award for Best Director;and the student of doctors and medical technicians,or whose words will announce the passage of important legislation.3Studying and practicing public speaking benefits you personally,professionally and publicly. Personal Benefits of Studying public Speaking4First,mastering public speaking can help you acquire skills important to your success in college. According to a recent Carnegie Foundation report:“To succeed in college,undergraduates should be able to write and speak with clarity,and to read and listen with nguage and thought are inextricably connected,and as undergraduatesdevelop their linguistic skills,they improve the quality of their thinking and become intellectually and socially empowered.”5Second,public speaking can help you become more knowledgeable.There is a saying that we learn:10percent of what we read,20percent of what we hear,30percent of what we see,and70percent of what we speak.6Consider for a moment two different ways of studying lecture notes for an exam.One method is to read and reread your notes silently.An alternative is more active and makes you a sender of messages.You stand in your room,put your lecture notes on your dresser,and deliver the lecture out loud,pretending you are the instructor explaining the material to the class.Which method do you think promotes better understanding and retention of the course material?You will not be surprised to learn that it’s the second method.7Speaking is an active process.You discover ideas,shape them into a message,and deliver that message using your voice and body.The act of speaking is a crucial test of your thinking skills.As the British author E.M.Forster observed,“How do I know what I think until I’ve seen what I’ve said?”The process of developing and delivering an idea clarifies it and helps make it uniquely your own. Professional Benefits of Studying Public Speaking8Studying communication,and specifically public speaking,is important to you not only personally but also professionally.In fact,numerous studies document a strong relationship your chances of first securing employment and then advancing in your career.John Hafer and C.C.Hoth surveyed thirty-seven companies,asking them to rate the characteristics they considered most important when hiring an employee. Out of twenty-six total characteristics,oral communication skills ranked first.9More recently,three speech and business professors collected428responses from personnel managers in business organizations to determine the“factors most important in helping graduating college students obtain employment”.Oral communication skills ranked first and listening second.The researchers concluded:“From the results of this study,it appears that the skills most valued in the contemporary job market are communication skills.The skills of oral communication enthusiasm are seen as the most important.It would appear to follow that university officials wishing to be of the greatest help to their graduates in finding employment should make sure that basic competencies in oral and written communication are developed.Courses in listening,interpersonal,and public communication would form the basis of meeting the oral communication competencies.”10Once you are hired,your speaking skills continue to work for you,becoming your ticket to career success and advancement.Researchers Roger Mosvick and Robert Nelson found that managers and technical professionals spend approximately twice as much time speaking and listening as they do reading and writing.A survey of500executives found that speaking skills“rated second only to job knowledge as important factors in a businessperson’s success”.That same study also showed that effective communication helped improve company productivity and understanding among employees.Oral communication and public speaking clearly play a critical role in your professional life.。

SOA定义及解决方案SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)是一种软件架构风格，它基于服务的概念和面向服务的设计原则，使得软件系统的组件可以通过网络进行互联，并以松散耦合的方式协同工作。

SOA通过将应用程序划分为一系列可重用的、可独立部署的服务，从而提供了一种灵活且可扩展的架构，使企业能够更加敏捷地响应业务需求。

SOA的核心理念是将功能划分为服务，并通过服务之间的通信来实现业务逻辑的协作。

每个服务都是独立的、自治的，并通过公开的接口与其他服务进行交互。

服务之间的通信可以通过传统的基于网络的通信协议，如HTTP和SOAP，也可以采用更轻量级的协议，比如REST。

通过使用标准化的接口和协议，SOA促进了服务的可重用性和互操作性，使得系统可以更容易地扩展和集成现有应用。

SOA的优势在于它提供了一种面向业务的设计方法，使得系统能够更好地适应变化的业务需求。

通过将功能划分为独立的服务，企业可以更快速地构建和部署新的业务流程，并且可以根据需要灵活地组合和重用现有的服务。

此外，SOA还提供了一种松散耦合的机制，使得系统的不同部分可以以独立的方式发展和迭代，从而降低了系统的维护成本和风险。

为了构建一个成功的SOA解决方案，以下是一些关键的考虑因素：1.服务设计：在SOA中，服务是架构的核心组件。

服务的设计应该遵循一些原则，如高内聚、低耦合、可重用性等。

服务应该提供明确定义的接口，并具有明确的功能和责任。

2.服务注册与发现：由于SOA系统中服务的数量庞大，服务的注册与发现是非常重要的。

注册表或服务目录可以用于跟踪和管理可用的服务，并允许应用程序动态地发现和使用这些服务。

3. 服务编排与协作：SOA系统中的服务可能需要协同工作以实现复杂的业务逻辑。

服务编排通过组合和串联不同的服务来实现这种协作。

编排可以通过使用BPM工具（Business Process Management）或编排引擎来实现。

价值链的概念和构成企业要生存和发展，必须为企业的股东和其他利益集团包括员工、顾客、供货商以及所在地区和相关行业等创造价值。

如果把“企业”这个“黑匣子”打开，我们可以把企业创造价值的过程分解为一系列互不相同但又相互关联的经济活动，或者称之为“增值活动”，其总和即构成企业的“价值链”。

任何一个企业都是其产品在设计、生产、销售、交货和售后服务方面所进行的各项活动的聚合体。

每一项经营管理活动就是这一价值链条上的一个环节。

企业的价值链及其进行单个活动的方式，反映了该企业的历史、战略、实施战略的方式以及活动自身的主要经济状况。

它叫Just in time管理，什么意思呢？我是从后面往前推的，我下游需要什么，你才给我什么，不是说我生产越多越好，而是说我需要这个部件，你就给我，正好是零库存。

我要精细化管理，这时候我没有库存，我生产的，正好是我需要的。

供应链的计算，你生产多少，我给你多少，而且每个环节都是这样。

这样的话它叫Just in time管理，就是流程的精细化管理。

这样的管理就慢慢会到企业的经营型管理了，就不是生产型了。

这时的企业战略，比如我现在要发展什么市场，做什么业务，企业的战略就慢慢和企业的生产连在一起了。

反推这样的管理过程，从上到下，一般流程是分五个层次：第一个层次是价值链，就是老总关心的，我的供应商是什么，我生产什么东西，我向谁推销，这三步我先管，价值链是第一级流程，下一步流程可能业务主管，我每个生产可能分成一个流程链，我生产的时候有几步要什么，要干什么事情，我把它画出来，那就是由战略推导出来的流程链。

下一个第三层真正开始管流程了，要做一个具体的事情，需要什么样的组织，需要什么生产力，需要什么样的服务，需要什么样的生产能力，这样就慢慢变成流程大体组件。

最后这两个层次才开始真正的一步一步走。

如果光靠最后这一层次，没有和价值链连、流程链指导，很可能你就很盲目了，那些东西是上面想知道的？下面什么东西应该反馈到上层去？没有这个链接，企业的管理这就断裂了。

什么是BPM，BPM与OA的区别，BPM与EAI的区别近年来，随着计算机技术的发展和互联网时代的到来，我们已经进入了信息时代，也称为数字化时代，在这数字化的时代里，企业的经营管理都受到了极大的挑战。

从上世纪90年代起至今，企业的信息化工作开展的如火如荼，相继建立了很多业务系统，同时也给企业带来了巨大的效益。

但是，新的问题出现了，业务已经对这些复杂的系统提出更新的需求，即需要实现系统之间整合。

EAI(Enterprise Application Integration)技术风靡一时，成为了各界人士追捧的对象。

热闹过后，许多人已经清晰的认识到，EAI仅仅是为解决“数据孤岛”而生，并不能解决业务流程的整合。

另外，虽然很多业务系统也支持工作流技术，但是由于工作流与业务逻辑紧密结合，所以在EAI 实施的效果大打折扣。

实践证明，优化、高效、低成本的业务流程将为企业提供了与竞争对手拉开距离的法宝，高效的业务流程不仅提高企业的运行高效率，而且降低企业的成本，使企业达到高度自动化。

所以，业务流程才是企业的核心问题。

为了使业务系统适应企业的运行机制，需要对众多业务系统进行更深度的整合，包括数据整合、流程整合等，所以，BPM(Business Process Management)随之而产生。

1、BPM是什么“2005在IT界里，有一个不成文的规律，那就是喜欢拿概念忽悠人。

年是ERP年”，口号刚出，一夜之间ERP厂商风起云涌，到处鼓吹其先进理念，只要是能跟ERP挨上边儿的，都叫ERP系统，所以直接导致ERP在中国是失败的结局。

BPM也是一样，由于BPM、ERP、OA、Workflow、EAI 等这些概念都有一定联系，所以许多也不免俗套，开始宣扬自己的BPM理念。

如果您是没学会忽悠本事的开发商，深刻理解BPM，真正提升您的产品质量，才不会被市场忽悠没了；如果您是没学会防忽悠本事的用户，深刻理解BPM，真正能评价一个好的BPM产品，才不会被开发商忽悠没了。

什么是SOA架构SOA（Service-Oriented Architecture，面向服务的架构）是一种软件架构风格，它通过将应用程序的功能分解为独立的、可重用的服务来提高软件系统的灵活性、可扩展性和可维护性。

SOA将服务作为架构的核心构建块，这些服务是高度自治的单元，通过提供自我描述和自管理的接口来与其他服务进行通信。

每个服务都完成一个特定的业务功能，并可以独立于其他服务进行开发、实施、测试和维护。

SOA的核心理念是将应用程序分解为一系列独立的服务，这些服务通过标准化的接口进行通信。

每个服务都包含自己的数据管理、业务逻辑和用户界面，并通过标准化接口暴露给其他服务。

这种松耦合的架构允许服务提供者和服务消费者独立地开发和演化自己的功能，并通过协商和合作来实现相互之间的集成。

SOA架构中的服务通常采用面向服务的开发方式，即面向业务流程的开发（BPM，Business Process Management）或面向服务的开发（SOD，Service-Oriented Development）。

通过这种方式，SOA能够将业务需求直接转化为服务，并支持动态、灵活的服务组合和重组。

SOA架构的关键特点包括：1.松耦合：SOA的服务是自治的实体，可以独立于其他服务开发、演化和部署。

服务之间通过标准化的接口进行通信，减少了耦合度，提高了系统的可维护性和可重用性。

2.可重用性：SOA通过将功能分解为独立的服务，提高了组件的可重用性。

服务可以被多个应用程序和业务流程共享，减少了开发工作量，提高了开发效率。

3.可扩展性：SOA架构可以通过增加新的服务来扩展系统的功能。

每个服务可以按需扩展，并根据需求进行部署和配置，从而支持系统的增长和变化。

4.灵活性：SOA架构允许服务根据需求进行动态的组合和重组，从而支持业务流程的灵活性和可配置性。

系统可以根据需要在运行时调整服务的组合方式，以适应不同的业务需求。

5.可管理性：SOA架构通过提供自我描述和自管理的服务接口，简化了系统的管理和维护。

什么是BPM，BPM与OA的区别，BPM与EAI的区别近年来，随着计算机技术的发展和互联网时代的到来，我们已经进入了信息时代，也称为数字化时代，在这数字化的时代里，企业的经营管理都受到了极大的挑战。

从上世纪90年代起至今，企业的信息化工作开展的如火如荼，相继建立了很多业务系统，同时也给企业带来了巨大的效益。

但是，新的问题出现了，业务已经对这些复杂的系统提出更新的需求，即需要实现系统之间整合。

EAI(Enterprise Application Integration)技术风靡一时，成为了各界人士追捧的对象。

热闹过后，许多人已经清晰的认识到，EAI仅仅是为解决“数据孤岛”而生，并不能解决业务流程的整合。

另外，虽然很多业务系统也支持工作流技术，但是由于工作流与业务逻辑紧密结合，所以在EAI 实施的效果大打折扣。

实践证明，优化、高效、低成本的业务流程将为企业提供了与竞争对手拉开距离的法宝，高效的业务流程不仅提高企业的运行高效率，而且降低企业的成本，使企业达到高度自动化。

所以，业务流程才是企业的核心问题。

为了使业务系统适应企业的运行机制，需要对众多业务系统进行更深度的整合，包括数据整合、流程整合等，所以，BPM(Business Process Management)随之而产生。

1、BPM是什么“2005在IT界里，有一个不成文的规律，那就是喜欢拿概念忽悠人。

年是ERP年”，口号刚出，一夜之间ERP厂商风起云涌，到处鼓吹其先进理念，只要是能跟ERP挨上边儿的，都叫ERP系统，所以直接导致ERP在中国是失败的结局。

BPM也是一样，由于BPM、ERP、OA、Workflow、EAI 等这些概念都有一定联系，所以许多也不免俗套，开始宣扬自己的BPM理念。

如果您是没学会忽悠本事的开发商，深刻理解BPM，真正提升您的产品质量，才不会被市场忽悠没了；如果您是没学会防忽悠本事的用户，深刻理解BPM，真正能评价一个好的BPM产品，才不会被开发商忽悠没了。

特脉克斯基于SOA的BPM解决方案通过SOA架构整合各应用系统，采用面向服务的建模工具确保业务流程驱动服务的设计与实施，并基于业务模型提供完善的流程优化措施。

在电信业的核心业务中，战略、基础设施和产品部分主要由OSS和市场管理等系统来实现，运营部分主要由BSS 和CRM等系统来实现，企业管理主要由OA等系统来实现。

这些业务由相对独立的部门负责，各应用系统横跨这些部门将相关业务整合在一起。

这些系统经过多年建设，已经成为电信企业的核心应用，但是它们设计之初只考虑了相互间的系统调用接口，几乎都没有考虑流程的连接，因此当各系统和各部门之间需要协同工作时，许多问题接踵而至。

所以，电信行业的业务流程一般可以分为日常管理流程和企业支持流程，企业支持流程通常都是横跨多个应用的核心业务流程。

企业支持性流程需要和业务系统进行基于流程的应用集成，在集成的过程中也需要进行企业流程优化。

日常管理流程通过一般办公系统中应用的工作流引擎就可以实现，而企业支持性流程还需要与其他应用系统进行基于流程的交互。

解决方案这里采用TmaxSoft 基于SOA的BPM解决方案来建设电信行业的业务流程管理平台。

SOA以连动与整合为前提，将系统定义为任何人都可使用的服务。

通过SOA架构整合各应用系统，采用面向服务的建模工具确保业务流程驱动服务的设计与实施，并基于业务模型提供完善的流程优化措施。

SOA的核心是企业服务总线ESB(Enterprise Service Bus)，保证用户的逻辑应用和底层平台的无关性。

各应用系统通过遵循JCA标准的适配器接入到ESB，通过发送消息来调用其他服务，这些消息由ESB转换后发送给适当的服务实现。

架构在SOA的BPM引擎负责按照业务规则来调度业务流程的流转：1．对于电信行业以人工流程为主的日常管理流程，主要由workflow engine与workplace进行交互，控制人工步骤按照业务规则进行流转。

2．对于横跨多个应用的核心业务流程，业务流程引擎通过ESB调用连接到ESB的其他应用系统。