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曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 02
10
Figure 2
The production possibilities frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000 2,200 2,000 F C The production possibilities frontier shows the combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy’s resources.
6
The Economist as a Scientist
• Firms
– Produce goods and services – Use factors of production / inputs
• Households
– Own factors of production – Consume goods and services
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章
How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文课件第二章
▪ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ▪ The Consumer Price Index (CPI) ▪ The Unemployment Rate
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
曼昆的宏观经济学课件(英文版)
1990
1995
2000
2021/4/30
Why learn macroeconomics?
1. The macroeconomy affects society’s well-being. ▪ example: Unemployment and social problems
2021/4/30
Unemployment and social problems
• Why are there recessions? Can the government do anything to combat recessions? Should it??
2021/4/30
Important issues in macroeconomics
• What is the government budget deficit? How does it affect the economy?
▪ example 1:
Unemployment and earnings growth
▪ example 2:
Interest rates and mortgage payments
2021/4/30
%
Unemployment and earnings growth
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2021/4/30
Important issues in macroeconomics
• Why does the cost of living keep rising?
• Why are millions of people unemployed, even when the economy is booming?
《经济学原理曼昆》课件
的作用和合理分配的挑战。
3
政府干预
探讨政府在公共物品和市场失灵中的角色 和干预措施。
市场与价格：供求关系、市场均衡和价 格决定机制
1
供求关系
了解供求关系是理解市场机制的关键，它决定了商品的价格和数量。
2
市场均衡
市场均衡是供求关系达到稳定状态的情况，其中供给量等于需求量。
3
价格决定机制
价格是由供求关系决定的，市场均应用：消费者与生产者剩余、 税收和补贴的影响
寡头垄断
对寡头垄断市场进行分析，以及寡头垄断对经济和消费者的影响。
垄断竞争
探讨在垄断竞争市场中，不同厂商如何竞争和影响价格和产量。
公共物品和公共选择：市场失灵、公共物 品的特征和政府干预
1
市场失灵
了解市场失灵的原因和影响，并探讨政府
公共物品的特征
2
干预的必要性。
研究公共物品的特征，以及它们在经济中
交叉弹性
交叉弹性帮助我们了解商品之间 的替代关系和供求关系的复杂性。
边际分析：边际收益和边际成本
1
边际收益
边际收益是指增加或减少一个单位产出所带来的额外效益。
2
边际成本
边际成本是指增加或减少一个单位产出所需的额外成本。
市场结构：垄断、寡头垄断、垄断竞 争和纯竞争
垄断
深入了解垄断市场的特点、形成原因和对消费者和经济产生的影响。
《经济学原理曼昆》PPT课件
为大家带来《经济学原理曼昆》的PPT课件，帮助你更好地理解经济学的基本 概念和逻辑，以及市场和价格的关系。让我们一起开始经济学的探索之旅吧！
导论：经济科学的基本概念和逻辑
通过本节课，我们将深入了解经济科学的基本概念和逻辑，为后续的学习打下坚实的基础。让我们一起探索经 济学的精彩世界吧！
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语课件Chap
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
实际汇率——使外汇市场供需平衡的价格 。
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The demand curve for foreign currency is downward sloping because a higher exchange rate makes domestic goods more expensive. The supply curve is vertical because the quantity of dollars supplied for net capital outflow is unrelated to the real exchange rate.
2. At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars to buy net exports exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad.
《曼昆经济学原理》课件
贸易的益处。
比较优势
各国根据自身的资源、技术和 成本优势进行专业化生产，实
现全球资源的最优配置。
贸易条件
贸易条件的变化对出口国和进 口国的影响，以及贸易条件与
经济增长的关系。
贸易政策
自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策 的优缺点，以及政策制定时应
考虑的因素。
国际金融
国际收支
国际收支平衡表的构成，以及影响国际收支 的因素。
国际货币体系
国际金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体 系的比较和演变。
外汇市场
外汇市场的参与者、交易方式和汇率决定机 制。
资本流动
资本流动的原因、影响和风险。
汇率制度
固定汇率制度
固定汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及应 对货币投机的策略。
浮动汇率制度
浮动汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及汇 率浮动对经济的影响。
汇率目标区
国际合作在全球化进程中的作用和 必要性。
04
PART 05
经济学理论
REPORTING
古典经济学
01
总结词
古典经济学主张自由市场经济，强调市场供需关系和价格机制的自发调
节作用。
02 03
详细描述
古典经济学家认为，市场经济在自由竞争下能够达到最优资源配置，价 格、工资和利润等变量由市场供需决定，政府只需充当守夜人角色，不 应对经济进行过多干预。
《曼昆经济学原理》 PPT课件
REPORTING
• 导言 • 微观经济学 • 宏观经济学 • 国际经济学 • 经济学理论
目录
PART 01
导言
REPORTING
经济学定义
总结词
经济学是一门研究人类经济行为和现象的社会科学。
详细描述
比较优势
各国根据自身的资源、技术和 成本优势进行专业化生产，实
现全球资源的最优配置。
贸易条件
贸易条件的变化对出口国和进 口国的影响，以及贸易条件与
经济增长的关系。
贸易政策
自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策 的优缺点，以及政策制定时应
考虑的因素。
国际金融
国际收支
国际收支平衡表的构成，以及影响国际收支 的因素。
国际货币体系
国际金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体 系的比较和演变。
外汇市场
外汇市场的参与者、交易方式和汇率决定机 制。
资本流动
资本流动的原因、影响和风险。
汇率制度
固定汇率制度
固定汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及应 对货币投机的策略。
浮动汇率制度
浮动汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及汇 率浮动对经济的影响。
汇率目标区
国际合作在全球化进程中的作用和 必要性。
04
PART 05
经济学理论
REPORTING
古典经济学
01
总结词
古典经济学主张自由市场经济，强调市场供需关系和价格机制的自发调
节作用。
02 03
详细描述
古典经济学家认为，市场经济在自由竞争下能够达到最优资源配置，价 格、工资和利润等变量由市场供需决定，政府只需充当守夜人角色，不 应对经济进行过多干预。
《曼昆经济学原理》 PPT课件
REPORTING
• 导言 • 微观经济学 • 宏观经济学 • 国际经济学 • 经济学理论
目录
PART 01
导言
REPORTING
经济学定义
总结词
经济学是一门研究人类经济行为和现象的社会科学。
详细描述
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In the circular-flow diagram, which of the following items does not flow from households to firms?
A. revenue B. Labor, land and capital. C. factors of production D. profit E. A, B and C.
Labor, land, and capital Income
Journal AssignmentCircular Flow Diagram
Draw a circular flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow of goods and services and the flow of dollars for each of the following activities:
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world. As simplifications of reality, models need assumptions. Models start small and then grow in increasing complexity.
on the individual
parts of the economy.
How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics
looks at the economy as
Positive versus Normative Analysis
Positive
statements are statements that describe the world as it is.
Called
descriptive analysis
Normative
Called
statements are statements about how the world should be.
In the markets for goods and services in the circularflow diagram
A. households and firms are both buyers. B. households and firms are both sellers. C. households are buyers and firms are sellers. D. households are sells and firms are buyers. E. all of the above are wrong.
prescriptive analysis
Why Economists Agree and Disagree
We
agree on the methodology, but not on the underlying assumptions underlying incentives and behavior.
The Production Possibilities Frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
C
A
1,000
B
0
300
600 700
1,000
Quantity of Cars Produced
The Production Possibilities Frontier
The Economist as a Scientist
The economic way of thinking . . .
Involves
thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method.
Involves the use of abstract models to focus the discussion on a main idea or theme in the complexity of the real world. To apply the scientific method in economics, assumptions are used to make the world easier to understand.
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
C
A
Production possibilities frontier
1,000
B
0
300
600 700
1,000
Quantity of Cars Produced
Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier
Market for Goods and Services
Spending Goods & Services bought
Firms
Households
Inputs for production Wages, rent, and interest
Market for Factors of Production
Scarcity Efficiency
Tradeoffs
Opportunity
Cost Economic Growth
Quantity of Computers Produced 4,000
The Production Possibilities Frontier
An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economics trains you to. . . .
Be
mindful about the choices that you make. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. But there is the issue of terminology, some math, and GRAPHS, GRAPHS AND SOME MORE GRAPHS!
Two of the Most Basic Economic Models Are
The Circular Flow Diagram The Production Possibilities Frontier.
The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue Goods & Services sold
Factors of production are
A. the mathematical calculations firms make in determining their optimal production levels. B. social and political conditions that affect production. C. the physical relationships between economic inputs and outputs. D. Inputs of the production process.
In economics, capital refers to
A. the finances necessary for firms to produce their products. B. buildings and machines used in the production process. C. the money households use to purchase firms’ output. D. stocks and bonds. E. money
Two Roles of Economists
When
they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
Example-No Child Left Behind and Test Scores.
Economists build economic models by
A. Generating data. B. Conducting controlled experiments in a lab. C. Making assumptions. D. Reviewing statistical forecasts. E. Equations or diagrams.
The Production Possibilities Frontier
•Shows the various combinations of two goods that can be produced by one firm. •Assumes two goods •Assumes fixed technology and fixed factors of production.