Commuting difference operators, spinor bundles and the asymptotics of orthogonal polynomial

ERTMS/ETCS – Class 1GSM-R InterfacesClass 1 RequirementsREF : SUBSET-093ISSUE : 2.3.0DATE : 10-Oct-2005Company Technical Approval Management approval ALCATELALSTOMANSALDO SIGNALBOMBARDIERINVENSYS RAILSIEMENS1. M ODIFICATION H ISTORYIssue NumberDateSection Number Modification / Description Author0.1.0 (8-Aug-02) Creation based on subset052LK0.1.1 (8-Aug-02) All Minor editorial changes LK0.1.1ec All englishcheck JH0.2.0 (9-Sep-02) 3., 4.2, 4.1, 6.3, 7.2,8.2 Updated after email discussionLK0.3.0 (24-Oct-02) All Updated after FlorencemeetingLK+TS0.4.0 (14-Nov-02) All Updated after LondonmeetingLK0.5.0 (5-Dec-02) 4.2, 5.6.1, 6.2, 7.1,7.3, 9.2 Updated after Berlin meetingLK0.6.0 (12-Dec-02) 3., 6.3., 10.4.3 Email comments included TS+LK2.0.0 (12-Dec-02) Erroneous versionnumber 2.2.0correctedFinal issue LK2.1.0 (28-March-03)3.1.1.1, 6.3.1.3,7.1.1.1, 8.1.1.1 Update acc. to super group commentsLK2.2.0 (28-March-03) - Final version LK2.2.2.31-03-03 Versionnumberchangedfor release to the usersGroupWLH2.2.3 (12-June-03) All Update after Brussels mtg.and GSM-R Op. grp.commentsLK2.2.4 (26-June-03) editorial Draft release to UsersGroupJH2.2.5 - FormalreleaseJH 2.2.5.1 4.2, 6.2, 6.3, new 6.4 Update after Paris mtg. andGSM-R Op. grp. commentsLK2.2.5.2 Various update after further GSM-ROp grp reviewJH2.2.5.3 cleanversion JH 2.2.5.4 6.4 Updated after further GSM-R Op grp requestRB2.2.6 CleanversionRB2.2.6 revA (31-Jan-05) 4.2, 6.3, 6.4, Annex A Proposal for QoS parametervaluesLK2.2.6 revB (14-Feb-05) 6.3, 6.4, Annex A Updated after QoSmeeting#6 BrusselsLK2.2.6 revC (24-Feb-05) 6.3, 6.4, Annex A,Annex B added Updated during BerlinmeetingLK2.2.6 revD (25-Feb-05) 6.2, 6.3.5, 10.3, 10.5.2 Email comments inserted LK2.2.6 revE (6-Apr-05)3.1., 3.2,4.1,5.1,6.3,10.1, 10.3, 10.5, 10.7 Updated after QoSmeeting#7 BrusselsLK2.2.6 revF (25-Apr-05)3.1,4.1,5.1,6.3, 6.4,10.1, 10.3, 10.5, 10.6,10.7Edinburgh meeting TS+LK2.2.6revG (20-May-05)3.1, 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 8.2 Changes according toBrussels meetingLK2.2.6revH (1-Sep-05) 4.1, 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.2,10.3, 10.4, 10.5 Comments from SG andEEIGLK2.2.6revI (8-Sep-05) 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 10.4 Zürich meeting PL+LK 2.3.0 (10-Oct-05) update for issue JH2. T ABLE OF C ONTENTS1.M ODIFICATION H ISTORY (2)2.T ABLE OF C ONTENTS (4)3.R EFERENCES (6)3.1Normative Documents (6)3.2Informative Documents (7)4.T ERMS AND DEFINITIONS (8)4.1Abbreviations (8)4.2Definitions (9)5.G ENERAL (10)5.1Scope of this document (10)5.2Introduction (10)6.E ND-TO-END SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO GSM-R NETWORKS (12)6.1Data bearer service requirements (12)6.2Additional services (12)6.3Quality of Service requirements (13)6.3.1General (13)6.3.2Connection establishment delay (14)6.3.3Connection establishment error ratio (14)6.3.4Transfer delay (15)6.3.5Connection loss rate (15)6.3.6Transmission interference (15)6.3.7GSM-R network registration delay (16)6.4Summary of QoS requirements (16)7.R EQUIREMENTS TO FIXED NETWORK INTERFACE (17)7.1Foreword (17)7.2Interface definition (17)7.3Communication signalling procedures (17)8.R EQUIREMENTS TO MOBILE NETWORK INTERFACE (18)8.1Foreword (18)8.2Interface definition (18)9.A NNEX A(I NFORMATIVE) TRANSMISSION INTERFERENCE AND RECOVERY (19)9.1General (19)9.2Transmission interference in relation to HDLC (19)10.A NNEX B(INFORMATIVE)J USTIFICATION OF Q O S PARAMETER VALUES (22)10.1General (22)10.2Connection establishment delay (22)10.3Connection establishment error ratio (22)10.4Transfer delay (23)10.5Connection loss rate (23)10.5.1QoS targets (23)10.5.2Conclusions (24)10.6Transmission interference (24)10.7Network registration delay (26)3. R EFERENCESDocuments3.1 Normative3.1.1.1 This document list incorporates by dated or undated references, provisions from otherpublications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate place in the textand the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequentamendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this document onlywhen incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latestedition of the publication referred to apply.Reference DateTitleU-SRS 02.02 ERTMS/ETCS Class 1; Subset 026; Unisig SRS, version 2.2.2 Subset 037 07.03 ERTMS/ETCS Class 1; Subset 037; EuroRadio FIS; Class1requirements, version 2.2.5EIRENE FRS 10.03 UIC Project EIRENE; Functional Requirements Specification.Version 6.0, CLA111D003EIRENE SRS 10.03 UIC Project EIRENE; System Requirements Specification.Version 14.0, CLA111D004ETS 300011 1992 ISDN; Primary rate user-network interface; Layer 1 specificationand test principlesETS 300102-1 1990 ISDN; User-network interface layer 3; Specification for basiccall controlETS 300125 1991 ISDN; User-network interface data link layer specificationsGSM04.21 12.00 Rate Adaptation on the MS-BSS Interface, v.8.3.0GSM 07.0711.98 ETSI TS 100916; Digital cellular telecommunications system(Phase 2+); AT command set for GSM Mobile Equipment (ME),GSM TS 07.07 version 6.5.0 Release 1997ITU-T V.24 02.00 List of definitions for interchange circuits between data terminalequipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)ITU-T V.25ter 07/97 Serial asynchronous dialling and controlITU-T V.110 02.00 Support of data terminal equipments (DTEs) with V-series typeinterfaces by an integrated services digital network (ISDN) EuroRadio FFFIS 09.03 UIC ERTMS/GSM-R Unisig; Euroradio Interface Group; RadioTransmission FFFIS for Euroradio; A11T6001; version 12O-2475 09.03 UIC ERTMS/GSM-R Operators Group; ERTMS/GSM-R Qualityof Service Test Specification; O-2475; version 1.0Documents3.2 InformativeTitleReference DateEEIG 04E117 12.04 ETCS/GSM-R Quality of Service - Operational Analysis, v0.q(draft)ERQoS 08.04 GSM-R QoS Impact on EuroRadio and ETCS application,Unisig_ALS_ERQoS, v.0104. T ERMS AND DEFINITIONS4.1 AbbreviationsAT ATtention command setATD AT command DialB channel User channel of ISDNB m channel User channel of GSM PLMN on the air interfaceBRI Basic Rate InterfaceByte 1 start bit + 8 data bits + 1 stop bitDCE Data Circuit EquipmentDCD Data Carrier DetectD channel Control channel of ISDND m channel Control channel of GSM PLMN on the air interfaceDTE Data Terminal EquipmenteMLPP enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emptionFIS Functional Interface SpecificationGPRS General Packet Radio Service (a phase 2+ GSM service) GSM-R Global System for Mobile communication/RailwayHDLC High level Data Link ControlISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkMLPP Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption (ISDN service) MOC Mobile Originated CallMS Mobile Station (a GSM entity)Termination/Terminated MT MobileMTC Mobile Terminated CallMTBD Mean Time Between DisturbanceUnitOBU On-BoardPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPRI Primary Rate InterfaceQoS Quality of ServicesRBC Radio Block CentreT TI Duration of Transmission Interference periodT REC Duration of Recovery periodUDI Unrestricted Digital4.2 Definitions4.2.1.1 Definitions for the purpose of this specification are inserted in the respective sections.5. G ENERAL5.1 Scope of this document5.1.1.1 The scope of this document is to specify the Radio Communication Systemrequirements to the GSM-R network services (including fixed side access) andinterfaces and also the pre-requisites to be fulfilled by GSM-R networks and ETCSinfrastructures. Presently the requirements for high-speed lines are covered,requirements for conventional lines may be included in future versions of thisdocument.5.1.1.2 The data transmission part of the communication protocols is fully described in theEuroRadio FIS [Subset 037].5.1.1.3 The Radio Transmission FFFIS for EuroRadio [EuroRadio FFFIS] specifies thephysical, electrical and functional details related to the interfaces.5.1.1.4 All requirements apply to GSM-R unless indicated otherwise .5.2 Introduction5.2.1.1 The definition of the GSM services and associated physical and communicationsignalling protocols on the air interface are fully standardised in the specificationsproduced by the ETSI GSM Technical Committee for the public GSM implementationas well as for the GSM-R. Additionally, some railway specific services are alsospecified in the EIRENE SRS. However, in both cases, not all are required for ERTMSclass 1 system definition.5.2.1.2 The following ETSI GSM phases 1/2/2+ services are required:a) Transparent data bearer serviceb) Enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption (eMLPP).5.2.1.3 Other ETSI GSM phases 1/2/2+ services are not required for Class 1. These are thefollowing :a) GSM supplementary services:• Call forwardingb) General packet radio service (GPRS)5.2.1.4 Other ETSI GSM phases 1/2/2+ services are not required. Examples of these are thefollowing :a) Non-transparent data bearer serviceb) GSM supplementary services:• Line identification•Call waiting and hold• Multiparty•Closed User Group•Advice of charge• Call Barringc) Short message service point to point or cell broadcastd) Voice broadcast servicee) Voice group call service5.2.1.5 The following EIRENE railway specific service [EIRENE SRS] is required:a) Location dependent addressing5.2.1.6 The following EIRENE specific services [EIRENE SRS] are not required :a) Functional addressingb) Enhanced location dependent addressingc) Calling and connected line presentation of functional identitiesd) Emergency callse) Shunting modef) Multiple driver communications6. E ND-TO-END SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO GSM-RNETWORKS6.1 Data bearer service requirements6.1.1.1 For the transmission of information between OBU and RBC, the EuroRadio protocoluses the bearer services of a GSM-R network. The service provider makes these databearer services available at defined interfaces.6.1.1.2 The data bearer services are described as data access and transfer in the GSMnetwork from Terminal Equipment (TE) on the mobile side (i.e. OBU) to a networkgateway interworking with Public Switched Telephonic Network (PSTN) or IntegratedServices Digital Network (ISDN) on the fixed side (i.e. RBC).6.1.1.3 The following features and attributes of the required bearer service shall be provided:a) Data transfer in circuit switched modeb) Data transfer allowing multiple rate data streams which are rate-adapted[GSM04.21] and [ITU-T V.110]c) Unrestricted Digital Information (UDI) – only supported through ISDN interworking(no analogue modem in the transmission path)d) Radio channel in full ratee) Transfer of data only (no alternate speech/data)f) Transfer in asynchronous transparent modeg) The required data rates are listed in the following table:Bearer service Requirement24. Asynchronous 2.4 kbps T O25. Asynchronous 4.8 kbps T M26. Asynchronous 9.6 kbps T MT: Transparent; M: Mandatory; O: OptionalTable1 GSM-R bearer servicesservices6.2 Additional6.2.1.1 The following supplementary services shall be provided:a) Enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption.b) The selection of a particular mobile network shall be possible on-demand.6.2.1.2 The priority value for command control (safety) shall be assigned to according to[EIRENE FRS §10.2] and [EIRENE SRS §10.2].6.2.1.3 The following railway specific service shall be provided by GSM-R networks:a) Location dependent addressing based on the use of short dialling codes inconjunction with cell dependent routing.6.3 Quality of Service requirements6.3.1 General6.3.1.1 As an end-to-end bearer service is used, a restriction of requirements on the servicequality placed on the air interface is not sufficient.6.3.1.2 End-to-end quality of service has to be considered at the service access points.6.3.1.3 The service access points are:•the service access points to the signalling stack for the establishment or release of a physical connection,•the service access points to the data channel.6.3.1.4 The network shall be able to support transparent train-to-trackside and trackside-to-train data communications at speeds up to 500 km/h e.g. in tunnels, cuttings, onelevated structures, at gradients, on bridges and stations.6.3.1.5 The network shall provide a Quality of Service for ETCS data transfer that is at least asgood as listed below1. The parameters are valid for one end-to-end connection for onetrain running under all operational conditions.6.3.1.6 The required QoS parameters shall not depend on network load.6.3.1.7 These performance figures reflect railway operational targets [EEIG 04E117].6.3.1.8 Note: A justification of the performance figures is given by Annex B.6.3.1.9 QoS requirements are specified independently of the method of measurement (refer to[O-2475] for specification of testing).6.3.1.10 Conventional line quality of service requirements may be included in future versions ofthis document. Also the values may not be applied at all locations and times (e.g.discontinuous radio coverage at some locations).6.3.1.11 Given the performance constraints of GSM-R, pre-conditions may be necessary tomeet the railway operational targets of [EEIG 04E117]. If different operational QoStargets are required, then other pre-conditions on ETCS application may be necessary.1 Early experience suggests that GSM-R performance can be better than these parameters suggest, after network optimisation and tuning.Such a case is not covered by this specification and this aspect of ETCS SystemPerformance becomes the responsibility of whoever specifies different operationaltargets.6.3.2 Connection establishment delay6.3.2.1 Connection establishment delay is defined as:Value of elapsed time between the connection establishment request and theindication of successful connection establishment.6.3.2.2 In case of mobile originated calls, the delay is defined between the request bycommand ATD and indication by the later of the two events response CONNECT ortransition of DCD to ON.6.3.2.3 The connection establishment delay of mobile originated calls shall be <8.5s (95%),≤10s (100%).6.3.2.4 Delays>10s shall be evaluated as connection establishment errors.6.3.2.5 The required connection establishment delay shall not depend on user data rate of theasynchronous bearer service.6.3.2.6 The required connection establishment delay is not valid for location dependentaddressing.6.3.3 Connection establishment error ratio6.3.3.1 The Connection establishment error ratio is defined as:Ratio of the number of unsuccessful connection establishment attempts to the totalnumber of connection establishment attempts.6.3.3.2 “Unsuccessful connection establishment attempt” covers all possible types ofconnection establishment errors caused by end-to-end bearer service.6.3.3.3 Connection establishment delays >10s shall be evaluated as connection establishmenterrors.6.3.3.4 The GSM-R networks should be designed in such a way, that at least two consecutiveconnection establishment attempts will be possible (pre-condition on GSM-Rnetworks), e.g. regarding GSM-R radio coverage related to maximal possible trainspeed.6.3.3.5 If the operational QoS targets of [EEIG 04E117] are wanted, then the ETCSinfrastructure should be designed in such a way, that at least two consecutiveconnection establishment attempts will be possible (Recommended pre-condition forETCS infrastructure).6.3.3.6 The connection establishment error ratio of mobile originated calls shall be <10-2 foreach attempt .6.3.3.7 Note: entry into Level 2 is of particular importance; commonly, a time of 40s may berequired in the case the GSM-R mobile station is already registered with the GSM-Rnetwork (see [ERQoS]).6.3.4 Transfer delay6.3.4.1 The end-to-end transfer delay of a user data block is defined as:Value of elapsed time between the request for transfer of a user data block and theindication of successfully transferred end-to-end user data block6.3.4.2 The delay is defined between the delivery of the first bit of the user data block at theservice access point of transmitting side and the receiving of the last bit of the sameuser data block at the service access point of the receiving side.6.3.4.3 The end-to-end transfer delay of a user data block of 30 bytes shall be ≤0.5s (99%).6.3.5 Connection loss rate6.3.5.1 The Connection loss rate is defined as:Number of connections released unintentionally per accumulated connection time.6.3.5.2 The requirements for connection loss rate varies depending on ETCS system variablessuch as T_NVCONTACT and the possible train reactions after connection loss (seesection 10.5).6.3.5.3 If the operational QoS-targets of [EEIG 04E117] are wanted, then the ETCSinfrastructure should be designed in such a way, that at least the following conditionsare fulfilled (Recommended pre-condition for ETCS infrastructure):• T_NVCONTACT ≥ 41s and• M_NVCONTACT different to train trip and• a new MA reach the OBU before standstill.6.3.5.4 If the connection establishment error ratio is <10-2, then the connection loss rate shallbe <10-2/h.6.3.6 Transmission interference6.3.6.1 A transmission interference period T TI is the period during the data transmission phaseof an existing connection in which, caused by the bearer service, no error-freetransmission of user data units of 30 bytes is possible.6.3.6.2 A transmission interference happens, if the received data units of 30 bytes deviatepartially or completely from the associated transmitted data units.6.3.6.3 The transmission interference period shall be < 0.8s (95%), <1s (99%).6.3.6.4 An error-free period T Rec shall follow every transmission interference period to re-transmit user data units in error (e.g. wrong or lost) and user data units waiting to beserved.6.3.6.5 The error-free period shall be >20s (95%), >7s(99%).6.3.7 GSM-R network registration delay6.3.7.1 The GSM-R network registration delay is defined as:Value of elapsed time from the request for registration to indication of successfulregistration by +CREG response.6.3.7.2 The GSM-R network registration delay shall be ≤30s (95%), ≤35s (99%).6.3.7.3 GSM-R network registration delays > 40 s are evaluated as registration errors.6.4 Summary of QoS requirements6.4.1.1 Table 2 contains the summary of QoS requirements at GSM-R interface.QoS Parameter Value (see 6.3) Connection establishment delay of mobile< 8.5s (95%), ≤10s (100%) originated callsConnection establishment error ratio <10-2≤ 0.5s (99%)Maximum end-to-end transfer delay (of 30 bytedata block)Connection loss rate ≤ 10-2 /hTransmission interference period < 0.8s (95%), <1s (99%)Error-free period >20s (95%), >7s(99%)Network registration delay ≤30s (95%), ≤35s (99%), ≤40s (100%)Table 2 Summary of QoS requirements7. R EQUIREMENTS TO FIXED NETWORK INTERFACE7.1 Foreword7.1.1.1 This part of the specification does not define mandatory requirements forinteroperability. It is a preferred solution, in case interchangeability between tracksideRBC and access point to the fixed network is required for a given implementation.7.1.1.2 This section gives only limited information. [EuroRadio FFFIS] must be used for fullcompliance.7.1.1.3 Note: The requirements to fixed network interface refer to a set of ETSI specifications[ETS 300011, ETS 300125, ETS 300102-1]. This set is the basis of conformancerequirements for network terminations. Instead of these specifications updatedspecifications can be referred, if they state that they are compatible with the followingrequirements.7.2 Interfacedefinition7.2.1.1 The ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) shall be provided as specified by [ETS300011].7.2.1.2 The service access point on the fixed network side corresponds with the S2M interfaceat the T-reference point.7.2.1.3 The Basic Rate interface might also be used as an option in some particular cases likeradio infill unit.7.2.1.4 In addition to these interfaces, the V.110 rate adaptation scheme shall be applied tothe user data channel. The RA2, RA1 and RA0 steps are mandatory.7.2.1.5 End-to-end flow control in layer 1 shall not be used.7.3 Communication signalling procedures7.3.1.1 The signalling protocols shall be provided as specified by:a) Link Access Procedure on the D channel [ETS 300125]b) User-network interface layer 3 using Digital Subscriber Signalling [ETS 300102-1]7.3.1.2 ISDN multi-level precedence and pre-emption (MLPP) supplementary service shall beprovided according to the EIRENE specification [EIRENE SRS].7.3.1.3 The SETUP message contains Information Elements including the bearer capabilityand the low layer compatibility (refer to [EuroRadio FFFIS] specifying the Euroradiodata bearer service requirements.8. R EQUIREMENTS TO MOBILE NETWORK INTERFACE8.1 Foreword8.1.1.1 This part of the specification does not define mandatory requirements forinteroperability. It is a preferred solution, in case interchangeability between OBU andMobile Terminal is required for a given implementation.8.1.1.2 This section gives only limited information. [EuroRadio FFFIS] must be used for fullcompliance.definition8.2 Interface8.2.1.1 If an MT2 interface is used at the mobile side, the service access point at the mobilestation corresponds with the R-reference point of the MT2.8.2.1.2 [GSM 07.07] specifies a profile of AT commands and recommends that this profile beused for controlling Mobile Equipment functions and GSM network services through aTerminal Adapter.8.2.1.3 For the mobile termination type MT2 the signalling over the V interface has to be inaccordance with [GSM 07.07], using the V.25ter command set.8.2.1.4 The online command state shall not be used to guarantee interoperability. To avoiddifferent behaviour, it is recommended to enable/disable this escape sequence usingthe appropriate AT command usually referred as ATS2=<manufacturer defined value>.This particular command shall be sent to the mobile terminal as part of its initialisationstring.8.2.1.5 State control using physical circuits is mandatory.8.2.1.6 The V-interface shall conform to recommendation ITU-T V.24. The signals required arespecified in [EuroRadio FFFIS].8.2.1.7 Note that in the case of class 1 mobile originated calls, it is allowed to set the priorityvalue “command control (safety)” at subscription time.8.2.1.8 The call control commands, interface control commands and responses used on the V-interface at the R reference point are specified in [EuroRadio FFFIS].9. A NNEX A(I NFORMATIVE) TRANSMISSION INTERFERENCEAND RECOVERY9.1 General9.1.1.1 The usual QoS parameter used as measure of accuracy of data transmission viatransparent B/B m channels is the bit error rate.9.1.1.2 The QoS parameter relevant for layer 2 accuracy is the HDLC frame error rate.9.1.1.3 It is not possible to define relationships between both rates. The channel behaviour isnot known: error bursts and interruptions of data transmission during radio cellhandover can happen.9.1.1.4 Additionally, statistical distributions of values such as error rates do not accurately mapthe requirements from the ETCS point of view. Transfer of user data is requested inbursts; the transfer delay can be critical for the application. It has to be guaranteed forsome application messages that data can be transferred to the train in a defined timeinterval.9.1.1.5 A model of service behaviour is necessary reflecting all relevant features of GSM-Rnetworks.9.1.1.6 This model can be used as a normative reference for acceptance tests and for networkmaintenance during ETCS operation. It enables the ETCS supplier to demonstrate thecorrect operation of ETCS constituents during conformance testing without thevariations of real world GSM-R networks.9.1.1.7 Transmission interference and recovery is a first approximation of such a servicebehaviour model.9.2 Transmission interference in relation to HDLC9.2.1.1 Transmission interference is characterised by a period in the received data streamduring which the received data units deviate partially or completely from those of thetransmitted data stream. The service user cannot see the causes of transmissioninterference.9.2.1.2 The user data units erroneously transmitted or omitted during the transmissioninterference must be corrected by re-transmission. These re-transmissions result in atime delay and in higher load in the B/B m channel. Therefore, after transmissioninterference a period of error-free transmission, called the recovery period, must follow.9.2.1.3 In the normal data transfer phase after recovery, user data units are transmitted toprovide the data throughput requested by application messages.9.2.1.4 Figure 1 shows a simplified relationship of B/B m channel and HDLC errors: because ofthe selected options for the HDLC protocol (e.g. multi selective reject) the recoveryperiod and the normal data transfer phase are not strictly separated.error-free frameHDLC statecorrupted frameerror-freeChannel stateerroneousFigure 1 B/B m channel and HDLC errors9.2.1.5 Some special cases exist in Figure 1:A Beginning of HDLC frame (corrupted by transmission) is earlier than beginning oftransmission interferenceB Error-free time is not sufficient for transfer of HDLC frameC No HDLC frame is ready for transferD End of corrupted HDLC frame is later than end of transmission interference9.2.1.6 Figure 2 shows as an example the HDLC behaviour in case of transmissioninterference.Figure 2 Event "Transmission interference"9.2.1.7 The sender does not receive an acknowledgement in the case of a corrupted last Iframe of a sequence of I frames. The timer T1 expires and a RR (poll bit set) frame willbe sent.9.2.1.8 After receiving an RR frame with an indication of successful transmission of thepreceding I frame, the lost I frame will be re-transmitted.9.2.1.9 Again the sender does not receive an acknowledgement and requests for thesequence number. Eventually, the transmission is successful but the delivery of userdata will be delayed towards the receiver.9.2.1.10 The occurrence of the above defined event represents a QoS event “Transmissioninterference” at the sender side. The beginning and the end of the transmissioninterference are not exactly known. But the second repetition clearly indicates an event“Transmission interference”:a) The transmission interference time was too long orb) The recovery time was too short.。

移动通讯词汇英汉对照C参考边带功率 reference side band power参考差错率 reference error ratio参考当量 reference equivalent参考点 reference point参考结构 reference configuration参考可用场强 reference usable fiend-strength参考灵敏度 reference sensibility参考频率 reference frequency参考时钟 reference clock参考输出功率 reference output power残余边带调制 vestigial sideband modulation残余边带发射 vestigial-sideband emission操作维护中心 operation maintenance center （OMC）操作系统 operation system （OS）侧音消耗 sidetone loss层2转发 layer 2 relay （L2R）插入组装 through hole pachnology插入损耗 insertion loss查号台 information desk差错控制编码 error control coding差错漏检率 residual error rate差分脉冲编码调制（差分脉码调制） differential pulse code modulation （DPCM）差分四相相移键控 differential quadrature phase keying （DQPSK）差分相移键控 differential phase keying （DPSK）差模电压，平衡电压 differential mode voltage， symmetrical voltage差拍干扰 beat jamming差频失真 difference frequency distortion长期抖动指示器 long-term flicker indicator长期频率稳定度 long-term frequency stability场强灵敏度 field intensity sensibility场效应晶体管 field effect transistor （FET）超长波通信 myriametric wave communication超地平对流层传播 transhorizon tropospheric超地平无线接力系统 transhorizon radio-relay system超高帧 hyperframe超帧 superframe超大规模集成电路 very-large scale integrated circuit （VLSI）超再生接收机 super-regenerator receiver车载电台 vehicle station撤消 withdrawal成对不等性码（交替码、交变码）paired-disparity code （alternative code，alternating code）承载业务 bearer service城市交通管制系统 urban traffic control system程序设计技术 programming technique程序设计环境 programming environment程序优化 program optimization程序指令 program command充电 charge充电率 charge rate充电效率 charge efficiency充电终止电压 end-of charge voltage抽样 sampling抽样率 sample rate初级分布线路 primary distribution link初始化 initialization处理增益 processing gain传播时延 propagation delay传播系数 propagation coefficient传导干扰 conducted interference传导杂散发射 conducted spurious emission传递函数 transfer function传递时间 transfer time传声器 microphone传输保密 transmission security传输层协议 transport layer protocol传输集群 transmission trunking传输结束字符 end of transmission character传输媒体 transmission medium传输损耗 transmission loss传输损耗（无线线路的） transmission loss （of a radio link）传输通道 transmission path传输信道 transmission channel传真 facsimile， FAX船舶地球站 ship earth station船舶电台 ship station船舶移动业务 ship movement service船上通信电台 on-board communication station ，ship communication station 船用收音机 ship radio串并变换机 serial to parallel （deserializer）串并行变换 serial-parallel conversion串话 crosstalk垂直方向性图 vertical directivity pattern唇式传声器 lip microphone磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding次级分布线路 secondary distribution link猝发差错 burst error猝发点火控制 burst firing control存储程序控制交换机 stored program controlled switching system。

嵌入式系统专业术语中英文对照A:Actuator执行器A:Amplifier放大器A:Attendance员工考勤A:Attenuation衰减AA:Antenna amplifier开线放大器AA:Architectural Acoustics建筑声学AC:Analogue Controller模拟控制器ACD:Automatic Call Distribution自动分配话务ACS:Access Control System出入控制系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM:Add/Drop Multiplexer分插复用器ADPCM:Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation自适应差分脉冲编码调制AF:Acoustic Feedback声反馈AFR:Amplitude/Frequency Response幅频响应AGC:Automati Gain Control自动增益控制AHU:Air Handling Unit空气处理机组A-I:Auto-iris自动光圈AIS:Alarm Indication Signal告警指示信号AITS:Acknowledged Information Transfer Service确认操作ALC:Automati Level Control自动平衡控制ALS:Alarm Seconds告警秒ALU:Analogue Lines Unit模拟用户线单元AM:Administration Module管理模块AN:Access Network接入网ANSI:American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会APS:Automatic Protection Switching自动保护倒换ASC:Automati Slope Control自动斜率控制ATH:Analogue Trunk Unit模拟中继单元ATM：Asynchrous Transfer Mode异步传送方式AU- PPJE:AU Pointer Positive Justification管理单元正指针调整AU:Administration Unit管理单元AU-AIS:Administrative Unit Alarm Indication SignalAU告警指示信号AUG:Administration Unit Group管理单元组AU-LOP:Loss of Administrative Unit Pointer AU指针丢失AU-NPJE:AU Pointer Negative Justification管理单元负指针调整AUP:Administration Unit Pointer管理单元指针AVCD:Auchio&Video Control Device音像控制装置AWG:American Wire Gauge美国线缆规格BA:Bridge Amplifier桥接放大器BAC:Building Automation& Control net建筑物自动化和控制网络BAM:Background Administration Module后管理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio背景块误码比BCC:B-channel Connect ControlB通路连接控制BD:Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities建筑物入口设施BFOC:Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector大口式光纤连接器BGN:Background Noise背景噪声BGS: Background Sound背景音响BIP-N:Bit Interleaved Parity N code比特间插奇偶校验N位码B-ISDN:Brand band ISDN宽带综合业务数字网B-ISDN:Broad band-Integrated Services Digital Network宽带综合业务数字网BMC:Burst Mode Controller突发模式控制器BMS:Building Management System智能建筑管理系统BRI:Basic Rate ISDN基本速率的综合业务数字网BS:Base Station基站BSC:Base Station Controller基站控制器BUL：Back up lighting备用照明C/S: Client/Server客户机/服务器C:Combines混合器C:Container容器CA:Call Accounting电话自动计费系统CATV:Cable Television有线电视CC:Call Control呼叫控制CC:Coax cable同轴电缆CCD:Charge coupled devices电荷耦合器件CCF:Cluster Contril Function簇控制功能CD:Campus Distributor建筑群配线架CD:Combination detector感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign连续的动态信道分配CDDI:Copper Distributed Data合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system二氧化碳系统CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access码分多址CF:Core Function核心功能CFM:Compounded Frequency Modulation压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System呼叫信息系统CISPR:Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference国际无线电干扰专门委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol无连接模式网络层协议CLP:Cell Loss Priority信元丢失优先权CM:Communication Module通信模块CM:Configuration Management配置管理CM:Cross-connect Matrix交叉连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service公用管理信息协议服务单元CPE:Convergence protocol entity会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader/Encoder(Ticket reader)卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray Tabe显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service会聚服务CS:Cableron Spectrum旧纳档块化技术CS:Ceiling Screen挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet组合音响CSCW:Computer supported collaborative work计算机支持的协同工作CSES:Continuius Severely Errored Second连续严重误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function单基站功能控制CTB:Composite Triple Beat复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio载波比CW:Control Word控制字D:Directional指向性D:Distortion失真度D:Distributive分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier分配的大器DBA:Database Administrator数据库管理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus数据库控制系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel-Intelligent智能型分散控制器DCS:Distributed Control System集散型控制系统DDN:Digital Data Network数字数据网DDS:Direct Dignital Controller直接数字控制器DDW:Data Describing Word数据描述字DECT:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication增强数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback分布反馈DID:Direct Inward Dialing直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DL:Data Link Control Layer数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics指向性响应DS:Direct Sound直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System决策支持系统DTMF:Dual Tone Multi-Frequency双音多频DTS:Dual -Technology Sensor双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing密集波分复用DXC:Digital Cross-Connect数字交叉连接FL:Focal Length焦距FL:Fuzzy Logic模糊逻辑FM:Faiilt Management失效管理FPA:Fire Public Address火灾事故广播FPD:Fire Public Derice消防设施FR:Frequency Response频响FRD:Fire Resis tamt Damper防火阀FRS:fire resistant shutter防火卷帘FSK:Frequency Shift Keying移频键控FSU:Fixed Subscriber Unit单用户固定台FTHD:Fixed temperatute Heat Detector定温控测器FTP:Foil Tnisted Pair金属箔双绞电缆FTTB:Fiber To The Building光纤到大楼FTTC:Fiber To The Curb光纤到路边FTTH:Fiber To The Home光纤到家庭FW:fire Wall防火墙FWHM:Full Width Half Maximum脉冲的半高宽度I:Interference串扰TOPIA:Intruder Alarm防盗报警ICMP:Internet Control Message Protocol控制信息协议IDC:Insucation Displacement Connection绝缘层信移连接件IDS:Industrial Distribution System工业布线系统IFC:Intelligent Fire Controller照明智能控制器ILD:Inject Light Diode注入式激光二极管IM:Impedance Matching阻抗匹配IMA:Interactive Multimedia Association交互式多媒体协议IM-DM:Intensity Modulation-Direction Modulation直接强度调制IN:Information Network信息网IO：Information Outlet信息插座IOS:Intelligent Out Station智能外围站IPEI:International Portable国际移动设备标识号IPTU:Indoor Pan&Tilt Unit室内水平俯仰云台IPUI:International Portable User Identity国际移动用户标识号ISD:Ionization Smoke Detector离子感烟探测器IT:Information Technology信息技术ITU:International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟ITU-T:原名CCITT，是国际电信联盟的一个委员会III:Interactive Tevevision交互式电视JJJ-Discussion conference system即席发言系统L:Lens摄像机镜头TOP LAN:Local Area Network局域网LAPB：Link Access Procedure-Balanced链路接入规程----平衡LAPD:Link Access Procedure D-channel D信道链路访问协议LCD:Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示屏LCL:Longituchinal Conrorsion Loss纵模变换损耗LCN:Local Communication Network本地通信网LCS:Lower order Connection Supervision低阶连接监视LD:Laser Diode激发二极管LE:Local Exchange本地交换网LED:Light Emittirng Diode发光二极管LIU：Lightguide Interconnection Unit光纤互连装置LLC:Logic Link Control Layer逻辑链路控制层LLME:Low Layer Management Entity低层管理实体LM:Lerel Modulation电平调节LNA:Low Noise Amplifier低噪音放大器LOF:Loss Of Frame帧丢失LOI:Low Order Interface低阶接口LOP:Loss Of Pointer指针丢失LOS:Loss Of Signal信号丢失LO-TCM:Low Order Tandem Connection Monitor低阶通道串联连接监视器LOVC:Low Order Virtual Container低阶虚容器LPA:Lower order qath Adaptation低阶通道适配LPC:Lower order Path Connection低阶通道连接LPOM:Low-order Path Overhead Monitor低阶通道开销监视器LPP:Low-order Path Protection低阶通道保护LPT:Lower order Path Termination低阶通道终端LSBCM:Laser Base Current Monitor激光器偏流监视LSUT:Low -order path Supervision Unequipped低阶通道监控未装载终端LTC:Londline Trunk Coutroller有线线路分配器LU:Line Unit线路单元MAC:Medium Access Control Layer介质访问控制层TOP MBMC:Multiple Burst Mode Controller多突发模式控制器MCF:Message Communication Function消息通信功能MD:Mediation Device中介设备MFPB:Multi-Frequency Press Button多频按键MIB:Management Information Base管理信息库MIC：Mediu Interface Connector介质接口连接器MIO:Multiuser Information Outlet多用户信息插座MLM：Multi-Longitudinal Mode多纵模MM:Mobile Management移动管理MMDS:Maltichanned Microware Distribution System多路微波分配系统MMO:Multionedia Outlet多媒体插座MN-NES:MN-Network Element System网元管理系统MN-RMS:MN-Region Management System网络管理系统MO:Managed Object管理目标MSA:Multiplex Section Adaptation复用段适配MS-AIS:Mutiplex Section-Alarm Indication Signal复用段告警指示信号MSOH:Multiplex Section Overhead复用段开销MSP:Multiplex Section Protection复用段保护MS-RDI:Multiplex Section-Remote Defect Indication复用段远端缺陷指示MST:Multiplex Section Termination复用段终端MSU:Multi-Subscriber Unit多用户单元MTIE:Maximum Time Interval Error最大时间间隔误差MMM:Multiplexer灵活复接器NNN:New DataFlag新数据标识NDFA:Niobium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺铌光纤放大器NE:Network Element网元NEXT：Near End Crosstalk近端串扰NMS:Network Management System网络管理系统NNE:Non-SDH Network Element非SDH网元NNI:Network Node Interface网络节点接口NPI:Null Pointer Indication无效指针指示NWK:Network Layer网络层NZ-DSF:Non Zero-Dispersion Shift Fiber非零散位移光纤OAM&P:Operation Administration,Maintenance and Provisioning运行、管理、维护和预置OAM:Operation,Administration and Maintenance操作、管理和维护OBFD：Optical Beam Flame Detector线型光速火焰探测器OC-N:Optical carrier level-N光载波级NOCR:Optical Character Recogmition光学字符识别OEIC:Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit光电集成电路OFA:Optical Fiber Amplifier光纤放大器OHP:Overhead Processing开销处理OLT:Optical Line Terminal光纤线路终端ON:Orerall Noise总噪声ONU:Optical Network Unit光纤网络单元OOF:Out Of Frame帧失步OOP:Object Oriental Programming面向对象程序设计OS:Operating System操作系统OSC:Oscillator振荡器OSI:Open Systems Interconnection开放系统互连OTDK：Optical Time Doman Reflectometer光时域反射线OTDM:Optical Time Division Multiplexing光时分复用PA:Power Amphfier功率放大器TOP PA:Power Amplifier功率放大器PABX:Private Auntomatic Branch Exchange程控数字自动交换机Paging :无线呼叫系统PAL:Pinhole Alc Lons针孔型自动亮度控制镜头PARK:Portable Access Rights Key移动用户接入权限识别码PAS:Public Address System公共广播音响系统PBX:Private Brancn exchange程控用户交换机PC:Pan unit&control云台及云台控制器PC:Proximinty Card接近卡PCM:Pulse Code Modulation脉冲编码调制PCS:Personal Communication Service个人通讯服务PDFA:Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺镨光纤放大器PDH:Plesiochronous digital Hierarchy准同步数字系列PDN:Public data network公用数据网PDS:Premises Distribution Systemn建筑物结构化综合布线系统PF:Pressurization Fan加压风机PG:Pressure Gradient压差式PID:Passire Infrared Detector被动式红外传感器PJE:Pointer Justification Event指针调整事件PLC:Programmerable Logic Controller可编程控制器PM:Power Matching功率匹配PMS:Prooerty Management system资源管理系统PO:Pressure Operated压强式POH:Path Overhead通道开销PPI:PDH Physical InterfacePDH物理接口Preamplification:前置放大PRI:Primany Rate Interface基群速率接口PRM:Patter Recogniton Method模式识别法PSC:Protection Switching Count保护倒换计数PSD:Photoelectric Smoke Detector光电感烟探测器PSD:Protection Switching Duration保护倒换持续时间PSK:Phase Shift Keying移相键控PSNT：Ponver Sum Next综合近端串扰PSPDN:Packet switched Public Data Network公众分组交换网PSTN:Public Switch Telephone Network公用交换电话网PU:Pick Up拾音器PVC:Polyvingl chloride聚氯乙烯PVCS:Public video conferring system公用型会议电视系统PWS:Power system电源系统ITU-T:International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector国际电信联盟-电信标准部R:Receiver终端解码器TOP R:Reverberator混响器RC:Radio Communication移动通信RC:Room's Coefficient房间系数RCU:Remote Control Units终端控制器RDI:Remote Defect Indication远端失效指示REG:Regenerator再生器Resolution:清晰度RF:Radio Frequency射频RHE:Romote Head End远地前端RMC:Repeater Management Controller天线信道控制器RMS:Root Mean Square均方根值RMU:Redundancy Memory Unit冗佘存贮器RORTD:Rate Of Rise Thermal Detector差温探测器RR:Reverberation Radius混响半径RS:Reflected sound反射场RSOH:Regenerator Section Ouerhead再生段开销RSSI:Radio Signal Strength IndicatorRST:Regenerator Section Termination再生段终端RSU:Remote Subscriber Unit远端用户单元RT:Real Time实时RT:Reverberation Time混响时间RWS:Remote Workstation远端工作站S:Sprinkler分配器TOP S:Stereo 双声道S:Strike 电子门锁SAA:Sound Absorption Ability吸声能力SAR:Segmetation and reassembly sublayer拆装子层SATV:Sate Llite卫星电视SBS:Synchronous Backbone System同步信息骨干系统SBSMN:SBS SBS Management Network系列传输设备网管系统SC:Smart Card智能卡SC:Subscriber Connector(Optial Fiber Connector)用户连接器（光纤连接器）SC:Supervisong Center中央站监控中心管理中心SCADA:监控和数据采集软件SCB:System Control Board系统控制板SCC:System Control&Communication系统通信控制SC-D:Saplex sc commector双ISC连接器SCD:Sound Console Desk调度台SCPC:Single Chnanel Per Carrier卫星回程线路SCS:Stractured Cabling System结构化布线系统SD:Signal Degraded信号劣化SD:Smoke damper排烟阀SD:Smoke Detector感烟探测器SD:System Distortion系统失真SDCA:Synchronization DCA同步数据通讯适配器SDMA:Spaee Division Multiplex Access容分SDXC:Synchronous Digital Cross Connect同少数字交叉连接SE:Sound Energy声能SEC:SDH Equipment Clock SDH设备时钟SED:Sound Energy Density声能密度SEEF:Smoke Extractor Exhaust Fan排烟风机SEMF:Synchronous Equipment Management Function同步设备管理功能SES:Severely Errored Second严重误码秒SESR:Severely Errlred Second Ratio严重误码秒比率SETPI:Synchronous Equipment Timing Physical Interface同步设备定时物理接口SETS:Synchronous Equipment Timing Source同步设备定时源SF:Spur Feeder分支线SF:Subscribers Feeder用户线SFN:Sound Field Nonunifornity声场不均匀度SFP:Sound Field Processor声场处进器SI:Sound Installation音响设备SI:Sound Insulation隔音SICS:Simultaneous Interpretation Conference system同声传译系统SIPP:Service Interface and protocol processing unit业务接口和协议处理单元SLC:Sate llite Commumication卫星通信SLI:Synchronous Line Optical Interface同步线路光口板SLIC:Subscriber Line Interface Controller用户线接口控制器SLM:Signal Label Mismatch信号标记失配SM:Synchronous Multiplexer同步复用器SMF:System management function系统管理功能SMS:SDH Management Sub-Network SDH管理子网SNA:System Network Architecture系统网络建筑SNI:Service Node Interface业务节点接口SNK:Sighal To Noise Ratio信噪比SOA:Semiconductor Optical Amplifier半导体光放大器SOH:Section Overhead段开销SONET:Synchronous Optical Network同步光网络SPF:Service Port Function业务口功能SPI:SDH Physical InterfaceSDH物理接口SPL:Sound Pressure Level声压级SRL:Stractural Return Loss结构器波损耗SS:Shock sensors震动传感器SS:Sound Source音源SS:Sprinkler System自动喷水灭火系统SSB:Single Side Band单边带调制SSM:Synchronous Status Message同步状态信息SSU:Scan and Signal Unit扫描及信号单元ST:Straight Tip直通式光纤连接器ST:Subscribers Tap用户分支器STB:Set -Top-Box机项盒STC:Short-Term Card计时票STE:Signaling Transfer Equipment信令转换设备STG:Synchronous Timing Generator同步定时发生器STI:Surface fransfer Inpedane表面传输阻扰STI:Surface Tranfer Inpedance表面传输阻抗STM-N:Synchronous Transport Module level-N同步传送模块等级N SU:Subscriber Unit 用户单元SV:Smoke Vent排烟器SVCS:Sound Veinforcement System扩声系统T:Teletext可视图文TOP T:Terminal终端机TA:Trunk Amplifier干线放大器TC:Telecommunication Closet通信插座TC:Transient Characteristic瞬间特性TCI:Trunk cabling interface星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol传输控制协议/网间协议TCS:Tele Communication System通信系统TCS:Telecommunication System通讯系统TD:Ticket Dispemser发卡机TDD:Time Division Dual时分双工TDEV:Time Deviation时间偏差TDM:Time Division Multiplexing时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address时分多址TDS:Time division switching时分交换结构TELEX:用户电报电传TEP:时间/事件软件TF:Transfer Function传送功能TFCC:Transmission frequenay Characteristic传输频率特性TGNP:The Greatest Noise Power最大噪声功率TIM:Trace Identifier Mismatch追踪识别符失配TM:Termination Multiplexer终端复用器TMN:Telecommunication Management Network电信管理网TMN:Telecommunication Management Network电信管理网TNL:Total Noise Level总噪声级TO:Telecommunications Outlet通信插座TP：Tunst Pair对绞线TR:Token Ring令牌网TSI:Timeslot Interxhange时隙交换TSU:Time Switching Unit时隙交换单元TTF:Transport Terminal function传送终端功能TTS:Tri Technology Sensor三鉴传感器TU:Tributary Unit支路单元TUG:Tributary Unit Group支路单元组TU-LOM:TU-Loss Of Multi-frame支路单元复帧丢失TUP:Tributary Unit Pointer支路单元指针TUPP:Tributary Unit Payload Process支路净荷处理UAT:Ultra Aperture Terminal超小口径卫星地面接收站UL：Underwriters Laboratory担保实验室UU:Unidirectional Microphines单指向性传声器VV:Vacant auditoria空场VCI:Virtual chammel identifier虚信道标识VCS:vIdeo conferphone system会议电视系统VI:Video interphone可视对讲门铃Video switchers图象切换控制器Videotext:可视图文VOD:Video on demand视频点播VSAT:Very Small Aperture Terminal甚小口径天线地球站。

Circuit SwitchingIn a circuit-switched network , a dedicated communications path is established between two station through the code of the network. That path is a connected sequence of physical links between nodes.On each link，a logical channel is dedicated to the connection。

Data generated by the source station are transmitted along the dedicated path as rapidly as possible. At each node, incoming data are routed or switched to the appropriate outgoing channel without delay.The most common example of circuit switching is the telephone network.Packet SwitchingA quite different approach is used in a packet-switched network.In this case,it is not necessary to dedicate transmission capacity along a path through the network. Rather ,data are sent out in a sequence of small chunks called packets. Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path leading from source to destination. At each node ,the entire packet is received,stored briefly,and then transmitted to the next node.Packet-switched network are commonly used for terminal-to-computer and computer-to-computer communications.Frame RelayFrame relay was developed to take advantage of these high data rates and low error rates. Whereas the original packet-switching networks were designed with a data rate to the end user of about 64 kbps,frame relay networks are designed to operate efficiently at user data rates of up to 2 Mbps.The key to achieving these high data rates is to strip out most of the overhead involved with error control.电路开关在电路交换网络中,一个专用的通信路径是通过网络的代码建立在两个站之间。

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多媒体describe描述,形容mixture混合,混合物consequent作为结果的,随之发生的confusion混乱,混乱状态opportunity机会,良机literally逐字地,字面地environment环境,周围enormous巨大的,庞大的facility设备,工具majority多数monitor监视器mature成熟的represent描述,讲述compression压缩,浓缩immense广大的,巨大的photograph照片professional职业的,专业的definition定义,清晰度algorithm算法attempt尝试,试图upgrade升级,上升trunk干线server服务器instantly立刻,即刻estimate估计implement实现,完成subscriber用户,订户traffic通讯(量),业务,信息量,话务量architectural建筑上的,结构上的node节点link链路half-duplex半双工的full-duplex全双工的hierarchy分层,层次,等级制度topology拓扑学,拓扑结构trunk树干,干级,中继线synchronous同步的augment增大,扩大tandem串联的,级联的,汇接的,一前一后排列的adjacent邻近的external外部的attach相连saturation饱和decouple分离,分隔compensate补偿,酬报dynamic动态的,变化的unique惟一的,特性的uniquely惟一地trunk 中继线topology 拓扑internode接点间的integrate使结合,使并入consequently因而,所以architecture结构,组织dictate口述,命令,支配global全球的,世界的issue问题,争论点enormous巨大的,庞大的gradual逐渐的,逐步的,顺序变化的degradation能量)衰变,减低,畸变significant重要的,值得注意的substantial多的,大量的eliminate排除,消灭flexibility灵活性bandwidth带宽inherent内在的,固有的analogue模拟,类似物equipment设备,器材pulse脉冲modulation调制,调节initially最初,开始access接近,通路,存取available可用的,可得到的facsimile传真emphasis强调,重点facility设备,工具installation安装,设置capability能力,容量transition过渡,转变convincing有说服力的,令人信服的rapid快速的,迅速的resolve解决,解答,消除virtually实际上,事实上specialization专门化,专用性telex电报,电传电报plain简单的,平凡的ubiquitous普遍存在的,无处不在的conversation谈话,交谈domain域,领域,范围packet包,分组protocol协议,议定书coaxial共轴的community共同体,社团private私人的,个人的token标记,记号,令牌applicable可适用的,能用的problematic有问题的,有疑问的,未决的、existence存在phase相位,阶段,时期,步骤resource资源albeit虽然,即使universal普遍的,广泛的,通用的medium媒介,传输介质integration综合algorithm算法adaptive适应的,自适应的differential有差别的,区别的,差动的,微分的adaptation适应,适配scene场景,场面unrealistic不切实际的emerge出现,显露conclude结论,断定compression压缩imply意味着optimal最佳的signal 信号telex 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取消plan to 预计delay 延误request 请求destination 目的地finally 最后at first 起初receive 收到send 发出repeat 重复bigin 开始end 结束verify 核对miss丢失all 全部address地址form 格式route 路由command 命令amount 数量formal 正式的cease 停止storage 存储compatibility 兼容processor 处理器memory 内存plug 插头tolerant 容量status 状态hotspare 热备份framework 构架alarm 告警function 功能artery 干线queue 队列drop 删除操作undrop 去掉删除操作database 数据库cash 现金main 主菜单exchange 交换force 力量client 客户端engine 引擎program 程序ready 准备boot 启动shutdown 关机reboot 重启haltsys 关机update 更新list 列表examine 检查statistics 统计default 初始化mmenu 菜单restore 还原transmit 转发uplink 上行线路downlink 下行线路launch 发射receive 接收antenna 天线modulation/demodulation 调制解调user equipment 用户设备attenuation 衰减frequency 频率signal 信号weak 衰弱carrier 载波interference 干扰mutual 相互的contact 联系candle 处理collect 收集noise 噪声increase 提高reduce 降低bandwidth 带宽microwave 微波radar 雷达limit 限制airport 机场data 数据business 业务protocol 协议weather 气象broadcast 广播database 数据库monitor 监视control 控制local 本地remote 异地configuration 配置reliability 可靠性synchronization 同步asynchronous 异步rate 速率dial 拨号serve 服务router 路由器maintain 维护attenuator 衰减器rack 机架cable 电缆chassis 机箱character 字符packet 包frame 帧bit 比特byte 字节server 服务器printer 打印机spectrometer 频谱仪fault 故障power 电源debug 调试reset 复位reload 重装restart 重启port 端口serial port 串口automatic 自动的manual 手动的version 版本utility 功能terminal 终端type 类型rate 速率enabled 使可能的present 现在custom 习惯sweep 扫除operational 操作decimal 十进制的calculate 计算search 搜索alternate 交替轮流range 范围，幅度value 值manintenance 维护log 记录，日志gain 增益output 输出input 输入level 水平site 位置device 装置summary 总结current 电流folder 文件夹loopback 回路online 上线offline 下线echo 反射conference 会议slave 被叫方master 主叫方offset 补偿，抵消quality 质量，特性circle 循环，回路span 跨度peak 最高点nadir 最低点couple 个数display 显示amplitude 振幅catalog 目录zoom 急速上升step 步骤total 总的identification 标记space 间隔sequence 顺序except 除什么之外diversion 改路indicator 代码supplementary 追加的priority 等级，优先权location 位置inhibit 禁止group 组separation 分离head 头time 次数necessary 必要的signature 签字abbreviation 简字，缩写department 部门service 公电go ahead 请发报handling 处理manual 人工expect 预计serial 连续的garble 变字idle 空闲的stuck 阻塞tape 纸带excessive 非法的open 断流，开路incorrect 不正常的error 错误invalid 无效的due 由于corrupt 错误的unknown 不知道的origin 源include 包括unable 无能力的unwanted不需要的incompletely 不完善地inordinate 无限制的divert 改路hold 保留，停发observe 观察solid 稳定的false错误的continuously 连续地interruption 中断resume 恢复cooperation 协作out of service 中断工作rush reply 速回答wrong 错误的changeover 转换take place发生alternate 备用further 进一步的attention 注意best regards 最好的敬意kindly 友好地ignore 忽视section 一部分side 边avoid 避免mention提到appreciate 感谢reason原因reference 参阅as soon as possible 尽可能的快silent 安静的feed 反馈percent 百分比following 如下trouble 故障according 依据purpose 目的clarify 澄清previous 以前的duration期间affect 影响deal with 处理release 释放unstable不稳定的abnormal 不正常about 大约above 以上accolingly 按照acknowledfent 确认active 活动accurate 准确add 增加additional 附加adjust 领近in dvance 事前advise 通知another 另外的already 已经amount 数量application 申请arrange安排arrival 到达assist 协助available 有可能的avoid 避免average平均because 因为below 以下both双方confirm 请证实confirmed证实无误check 检查cancel 取消contuinue 继续condition 条件conside 思考deliver交付duration 期间diver 绕转emergency 紧急情况ensure 保证establish 建立serialinterface 串行接口datatransmission 数据传输datastream 数据流theidlestate 闲置状态originatingcall发端呼叫undergroundcable 地下电缆circuitswitching 电路交换packetswitching 分组交换messageswitching 报文交换ciruitswitching电路交换messageswitching报文交换destinationaddress 目的地址errorcontrol 误差控制store-and-forwardmanner 存储转发方式ransimissiondelay 传输时延intermediateswitchingequipment 中间交换设备switchingtechnique 交换技术returnsignal 返回信号messageprocessor 报文处理机givenmaximumlength 给定最大长度atrandom 随机性dedicatedcircuit v informationsuperhighway 信息高速公路statisticalmultiplexing 统计复用digitalinformation 数字化的信息networknode 网络节点dualidentification 双重标识virtualcircuit 虚电路virtualpath 虚路径statisticalmultiplexing 统计复用optimumuseofresources 资源的最佳使用virtualprivatenetworks 虚拟专用网ThePublicTelecommunicationsNetwork 公用电信网localloop 本地环路switchingnode 交换节点tollcenter 收费中心telephonesubscriber 电话用户datatraffic 数据流量intermediateswitchingnode 中间交换节点full-duplexconnection 全双工的连接globalcommunications 全球通信narrowbandservices 宽带业务basicaccess 基本接入radiowaves 无线电波end-to-enddelay 端到端的时延peakhours 繁忙小时operationsandmaintenance 运行和维护telecommunicationservice 电信业务messagesofcharacters 文字报two-wayvoiceconversation 双向对话coaxialtreenetwork 同轴树状网络resourcepooling 资源共享sampling,quantizing and coding 抽样量化与编码speech channel 话路amplitude value 幅值sampling frequency 抽样频率sampling rate 抽样速率coding process 编码过程analog signal 模拟信号transmission quality 传输质量digital communication 数字通信digital transmission 数字传输transmission path 传输路由signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signal levels 信号电平noise power 噪声功率terrestrial system 地面系统Time Division Multiplexer 时分多路复用serial interface 串行接口data transmission 数据传输data stream 数据流the idle state 闲置状态mark level 传号电平space level 空号电位local clock 本地时钟underground cable 地下电缆communication satellite 通信卫星timing signals 定时信号time slot 时隙data terminals 数据终端network resource 网络资源information services 信息服务remote terminals 远程终端interconnected systems 互联的系统electronic mail 电子邮件searching tools 搜索工具user interface 用户界面textual messages 文本信息electronic conferences 电子会议live conversation 实时对话the UNIX operating system UNIX操作系统light source 光源wave length 波长wideband subscriber 带宽用户video bandwidth 视频带宽long distance transmission 长途传输repeater spacing 中继距离wavelength multiplexing 波分复用information capacity 信息容量broadband services 带宽业务international standard 国际标准signal format 信号格式network node interface 网络节点接口tributary signals 支路信号network management 网络管理network maintenance 网络维护network operators 网络运营者transmission rate 传输速率tributary signals 支路信号maintenance capabilities 维护能力building blocks 组件individual tributary signals 各个支路信号transport system 传输系统communication means 通信手段called person 被叫人urgent communications 紧急通信electronic circuitry 电子电路wireless transmission 无线传输service area 服务区global coverage 全球覆盖gain of the antenna 无线增益space station 空间站user terminal 用户终端call accounting电话自动计费系统call control 呼叫控制coax cable 同轴电缆CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址core function 核心功能call information system 呼叫信息系统communication module 通信模块configuration management 配置管理cyclic redundancy check 循环冗佘校验carrier to noise ratio 载波比control word 控制字electro magnetic interference 电磁干扰emergency power 应急电源emergency sooket 应急插座evacuation sigvial疏散照明FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access频分多址GSM:Global System for Mobile communications全球移动通信系统information technology 信息技术LAN:Local Area Network 局域网network layer 网络层physical interface物理接口RF:Radio Frequency 射频satellite commumication 卫星通信service node interface业务节点接口Trunk cabling interface 星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol传输控制协议/网间协议Tele Communication System 通信系统Telecommunication System 通讯系统Ticket Dispemser 发卡机Time Division Dual 时分双工TDM:Time Division Multiplexing时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address时分多址error rate误码率circuit switch电路交换message exchange报文交换packet switch分组交换virtual circuit虚电路network topology网络拓扑physical and vitual addressing modes物理寻址flow control流量控制route selection路径选择logical block addressing逻辑寻址error detection错误检测DTE data terminal equipment数据终端设备DCE data communications equipment数据电路中断设备reference model参考模型VP virtual path 虚通道VC virtual channel虚通路NNI network network interface 网络节点接口UNI user network interface 用户网络接口static route 静态路由bum steady常亮flight altitude飞行高度fixed format 固定格式make preparation for dropping 备降route table 路由表forbidden character 禁用字符man-machine dialog 人机对话prefix number冠字short circuit 短路check code 校验码insert record 插入记录bi-directional data 双向通信radio frequency 射频单元（RF）intermediate frequency 中频单元（IF）out door unit 室外单元（ODU）very high frequency 甚高频（VHF）TES Telephony Earth Stationoffice automation 办公自动化redundant backup 冗余备份communication protocol 通信协议data broadcasting 数据广播data interface 数据接口(channel Unit) CU card /board CU板卡channel unit 信道单元remote station 远端站network control system 网络控制系统（NCS）频分多址（FDMA）按需分配（DAMA）预分配（PAMA）delay time 延迟时间bandwidth pool 带宽池modulation system 调制方式forward error correction 前向纠错（FEC）cold standby 冷备份warm standby 热备份outgoing control channel 外向控制信道（OCC）inbound control channel 入向控制信道configuration parameter 配置参数time division multiplexing 时分复用（TDM）carryout执行,完成putinto投入takeintoaccount把考虑在内appearonthescene出场,出现bycomparison比较起来,相对之下dueto由于inasense从某种意义上说greater than 大于less than 小于between and 在两者之间roll out 转出power off 关机。

系统消息解析1 MIB （Master Information Block）解析MIB主要包含系统带宽、PHICH配置信息、系统帧号。

（下图为实测信令）➢DL_Bandwidth系统带宽，范围enumerate(1.4M(6RB，0)，3M(15RB,1)，5M(25RB,2)，10M(50RB,3)，15M(75RB,4)，20M(100RB,5))，上图为n100，对应的系统带宽为20M（100RB，带宽索引号为5）。

➢Phich_Duration当该参数设置为normal时，PDCCH占用的OFDM符号数可以自适应调整；当该参数设置为extended时，若带宽为1.4M，则PDCCH占用的OFDM符号数可以取3或4，对于其他系统带宽下，PDCCH占用的符号数只能为3。

➢PHICH-Resource该参数用于计算小区PHICH信道的资源；➢SystemFrameNumber系统帧号。

系统帧号，用于UE获取系统时钟。

实际SFN位长为10bit，也就是取值从0-1023循环。

在PBCH的MIB广播中只广播前8位，剩下的两位根据该帧在PBCH 40ms周期窗口的位置确定，第一个10ms帧为00，第二帧为01，第三帧为10，第四帧为11。

PBCH 的40ms窗口手机可以通过盲检确定。

➢Spare：预留的，暂时未用2 SIB1 （System Information Block Type1）解析SIB1上主要传输评估UE能否接入小区的相关信息及其他系统消息的调度信息。

主要包括4部分：➢小区接入相关信息（cell Access Related Info）➢小区选择信息（cell Selection Info）➢调度信息（scheduling Info List）➢TDD配置信息（tdd-Config）SIB1消息解析（UE侧）：RRC-MSG..msg....struBCCH-DL-SCH-Message......struBCCH-DL-SCH-Message........message..........c1............systemInformationBlockType1..............cellAccessRelatedInfo//小区接入相关信息................plmn-IdentityList//PLMN标识列表..................PLMN-IdentityInfo....................plmn-Identity ......................mcc//460 ........................MCC-MNC-Digit:0x4 (4) ........................MCC-MNC-Digit:0x6 (6) ........................MCC-MNC-Digit:0x0 (0) ......................mnc//00 ........................MCC-MNC-Digit:0x0 (0) ........................MCC-MNC-Digit:0x0 (0) ....................cellReservedForOperatorUse:notReserved (1) ................trackingAreaCode:11100(890C)//TAC跟踪区（890C）为16进制数，转换成十进制为35084，查TAC在该消息中可以查到，此条信元重要。

NO Abbr aa1ABM Activity-based Management2AO Application Outsourcing3APICS American Production and Inventory4APICS Applied Manufacturing Education S5APO Advanced Planning and Optimizatio6APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling7ASP Application Service/Software Prov8ATO Assemble To Order9ATP Available To Promise10B2B Business to Business11B2C Business to Consumer12B2G Business to Government13B2R Business to Retailer14BIS Business Intelligence System15BOM Bill Of Materials16BOR Bill Of Resource17BPR Business Process Reengineering18BPM Business Process Management19BPS Business Process Standard20C/S Client/Server(C/S)\Browser/Server21CAD Computer-Aided Design22CAID Computer-Aided Industrial Design23CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing24CAPP Computer-Aided Process Planning25CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineeri26CC Collaborative Commerce27CIMS Computer Integrated Manufacturing28CMM Capability Maturity Model29COMMS Customer Oriented Manufacturing M30CORBA Common Object Request Broker Arch31CPC Collaborative Product Commerce32CPIM Certified Production and Inventor33CPM Critical Path Method34CRM Customer Relationship Management35CRP capacity requirements planning36CTI Computer Telephony Integration37CTP Capable to Promise38DCOM Distributed Component Object Mode39DCS Distributed Control System40DMRP Distributed MRP41DRP Distribution Resource Planning42DSS Decision Support System43DTF Demand Time Fence44DTP Delivery to Promise45EAI Enterprise Application Integratio46EAM Enterprise Assets Management47ECM Enterprise Commerce Management48ECO Engineering Change Order49EDI Electronic Data Interchange50EDP Electronic Data Processing51EEA Extended Enterprise Applications 52EIP Enterprise Information Portal53EIS Executive Information System54EOI Economic Order Interval55EOQ Economic Order Quantity56EPA Enterprise Proficiency Analysis 57ERP Enterprise Resource Planning58ERM Enterprise Resource Management59ETO Engineer To Order60FAS Final Assembly Schedule61FCS Finite Capacity Scheduling62FMS Flexible Manufacturing System63FOQ Fixed Order Quantity64GL General Ledger65GUI Graphical User Interface66HRM Human Resource Management67HRP Human Resource Planning68IE Industry Engineering/Internet Exp 69ISO International Standard Organizati 70ISP Internet Service Provider71ISPE International Society for Product 72IT/GT Information/Group Technology73JIT Just In Time74KPA Key Process Areas75KPI Key Performance Indicators76LP Lean Production77MES Manufacturing Executive System78MIS Management Information System79MPS Master Production Schedule80MRP Material Requirements Planning81MRPII Manufacturing Resource Planning 82MTO Make To Order83MTS Make To Stock84OA Office Automation85OEM Original Equipment Manufacturing 86OPT Optimized Production Technology 87OPT Optimized Production Timetable88PADIS Production And Decision Informati 89PDM Product Data Management90PERT Program Evaluation Research Techn 91PLM Production Lifecycle Management 92PM Project Management93POQ Period Order Quantity94PRM Partner Relationship Management95PTF Planned Time Fence96PTX Private Trade Exchange97RCCP Rough-Cut Capacity Planning98RDBM Relational Data Base Management99RPM Rapid Prototype Manufacturing100RRP Resource Requirements Planning101SCM Supply Chain Management102SCP Supply Chain Partnership103SFA Sales Force Automation104SMED Single-Minute Exchange Of Dies105SOP Sales And Operation Planning106SQL Structure Query Language107TCO Total Cost Ownership108TEI Total Enterprise Integration109TOC Theory Of Constraints/Constraints110TPM Total Productive Maintenance111TQC Total Quality Control112TQM Total Quality Management113WBS Work Breakdown System114XML eXtensible Markup Language115ABC Classification(Activity Based Classification) 116ABC costing117ABC inventory control118abnormal demand119acquisition cost ,ordering cost120action message121action report flag122activity cost pool123activity-based costing(ABC)124actual capacity125adjust on hand126advanced manufacturing technology127advanced pricing128AM Agile Manufacturing129alternative routing130Anticipated Delay Report131anticipation inventory132apportionment code133assembly parts list134automated storage/retrieval syste135Automatic Rescheduling136available inventory137available material138available stock139available work140average inventory141back order142back scheduling143base currency144batch number145batch process146batch production147benchmarking148bill of labor149bill of lading150branch warehouse151bucketless system152business framework153business plan154capacity level155capacity load156capacity management157carrying cost158carrying cost rate159cellular manufacturing160change route161change structure162check point163closed loop MRP164Common Route Code(ID)165component-based development 166concurrent engineering167conference room pilot168configuration code169continuous improvement170continuous process171cost driver172cost driver rate173cost of stockout174cost roll-up175crew size176critical part177critical ratio178critical work center179CLT Cumulative Lead Time180current run hour181current run quantity182customer care183customer deliver lead time 184customer loyalty185customer order number186customer satisfaction187customer status188cycle counting189DM Data Mining190Data Warehouse191days offset192dead load193demand cycle194demand forecasting195demand management196Deming circle197demonstrated capacity198discrete manufacturing199dispatch to200DRP Distribution Requirements Plannin 201drop shipment202dunning letter203ECO workbench204employee enrolled205employee tax id206end item207engineering change mode flag208engineering change notice209equipment distribution210equipment management211exception control212excess material analysis213expedite code214external integration215fabrication order216factory order217fast path method218fill backorder219final assembly lead time220final goods221finite forward scheduling222finite loading223firm planned order224firm planned time fence225FPR Fixed Period Requirements226fixed quantity227fixed time228floor stock229flow shop230focus forecasting231forward scheduling232freeze code233freeze space234frozen order235gross requirements236hedge inventory237in process inventory238in stock239incrementing240indirect cost241indirect labor242infinite loading243input/output control244inspection ID245integrity246inter companies247interplant demands248inventory carry rate249inventory cycle time250inventory issue251inventory location type 252inventory scrap253inventory transfers254inventory turns/turnover 255invoice address256invoice amount gross257invoice schedule258issue cycle259issue order260issue parts261issue policy262item availability263item description264item number265item record266item remark267item status268job shop269job step270kit item271labor hour272late days273lead time274lead time level275lead time offset days276least slack per operation 277line item278live pilot279load leveling280load report281location code282location remarks283location status284lot for lot285lot ID286lot number287lot number traceability288lot size289lot size inventory290lot sizing291low level code292machine capacity293machine hours294machine loading295maintenance ,repair,and operating 296make or buy decision297management by exception298manufacturing cycle time299manufacturing lead time300manufacturing standards301master scheduler302material303material available304material cost305material issues and receipts306material management307material manager308material master,item master309material review board310measure of velocity311memory-based processing speed312minimum balance313Modern Materials Handling314month to date315move time , transit time316MSP book flag317multi-currency318multi-facility319multi-level320multi-plant management321multiple location322net change323net change MRP324net requirements325new location326new parent327new warehouse328next code329next number330No action report331non-nettable332on demand333on-hand balance334on hold335on time336open amount337open order338order activity rules339order address340order entry341order point342order point system343order policy344order promising345order remarks346ordered by347overflow location348overhead apportionment/allocation 349overhead rate,burden factor,absor 350owner's equity351parent item352part bills353part lot354part number355people involvement356performance measurement357physical inventory358picking359planned capacity360planned order361planned order receipts362planned order releases363planning horizon364point of use365Policy and procedure366price adjustments367price invoice368price level369price purchase order370priority planning371processing manufacturing372product control373product family374product mix375production activity control376production cycle377production line378production rate379production tree380PAB Projected Available Balance 381purchase order tracking382quantity allocation383quantity at location384quantity backorder385quantity completion386quantity demand387quantity gross388quantity in389quantity on hand390quantity scrapped391quantity shipped392queue time393rated capacity394receipt document395reference number396regenerated MRP397released order398reorder point399repetitive manufacturing 400replacement parts401required capacity402requisition orders403rescheduling assumption404resupply order405rework bill406roll up407rough cut resource planning 408rounding amount409run time410safety lead time411safety stock412safety time413sales order414scheduled receipts415seasonal stock416send part417service and support418service parts419set up time420ship address421ship contact422ship order423shop calendar424shop floor control425shop order , work order426shrink factor427single level where used428standard cost system429standard hours430standard product cost431standard set up hour432standard unit run hour433standard wage rate434status code435stores control436suggested work order437supply chain438synchronous manufacturing439time bucket440time fence441time zone442top management commitment443total lead time444transportation inventory445unfavorable variance, adverse446unit cost447unit of measure448value chain449value-added chain450variance in quantity451vendor scheduler,supplier schedul 452vendor scheduling453Virtual Enterprise(VE)/ Organizat 454volume variance455wait time456where-used list457work center capacity458workflow459work order460work order tracking461work scheduling462world class manufacturing excelle 463zero inventories464465Call/Contact/Work/Cost center 466Co/By-product467E-Commerce/E-Business/E-Marketing 468E-sales/E-procuement/E-partner 469independent/dependent demand470informal/formal system471Internet/Intranet/Extranet472middle/hard/soft/share/firm/group ware 473pegging/kitting/netting/nettable474picking/dispatch/disbursement lis475preflush/backflush/super backflus476yield/scrap/shrinkage (rate)477scrap/shrinkage factor478479costed BOM480engineering BOM481indented BOM482manufacturing BOM483modular BOM484planning BOM485single level BOM486summarized BOM487488account balance489account code490account ledger491account period492accounts payable493accounts receivable494actual cost495aging496balance due497balance in hand498balance sheet499beginning balance500cash basis501cash on bank502cash on hand503cash out to504catalog505category code506check out507collection508cost simulation509costing510current assets511current liabilities512current standard cost513detail514draft remittance515end of year516ending availables517ending balance518exchange rate519expense520financial accounting521financial entity522financial reports523financial statements524fiscal period525fiscal year526fixed assets527foreign amount528gains and loss529in balance530income statement531intangible assets532journal entry533management accounting534manual reconciliation535notes payable536notes receivable537other receivables538pay aging539pay check540pay in541pay item542pay point543pay status544payment instrument545payment reminder546payment status547payment terms548period549post550proposed cost551simulated cost552spending variance,expenditure var 553subsidiary554summary555tax code556tax rate557value added tax558559as of date , stop date560change lot date561clear date562date adjust563date available564date changed565date closed566date due567date in produced568date inventory adjust569date obsolete570date received571date released572date required573date to pull574earliest due date575effective date576engineering change effect date 577engineering stop date578expired date579from date580last shipment date581need date582new date583pay through date584receipt date585ship date586587allocation588alphanumeric589approver590assembly591backlog592billing593bill-to594bottleneck595bulk596buyer597component598customer599delivery600demand601description602discrete603ergonomics604facility605feature606forecast607freight608holidays609implement610ingredient611inquire612inventory613item614job615Kanban616level617load618locate619logistics620lot621option622outstanding623overhead624override625overtime626parent627part628phantom629plant630preference631priority632procurement633prototyping634queue635quota636receipt637regeneration638remittance639requisition640returned641roll642routing643schedule644shipment645ship-to646shortage647shrink648spread649statement650subassembly651supplier652transaction653what-if654655post-deduct inventory transaction 656pre-deduct inventory transaction 657generally accepted manufacturing658direct-deduct inventory transacti 659Pareto Principle660Drum-buffer-rope661663Open Database Connectivity664Production Planning665Work in Process666accelerated cost recovery system 667accounting information system668acceptable quality kevel669constant purchasing power account 670break-even analysis671book value672cost-benefit analysis673chief financial office674degree of financial leverage675degree of operating leverage676first-in , first-out677economic lot size678first-in ,still-here679full pegging680linear programming681management by objective682value engineering683zero based budgeting684CAQ computer aided quality assurance 685DBMS database management system686IP Internet Protocol687TCP T ransmission Control Protocol 689690API Advanced Process Industry691A2A Application to Application692article693article reserves694assembly order695balance-on-hand-inventory696bar code697boned warehouse698CPA Capacity Requirements Planning 699change management700chill space701combined transport702commodity inspection703competitive edge704container705container transport706CRP Continuous Replenishment Program707core competence708cross docking709CLV Customer Lifetime Value710CReM Customer Relationship Marketing 711CSS Customer Service and Support712Customer Service Representative 713customized logistics714customs declaration715cycle stock716data cleansing717Data Knowledge and Decision Suppo 718data level integration719data transformation720desktop conferencing721distribution722distribution and logistics723distribution center724distribution logistics725distribution processing726distribution requirements727DRP distribution resource planning 728door-to-door729drop and pull transport730DEM Dynamic Enterprise Module731ECR Efficient Consumer Response732e-Government Affairs733EC Electronic Commerce734Electronic Display Boards735EOS Electronic order system736ESD Electronic Software Distribution 737embedding738employee category739empowerment740engineering change effect work or 741environmental logistics742experiential marketing743export supervised warehouse744ERP Extended Resource Planning745field sales/cross sale/cross sell 746franchising747FCL Full Container Load748Global Logistics Management749goods collection750goods shed751goods shelf752goods stack753goods yard754handing/carrying755high performance organization756inland container depot757inside sales758inspection759intangible loss760internal logistics761international freight forwarding 762international logistics763invasive integration764joint distribution765just-in-time logistics766KM Knowledge Management767lead (customer) management768learning organization769LCL less than container load770load balancing771loading and unloading772logistics activity773logistics alliance774logistics center775logistics cost776logistics cost control777logistics documents778logistics enterprise779logistics information780logistics management781logistics modulus782logistics network783logistics operation784LRP Logistics Resource Planning785logistics strategy786logistics strategy management787logistics technology788MES Manufacture Execute System789mass customization790NPV Net Present Value791neutral packing792OLAP On-line Analysis Processing793OAG Open Application Group794order picking795outsourcing796package/packaging797packing of nominated brand798palletizing799PDA Personal Digital Assistant800personalization801PTF Planning time fence802POS Point Of Sells803priority queuing804PBX Private Branch Exchange805production logistics806publish/subscribe807quality of working life808Quick Response809receiving space810REPs Representatives811return logistics812ROI Return On Investment813RM Risk Management814sales package815scalability816shipping space817situational leadership818six sigma819sorting/stacking820stereoscopic warehouse821storage822stored procedure823storehouse824storing825SRM Supplier Relationship Management 826tangible loss827team building828TEM Technology-enabled Marketing829TES Technology-enabled Selling830TSR TeleSales Service Representative 831TPL Third-Part Logistics832through transport833unit loading and unloading834Value Management835value-added logistics service 836Value-chain integration837VMI Vender Managed Inventory838virtual logistics839virtual warehouse840vision841volume pricing model842warehouse843waste material logistics844workflow management845zero latency846ZLE Zero Latency Enterprise847ZLP Zero Latency Process848zero-inventory technologyCC S F NUM基于作业活动管理F10应用程序外包E21美国生产与库存管理协会ext L651实用制造管理系列培训教材ext C652先进计划及优化技术F14高级计划与排程技术F15应用服务/软件供应商L22定货组装L24可供销售量(可签约量)L31企业对企业(电子商务)F51企业对消费者(电子商务)F52企业对政府(电子商务)F53企业对经销商(电子商务)F54商业智能系统E47物料清单bom L471资源清单L43业务/企业流程重组E49业务/企业流程管理E49业务/企业流程标准E50客户机/服务器\浏览器/服务器abr L457计算机辅助设计L75计算机辅助工艺设计L76计算机辅助制造L77计算机辅助工艺设计L78计算机辅助软件工程L79协同商务E68计算机集成制造系统L73能力成熟度模型L55面向客户制造管理系统ext L653通用对象请求代理结构F70协同产品商务E69生产与库存管理认证资格ext F654关键线路法L92客户关系管理L102能力需求计划L60电脑电话集成(呼叫中心)L74可承诺的能力F56分布式组件对象模型F121分布式控制系统L122分布式MRP L123分销资源计划L125决策支持系统L110需求时界L115可承诺的交货时间F111企业应用集成E140企业资源管理E141企业商务管理F142工程变更订单D139电子数据交换L131电子数据处理F132扩展企业应用系统F152企业信息门户E143高层领导信息系统F150经济定货周期L129经济订货批量(经济批量法)L130企业绩效分析144企业资源计划L145企业资源管理L145专项设计，按订单设计L136最终装配计划L160有限能力计划L162柔性制造系统L171固定定货批量法L167总账cid D522图形用户界面F178人力资源管理L181人力资源计划L182工业工程/浏览器188国际标准化组织F194互联网服务提供商F195国际生产力促进会ext F655信息/成组技术abr F458准时制造/准时制生产L218关键过程域L220关键业绩指标F219精益生产L227制造执行系统L254管理信息系统L252主生产计划L259物料需求计划L268制造资源计划D256定货(订货)生产L249现货(备货)生产L250办公自动化L292原始设备制造商E311最优生产技术E300最优生产时刻表E301生产和决策管理信息系统L346产品数据管理L342计划评审技术L352产品生命周期管理E348项目管理353周期定量法L323合作伙伴关系管理F320计划时界L330自用交易网站F339粗能力计划L385关系数据库管理F372快速原形制造F367资源需求计划D380供应链管理L420供应链合作伙伴关系L421销售自动化L392快速换模法L408销售与运作规划L391结构化查询语言F417总体运营成本F428全面企业集成F429约束理论/约束管理L423全员生产力维护F431全面质量控制L432全面质量管理L433工作分解系统F448可扩展标记语言F153 ABC分类法T1作业成本法F2 ABC 库存控制D3反常需求D4定货费L5行为/活动(措施)信息D6活动报告标志D7作业成本集L8作业基准成本法/业务成本法L9实际能力D11调整现有库存量D12先进制造技术L13高级定价系统D16敏捷制造L17替代工序(工艺路线)D18拖期预报T19预期储备L20分摊码D23装配零件表D25自动仓储/检索系统C26计划自动重排T27可达到库存D28可用物料D29达到库存T30可利用工时T32平均库存D33欠交(脱期)订单L34倒排(序)计划/倒序排产?L35本位币D36批号D37批流程L38批量生产D39标杆瞄准(管理)sim F586工时清单D41提货单D42分库D44无时段系统L45业务框架D46经营规划L48能力利用水平L57能力负荷D58能力管理L59保管费L61保管费率D62单元式制造T63修改工序D64修改产品结构D65检查点sim D66闭环MRP L67通用工序标识T71组件(构件)开发技术F72并行(同步)工程L80会议室模拟L81配置代码D82进取不懈C84连续流程L85作业成本发生因素L86作业成本发生因素单位费用L87短缺损失L88成本滚动计算法L89班组规模D90急需零件D91紧迫系数L93关键工作中心L94累计提前期L95现有运转工时D96现有运转数量D97客户关怀D98客户交货提前期L99客户忠诚度F100客户订单号D101客户满意度F103客户状况D104周期盘点L105数据挖掘F106数据仓库F107偏置天数L108空负荷T109需求周期L112需求预测D113需求管理L114戴明环ext L116实际能力C117离散型生产L119调度D120分销需求计划L124直运C126催款信D127 ECO工作台D128在册员工D133员工税号D134最终产品D135工程变更方式标志D137工程变更通知D138设备分配D146设备管理D147例外控制D148呆滞物料分析D149急送代码T151外部集成F154加工订单T155工厂订单D156快速路径法D157补足欠交D158总装提前期D159成品D161有限顺排计划L163有限排负荷L164确认的计划订单L165确认计划需求时界L166定期用量法L168固定数量法D169固定时间法D170作业现场库存L172流水车间T173调焦预测T174顺排计划L175冻结码D176冷冻区D176冻结订单D177毛需求L179囤积库存L180在制品库存D183在库D184增值D185间接成本D186间接人工D187无限排负荷L189投入/产出控制L190检验标识D191完整性D192公司内部间D193厂际需求量T196库存周转率D197库存周期D197库存发放D198仓库库位类型D199库存报废量D200库存转移D201库存(资金)周转次数L202发票地址D203发票金额D204发票清单D205发放周期D206发送订单T207发放零件D208发放策略D209项目可供量D210项目说明D211项目编号D212项目记录T213项目备注D214项目状态D215加工车间L216作业步骤D217配套件项目D221人工工时D222延迟天数D223提前期L224提前期水平D225提前期偏置(补偿)天数D226最小单个工序平均时差C228单项产品T229应用模拟L230负荷量T231负荷报告T232仓位代码D233仓位备注T234仓位状况T235按需定货(因需定量法/缺补法)L236批量标识T237批量编号T238批号跟踪D239批量D240批量库存L241批量规划L242低层(位)码L243机器能力D244机时D245机器加载T246维护修理操作物料C247外购或自制决策D248例外管理法L251制造周期时间T253制造提前期D255制造标准D257主生产计划员L260物料L261物料可用量L262物料成本D263物料发放和接收D264物料管理L265物料经理L266物料主文件L267物料核定机构L269生产速率水平C270基于存储的处理速度F271最小库存余量L272现代物料搬运C273月累计D274传递时间L275 MPS登录标志T276多币制D277多场所D278多级D279多工厂管理F280多重仓位T281净改变法L282净改变式MRP T283净需求L284新仓位D285新组件D286新仓库D287后续编码D288后续编号D289不活动报告D290不可动用量C291急需的D293现有库存量D294挂起D295准时D296未清金额D298未结订单/开放订单L299订单活动规则D302订单地址D303订单输入T304定货点T305定货点法L306定货策略L307定货承诺T308定货备注T309定货者D310超量库位D312间接费分配L313间接费率L314所有者权益L315母件L316零件清单D317零件批次D318零件编号D319全员参治C321业绩评价L322实际库存D324领料/提货D325计划能力L326计划订单L327计划产出量L328计划投入量L329计划期/计划展望期L331使用点C332工作准则与工作规程L333价格调整D334发票价格D335物价水平D336采购订单价格D337优先计划D338流程制造D340产品控制D341产品系列D343产品搭配组合C344生产作业控制L345生产周期L347产品线D349产品率D350产品结构树T351预计可用库存(量)L354采购订单跟踪D355已分配量D356仓位数量T357欠交数量D358完成数量D359需求量D360毛需求量D361进货数量T362现有数量D363废品数量D364发货数量D365排队时间L366额定能力L368收款单据D369参考号D370重生成式MRP T371下达订单L373再订购点D374重复式生产(制造)L375替换零件D376需求能力L377请购单D378重排假设T379补库单L381返工单D382上滚D383粗资源计划D384舍入金额D386加工(运行)时间L387安全提前期L388安全库存L389保险期T390销售订单D393计划接收量(预计入库量/预期到货量)L394季节储备L395发送零件T396服务和支持D397维修件T398准备时间L399发运地址D400发运单联系人D401发货单D402工厂日历(车间日历)L403车间作业管理(控制)L404车间订单L405损耗因子(系数)D406单层物料反查表D407标准成本体系L409标准工时D410标准产品成本D411标准机器设置工时T412标准单位运转工时T413标准工资率T414状态代码D415库存控制T416建议工作单D418供应链L419同步制造/同期生产C422时段(时间段)L424时界L425时区L426领导承诺C427总提前期L430在途库存L434不利差异L435单位成本T436计量单位D437价值链L438增值链C439量差D440采购计划员/供方计划员L442采购计划法T443虚拟企业/公司L444产量差异L445等待时间L446反查用物料单L447工作中心能力L449工作流L450工作令T451工作令跟踪T452工作进度安排T453国际优秀制造业C454零库存T455456呼叫/联络/工作/成本中心abr X459联/副产品abr X460电子商务/电子商务/电子集市abr X461电子销售/电子采购/电子伙伴abr独立需求/相关需求件abr X462非/规范化管理系统abr X463互联网/企业内部网/企业外联网abr X464中间/硬/软/共享/固/群件abr X465追溯(反查)/配套出售件/净需求计算abr X466领料单(或提货单)/派工单/发料单abr X467预冲/倒冲法/完全反冲abr X468成品率/废品率/缩减率abr X469残料率（废品系数）/损耗系数abr fromchen470成本物料清单bom D472设计物料清单bom L473缩排式物料清单bom L474制造物料清单bom L475模块化物料清单bom L476计划物料清单bom L477单层物料清单bom D478汇总物料清单bom L479480账户余额cid D481账户代码cid D482分类账cid D483会计期间cid D484应付账款cid L485应收账款cid L486实际成本cid D487账龄cid D488到期余额cid D489现有余额cid D490资产负债表cid D491期初余额cid D492现金收付制cid D493银行存款cid L494现金cid L495支付给cid D496目录cid D497分类码cid D498结帐cid D499催款cid D500成本模拟cid D501成本核算cid D502流动资产cid L503流动负债cid L504现行标准成本cid C505明细cid D506汇票汇出cid D507年末cid D508期末可供量cid D509期末余额cid D510汇率cid D511费用cid D512财务会计cid L513财务实体cid L514财务报告cid D515财务报表cid D516财务期间cid D517财政年度cid D518固定资产cid L519外币金额cid D520损益cid D521平衡cid D523损益表cid D524无形资产cid L525分录cid D526管理会计cid L527手工调账cid D528应付票据cid L529应收票据cid L530其他应收款cid L531付款账龄cid D532工资支票cid D533缴款cid D534付款项目cid D535支付点cid D536支付状态cid D537付款方式cid D538催款单cid D539付款状态cid D540付款期限cid D541期间cid D542过账cid D543建议成本cid L544模拟成本cid L545开支差异cid L546明细账cid D547汇总cid D548税码cid D549税率cid D550增值税cid D551552截止日期dat D553修改批量日期dat D554结清日期dat D555调整日期dat D556有效日期dat D557修改日期dat D558结束日期dat D559截止日期dat560生产日期dat D561库存调整日期dat D562作废日期dat D563收到日期dat D564交付日期dat D565需求日期dat D566发货日期dat D567最早订单完成日期dat L568生效日期dat D569工程变更生效日期dat D570工程停止日期dat D571失效日期，报废日期dat D572起始日期dat D573最后运输日期dat T574需求日期dat D575新日期dat D576付款截止日期dat D577收到日期dat D578发运日期dat D579580已分配量sim D581字母数字sim C582批准者sim D583装配(件)sim D584未结订单/拖欠订单sim L585开单sim D587发票寄往地sim C588瓶颈资源sim L589散装sim D590采购员sim T591子件/组件sim L592客户sim D593交货sim D594需求sim D595说明sim D596离散sim D597工效学(人类工程学)sim L598设备、功能sim D599基本组件/特征件sim L600预测sim D601运费sim D602例假日sim D603实施sim D604配料、成分sim D605查询sim D606库存sim L607物料项目sim D608作业sim D609看板sim T610层次(级)sim D611负荷sim D612定位sim D613后勤保障体系；物流管理sim L614批次sim D615可选件sim L616逾期未付sim D617制造费用sim D618覆盖sim C619加班sim D620双亲(文件)sim D621零件sim D622虚拟件sim L623工厂，场所sim D624优先权sim D626优先权(级)sim D627采购sim628原形测试sim L629队列sim T630任务额，报价sim D631收款、收据sim D632全重排法sim C633汇款sim D634请购单sim L635退货sim D636滚动sim D637工艺线路sim L638计划表sim D639发运量sim D640交货地sim C641短缺sim D642损耗sim D643分摊sim D644报表sim D645子装配件sim D646供应商sim D647事务处理sim F648如果怎样-将会怎样sim C649650后减库存处理法ext T656前减库存处理法ext T657通用生产管理原则ext T658直接增减库存处理法ext T659帕拉图原理ext L660鼓点-缓冲-绳子ext T661开放数据库互连fromchen生产规划编制 fromchen在制品 fromchen快速成本回收制度fromchen会计信息系统 fromchen可接受质量水平 fromchen不买够买力会计fromchen保本分析fromchen帐面价值fromchen成本效益分析fromchen财务总监fromchen财务杠杆系数fromchen经济杠杆系数fromchen先进先出法 fromchen经济批量 fromchen后进先出法fromchen完全跟踪 fromchen线性规划 fromchen目标管理 fromchen价值工程 fromchen零基预算fromchen计算机辅助质量保证 fromchen数据库管理系统 fromchen网际协议 fromchen传输控制协议 fromchen高级流程工业fromAMT应用到应用(集成)fromAMT物品fromAMT物品存储fromAMT装配订单fromAMT现有库存余额fromAMT条形码fromAMT保税仓库fromAMT能力需求计划fromAMT变革管理fromAMT冷藏区fromAMT联合运输fromAMT进出口商品检验fromAMT竞争优势fromAMT集装箱fromAMT集装箱运输fromAMT连续补充系数fromAMT。

第一章绪论截断误差truncation error舍入误差rounding error; round-off error绝对误差absolute error误差限bounds on error相对误差relative error相对误差限bounds on relative error有效数字significant digit; significant figure数值稳定性numerical stability第二章插值与拟合插值函数interpolating function插值节点interpolation knot; interpolation node插值区间插值多项式interpolation polynomial基函数base function差商difference coefficient向前差分forward difference quotient向后差分backward difference quotient中心差分central difference向前差分算子forward difference operator向后差分算子backward difference operator中心差分算子central difference operator不变算子invariant operator移位算子shifting operator三次样条函数cubic spline function三次样条插值函数cubic spline interpolating function 边界条件boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition周期边界条件period boundary condition最小二乘法曲线拟合least squares curve fitting法方程normal equation第三章数值积分与数值微分数值积分numerical integration数值微分numerical differentiation求积公式quadrature formula求积节点quadrature knot求积系数quadrature coefficients代数精度algebraic accuracy插值型求积公式interpolatory quadrature formula余项remainder term外推法extrapolation method第四章解线性方程组的直接方法消去法cancellation method三角分解法triangular decomposition平方根法square root method追赶法forward elimination and backward substitution 范数norm条件数condition number第五章解线性方程组的迭代法迭代法iteration method收敛convergence发散diverge超松弛迭代法successive over relaxation method第六章非线性方程求根二分法dichotomy method不动点fixed point牛顿法Newton method第八章矩阵特征值问题计算特征值characteristic value特征向量character vector幂法power method反幂法inverse power method。

公司管理中的英文缩写收藏6•分类: 英语学习•发布时间: 2011/9/19 12:52:16•阅读(5084) | 评论(0)推荐1. MM --- Materials Management: 物料管理2. CMM --- Component Module Move: 零组件 (乡村包围城市); 系统组装 (火车头火车头工业驱动供应链); 整合供应链 (运筹物流, ERP, VMI, SFC … )3. ECMMS$ --- Engineering Component Module Move Service Dollars: 工程 (研究开发); 零组件 (乡村包围城市); 系统组装(火车头火车头工业驱动供应链); 整合供应链 (运筹物流, ERP, VMI, SFC … ) ; 服务, 代收钱4. Forecast --- 客户需求预测5. WO --- Work Order = PO --- Production Order: 生产工令6. MRP --- Material Requirement Planning: 物料需求计划7. VPO --- Vendor Purchase Order: 供货商采购订单8. MAWB --- Master Air Waybill: 空运主提单9. HAWB --- House Air Waybill: 小提单10. B / L --- Bill of Loading: 海运提单11. Consignee: 收货者12. ETD --- Estimated to Departure: 预计出发13. MIN / MAX --- Minimum and Maximum: 最小量与最大量14. VPO Burning: 向供货商采购货的平衡量15. VMI --- Vendor Management Inventory: 供货商免费存放, 在距离客户组装地2小时车程内, 3天到2周之库存16. VDPS --- Vendor Daily Planning Schedule: 供货商日生产排配17. ETA --- Estimated to Arrival: 预计到达时间18. Stock Level: 库存水准19. WO / PO Consumption --- Work Order / Production Order Consumption: 工令消耗20. BO Replenish --- Back Order Replenish: 订单欠交补货21. VMSA Burning --- Vendor Managed Stock Area Burning: 供货商管理库存平衡22. Pull Back: 由后往前拉23. Pipeline: 物流供应链中的库存24. ERP – SAP --- Enterprise Resource Planning / System Application Product in Process: 企业资源规划及生产应用管制操作系统25. SFC --- Shop Floor Control: 现场车间管制操作系统26. MOQ --- Minimum Order Quantity: 最小订购量27. MSQ --- Maximum Supply Quantity: 最大供应量28. Where Use Report: 零件共同使用报表28. Where Use Report: 零件共同使用报表29. EXW-EX Works: 工厂交货价30. RTV- Return to vendor: 退货31.RMA-Return Material Approval 退货验收32.ETA-Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到港时间33.ETD-Estimated Time of Departure 预计离港时间ERP专业词汇1 ABM Activity-based Management 基于作业活动管理2 AO Application Outsourcing 应用程序外包3 APICS American Production and Inventory Control Society,Inc 美国生产与库存管理协会4 APICS Applied Manufacturing Education Series 实用制造管理系列培训教材5 APO Advanced Planning and Optimization 先进计划及优化技术6 APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling 高级计划与排程技术7 ASP Application Service/Software Provider 应用服务/软件供应商8 ATO Assemble To Order 定货组装9 ATP Available To Promise 可供销售量(可签约量)10 B2B Business to Business 企业对企业(电子商务)11 B2C Business to Consumer 企业对消费者(电子商务)12 B2G Business to Government 企业对政府(电子商务)13 B2R Business to Retailer 企业对经销商(电子商务)14 BIS Business Intelligence System 商业智能系统15 BOM Bill Of Materials 物料清单16 BOR Bill Of Resource 资源清单17 BPR Business Process Reengineering 业务/企业流程重组18 BPM Business Process Management 业务/企业流程管理19 BPS Business Process Standard 业务/企业流程标准20 C/S Client/Server(C/S)\Browser/Server(B/S) 客户机/服务器\浏览器/服务器21 CAD Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助设计22 CAID Computer-Aided Industrial Design 计算机辅助工艺设计23 CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造24 CAPP Computer-Aided Process Planning 计算机辅助工艺设计25 CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering 计算机辅助软件工程26 CC Collaborative Commerce 协同商务27 CIMS Computer Integrated Manufacturing System 计算机集成制造系统28 CMM Capability Maturity Model 能力成熟度模型29 COMMS Customer Oriented Manufacturing Management System 面向客户制造管理系统30 CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture 通用对象请求代理结构31 CPC Collaborative Product Commerce 协同产品商务32 CPIM Certified Production and Inventory Management 生产与库存管理认证资格33 CPM Critical Path Method 关键线路法34 CRM Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理35 CRP capacity requirements planning 能力需求计划36 CTI Computer Telephony Integration 电脑电话集成(呼叫中心)37 CTP Capable to Promise 可承诺的能力38 DCOM Distributed Component Object Model 分布式组件对象模型39 DCS Distributed Control System 分布式控制系统40 DMRP Distributed MRP 分布式MRP41 DRP Distribution Resource Planning 分销资源计划42 DSS Decision Support System 决策支持系统43 DTF Demand Time Fence 需求时界44 DTP Delivery to Promise 可承诺的交货时间45 EAI Enterprise Application Integration 企业应用集成46 EAM Enterprise Assets Management 企业资源管理47 ECM Enterprise Commerce Management 企业商务管理48 ECO Engineering Change Order 工程变更订单49 EDI Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换50 EDP Electronic Data Processing 电子数据处理51 EEA Extended Enterprise Applications 扩展企业应用系统52 EIP Enterprise Information Portal 企业信息门户53 EIS Executive Information System 高层领导信息系统54 EOI Economic Order Interval 经济定货周期55 EOQ Economic Order Quantity 经济订货批量(经济批量法)56 EPA Enterprise Proficiency Analysis 企业绩效分析57 ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划58 ERM Enterprise Resource Management 企业资源管理59 ETO Engineer To Order 专项设计，按订单设计60 FAS Final Assembly Schedule 最终装配计划61 FCS Finite Capacity Scheduling 有限能力计划62 FMS Flexible Manufacturing System 柔性制造系统63 FOQ Fixed Order Quantity 固定定货批量法64 GL General Ledger 总账65 GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户界面66 HRM Human Resource Management 人力资源管理67 HRP Human Resource Planning 人力资源计划68 IE Industry Engineering/Internet Exploration 工业工程/浏览器69 ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织70 ISP Internet Service Provider 互联网服务提供商71 ISPE International Society for Productivity Enhancement 国际生产力促进会72 IT/GT Information/Group Technology 信息/成组技术73 JIT Just In Time 准时制造/准时制生产74 KPA Key Process Areas 关键过程域75 KPI Key Performance Indicators 关键业绩指标76 LP Lean Production 精益生产77 MES Manufacturing Executive System 制造执行系统78 MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统79 MPS Master Production Schedule 主生产计划80 MRP Material Requirements Planning 物料需求计划81 MRPII Manufacturing Resource Planning 制造资源计划82 MTO Make To Order 定货(订货)生产83 MTS Make To Stock 现货(备货)生产84 OA Office Automation 办公自动化85 OEM Original Equipment Manufacturing 原始设备制造商86 OPT Optimized Production Technology 最优生产技术87 OPT Optimized Production Timetable 最优生产时刻表88 PADIS Production And Decision Information System 生产和决策管理信息系统89 PDM Product Data Management 产品数据管理90 PERT Program Evaluation Research Technology 计划评审技术91 PLM Production Lifecycle Management 产品生命周期管理92 PM Project Management 项目管理93 POQ Period Order Quantity 周期定量法94 PRM Partner Relationship Management 合作伙伴关系管理95 PTF Planned Time Fence 计划时界96 PTX Private Trade Exchange 自用交易网站97 RCCP Rough-Cut Capacity Planning 粗能力计划98 RDBM Relational Data Base Management 关系数据库管理99 RPM Rapid Prototype Manufacturing 快速原形制造100 RRP Resource Requirements Planning 资源需求计划101 SCM Supply Chain Management 供应链管理102 SCP Supply Chain Partnership 供应链合作伙伴关系103 SFA Sales Force Automation 销售自动化104 SMED Single-Minute Exchange Of Dies 快速换模法105 SOP Sales And Operation Planning 销售与运作规划106 SQL Structure Query Language 结构化查询语言107 TCO Total Cost Ownership 总体运营成本108 TEI Total Enterprise Integration 全面企业集成109 TOC Theory Of Constraints/Constraints managemant 约束理论/约束管理110 TPM Total Productive Maintenance 全员生产力维护111 TQC Total Quality Control 全面质量控制112 TQM Total Quality Management 全面质量管理113 WBS Work Breakdown System 工作分解系统114 XML eXtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言115 ABC Classification(Activity Based Classification) ABC分类法116 ABC costing 作业成本法117 ABC inventory control ABC 库存控制118 abnormal demand 反常需求119 acquisition cost ,ordering cost 定货费120 action message 行为/活动(措施)信息121 action report flag 活动报告标志122 activity cost pool 作业成本集123 activity-based costing(ABC) 作业基准成本法/业务成本法124 actual capacity 实际能力125 adjust on hand 调整现有库存量126 advanced manufacturing technology 先进制造技术127 advanced pricing 高级定价系统128 AM Agile Manufacturing 敏捷制造129 alternative routing 替代工序(工艺路线)130 Anticipated Delay Report 拖期预报131 anticipation inventory 预期储备132 apportionment code 分摊码133 assembly parts list 装配零件表134 automated storage/retrieval system 自动仓储/检索系统135 Automatic Rescheduling 计划自动重排136 available inventory 可达到库存137 available material 可用物料138 available stock 达到库存139 available work 可利用工时140 average inventory 平均库存141 back order 欠交(脱期)订单142 back scheduling 倒排(序)计划/倒序排产?143 base currency 本位币144 batch number 批号145 batch process 批流程146 batch production 批量生产147 benchmarking 标杆瞄准(管理)148 bill of labor 工时清单149 bill of lading 提货单150 branch warehouse 分库151 bucketless system 无时段系统152 business framework 业务框架153 business plan 经营规划154 capacity level 能力利用水平155 capacity load 能力负荷156 capacity management 能力管理157 carrying cost 保管费158 carrying cost rate 保管费率159 cellular manufacturing 单元式制造160 change route 修改工序161 change structure 修改产品结构162 check point 检查点163 closed loop MRP 闭环MRP164 Common Route Code(ID) 通用工序标识165 component-based development 组件(构件)开发技术166 concurrent engineering 并行(同步)工程167 conference room pilot 会议室模拟168 configuration code 配置代码169 continuous improvement 进取不懈170 continuous process 连续流程171 cost driver 作业成本发生因素172 cost driver rate 作业成本发生因素单位费用173 cost of stockout 短缺损失174 cost roll-up 成本滚动计算法175 crew size 班组规模176 critical part 急需零件177 critical ratio 紧迫系数178 critical work center 关键工作中心179 CLT Cumulative Lead Time 累计提前期180 current run hour 现有运转工时181 current run quantity 现有运转数量182 customer care 客户关怀183 customer deliver lead time 客户交货提前期184 customer loyalty 客户忠诚度185 customer order number 客户订单号186 customer satisfaction 客户满意度187 customer status 客户状况188 cycle counting 周期盘点189 DM Data Mining 数据挖掘190 Data Warehouse 数据仓库191 days offset 偏置天数192 dead load 空负荷193 demand cycle 需求周期194 demand forecasting 需求预测195 demand management 需求管理196 Deming circle 戴明环197 demonstrated capacity 实际能力198 discrete manufacturing 离散型生产199 dispatch to 调度200 DRP Distribution Requirements Planning 分销需求计划201 drop shipment 直运202 dunning letter 催款信203 ECO workbench ECO工作台204 employee enrolled 在册员工205 employee tax id 员工税号206 end item 最终产品207 engineering change mode flag 工程变更方式标志208 engineering change notice 工程变更通知209 equipment distribution 设备分配210 equipment management 设备管理211 exception control 例外控制212 excess material analysis 呆滞物料分析213 expedite code 急送代码214 external integration 外部集成215 fabrication order 加工订单216 factory order 工厂订单217 fast path method 快速路径法218 fill backorder 补足欠交219 final assembly lead time 总装提前期220 final goods 成品221 finite forward scheduling 有限顺排计划222 finite loading 有限排负荷223 firm planned order 确认的计划订单224 firm planned time fence 确认计划需求时界225 FPR Fixed Period Requirements 定期用量法226 fixed quantity 固定数量法227 fixed time 固定时间法228 floor stock 作业现场库存229 flow shop 流水车间230 focus forecasting 调焦预测231 forward scheduling 顺排计划232 freeze code 冻结码233 freeze space 冷冻区234 frozen order 冻结订单235 gross requirements 毛需求236 hedge inventory 囤积库存237 in process inventory 在制品库存238 in stock 在库239 incrementing 增值240 indirect cost 间接成本241 indirect labor 间接人工242 infinite loading 无限排负荷243 input/output control 投入/产出控制244 inspection ID 检验标识245 integrity 完整性246 inter companies 公司内部间247 interplant demands 厂际需求量248 inventory carry rate 库存周转率249 inventory cycle time 库存周期250 inventory issue 库存发放251 inventory location type 仓库库位类型252 inventory scrap 库存报废量253 inventory transfers 库存转移254 inventory turns/turnover 库存(资金)周转次数255 invoice address 发票地址256 invoice amount gross 发票金额257 invoice schedule 发票清单258 issue cycle 发放周期259 issue order 发送订单260 issue parts 发放零件261 issue policy 发放策略262 item availability 项目可供量263 item description 项目说明264 item number 项目编号265 item record 项目记录266 item remark 项目备注267 item status 项目状态268 job shop 加工车间269 job step 作业步骤270 kit item 配套件项目271 labor hour 人工工时272 late days 延迟天数273 lead time 提前期274 lead time level 提前期水平275 lead time offset days 提前期偏置(补偿)天数276 least slack per operation 最小单个工序平均时差277 line item 单项产品278 live pilot 应用模拟279 load leveling 负荷量280 load report 负荷报告281 location code 仓位代码282 location remarks 仓位备注283 location status 仓位状况284 lot for lot 按需定货(因需定量法/缺补法)285 lot ID 批量标识286 lot number 批量编号287 lot number traceability 批号跟踪288 lot size 批量289 lot size inventory 批量库存290 lot sizing 批量规划291 low level code 低层(位)码292 machine capacity 机器能力293 machine hours 机时294 machine loading 机器加载295 maintenance ,repair,and operating supplies 维护修理操作物料296 make or buy decision 外购或自制决策297 management by exception 例外管理法298 manufacturing cycle time 制造周期时间299 manufacturing lead time 制造提前期300 manufacturing standards 制造标准301 master scheduler 主生产计划员302 material 物料303 material available 物料可用量304 material cost 物料成本305 material issues and receipts 物料发放和接收306 material management 物料管理307 material manager 物料经理308 material master,item master 物料主文件309 material review board 物料核定机构310 measure of velocity 生产速率水平311 memory-based processing speed 基于存储的处理速度312 minimum balance 最小库存余量313 Modern Materials Handling 现代物料搬运314 month to date 月累计315 move time , transit time 传递时间316 MSP book flag MPS登录标志317 multi-currency 多币制318 multi-facility 多场所319 multi-level 多级320 multi-plant management 多工厂管理321 multiple location 多重仓位322 net change 净改变法323 net change MRP 净改变式MRP324 net requirements 净需求325 new location 新仓位326 new parent 新组件327 new warehouse 新仓库328 next code 后续编码329 next number 后续编号330 No action report 不活动报告331 non-nettable 不可动用量332 on demand 急需的333 on-hand balance 现有库存量334 on hold 挂起335 on time 准时336 open amount 未清金额337 open order 未结订单/开放订单338 order activity rules 订单活动规则339 order address 订单地址340 order entry 订单输入341 order point 定货点342 order point system 定货点法343 order policy 定货策略344 order promising 定货承诺345 order remarks 定货备注346 ordered by 定货者347 overflow location 超量库位348 overhead apportionment/allocation 间接费分配349 overhead rate,burden factor,absorption rate 间接费率350 owner's equity 所有者权益351 parent item 母件352 part bills 零件清单353 part lot 零件批次354 part number 零件编号355 people involvement 全员参治356 performance measurement 业绩评价357 physical inventory 实际库存358 picking 领料/提货359 planned capacity 计划能力360 planned order 计划订单361 planned order receipts 计划产出量362 planned order releases 计划投入量363 planning horizon 计划期/计划展望期364 point of use 使用点365 Policy and procedure 工作准则与工作规程366 price adjustments 价格调整367 price invoice 发票价格368 price level 物价水平369 price purchase order 采购订单价格370 priority planning 优先计划371 processing manufacturing 流程制造372 product control 产品控制373 product family 产品系列374 product mix 产品搭配组合375 production activity control 生产作业控制376 production cycle 生产周期377 production line 产品线378 production rate 产品率379 production tree 产品结构树380 PAB Projected Available Balance 预计可用库存(量) 381 purchase order tracking 采购订单跟踪382 quantity allocation 已分配量383 quantity at location 仓位数量384 quantity backorder 欠交数量385 quantity completion 完成数量386 quantity demand 需求量387 quantity gross 毛需求量388 quantity in 进货数量389 quantity on hand 现有数量390 quantity scrapped 废品数量391 quantity shipped 发货数量392 queue time 排队时间393 rated capacity 额定能力394 receipt document 收款单据395 reference number 参考号396 regenerated MRP 重生成式MRP397 released order 下达订单398 reorder point 再订购点399 repetitive manufacturing 重复式生产(制造)400 replacement parts 替换零件401 required capacity 需求能力402 requisition orders 请购单403 rescheduling assumption 重排假设404 resupply order 补库单405 rework bill 返工单406 roll up 上滚407 rough cut resource planning 粗资源计划408 rounding amount 舍入金额409 run time 加工(运行)时间410 safety lead time 安全提前期411 safety stock 安全库存412 safety time 保险期413 sales order 销售订单414 scheduled receipts 计划接收量(预计入库量/预期到货量) 415 seasonal stock 季节储备416 send part 发送零件417 service and support 服务和支持418 service parts 维修件419 set up time 准备时间420 ship address 发运地址421 ship contact 发运单联系人422 ship order 发货单423 shop calendar 工厂日历(车间日历)424 shop floor control 车间作业管理(控制)425 shop order , work order 车间订单426 shrink factor 损耗因子(系数)427 single level where used 单层物料反查表428 standard cost system 标准成本体系429 standard hours 标准工时430 standard product cost 标准产品成本431 standard set up hour 标准机器设置工时432 standard unit run hour 标准单位运转工时433 standard wage rate 标准工资率434 status code 状态代码435 stores control 库存控制436 suggested work order 建议工作单437 supply chain 供应链438 synchronous manufacturing 同步制造/同期生产439 time bucket 时段(时间段)440 time fence 时界441 time zone 时区442 top management commitment 领导承诺443 total lead time 总提前期444 transportation inventory 在途库存445 unfavorable variance, adverse 不利差异446 unit cost 单位成本447 unit of measure 计量单位448 value chain 价值链449 value-added chain 增值链450 variance in quantity 量差451 vendor scheduler,supplier scheduler 采购计划员/供方计划员452 vendor scheduling 采购计划法453 Virtual Enterprise(VE)/ Organization 虚拟企业/公司454 volume variance 产量差异455 wait time 等待时间456 where-used list 反查用物料单457 work center capacity 工作中心能力458 workflow 工作流459 work order 工作令460 work order tracking 工作令跟踪461 work scheduling 工作进度安排462 world class manufacturing excellence 国际优秀制造业463 zero inventories 零库存464465 Call/Contact/Work/Cost center 呼叫/联络/工作/成本中心466 Co/By-product 联/副产品467 E-Commerce/E-Business/E-Marketing 电子商务/电子商务/电子集市468 E-sales/E-procuement/E-partner 电子销售/电子采购/电子伙伴469 independent/dependent demand 独立需求/相关需求件470 informal/formal system 非/规范化管理系统471 Internet/Intranet/Extranet 互联网/企业内部网/企业外联网472 middle/hard/soft/share/firm/group ware 中间/硬/软/共享/固/群件473 pegging/kitting/netting/nettable 追溯(反查)/配套出售件/净需求计算474 picking/dispatch/disbursement list 领料单(或提货单)/派工单/发料单475 preflush/backflush/super backflush 预冲/倒冲法/完全反冲476 yield/scrap/shrinkage (rate) 成品率/废品率/缩减率477 scrap/shrinkage factor 残料率（废品系数）/损耗系数478479 costed BOM 成本物料清单480 engineering BOM 设计物料清单481 indented BOM 缩排式物料清单482 manufacturing BOM 制造物料清单483 modular BOM 模块化物料清单484 planning BOM 计划物料清单485 single level BOM 单层物料清单486 summarized BOM 汇总物料清单487488 account balance 账户余额489 account code 账户代码490 account ledger 分类账491 account period 会计期间492 accounts payable 应付账款493 accounts receivable 应收账款494 actual cost 实际成本495 aging 账龄496 balance due 到期余额497 balance in hand 现有余额498 balance sheet 资产负债表499 beginning balance 期初余额500 cash basis 现金收付制501 cash on bank 银行存款502 cash on hand 现金503 cash out to 支付给504 catalog 目录505 category code 分类码506 check out 结帐507 collection 催款508 cost simulation 成本模拟509 costing 成本核算510 current assets 流动资产511 current liabilities 流动负债512 current standard cost 现行标准成本513 detail 明细514 draft remittance 汇票汇出515 end of year 年末516 ending availables 期末可供量517 ending balance 期末余额518 exchange rate 汇率519 expense 费用520 financial accounting 财务会计521 financial entity 财务实体522 financial reports 财务报告523 financial statements 财务报表524 fiscal period 财务期间525 fiscal year 财政年度526 fixed assets 固定资产527 foreign amount 外币金额528 gains and loss 损益529 in balance 平衡530 income statement 损益表531 intangible assets 无形资产532 journal entry 分录533 management accounting 管理会计534 manual reconciliation 手工调账535 notes payable 应付票据536 notes receivable 应收票据537 other receivables 其他应收款538 pay aging 付款账龄539 pay check 工资支票540 pay in 缴款541 pay item 付款项目542 pay point 支付点543 pay status 支付状态544 payment instrument 付款方式545 payment reminder 催款单546 payment status 付款状态547 payment terms 付款期限548 period 期间549 post 过账550 proposed cost 建议成本551 simulated cost 模拟成本552 spending variance,expenditure variance 开支差异553 subsidiary 明细账554 summary 汇总555 tax code 税码556 tax rate 税率557 value added tax 增值税558559 as of date , stop date 截止日期560 change lot date 修改批量日期561 clear date 结清日期562 date adjust 调整日期563 date available 有效日期564 date changed 修改日期565 date closed 结束日期566 date due 截止日期567 date in produced 生产日期568 date inventory adjust 库存调整日期569 date obsolete 作废日期570 date received 收到日期571 date released 交付日期572 date required 需求日期573 date to pull 发货日期574 earliest due date 最早订单完成日期575 effective date 生效日期576 engineering change effect date 工程变更生效日期577 engineering stop date 工程停止日期578 expired date 失效日期，报废日期579 from date 起始日期580 last shipment date 最后运输日期581 need date 需求日期582 new date 新日期583 pay through date 付款截止日期584 receipt date 收到日期585 ship date 发运日期586587 allocation 已分配量588 alphanumeric 字母数字589 approver 批准者590 assembly 装配(件)591 backlog 未结订单/拖欠订单592 billing 开单593 bill-to 发票寄往地594 bottleneck 瓶颈资源595 bulk 散装596 buyer 采购员597 component 子件/组件598 customer 客户599 delivery 交货600 demand 需求601 description 说明602 discrete 离散603 ergonomics 工效学(人类工程学) 604 facility 设备、功能605 feature 基本组件/特征件606 forecast 预测607 freight 运费608 holidays 例假日609 implement 实施610 ingredient 配料、成分611 inquire 查询612 inventory 库存613 item 物料项目614 job 作业615 Kanban 看板616 level 层次(级)617 load 负荷618 locate 定位619 logistics 后勤保障体系；物流管理620 lot 批次621 option 可选件622 outstanding 逾期未付623 overhead 制造费用624 override 覆盖625 overtime 加班626 parent 双亲(文件)627 part 零件628 phantom 虚拟件629 plant 工厂，场所630 preference 优先权631 priority 优先权(级)632 procurement 采购633 prototyping 原形测试634 queue 队列635 quota 任务额，报价636 receipt 收款、收据637 regeneration 全重排法638 remittance 汇款639 requisition 请购单640 returned 退货641 roll 滚动642 routing 工艺线路643 schedule 计划表644 shipment 发运量645 ship-to 交货地646 shortage 短缺647 shrink 损耗648 spread 分摊649 statement 报表650 subassembly 子装配件651 supplier 供应商652 transaction 事务处理653 what-if 如果怎样-将会怎样654655 post-deduct inventory transaction processing 后减库存处理法656 pre-deduct inventory transaction processing 前减库存处理法657 generally accepted manufacturing practices 通用生产管理原则658 direct-deduct inventory transaction processing 直接增减库存处理法659 Pareto Principle 帕拉图原理660 Drum-buffer-rope 鼓点-缓冲-绳子661663 Open Database Connectivity 开放数据库互连664 Production Planning 生产规划编制665 Work in Process 在制品666 accelerated cost recovery system 快速成本回收制度667 accounting information system 会计信息系统668 acceptable quality kevel 可接受质量水平669 constant purchasing power accounting 不买够买力会计670 break-even analysis 保本分析671 book value 帐面价值672 cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析673 chief financial office 财务总监674 degree of financial leverage 财务杠杆系数675 degree of operating leverage 经济杠杆系数676 first-in , first-out 先进先出法677 economic lot size 经济批量678 first-in ,still-here 后进先出法679 full pegging 完全跟踪680 linear programming 线性规划681 management by objective 目标管理682 value engineering 价值工程683 zero based budgeting 零基预算684 CAQ computer aided quality assurance 计算机辅助质量保证685 DBMS database management system 数据库管理系统686 IP Internet Protocol 网际协议687 TCP Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议689690 API Advanced Process Industry 高级流程工业691 A2A Application to Application 应用到应用(集成)692 article 物品693 article reserves 物品存储694 assembly order 装配订单695 balance-on-hand-inventory 现有库存余额696 bar code 条形码697 boned warehouse 保税仓库698 CPA Capacity Requirements Planning 能力需求计划699 change management 变革管理700 chill space 冷藏区701 combined transport 联合运输702 commodity inspection 进出口商品检验703 competitive edge 竞争优势704 container 集装箱705 container transport 集装箱运输706 CRP Continuous Replenishment Program 连续补充系数707 core competence 核心才能708 cross docking 直接换装709 CLV Customer Lifetime Value 客户生命周期价值710 CReM Customer Relationship Marketing 客户关系营销711 CSS Customer Service and Support 客户服务和支持712 Customer Service Representative 客户服务代表713 customized logistics 定制物流714 customs declaration 报关715 cycle stock 经常库存716 data cleansing 数据整理717 Data Knowledge and Decision Support 数据知识和决策支持718 data level integration 数据层集成719 data transformation 数据转换720 desktop conferencing 桌面会议721 distribution 配送722 distribution and logistics 分销和后勤723 distribution center 配送中心724 distribution logistics 销售物流725 distribution processing 流通加工726 distribution requirements 分销量727 DRP distribution resource planning 配送/分销资源计划728 door-to-door 门到门729 drop and pull transport 甩挂运输730 DEM Dynamic Enterprise Module 动态企业建模技术731 ECR Efficient Consumer Response 有效顾客反应732 e-Government Affairs 电子政务733 EC Electronic Commerce 电子商务734 Electronic Display Boards 电子公告板735 EOS Electronic order system 电子订货系统736 ESD Electronic Software Distribution 电子软件分发737 embedding 插入738 employee category 员工分类739 empowerment 授权740 engineering change effect work order 工程变更生效单741 environmental logistics 绿色物流742 experiential marketing 直效行销(又称体验行销)743 export supervised warehouse 出口监管仓库744 ERP Extended Resource Planning 扩展资源计划745 field sales/cross sale/cross sell 现场销售/交叉销售/连带销售746 franchising 加盟连销权747 FCL Full Container Load 整箱货748 Global Logistics Management 全球运筹管理749 goods collection 集货750 goods shed 料棚751 goods shelf 货架752 goods stack 货垛753 goods yard 货场754 handing/carrying 搬运755 high performance organization 高绩效组织756 inland container depot 公路集装箱中转站757 inside sales 内部销售758 inspection 检验759 intangible loss 无形消耗760 internal logistics 企业物流761 international freight forwarding agent 国际货运代理762 international logistics 国际物流763 invasive integration 侵入性集成764 joint distribution 共同配送765 just-in-time logistics 准时制物流766 KM Knowledge Management 知识管理767 lead (customer) management 潜在客户管理768 learning organization 学习型组织769 LCL less than container load 拼装货770 load balancing 负载平衡771 loading and unloading 装载772 logistics activity 物流活动773 logistics alliance 物流联盟774 logistics center 物流中心775 logistics cost 物流成本776 logistics cost control 物流成本管理777 logistics documents 物流单证778 logistics enterprise 物流企业779 logistics information 物流信息780 logistics management 物流管理781 logistics modulus 物流模数782 logistics network 物流网络783 logistics operation 物流作业784 LRP Logistics Resource Planning 物流资源计划785 logistics strategy 物流战略786 logistics strategy management 物流战略管理787 logistics technology 物流技术788 MES Manufacture Execute System 制造执行系统789 mass customization 大规模定制790 NPV Net Present Value 净现值791 neutral packing 中性包装792 OLAP On-line Analysis Processing 联机/在线分析系统793 OAG Open Application Group 开放应用集成794 order picking 拣选795 outsourcing 外包796 package/packaging 包装797 packing of nominated brand 定牌包装798 palletizing 托盘包装799 PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数据助理800 personalization 个性化801 PTF Planning time fence 计划时界802 POS Point Of Sells 电子收款机803 priority queuing 优先排队804 PBX Private Branch Exchange 专用分组交换机805 production logistics 生产物流806 publish/subscribe 发布/订阅807 quality of working life 工作生活品质808 Quick Response 快速反映809 receiving space 收货区810 REPs Representatives 代表或业务员811 return logistics 回收物流812 ROI Return On Investment 投资回报率813 RM Risk Management 风险管理814 sales package 销售包装815 scalability 可扩充性816 shipping space 发货区817 situational leadership 情境领导818 six sigma 六个标准差819 sorting/stacking 分拣/堆拣820 stereoscopic warehouse 立体仓库821 storage 保管822 stored procedure 存储过程823 storehouse 库房824 storing 储存825 SRM Supplier Relationship Management 供应商关系管理826 tangible loss 有形消耗827 team building 团队建立。

Engineering DrawingsDrawing Frames and Text MacrosPrevious issuesVW 01014: 1971-05, 1984-03, 1992-08, 1998-04, 1998-10, 2000-09, 2001-03, 2002-06, 2003-11,2006-01, 2007-01, 2008-03, 2009-04, 2010-05, 2010-12, 2011-05, 2011-12ChangesThe following changes have been made compared with VW 01014: 2011-12:–Technical responsibility changes–Section 1 "Scope of application": the note concerning the application in section 6 has been re‐moved. It now appears as NOTE 3 in section 1–Section 2.3 "PDM drawing frame": English legal notice updated and table of existing PDM draw‐ing frame formats in KVS added.–Section 3.7 "Volkswagen AG Know-How Protection": text macro NO-A12 added ContentsPageScope .........................................................................................................................4Drawing frames ..........................................................................................................5Drawing frame for Design Engineering (series-production drawing), see Figure 1....................................................................................................................................5Type approval drawing frame, see Figure 2 ...............................................................6PDM drawing frame, see Figure 3 .............................................................................7Drawing frames for operating equipment ...................................................................8Basic drawing frame for operating equipment, see Figure 4 ......................................8Drawing frame for method plan, see Figure 5 ............................................................9Text macros .............................................................................................................10Basic title block .. (10)122.12.22.32.42.4.12.4.233.1Group StandardVW 01014Issue 2012-09Class. No.:02115Descriptors:drawing frames, text macro, standard frame, drawingVerify that you have the latest issue of the Standard before relying on it.This electronically generated Standard is authentic and valid without signature.The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies, the German version is alone authoritative and controlling.Page 1 of 43Confidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be provided to third parties or reproduced without the prior consent of the Standards Department of a Volkswagen Group member.This Standard is available to contracting parties solely via the B2B supplier platform .© Volkswagen AktiengesellschaftVWNORM-2011-08gTitle blocks for drawings with restrictions on use .....................................................11Title block for layout drawings (ENT) > A0 ...............................................................12Symbol for European projection method ..................................................................13Change block for formats > A0 .................................................................................13Tolerancing principle as per VW 01054 ...................................................................13Volkswagen Group know-how protection .................................................................13Drawing field ............................................................................................................14Lower left corner of drawing for formats > A0 ..........................................................14Left drawing edge for formats > A0 ..........................................................................14Explanation of parenthesized dimensions for formats > A0 (lower left corner ofdrawing field) ............................................................................................................14References for formats > A0 ....................................................................................15Migration from CATIA V4 to CATIA V5 ....................................................................15Parts marking ...........................................................................................................15Part number assignment drawn / symmetrically opposite ........................................15Note on utilization of scrap material .........................................................................16NO-F1 Drawings with multiple sheets ......................................................................16Repeating and unchanging notes, mostly on body components ..............................16Drawing only for the company stated .......................................................................16Note on parts which are subject to build sample approval (BMG) ...........................17Notes on testing as per Technical Supply Specifications (TL) .................................17Note on type approval ..............................................................................................17Note on undimensioned design models in the data record ......................................17Note on open-air weathering ....................................................................................17Note on model approval ...........................................................................................17Note on master model ..............................................................................................18Note on second original, font size 7 mm ..................................................................18Note on second original, font size 3,5 mm ...............................................................18Note on heavy-duty component ...............................................................................18Note on mandatory type approval ............................................................................19Note on avoidance of hazardous substances ..........................................................19Note on other relevant drawings ..............................................................................19Note on undimensioned bend and trim radii ............................................................19Note on simplified representation .............................................................................19Note on flawless condition of surfaces .....................................................................19Note on material for form tool in grain area ..............................................................20Table for RPS ...........................................................................................................20Note on emission behavior .......................................................................................20Note on length dimensions to be measured up to relevant functional datum plane ..................................................................................................................................20Note on related tolerances for nominal dimension ranges up to relevant functional datum plane .............................................................................................................21Note on tolerances of surfaces as compared to the data record and defined RPS..................................................................................................................................21Note on tolerances of marked surfaces as compared to the data record anddefined RPS .............................................................................................................21Note on tolerances of marked and limited surfaces as compared to the datarecord and defined RPS ...........................................................................................21Note on tolerances of marked edges as compared to the data record and defined RPS ..........................................................................................................................21Note on alternative materials and surface protection types .....................................22Note on color and grain .. (22)3.23.33.43.53.63.744.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.94.104.114.124.134.144.154.164.174.184.194.204.214.224.234.244.254.264.274.284.294.304.314.324.334.344.354.364.374.38Page 2VW 01014: 2012-09Note on temperature resistance ...............................................................................22Note on color consistency ........................................................................................22Note on lightfastness ................................................................................................22Note on fixing, clamping and contact surface ..........................................................23Note on related finished part drawing ......................................................................23Note on material specifications, complete ................................................................23Note on material specifications, subdivided .............................................................24Note on optional welding technology .......................................................................24Note on flammability features ...................................................................................24Note on table containing gear tooth data .................................................................25Note on weight indication .........................................................................................25Note on amine emission of foam parts .....................................................................25Note on cleanliness requirements for engine components ......................................25Countersinks for internal threads .............................................................................26Testing of rolled bushings ........................................................................................26Table for limit dimensions ........................................................................................26Detail drawing for radius under screw head, mostly for standard part drawings (27)Test specification for disk wheels .............................................................................27Test specification for brake drums ...........................................................................28General tolerances for castings ...............................................................................28General tolerances for forgings ................................................................................29Coordinate dimensioning for tubes and bars ...........................................................30Bill of materials for layout drawings (ENT) ...............................................................30Distribution list for layout drawings (ENT) ................................................................31Text macros for operating equipment ......................................................................31Title block for individual part .....................................................................................31Note on pass direction, left .......................................................................................32Note on pass direction, right ....................................................................................32Title block for operating equipment label .................................................................32General tolerances for nominal dimensions without tolerance specification ............32Note on simplified drawing specifications on surface roughnesses .........................33Permissible deviations for nominal sizes without tolerance specification onweldments ................................................................................................................33Permissible deviations for nominal dimensions without tolerance specificationson flame-cut parts ....................................................................................................33Note on parts used ...................................................................................................34Note on rolled flame-cutting template plots ..............................................................34Note on "Add ½ kerf" ................................................................................................34Note on "designed" and "symmetrical opposite" ......................................................34Text macros for the "3D drawingless process" (3DZP – German abbreviation) ......35VW copyright ............................................................................................................35Note on restriction on use ........................................................................................35Note on type approval documentation and type approval number ...........................35Draft number ............................................................................................................36Note on engineering project number ........................................................................36Note on safety documentation .................................................................................36Recycling requirements as per VW 91102 ...............................................................36All dimensions apply to the finished part including surface protection .....................36Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 ..............................................36Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference without symbol) (37)4.394.404.414.424.434.444.454.464.474.484.494.504.514.524.534.544.554.564.574.584.594.604.614.6255.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.95.105.115.1266.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.86.96.9.1Page 3VW 01014: 2012-09Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol) .......37Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol,collective specification 1) .........................................................................................38Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol,collective specification 2) .........................................................................................39Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 .........................................................................39Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference without symbol) .............................40Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference with symbol) ..................................40Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference with symbol, collectivespecification 1) .........................................................................................................41Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference with symbol, collectivespecification 2) .........................................................................................................42Applicable documents ..............................................................................................426.9.26.9.36.9.46.106.10.16.10.26.10.36.10.47ScopeThis standard applies to the computer-aided graphical representation and presentation of drawing templates, standard frames and text macros for drawings within the Volkswagen Group.NOTE 1 The standardized text macros are subject to drawing standard regulations and are centrally managed by the "Virtual Systems and Standardization" department.NOTE 2 All drawing frames and text macros shown here are available in the appropriate standard system environment of the CAD systems CATIA and Creo Elements/Pro (formerly PRO/E). The PDM drawing frames are also available as IsoDraw and Excel templates in the KVS, and also as Catia V5templates.NOTE 3 The text macros shown in section 6 are for the drawingless process only. The creator and the user of the data must agree whether their process chain allows for the use of documents as per the 3DZP method, and whether this is permissible.1Page 4VW 01014: 2012-09Drawing framesDrawing frame for Design Engineering (series-production drawing), see Figure 1Figure 1 – Drawing frame for Design Engineering (series-production drawing)2 2.1Page 5VW 01014: 2012-09Type approval drawing frame, see Figure 2Figure 2 – Type approval drawing frame2.2 Page 6VW 01014: 2012-09PDM drawing frame, see Figure 3Figure 3 – PDM drawing frame2.3 Page 7VW 01014: 2012-09Drawing frames for operating equipmentBasic drawing frame for operating equipment, see Figure 4Figure 4 – Basic drawing frame for operating equipment2.4 2.4.1Page 8VW 01014: 2012-09Drawing frame for method plan, see Figure 5Figure 5 – Drawing frame for method plan2.4.2 Page 9VW 01014: 2012-09Text macrosBasic title blockFigure 6 – Code no: NO-A1Basic title block for formats > A03 3.1Page 10VW 01014: 2012-09Title blocks for drawings with restrictions on useFigure 7 – Code no: NO-A7 A3The title block may only be used if supplier original drawings are used as modified finished part drawings.Notes on the usage of these title blocks see VW 01058.3.2Title block for layout drawings (ENT) > A0Figure 8 – Code no: NO-A3ENT = Draft3.3Symbol for European projection methodFigure 9 – Code no: NO-A5Change block for formats > A0Figure 10 – Code no: NO-A6Tolerancing principle as per VW 01054Figure 11 – Code no: NO-A11Volkswagen Group know-how protectionFigure 12 – Code no: NO-A123.4 3.5 3.6 3.7Drawing fieldLower left corner of drawing for formats > A0Figure 13 – Code no: NO-B1Left drawing edge for formats > A0Figure 14 – Code no: NO-B3Explanation of parenthesized dimensions for formats > A0 (lower left corner of drawingfield)Figure 15 – Code no: NO-B644.1 4.2 4.3References for formats > A0Figure 16 – Code no: NO-B7Migration from CATIA V4 to CATIA V5Figure 17 – Code no: NO-B8Parts markingFigure 18 – Code no: NO-E2Part number assignment drawn / symmetrically oppositeFigure 19 – Code no: NO-E54.4 4.5 4.6 4.7Note on utilization of scrap materialFigure 20 – Code no.:NO-F1 Drawings with multiple sheetsFigure 21 – Code no: NO-F2Repeating and unchanging notes, mostly on body componentsFigure 22 – Code no: NO-F3Drawing only for the company statedFigure 23 – Code no: NO-F4 (do not use for new designs!)4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11Note on parts which are subject to build sample approval (BMG)Figure 24 – Code no: NO-F5Notes on testing as per Technical Supply Specifications (TL)Figure 25 – Code no: NO-F6Note on type approvalFigure 26 – Code no: NO-F7Note on undimensioned design models in the data recordFigure 27 – Code no: NO-F8Note on open-air weatheringFigure 28 – Code no: NO-F9Note on model approvalFigure 29 – Code no: NO-F104.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17Note on master modelFigure 30 – Code no: NO-F11Note on second original, font size 7 mmFigure 31 – Code no: NO-F12Note on second original, font size 3,5 mmFigure 32 – Code no: NO-F13Note on heavy-duty componentFigure 33 – Code no: NO-F144.18 4.19 4.20 4.21Note on mandatory type approvalFigure 34 – Code no: NO-F15Note on avoidance of hazardous substancesFigure 35 – Code no: NO-F16Note on other relevant drawingsFigure 36 – Code no: NO-F17Note on undimensioned bend and trim radiiFigure 37 – Code no: NO-F18Note on simplified representationFigure 38 – Code no: NO-F19Note on flawless condition of surfacesFigure 39 – Code no: NO-F204.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27Note on material for form tool in grain areaFigure 40 – Code no: NO-F22Table for RPSFigure 41 – Code no: NO-F23Note on emission behaviorFigure 42 – Code no: NO-F24Note on length dimensions to be measured up to relevant functional datum planeFigure 43 – Code no: NO-F254.28 4.29 4.30 4.31Note on related tolerances for nominal dimension ranges up to relevant functional datumplaneFigure 44 – Code no: NO-F26Note on tolerances of surfaces as compared to the data record and defined RPSFigure 45 – Code no: NO-F27Note on tolerances of marked surfaces as compared to the data record and defined RPSFigure 46 – Code no: NO-F28Note on tolerances of marked and limited surfaces as compared to the data record anddefined RPSFigure 47 – Code no: NO-F29Note on tolerances of marked edges as compared to the data record and defined RPSFigure 48 – Code no: NO-F304.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36Note on alternative materials and surface protection typesFigure 49 – Code no: NO-F31Note on color and grainFigure 50 – Code no: NO-F32Note on temperature resistanceFigure 51 – Code no: NO-F33Note on color consistencyFigure 52 – Code no: NO-F35Note on lightfastnessFigure 53 – Code no: NO-F364.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41Note on fixing, clamping and contact surfaceFigure 54 – Code no: NO-F37Note on related finished part drawingFigure 55 – Code no: NO-F38Note on material specifications, completeFigure 56 – Code no: NO-F394.42 4.43 4.44Note on material specifications, subdividedFigure 57 – Code no: NO-F40Note on optional welding technologyFigure 58 – Code no: NO-F41Note on flammability featuresFigure 59 – Code no: NO-F424.45 4.46 4.47Note on table containing gear tooth dataFigure 60 – Code no: NO-F43Note on weight indicationFigure 61 – Code no: NO-F44Note on amine emission of foam partsFigure 62 – Code no: NO-F45Note on cleanliness requirements for engine componentsFigure 63 – Code no: NO-F464.48 4.49 4.50 4.51Countersinks for internal threadsFigure 64 – Code no: NO-G0Testing of rolled bushingsFigure 65 – Code no: NO-G1Table for limit dimensionsFigure 66 – Code no: NO-G24.52 4.53 4.54Detail drawing for radius under screw head, mostly for standard part drawingsFigure 67 – Code no: NO-G4Test specification for disk wheelsFigure 68 – Code no: NO-G64.55 4.56Test specification for brake drumsFigure 69 – Code no: NO-G7General tolerances for castingsFigure 70 – Code no: NO-G84.57 4.58General tolerances for forgingsFigure 71 – Code no: NO-G94.59Coordinate dimensioning for tubes and barsFigure 72 – Code no: NO-G10Bill of materials for layout drawings (ENT)Figure 73 – Code no: NO-H14.60 4.61Distribution list for layout drawings (ENT)Figure 74 – Code no: NO-H2Text macros for operating equipmentTitle block for individual partFigure 75 – Code no: R001 individual part4.62 55.1Note on pass direction, leftFigure 76 – Code no: R002 pass direction, leftNote on pass direction, rightFigure 77 – Code no: R003 pass direction, rightTitle block for operating equipment labelFigure 78 – Code no: R004 operating equipment labelGeneral tolerances for nominal dimensions without tolerance specificationFigure 79 – Code no: R005 machining operation5.2 5.35.45.5Note on simplified drawing specifications on surface roughnessesFigure 80 – Code no: R006 surfacesPermissible deviations for nominal sizes without tolerance specification on weldmentsFigure 81 – Code no: R007 welded partsPermissible deviations for nominal dimensions without tolerance specifications on flame-cut partsFigure 82 – Code no: R008 flame-cut parts5.6 5.75.8Note on parts usedFigure 83 – Code no: R009 parts usedNote on rolled flame-cutting template plotsFigure 84 – Code no: R010 flame-cutting templateNote on "Add ½ kerf"Figure 85 – Code no: R011 kerfNote on "designed" and "symmetrical opposite"Figure 86 – Code no: R012 symmetrical opposite5.9 5.105.115.12Text macros for the "3D drawingless process" (3DZP – German abbreviation)The following text macros are not created in CAD systems, but only in the PDM system KVS.The design engineer must add the necessary parameters to the text macros.VW copyrightFigure 87 – Code no: NOZ-01Note on restriction on useLegend P01Company nameFigure 88 – Code no: NOZ-02Note on type approval documentation and type approval numberLegend P01Type approval doc. and type approval numberFigure 89 – Code no: NOZ-036 6.16.26.3Draft numberLegend P01Draft numberFigure 90 – Code no: NOZ-04Note on engineering project numberLegend P01Engineering project numberFigure 91 – Code no: NOZ-05Note on safety documentationLegend P01TLD number (technical guideline for documentation – German abbreviation)Figure 92 – Code no: NOZ-06Recycling requirements as per VW 91102Figure 93 – Code no: NOZ-07All dimensions apply to the finished part including surface protectionFigure 94 – Code no: NOZ-08Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005The design engineer must add the required parameters to the symbols shown here (e.g., Rz value).Two types of text macros (with and without graphical representation) have been defined. Variant NOZ-09 is a reference to Standard VW 13705, additional information possible, but restricted. Variants NOZ-09-01 a to f are reserved for the main surface roughness value. Due to system restrictions,identical symbols cannot be used more than once. For this reason, the symbols in section 6.9.3 and6.4 6.56.66.76.86.9section 6.9.4 must be used for cases of multiple use. If surface roughness values are added as a note, the text macros are placed beneath each other instead of beside each other. This deviating representation has been released for the 3DZP drawingless process.Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference without symbol)Figure 95 – Code no: NOZ-09Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol)Figure 96 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-aFigure 97 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-bFigure 98 – Code no.: NOZ-09-01-cLegend P01Machining allowance (numerical value in mm)P02Production processP03Surface parameter and numerical valueP04if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P05if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P06if applicable, second requirement on surface texture (surface parameter,numerical value)P07Specification of the surface groovesLegend P01Letter for simplified drawing specification. Method defined in section "simplified specifi‐cation" in VDA 2005Figure 99 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-d6.9.16.9.2Figure 100 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-e Figure 101 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-fSurface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol, collectivespecification 1)Figure 102 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-aFigure 103 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-bFigure 104 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-cLegend P01Machining allowance (numerical value in mm)P02Production processP03Surface parameter and numerical valueP04if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P05if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P06if applicable, second requirement onsurface texture (surface parameter,numerical value) P07Specifica‐tion of thesurface groovesCode no.:Legend P01Letter for simplified drawing specification. Method defined in section "simplified specifi‐cation" in VDA 2005Figure 105 – NOZ-09-02-dFigure 106 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-e Figure 107 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-f6.9.3。

通信工程专业英语词汇动态范围: Dynamic range频率偏值: Frequency offset符号率: Symbol rate码域功率：code domain power频分多址: Frequency Division Multiple Access码分多址：Code Division Multiple Access时分多址：Time Division Multiple Access沃什码：Walsh code误码率：Bit Error Rate，BER帧误码率：Frame Error Rate，FER循环冗余码：Cyclic Redundancy Code,CRC时序分析: timing analyze门限：threshold非同步模式：Asynchronous Mode同步模式: Synchronous Mode邻道功率：ACP D―― Adjacent Channel Power先进移动电话业务：AMPS———Advanced Mobile Phone Service组织协会：ANSI —-—American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准局BPT --- British Post and Telecommunication Standard 英国邮政与电信标准CCIR -——International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT ——- International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee国际/电报咨询委员会CEPT —-—Conference of European Post and Telecommunication Administrations欧洲邮电行政会议EIA --—Electronic Engineers Association 电子工业协会美ETSI -——European Telecommunication Standards Institute欧洲电信标准委员会FCC --- Federal Communications Commission联邦通信委员会美IEC -—- International Electrotechnics Committee国际电工委员会IEE -——Institution of Electrical Engineers电气工程师协会英IEEE——- Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers，INC电气与电子工程师协会美ITU --- International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟联合国MPT --—Ministry of Post and telecommunications邮政与电信部英TIA —-—Telecommunications Industries Association电信工业协会美WARC —-- World Administrative Radio Conference世界无线电行政大会ZVEI -—- Zentralverband der Electechnischen Industrie电气工业中央协会德ACP --—Adjacent Channel Power邻道功率AMPS ———Advanced Mobile Phone Institute先进移动电话业务APOC —-—Advanced Paging Operator Code先进寻呼操作码AVL —-- Average Voice Level平均话音电平BSC --- Base Site Controller基站控制器CDMA —-- Code Division Mulitiple Code码分多址CDPD -—- Cellular Digital Packet Data蜂窝分组数据系统CSC -—- Cell Site Controllor小区控制器DCCH -——Digital Control Channel数字控制信道DECT --—Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications数字增强无绳电话EDACS ———Enhanced Digital Access Communications System加强的数字接入通信系统ERMES ———European Telecommunications Standards Institute欧洲无线电信息系统ESN --- Electronics Serial Number电子串号FDR --- Frequency Domain Reflectometry频域反射计FLEX -——Flexible Paging System可变速寻呼系统FOCC —-- Forward Control Channel前向控制信道FVC -——Forward Voice Channel前向话音信道GSC ——- Golay Sequential Coding格雷码GSM -——Global System for Mobile Communications全球移动通信系统IBASIC ———Instrument BASIC仪器BASIC语言IDC —-—Instantaneous Deviation Control瞬时频偏控制IMSI —-- International Mobile Station Identify国际移动台识别号码LNA —-—Low Noise Amplifier低噪声放大器LPF/HPF —-—Low/High Pass Filter低通/高通滤波器LSB/USB —-—Lower/Upper Side Band下/上边带MCC —-—Mobile Country Code移动业务国家号码MCS -—- Mobile Control Station移动控制站MIN —-- Mobile Identification Number移动识别码MNC —-—Mobile Network Code移动电话网号码MSC —-—Mobile Switching Center移动交换中心MSIN -——Mobile Station Identification Number移动台识别码MTSO —-—Mobile Telephone Switching Office移动电话交换局NMSI ———National Mobile Station Identify国内移动台识别号码NMT —-- Nordic Mobile Telephone北欧移动电话系统OTP --- One Time Programmable一次性编程PDC -—- Personal Digital Cellular个人数字蜂窝系统PHS ——- Personal Handy-Phone System个人手持电话系统PSTN —-- Public Switching Telephone Network公用交换电话网RECC —-—Reverse Control Channel反向控制信道RVC -——Reverse Voice Channel反向话音信道RSSI —-—Receiced Signal Strength Indicator接收信号场强指示SCC -——Signalling Channel Controller信令信道控制器SCM -—- Station Class Mark移动台级别标志SID —-- Syste Indentification Number系统识别号TACS -—- Total Access Communications System全选址通信系统TDMA -—- Time Division Multiple Access时分多址UUT -——Under Unit Test被测单元VCC --- Voice Channel Controller话音信道控制器VSWR ———Voltages Standing Wave Ratio电压驻波比1997年,爱立信公司向ETSI（欧洲电信标准委员会）提出了EDGE的可行性研究方案，并在同年得到认可。

通信测试设备组Communication Test Equipment Group CTEG通信电路芯片Communication Circuit Chip通信管理网Telecommunication Management Network TMN通信控制字段Communication Control Field CCF通信口Com. Port通信量,业务量Amount of Traffic, Traffic通信楼综合定时供给系统Building Integrated Timing Supply BITS通信前置机Communication Front-end Processor通信设备进网Network Access of Communications Equipment通信设备进网质量认证Quality Recognition Certification For Network Access of Communication Equipment通信设施Communication Facilities通信体系结构Communication Architecture通信终端产品Telecom Terminal Product通信阻断Communication Block通讯板卡Communication Card通讯电缆Communication Cable通用Universal, General,Common通用标记语言Generalized Markup Language GML通用参数Common parameter通用插座，万能插座Universal Socket通用分组无线业务General Packet Radio Service GPRS通用个人通信Universal Personal Telecommunications UPT通用接入码Universal Access Number UAN通用时隙交叉连接板General Timeslot Cross-connection GTC通用式的All-Purpose通用移动通讯系统Universal Mobile Telecommunication System UMTS通用中间格式Common Intermediate Format CIF通用总线General Bus GB通针和毛刷（协助焊接）Needle and Hair Brush（Soldering Aid）通知Notification N通知机Announcement Machine ANM通知消息Announcement Message通知音Announcement Tone同波道干扰In-Channel Interference同步synchronization同步保持模式Synchronous holdover mode同步不可用do not use for synchronization DUS同步传递模式Synchronous Transfer Mode STM同步传输Synchronous Transmission同步传输模式synchronous transfer module STM同步传送模块第N级Synchronous Transport Module Level N STM-N同步传送信号等级1 synchronous transport signal level 1 STS-1同步的Synchronous同步定时Synchronization Timing STM同步定时发生器Synchronous Timing Generator STG同步复用器Synchronous Multiplexer SM同步光网络Synchronous Optical Network SONET同步净负荷包络Synchronous Payload Envelope SPE同步设备定时发生器Synchronous Equipment Timing Generator SETG同步设备定时物理接口Synchronous Equipment Timing Physical Interface SETPI同步设备定时源Synchronous Equipment Timing Source SETS同步设备管理功能Synchronous Equipment Management Function SEMF同步时钟Synchronization Clock同步数字系列Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH同步数字系列交叉Synchronous Digital hierarchy Cross-Connect SDXC同步网Synchronization Network同步物理接口SDH physical interface SPI同步系统Synchronization System同步线路管理单元信号处理板Administrative Unit Signal Processing ASP同步信息骨干系统Synchronous information Bone System SBS同步序列丢失loss of sequence synchronisation LSS同步源Synchronous source同步振荡器板Synchronization Oscillator Board同步装置Synchronization Equipment同步状态标志synchronization status marker SSM同抢Simultaneously Holding同抢,双占用,双重占线Simultaneous hold同相Cophase同心圆蜂窝Concentric Cell同信[频]道干扰Co-channel interference同信道,同波道Co-Channel同一PLMN内GPRS支持节点间的接口Interface between GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) within a PLMN Gn interface同轴电缆Coaxial Cable同轴电缆接口板，同轴板Coaxial cable interface board同轴电缆压接钳Coaxial cable press plier同轴连接器Coaxial connector铜缆分布式数据接口Copper Distributed Data Interface CDDI统计日志数据库Statistic Log Database统计时分复用Statistic Time Division Multiplexing STDM统计资料,统计数据Statistical Data统一编码United Coding统一模型，一致化模型United Model投币电话Coin Telephone投币箱,投币电话机Coin Box投标,设标Bidding投标工程物料Bidding Project Materials投标者Bidder投票式信令poll投入运行Put into operation突发传输Burst Transmission突发脉冲序列周期Burst Period BP图标，图像符号Icon图例,图注Legend图形交换格式Graphics Interchange Format GIF图形设备接口Graphic Device Interface GDI图形用户界面Graphic User Interface GUI推荐标准Recommended Standard退席Off Attendance吞吐率Throughput托盘(放置移动机柜用) Pallet脱焊Loose Weld拓扑结构Topology Structure外部成套External Suite外部单根External Single外部告警模块External Alarm Module EAM外部接口External Interface PI外部接入设备External Access Equipment EA外部设备识别寄存器External Identification Register EIR外存储器External Memory外基准输入接口板Line Clock Interface Board LCI外壳Shell外围处理器Peripheral Processor PP外围环境参量检测Peripheral Environment Parameter Detection PEPD 外围设备Peripheral Equipment外线External line, Subscriber line外线测试Loop test外线测试,环路测试External Line Test, Loop Test外线电容（值）Loop Capacitance外线电容测试Loop Capacitance Test外线电压测试Loop V oltage Test外线呼叫External Call外置式External弯角件Angle Support万位千位MyriabitKilobit万用表Multimeter网关Gateway网关GPRS支持节点Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN网关到网关协议Gateway-Gateway Protocol GGP网关网元Gateway Network Element GNE网关移动业务交换中心Gateway Mobile Switching Center GMSC网关移动业务交换中心Gateway Mobile Switching Center GMSC网关移动业务交换中心Gateway Mobile-services Switching Center GMSC网管Network Management NM网管设备Network Management Equipment网管中心Network Management Centers NMC网卡Network Adapter网络安全性,网络保密Network Security网络操作系统Network Operating System NOS网络操作中心Network Operations Center NOC网络打印机Network Printer网络单元Network element NE网络单元功能Network Element Function NEF网络地址Network Address NA网络电视Web TV网络独立时钟Network Independent Clock NIC网络管理功能Network Management Function NMF网络管理系统Network Management System NMS网络规划和优化测量设备Network Planning & Optimizing Measuring Equipment 网络规模Network Size网络间接口Inter-Network Interface NNI网络监视和测试单元Network Supervision and Test Unit NSTU网络接口单元Network Interface Unit NIU网络接入服务提供商Internet Service Provider ISP网络结点接口Network Node Interface NNI网络礼仪Netiquette网络配件Network Fittings网络驱动器Network Driver NETD网络设备Network Equipment网络实体Network Entity NE网络文件系统Network File System NFS网络用户身份Network User Identity NUI网络运营商Network Operator网络指示Network Indicator NI网络终端Network Terminal NT网平面Network Plane网桥Bridge网外呼叫Off-Net Calling ONC网外接入Off-Net Access OFA网线Network Cable网线接头Network Cable Connector网元Network Element NE网元功能Network Element Function NEF网元图标NE icon网状网Mesh Network往返时间,环程时间Round-Trip Time微波Microwave MW微波接力通信Microwave Radio Relay Communication微波频段Microwave Frequency Band微处理机Microprocessor ΜP微处理器Microprocessor微动开关Micro Switch微蜂窝Micro cell微微蜂窝（针对室内覆盖而设计）Picocellular/in-building, picocell微微小区Picocell微小区Microcell微型同轴电缆细缆粗缆Minitype coaxial cable Thinnet cable Thicknet cable伪网络标识码Pseudo Network Identification Code PNIC尾纤Tail optical fiber, fiber pigtail卫星电路Satellite Circuit卫星通信Satellite Communication SATCOM卫星同步信号接收板Globe Satellite Positioning Receiver GPR卫星直播Direct Broadcasting Satellite DBS未安装Uninstalled未来公用陆地移动通信系统Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System FPLMTS 未准备好接收Receive UN-ready RNR位Bit位（比特）同步Bit Synchronization位串,比特串Bit String位交错,比特交错,比特交织Bit Interleave位图,位映象Bitmap位映射Bit Map位置Position POS位置登记Location Registration位置更新Location Update位置区Location Area LA位置区号Location Area Identity LAI位置区码Location Area Code LAC温补晶振Temperature-compensation Crystal Oscillator温度补偿Temperature Compensation温度补偿晶体振荡器Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator温度传感器Temperature Sensor温度控制Temperature Control温度值, 湿度值, 烟雾浓度Temperature, Humidity, Smoke Density温湿度传感器Temperature Humidity Sensor温湿度计Hygrothermograph文档Document DOC文件备份File Backup文件传输协议File Transfer Protocol FTP文件分配表File Allocation Table FAT文件结尾End of File EOF文件压缩实用程序File Compression Utility稳压二极管Zener稳压器Voltage Stabilizer问讯台,查询台Information Desk握手Hand Shaking无编号信息Unnumbered Information UI无错的Error-Free EFS无缝的Seamless无缝连接Seamless Connection无光告警No Light Alarm无呼出权限No Call Out Authority无呼出权限No Call Out Authority无接续控制Signal Connectionless Control SCLC无连接的Connectionless CL无连接宽带数据业务Connectionless Broadband Data Services CBDS 无连接协议Connectionless Protocol无屏蔽扭绞线对Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP无屏蔽双绞线Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP无冗余Non-Redundancy无绳电话Cordless Telephone CT无损耗压缩Lossless Compression无条件呼叫前转Call Forwarding Unconditional CFU无线本地环Wireless Local Loop WLL无线本地环路wireless local loop无线测试设备的射频单元Radio Test Equipment (board) RTE无线测试设备的数字处理单元Radio test device RTD无线电干扰Radio jamming无线电话系统Cordless Telephony System CTS无线分系统指定越区切换Radio sub-system directed handover无线分系统准则Radio sub-system criteria无线杆Radio masts无线基站Wireless Base Station无线接口层3 Radio Interface Layer3 RIL3无线接口协议Radio interface protocols无线接入Wireless Access无线链路管理Radio Link Management RLM无线链路控制Radio Link Control RLC无线数字本地环Wireless Digital Local Loop WDLL无线通信OEM专用物料Special Materials for Wireless OEM Products 无线通信设备Wireless Telecom Equipment无线信道控制器Wireless Channel Controller WCC无线信道群Radio Channel Group RCG无线信令链路Radio Signaling Link RSL无线寻呼系统Radio paging system无线应用协议Wireless Application Protocol WAP无线专用芯片Wireless Special-purpose Chip无线资源Radio Resource RR无线子系统管理Radio Sub-system Management RSM (RR’）无效信元Invalid Cell无应答呼叫前转Call Forwarding No Reply CFNR无应答前转补充业务Call Forwarding on No Reply CFNRy 无源光器件Passive Optical Components无源光网络Passive Optical Network PON无源光网络Passive Optical Network APON无源天线Passive antenna无摘机信号，无拔号音No dial tone五类屏蔽Class 5 Shielding物理层Physical Layer PHY物理平面Physical Plane PP物理软件, 嵌入式软件Embeded Software物理实体Physical Entity PE误码Bit Error误码率Bit error rate BER误码率过大BER Excess误码秒Errored Second ES误码秒率Errored Second Rate ESR误码仪Error Detector吸尘器Cleaner吸锡器Solder Removal Tool膝上型电脑Laptop Computer系统崩溃System Breakdown系统集成中心System Integration Center SIC系统图System Diagram系统误码特性Characteristic of BER in System系统中止System Halt细缆Thinnet Cable下话路Down Channel下拉菜单Pull-Down Menu下拉式列表框Pull down List Box下母线Down Highway DHW下行链路Down Link DNL下一批Next Group/Batch。

隔離型直流電源轉換器●三種本DC-DC 轉換器之架構：buck ，boos ，buck-boost 適用於： ⏹ 無隔離情況⏹ 輸出、輸入電壓倍數相差不大之情況●上述情況若無法滿足時，需使用隔離型轉換器 ●常見隔離刑轉換器有： ⏹ 馳返式（flyback ） ⏹ 順向氏（forward ） ⏹ 推挽式（push-pull ） ⏹ 半波橋式（half bridge ） ⏹ 全波橋式（full bridge ）馳返式（flyback ）●flyback topology shown as ：●It is widely used for output powers from about 150 down to under 5W●It has no secondary output inductors, such that the cost and volume of the output inductors is a significant advantage.●Two operation modes are used ；CCM and DCM modeCCM ：The current of the primary is always larger than zero.DCM ：The current of the primary will be reduced to zero●The major topic is to design the transformer 、select a transistor 、diode and capacitor to satisfy the spec.● The operation of DCM mode ：shows as followsStep 1：The turns ratio of primary and secondary spN NWhen Q is on, the dropped voltage across the primary is 1-=I L V V . From theohms-law ：dtt di LV V I L )(=-=1。

嵌入式系统专业术语中英文比照A:Actuator 执行器A:Amplifier 放大器A:Attendance 员工考勤A:Attenuation 衰减AA:Antenna amplifier 开线放大器AA：Architectural Acoustics 建筑声学AC:AnalogueController 模拟掌握器ACD:Automatic CallDistribution 自动安排话务ACS：Access ControlSystem 出入掌握系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM：Add/Drop Multiplexer 分插复用器ADPCM：Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉冲编码调制AF:Acoustic Feedback 声反响AFR：Amplitude /Frequency Response 幅频响应AGC：Automati Gain Control 自动增益掌握AHU：Air Handling Unit 空气处理机组A—I:Auto—iris 自动光圈AIS:Alarm Indication Signal 告警指示信号AITS:Acknowledged Information Transfer Service 确认操作ALC:Automati Level Control 自动平衡掌握ALS：Alarm Seconds 告警秒ALU：AnalogueLines Unit 模拟用户线单元AM：Administration Module 治理模块AN:AccessNetwork 接入网ANSI:American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会APS:Automatic Protection Switching 自动保护倒换ASC：Automati Slope Control 自动斜率掌握ATH：Analogue Trunk Unit 模拟中继单元ATM：Asynchrous Transfer Mode 异步传送方式AU- PPJE：AU Pointer Positive Justification 治理单元正指针调整AU：Administration Unit 治理单元AU-AIS：Administrative Unit Alarm Indication SignalAU 告警指示信号AUG:Administration Unit Group 治理单元组AU—LOP:Loss of Administrative Unit Pointer AU 指针丧失AU—NPJE:AU Pointer Negative Justification 治理单元负指针调整AUP:Administration Unit Pointer 治理单元指针AVCD：Auchio &Video Control Device 音像掌握装置AWG:American Wire Gauge 美国线缆规格BA:Bridge Amplifier 桥接放大器BAC:Building Automation ＆ Control net 建筑物自动化和掌握网络BAM：Background Administration Module 后治理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio 背景块误码比BCC：B—channelConnect ControlB 通路连接掌握BD：Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities 建筑物入口设施BFOC：Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector 大口式光纤连接器BGN：Background Noise 背景噪声BGS: Background Sound 背景音响BIP—N：Bit Interleaved Parity N code 比特间插奇偶校验N 位码B—ISDN：Brand band ISDN 宽带综合业务数字网B—ISDN：Broad band —Integrated Services Digital Network 宽带综合业务数字网BMC:Burst Mode Controller 突发模式掌握器BMS：Building Management System 智能建筑治理系统BRI：Basic Rate ISDN 根本速率的综合业务数字网BS：Base Station 基站BSC:Base Station Controller 基站掌握器BUL:Back up lighting 备用照明C/S： Client/Server 客户机/效劳器C：Combines 混合器C：Container 容器CA：Call Accounting 自动计费系统CATV：Cable Television 有线电视CC:Call Control 呼叫掌握CC:Coax cable 同轴电缆CCD：Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件CCF：Cluster Contril Function 簇掌握功能CD:CampusDistributor 建筑群配线架CD:Combinationdetector 感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign 连续的动态信道安排CDDI:Copper Distributed Data 合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system 二氧化碳系统CDMA：Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址CF：Core Function 核心功能CFM：Compounded Frequency Modulation 压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System 呼叫信息系统CISPR：Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference 国际无线电干扰特地委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接模式网络层协议CLP：Cell Loss Priority 信元丧失优先权CM：Communication Module 通信模块CM:Configuration Management 配置治理CM:Cross-connect Matrix 穿插连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion 传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service 公用治理信息协议效劳单元CPE：Convergence protocol entity 会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader /Encoder 〔Ticket reader 〕卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray Tabe 显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service 会聚效劳CS：Cableron Spectrum 旧纳档块化技术CS：Ceiling Screen 挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer 合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet 组合音响CSCW：Computer supported collaborative work 计算机支持的协同工作CSES：Continuius Severely Errored Second 连续严峻误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function 单基站功能掌握CTB:Composite Triple Beat 复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector 缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio 载波比CW:Control Word 掌握字D：Directional 指向性D:Distortion 失真度D:Distributive 分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier 安排的大器DBA:Database Administrator 数据库治理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus 数据库掌握系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System 数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System 数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts 大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel 数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network 数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel -Intelligent 智能型分散掌握器DCS：Distributed Control System 集散型掌握系统DDN：Digital Data Network 数字数据网DDS：Direct Dignital Controller 直接数字掌握器DDW:Data Describing Word 数据描述字DECT：Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication 增加数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback 分布反响DID：Direct Inward Dialing 直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DLC：Data Link Control Layer 数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One 一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics 指向性响应DS:Direct Sound 直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing 数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System 决策支持系统DTMF：Dual Tone Multi—Frequency 双音多频DTS：Dual —Technology Sensor 双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave—length Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DXC：Digital Cross—Connect 数字穿插连接E:Emergency lighting 照明设备E：Equalizer 均衡器E：Expander 扩展器EA—DFB:Electricity Absorb—Distributed Feedback 电吸取分布反响ECC：Embedded Control Channel 嵌入或掌握通道EDFA：Erbium—DopedFiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDI：Electronic DataInterexchange 电子数据交换EIC：Electrical ImpedanceCharacteristics 电阻抗特性EMC:Electro Magnetic Compatibiloty 电磁兼容性EMI：Electro Magnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMS:Electromagnetic Sensitibility 电磁敏感性EN:Equivalent Noise 等效噪声EP：Emergency Power 应急电源ES:Emergency Sooket 应急插座ES:Evacuation Sigvial 疏散照明ESA：Error SecondA 误码秒类型Ａ ESB：ErrorSecondB 误码秒类型ＢESD:Electrostatic Discharge 静电放电ESR：Errored Second Ratio 误码秒比率ETDM：Electrical Time Division Multiplexing 电时分复用ETSI：European Telecommunication Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准协会F：Filter 滤波器TOPFAB:Fire Alarm Bell 火警警铃FACU：Fire Alarm Contrlol Unit 火灾自动报警掌握装置FC:Failure Count 失效次数FC:Frequency Converter 频率变换器FCC：Fire Alarm System 火灾报警系统FCS：Field Control System 现场总线FCU:Favn Coil Unit 风机盘管FD:Fire Door 防火门FD:FlameDetector 火焰探测器FD:FloorDistributor FD：FrequencyDirsder 分频器FDD：Frequency Division Dual 频分双工FDDI：Fiberdistributed Data Interface 光纤缆分布式数据接口. FDDIF：Fiber Distributed Data Inferface 光缆分布数据接口FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址FE:Fire Extirguisher 消防电梯FEBE:Far End Block Error 远端块误码FEXT：Far End Crosstalk 远端串扰FFES：Foam Fire Extionuishing System 泡沫灭火系统FH：Fire hydrant 消火栓FI:Fee Indicator 费用显示器FL：Focal Length 焦距FL:FuzzyLogic 模糊规律FM：FaiiltManagement 失效治理FPA:Fire Public Address 火灾事故播送FPD:Fire Public Derice 消防设施PACR：Attonuation to Crosstalk Ratio 衰减与串扰比GAP：Gaussian (filtered〕Frequency Shift Keying 高斯滤波频移键控TOP GBS:Glass Break Sensors 玻璃裂开传感器GC：Generic Cabling 综合布线GIB:Generic Information Block 通用信息模块GNE:Gateway Network Element 网关GSM：Global System for Mobile communications 全球移动通信系统H:Hybrid 混合式TOPHCBS:High C Bus Servers Unit 高速C 总线效劳单元HCS：Higher order Connection Supervision 高阶连接监视HD：Heat Detecter 感温探测器HDB3:High Density Bipolar of order 3code 高密度双极性码HDLC：High Data Link Control 高级数据链路掌握HDLC：HighDigital Link Control 高级数据链路掌握HDSL：High—bit -rate Digital Subscriber Link 高比特数字用户链路HDTV：High Definition Television 高清淅度电视HEC：Header Ervor Control:信头过失掌握域HEMS:High -level Entity Management system 高级实体治理系统HFC:Hybrid fiber coax 光纤-同轴电缆混合系统HGRP：Home Optical Network 华为公司专用协议HIFI：High Fidelity 高保真度HIPPI：High Performance Parrallel Interface 高性能并行接口HMP:Host monitoring protocol 宿主机监视协议HOA：High Order Assembler 高阶组装器HOAPID:High Order Path Access Point Identifier 高阶通道接入不敷出点标识符HOI：High Order Interface 高阶接口HONET:Home Optical Network 华为综合业务接入网商标HO—TCM:High Order Tandem Connection Monitor 高阶通道串联连接监控HOVC：High Order Virtual Container 虚容器HPA:High order path Adaptation 高阶适配HPC：High order path Connection 高阶通道连接HPOM:High -order Path Overhead Monitor 高阶通道开销监视器HPP：High —order path Protection 高阶通道保护HP-RDI:Higher order path —Remote Defect Indication 高阶通道接收缺陷指示HP—REI:Higher order Path—Remote ErrorIndication 高阶通道远端错误指示HPT:High order path Termination 高阶通道终端HRDS：Hypothetical Reference Digital Section 假设参考数字段HSUT:High —order path Supervision Unequipped Termination 高阶通道监控未装装载终HVAC:Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning 暖通空调HWS:Hot Water Supply 热水供给系统I：Interference 串扰TOP IA：Intruder Alarm 防盗报警ICMP:Internet Control Message Protocol 掌握信息协议IDC：Insucation Displacement Connection 绝缘层信移连接件IDS：Industrial Distribution System 工业布线系统IFC：Intelligent Fire Controller 照明智能掌握器ILD:InjectLight Diode 注入式激光二极管IM:Impedance Matching 阻抗匹配IMA：Interactive Multimedia Association 交互式多媒体协议IM—DM:Intensity Modulation—Direction Modulation 直接强度调制IN:Information Network 信息网IO：Information Outlet 信息插座IOS:IntelligentOut Station 智能外围站IPEI:InternationalPortable 国际移动设备标识号IPTU:Indoor Pan&Tilt Unit 室内水平俯仰云台IPUI：International Portable User Identity 国际移动用户标识号ISD:Ionization Smoke Detector 离子感烟探测器IT：Information Technology 信息技术ITU：International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟ITU—T:原名CCITT，是国际电信联盟的一个委员会ITV:Interactive Tevevision 交互式电视JIT—Discussion conference system 即席发言系统L：Lens 摄像机镜头LAN:Local Area Network 局域网LAPB：Link Access Procedure—Balanced 链路接入规程--—-平衡LAPD:Link Access Procedure D—channel D 信道链路访问协议LCD：Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCL：Longituchinal Conrorsion Loss 纵模变换损耗LCN：Local Communication Network 本地通信网LCS:Lowerorder Connection Supervision 低阶连接监视LD:LaserDiode 激发二极管LE：Local Exchange 本地交换网LED:Light Emittirng Diode 发光二极管LIU:Lightguide Interconnection Unit 光纤互连装置LLC：Logic Link Control Layer 规律链路掌握层LLME:Low Layer Management Entity 低层治理实体LM:Lerel Modulation 电平调整LNA：Low Noise Amplifier 低噪音放大器LOF：Loss Of Frame 帧丧失LOI:Low Order Interface 低阶接口LOP:Loss Of Pointer 指针丧失LOS:Loss Of Signal 信号丧失LO—TCM：Low Order Tandem Connection Monitor 低阶通道串联连接监视器LOVC：Low Order Virtual Container 低阶虚容器LPA：Lower order qath Adaptation 低阶通道适配LPC:Lower order Path Connection 低阶通道连接LPOM:Low-order Path Overhead Monitor 低阶通道开销监视器LPP：Low—order Path Protection 低阶通道保护LPT：Lowerorder Path Termination 低阶通道终端TOPMAC：Medium Access Control Layer 介质访问掌握层TOP MBMC:Multiple Burst Mode Controller 多突发模式掌握器MCF:Message Communication Function 消息通信功能MD：Mediation Device 中介设备MFPB：Multi—Frequency Press Button 多频按键MIB：ManagementInformation Base 治理信息库MIC：Mediu InterfaceConnector 介质接口连接器MIO：MultiuserInformation Outlet 多用户信息插座MLM：Multi-Longitudinal Mode 多纵模MM:Mobile Management 移动治理MMDS：Maltichanned Microware Distribution System 多路微波安排系统MMO：Multionedia Outlet 多媒体插座MN-NES:MN—Network Element System 网元治理系统MN-RMS:MN—Region Management System 网络治理系统MO:Managed Object 治理目标MSA:Multiplex Section Adaptation 复用段适配MS-AIS：Mutiplex Section—Alarm Indication Signal 复用段告警指示信号MSOH：Multiplex Section Overhead 复用段开销MSP:Multiplex Section Protection 复用段保护MS-RDI:Multiplex Section-Remote Defect Indication 复用段远端缺陷指示MST:Multiplex Section Termination 复用段终端MSU:Multi-Subscriber Unit 多用户单元 MTIE：Maximum Time Interval Error 最大时间间隔误差MUX：Multiplexer 敏捷复接器NDF：New DataFlag 数据标识NDFA:Niobium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺铌光纤放大器NE：Network Element 网元NEXT：Near End Crosstalk 近端串扰NMS：Network Management System 网络治理系统NNE:Non-SDH Network Element 非 SDH 网元NNI：Network Node Interface 网络节点接口NPI：Null Pointer Indication 无效指针指示NWK:Network Layer 网络层NZ—DSF：Non Zero-Dispersion Shift Fiber 非零散位移光纤OAM&P：Operation Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning 运行、治理、维护和预置OAM：Operation, Administration and Maintenance 操作、治理和维护OBFD：Optical Beam Flame Detector 线型光速火焰探测器OC-N:Optical carrier level-N 光载波级 NOCR:Optical Character Recogmition 光学字符识别OEIC:Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit 光电集成电路OFA:Optical Fiber Amplifier 光纤放大器OHP:OverheadProcessing 开销处理OLT:Optical Line Terminal 光纤线路终端ON:Orerall Noise 总噪声ONU:Optical Network Unit 光纤网络单元OOF：Out Of Frame 帧失步OOP:Object Oriental Programming 面对对象程序设计OS:Operating System 操作系统OSC：Oscillator 振荡器OSI：Open Systems Interconnection 开放系统互连OTDK：Optical Time Doman Reflectometer 光时域反射线OTDM:Optical Time Division Multiplexing 光时分复用PA:Power Amphfier 功率放大器PA:Power Amplifier 功率放大器PABX：Private Auntomatic Branch Exchange 程控数字自动交换机Paging :无线呼叫系统PAL:Pinhole Alc Lons 针孔型自动亮度掌握镜头PARK:Portable Access Rights Key 移动用户接入权限识别码PAS：Public Address System 公共播送音响系统PBX:PrivateBrancn exchange 程控用户交换机PC：Pan unit&control 云台及云台掌握器PC：Proximinty Card 接近卡PCM：Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲编码调制PCS:Personal Communication Service 个人通讯效劳PDFA:Praseodymium—Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺镨光纤放大器PDH:Plesiochronous digital Hierarchy 准同步数字系列PDN:Public data network 公用数据网PDS:Premises Distribution Systemn 建筑物构造化综合布线系统PF:Pressurization Fan 加压风机PG:Pressure Gradient 压差式PID：Passire Infrared Detector 被动式红外传感器PJE：Pointer Justification Event 指针调整大事PLC:Programmerable Logic Controller 可编程掌握器PM:Power Matching 功率匹配PMS:Prooerty Management system 资源治理系统PO:Pressure Operated 压强式POH：Path Overhead 通道开销PPI:PDH Physical InterfacePDH 物理接口Preamplification :前置放大PRI：Primany Rate Interface 基群速率接口PRM：Patter Recogniton Method 模式识别法PSC:Protection Switching Count 保护倒换计数PSD:Photoelectric Smoke Detector 光电感烟探测器TOPITU-T：International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector 国际电信联盟-电信标准部R:Receiver 终端解码器TOP R:Reverberator 混响器RC：Radio Communication 移动通信RC：Room”s Coefficient 房间系数RCU：RemoteControl Units 终端掌握器RDI:Remote DefectIndication 远端失效指示REG:Regenerator再生器Resolution：清楚度RF:Radio Frequency 射频RHE：Romote Head End 远地前端RMC：Repeater Management Controller 天线信道掌握器RMS:Root Mean Square 均方根值RMU：Redundancy Memory Unit 冗佘存贮器RORTD：Rate Of Rise Thermal Detector 差温探测器RR:Reverberation Radius 混响半径RS：Reflected sound 反射场RSOH:Regenerator Section Ouerhead 再生段开销RSSI：Radio Signal Strength Indicator RST：Regenerator Section Termination 再生段终端RSU：Remote Subscriber Unit 远端用户单元RT：RealTime 实时RT:Reverberation Time 混响时间RWS：Remote Workstation 远端工作站TOP S：Sprinkler 安排器S：Stereo 双声道S:Strike 电子门锁SAA：Sound Absorption Ability 吸声力量SAR：Segmetation and reassembly sublayer 拆装子层SATV：Sate Llite 卫星电视SBS：Synchronous Backbone System 同步信息骨干系统SBSMN：SBS SBS Management Network 系列传输设备网管系统SC:Smart Card 智能卡SC：Subscriber Connector 〔Optial Fiber Connector〕用户连接器(光纤连接器〕SC:Supervisong Center 中心站监控中心治理中心SCADA：监控和数据采集软件SCB:System Control Board 系统掌握板SCC:System Control＆Communication 系统通信掌握SC-D:Saplex sc commector 双 ISC 连接器SCD：Sound Console Desk 调度台SCPC:Single Chnanel Per Carrier 卫星回程线路SCS:Stractured Cabling System 构造化布线系统SD：Signal Degraded 信号劣化SD:Smoke damper 排烟阀SD：Smoke Detector 感烟探测器SD：System Distortion 系统失真SDCA:Synchronization DCA 同步数据通讯适配器SDMA：Spaee Division Multiplex Access 容分SDXC：Synchronous Digital Cross Connect 同少数字穿插连接T：Teletext 可视图文TOP T：Terminal 终端机TA:Trunk Amplifier 干线放大器TC：Telecommunication Closet 通信插座TC:Transient Characteristic 瞬间特性TCI:Trunk cabling interface 星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol 传输掌握协议/网间协议TCS：Tele Communication System 通信系统TCS：Telecommunication System 通讯系统TD：Ticket Dispemser 发卡机TDD：Time Division Dual 时分双工TDEV：Time Deviation 时间偏差TDM:Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address 时分多址TDS：Time division switching 时分交换构造TELEX：用户电报电传TEP:时间/大事软件TF:Transfer Function 传送功能TFCC:Transmission frequenay Characteristic 传输频率特性TGNP：The Greatest Noise Power 最大噪声功率TIM：Trace Identifier Mismatch 追踪识别符失配TM：Termination Multiplexer 终端复用器TMN：Telecommunication Management Network 电信治理网TMN:Telecommunication Management Network 电信治理网TNL:Total Noise Level 总噪声级TO:Telecommunications Outlet 通信插座TP：Tunst Pair 对绞线TR：Token Ring 令牌网TSI：Timeslot Interxhange 时隙交换TSU:Time Switching Unit 时隙交换单元TTF:Transport Terminal function 传送终端功能TTS:Tri Technology Sensor 三鉴传感器TU：Tributary Unit 支路单元TUG：Tributary Unit Group 支路单元组TU-LOM：TU-Loss Of Multi-frame 支路单元复帧丧失TUP:Tributary Unit Pointer 支路单元指针TUPP:Tributary Unit Payload Process 支路净荷处理UAT：Ultra Aperture Terminal 超小口径卫星地面接收站UL:Underwriters Laboratory 担保试验室UM:Unidirectional Microphines 单指向性传声器VA:Vacant auditoria 空场VCI：Virtual chammel identifier 虚信道标识VCS:vIdeo conferphone system 会议电视系统VI:Video interphone 可视对讲门铃Video switchers 图象切换掌握器Videotext :可视图文VOD:Video on demand 视频点播VSAT：Very Small Aperture Terminal 甚小口径天线地球站。

communication通讯英语词汇通信专业英语词汇(1)Actuator 执行器A:Amplifier 放大器A:Attendance员工考勤A:Attenuation衰减AA:Antenna amplifier 开线放大器AA:Architectural Acoustics建筑声学AC:Analogue Controller 模拟控制器ACD:Automatic Call Distribution 自动分配话务ACS:Access Control System出入控制系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM:Add/Drop Multiplexer分插复用器ADPCM:Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉冲编码调制AF:Acoustic Feedback 声反馈AFR:Amplitude /Frequency Response 幅频响应AGC:Automati Gain Control自动增益控制AHU:Air Handling Unit 空气处理机组A-I:Auto-iris自动光圈AIS:Alarm Indication Signal 告警指示信号AITS:Acknowledged Information Transfer Service确认操作ALC:Automati Level Control 自动平衡控制ALS:Alarm Seconds 告警秒ALU:Analogue Lines Unit 模拟用户线单元AM:Administration Module管理模块AN:Access Network 接入网ANSI:American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会APS:Automatic Protection Switching 自动保护倒换ASC:Automati Slope Control 自动斜率控制ATH:Analogue Trunk Unit 模拟中继单元ATM：Asynchrous Transfer Mode 异步传送方式AU- PPJE:AU Pointer Positive Justification 管理单元正指针调整AU:Administration Unit 管理单元AU-AIS:Administrative Unit Alarm Indication SignalAU告警指示信号AUG:Administration Unit Group 管理单元组AU-LOP:Loss of Administrative Unit Pointer AU指针丢失AU-NPJE:AU Pointer Negative Justification管理单元负指针调整AUP:Administration Unit Pointer管理单元指针A VCD:Auchio &Video Control Device 音像控制装置AWG:American Wire Gauge美国线缆规格BA:Bridge Amplifier桥接放大器BAC:Building Automation & Control net建筑物自动化和控制网络BAM:Background Administration Module后管理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio背景块误码比BCC:B-channel Connect ControlB通路连接控制BD:Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities 建筑物入口设施BFOC:Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector大口式光纤连接器BGN:Background Noise背景噪声BGS: Background Sound 背景音响BIP-N:Bit Interleaved Parity N code 比特间插奇偶校验N位码B-ISDN:Brand band ISDN 宽带综合业务数字网B-ISDN:Broad band -Integrated Services Digital Network 宽带综合业务数字网BMC:Burst Mode Controller 突发模式控制器BMS:Building Management System 智能建筑管理系统BRI:Basic Rate ISDN 基本速率的综合业务数字网BS:Base Station基站BSC:Base Station Controller基站控制器BUL：Back up lighting备用照明C/S: Client/Server客户机/服务器C:Combines 混合器C:Container 容器CA:Call Accounting电话自动计费系统CA TV:Cable Television 有线电视CC:Call Control 呼叫控制CC:Coax cable 同轴电缆CCD:Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件CCF:Cluster Contril Function 簇控制功能CD:Campus Distributor 建筑群配线架CD:Combination detector 感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign 连续的动态信道分配CDDI:Copper Distributed Data 合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system 二氧化碳系统CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址CF:Core Function 核心功能CFM:Compounded Frequency Modulation 压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System 呼叫信息系统CISPR:Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference 国际无线电干扰专门委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接模式网络层协议CLP:Cell Loss Priority信元丢失优先权CM:Communication Module 通信模块CM:Configuration Management 配置管理CM:Cross-connect Matrix交叉连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service公用管理信息协议服务单元CPE:Convergence protocol entity 会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader /Encoder (Ticket reader )卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray T abe 显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service 会聚服务CS:Cableron Spectrum 旧纳档块化技术CS:Ceiling Screen 挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet 组合音响CSCW:Computer supported collaborative work 计算机支持的协同工作CSES:Continuius Severely Errored Second 连续严重误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function 单基站功能控制CTB:Composite Triple Beat 复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector 缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio 载波比CW:Control Word 控制字D:Directional 指向性D:Distortion 失真度D:Distributive 分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier 分配的大器DBA:Database Administrator数据库管理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus数据库控制系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System 数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System 数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network 数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel -Intelligent智能型分散控制器DCS:Distributed Control System集散型控制系统DDN:Digital Data Network 数字数据网DDS:Direct Dignital Controller直接数字控制器DDW:Data Describing Word 数据描述字---通信专业英语词汇(2)DECT:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication增强数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback 分布反馈DID:Direct Inward Dialing 直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DLC:Data Link Control Layer 数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One 一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics 指向性响应DS:Direct Sound 直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing 数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System 决策支持系统DTMF:Dual T one Multi-Frequency 双音多频DTS:Dual -Technology Sensor 双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DXC:Digital Cross-Connect 数字交叉连接E:Emergency lighting照明设备E:Equalizer 均衡器E:Expander 扩展器EA-DFB:Electricity Absorb-Distributed Feedback 电吸收分布反馈ECC:Embedded Control Channel 嵌入或控制通道EDFA:Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺饵光纤放大器EDI:Electronic Data Interexchange 电子数据交换EIC:Electrical Impedance Characteristics 电阻抗特性EMC：Electro Magnetic Compatibiloty 电磁兼容性EMI:Electro Magnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMS:Electromagnetic Sensitibility 电磁敏感性EN:Equivalent Noise 等效噪声EP:Emergency Power 应急电源ES:Emergency Sooket 应急插座ES:Evacuation Sigvial疏散照明ESA:Error SecondA 误码秒类型ＡESB:ErrorSecondB 误码秒类型ＢESD:Electrostatic Discharge静电放电ESR:Errored Second Ratio 误码秒比率ETDM:Electrical Time Division Multiplexing电时分复用ETSI:European Telecommunication Standards Institute欧洲电信标准协会F:Filter 滤波器FAB:Fire Alarm Bell 火警警铃FACU:Fire Alarm Contrlol Unit 火灾自动报警控制装置FC:Failure Count 失效次数FC:Frequency Converter 频率变换器FCC:Fire Alarm System 火灾报警系统FCS:Field Control System 现场总线FCU：Favn Coil Unit风机盘管FD:Fire Door 防火门FD:Flame Detector 火焰探测器FD:Floor DistributorFD:Frequency Dirsder 分频器FDD:Frequency Division Dual 频分双工FDDI：Fiberdistributed Data Interface光纤缆分布式数据接口。

Querying Clocked DatabasesMehmet un and Chuchang LiuDepartment of Computing,Macquarie University,NSW2109,Australia Information Technology Division,Defence Science and Technology Organisation,PO Box1500,Salisbury,SA5108,AustraliaAbstract.We propose a temporal extension of Datalog which can be used tomodel and query temporal databases with relations based on multiple clocks.The extension,called Clocked Temporal Datalog,is based on a clocked temporallogic in which each predicate and hence each formula can be assigned a separateclock.A Clocked Temporal Datalog program consists of three parts:(1)a clockdefinition,(2)a clock assignment,and(3)a program body.The clock definitionspecifies all the available clocks.The clock assignment assigns to each predicatedefined in the program body a clock from the clock definition.The meaning ofthe program body naturally depends on the provided clock definition and assign-ment.Therefore a Clocked Temporal Datalog program models intensionally aclocked database in which each relation is defined over a clock.Programmableclock definitions are veryflexible in specifying periodic as well as some non-periodic clocks,and in specifying relationships between clocks on thefly.1IntroductionWhile there is not a wealth of reported research on deductive database systems for temporal data,temporal databases based on the relational model have been extensively studied in the literature.A comprehensive survey of temporal query languages is pro-vided by Chomicki[5].The recent status of research in temporal databases is summa-rized in¨Ozsoyo˘g lu and Snodgrass[17].Temporal extensions based on logic program-ming are considered by Chomicki and Imieli´n ski[6],Chomicki[4],Baudinet et al[2] and B¨o hlen and Marti[3].These proposals are concerned with modeling and querying infinite temporal data in logic languages(such as extensions of D ATALOG)in which predicates are extended with explicit time parameters.A temporal extension of Datalog is considered by Orgun[15],based on the function-free subset of the temporal language Chronolog[16].These languages are not designed to deal with multiple granularities and/or multiple clocks.However,they make the representation of infinite temporal in-formation possible and often enable a more compact representation offinite informa-tion.They also improve the expressivity of query languages for temporal data.One important issue is that the relations in a temporal database are not necessarily defined on the same granularity of time.Some events occur at irregular intervals,and it seems unnatural to force them all onto a prescribed notion of time.Doing so would lead to semantic mismatches[9,10].Ladkin[10]recognized that distinct granularities cannot be mixed,and developed an algebra where the granularity of the source time-stamps is considered.Wiederhold,Jajodia and Litwin[20]also recognized the prob-lem,and provided an algebra in which data with multiple granularities are convertedto a uniform model of data based on time intervals.Gagne and Plaice[9]propose a non-standard temporal deductive database system in which time is modeled by pairs of numbers where is a real number and is an integer.Their model is based on a dense model of time rather than a discrete model,and it is not clear how it can be used in practice.Dyreson and Snodgrass[7]extended SQL-92to support mixed granularities with respect to a granularity lattice.There are also some other recent works extend-ing the relational model and algebra to deal with multiple granularities,for instance, another calendar-based approach is proposed by Lee et al[11].In this paper,wefirst propose a model for clocked databases in which relations are defined over multiple time-lines or more precisely,multiple histories.We then con-sider a deductive system for clocked databases,featuring a clocked temporal extension of Datalog.Clocked Temporal Datalog is based on TLC[12],a temporal logic which can be used to model predicates defined over multiple clocks.In TLC,each predicate and hence each formula can be assigned a clock which is a subsequence of a discrete time-line modeled by the sequence of natural numbers.In TLC,a calendar-dependent partitioning of the time-line is not assumed,and hence granularity conversion operators are not required.Our approach is therefore more restrictive in modelling granularity than some others reported in the literature,however,it does not require a predetermined granularity lattice,it involves programmable clock definitions,and it is grounded in temporal logic.Temporal logic[19]provides a clean framework in which the temporal properties of certain applications such as temporal databases can be formalized,studied, and then generalized and applied to other application domains.Clocked Temporal Dat-alog can also be used as a deductive front-end to clocked databases to enhance the ex-pressivity of their query languages.Through programmable clock definitions,temporal data in a clocked database can also be viewed and summarized at different granularities.There are also other approaches to temporal databases based on temporal logic. For instance,Orgun[14]proposed a temporal algebra,with algebraic counterparts of temporal operators first,next and fby,which also includes temporal aggregation operators.Tuzhilin and Clifford[18]proposed a temporal algebra(called TA)as a basis for temporal relational completeness.The algebra is equivalent in expressive power to a temporal calculus based on a temporal logic with temporal operators since and until. Gabbay and McBrien’s[8]considered a refinement of TA which is also based on a temporal logic with since and until.They introduce two linear recursive operators, namely,since-product()and until-product().These operators closely resemble their counterparts in temporal logic.We do not consider these operators in Clocked Temporal Datalog because their properties in a logic programming setting have not been studied yet.Also,they do not have a straightforward operational semantics.This paper is structured as follows.Section2proposes a model for clocked databases. Section3gives an introduction to TLC,including its clock calculus,syntax and seman-tics.Section4introduces Clocked Temporal Datalog.Section5presents the declarative semantics of Clocked Temporal Datalog programs and establishes the connection be-tween clocked databases and programs.2A Model for Clocked DatabasesA clocked database consists of three components:(1)a set of relation symbols,(2)a clock assignment,and(3)a relation mapping.The clock assignment assigns a clock (a subsequence of an assumed discrete time-line)to each relation symbol;the relation mapping assigns to each relation symbol a clocked relation defined over its clock.In the following,we denote the set of natural numbers by.Definition1(Clocks).A clock is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers. The global clock is the sequence of natural numbers:.The empty clock is the empty sequence:.Let be a clock.We write if occurs in(is a moment on clock).For any given clock,the notation denotes the i element on.We now define an ordering relation on clocks as follows.Definition2().For any given clocks and,we write if for all ,we have.If then we also say that is a sub-clock of.It can be shown that the set of clocks,denoted by,with the ordering,is a complete lattice in which the global clock is the maximum element and the empty clock is the minimum element.Note that contains uncountably many clocks,all of which are conceivably available to the user.We do not provide a calendar-dependent partitioning of the time-line at this stage.The only structure available in is provided by the ordering.In particular,if for clocks and,we say that has afiner granularity than.We now define two operations on clocks that correspond to the greatest lower bound (g.l.b)and least upper bound(l.u.b.)of clocks with respect to.The least upper bound of two given clocks can be obtained by merging them;the greatest lower bound can be obtained by taking the common moments in them.Definition3().Let.We define two operations on clocks as follows:and.Let be a domain of values of interest.Here we are not concerned with the actual type of each domain element,but the model can be easily extended to include types of elements.Let denote the-folded Cartesian product of,and the set of all subsets of.We denote the set of all functions from set to set by. Definition4(Clocked relations).Let.A clocked relation with arity is a map from to.The set of clocked relations is denoted by.Let be the set of relation symbols we are allowed to have in a clocked database.A clock assignment tells us those times at which each relation symbol has a defined value (let it be the empty relation or a non-empty relation).Note that we also write for a relation symbol with arity.Definition5.A clock assignment is a map from to,that is,. The clock associated with a relation symbol over is denoted by.Definition6(Clocked database).Let be a set of relation symbols,and a clock assignment.A clocked database is a triple where assigns a clocked relation over to all.We write to denote the clocked relation which is assigned to by;is in fact a map from to.Intuitively,tells us when a particular relation symbol has a defined value,while tells us the value associated with a relation symbol whenever it is defined.3Temporal Logic with ClocksTo make the paper relatively self-contained,we give an introduction to the syntax and semantics of TLC.Most of the material presented in this section is from[12]with some modifications to extend TLC with temporal operator fby.In the vocabulary of TLC,apart from variables,constants and predicate symbols,we also have propositional connectives:,and,universal quantifier:,three temporal operators:unary first and next,and binary fby,and punctuation symbols:“(”and “)”.In TLC,the definition of terms is as usual.The other connectives,and the quantifier can be derived from the primitive connectives and universal quantifier as usual.The intuitive meaning of the temporal operators is as follows:(1)first:is true at the initial moment in time,(2)next:is true at the next moment in time, and(3)fby:is true at the initial moment in time and from then on is true. It should be kept in mind that these readings are relative to the given formula clocks (see below).We write next[n]for n successive applications of next.If n,then next[n]is the empty string.3.1Clock calculusJust like in a clocked database,we use a clock assignment to assign a clock to each predicate symbol.Formally,we have the following definition:Definition7.A clock assignment is a map from the set of predicate symbols to the set of clocks,that is,.The notation denotes the clock which is associated with a predicate symbol on.We extend the notion of a clock to formulas as follows:Definition8.Let be a formula and a clock assignment.The clock associated with ,denoted as,is defined inductively as follows:-If is an atomic formula,then.-If,,or then.-If,,or,then.-If,then(1)whenis non-empty andfinite;(2)when is infinite or empty.-If,then whereand and for some .The rule says that the corresponding formulas will have a defined value at a particular moment in time only if that time occurs in the clocks of all sub-formulas in it.Note that the above clock calculus is an extension of the one given in[12]to deal with fby.We now define the rank of a moment on a given clock.Definition9.Given a clock we define the rank of on to be ,written as.Inversely,we write,which means that is the moment in time on whose rank is.The following definitions will be very useful in developing the declarative semantics of Clocked Temporal Datalog programs.Definition10.Temporal atoms are defined inductively as follows:-Any atomic formula is a temporal atom.-If is a temporal atom then so are first and next.Definition11.A temporal atom isfixed-time if it has an application of first followed by a number of applications of next;otherwise it is open.A formula isfixed-time if all atoms contained in it arefixed-time;otherwise it is open.3.2SemanticsLet denote a Boolean algebra of truth values with the ordering and the following standard operations:-(complementation),-the g.l.b.of with respect to,-=the l.u.b.of with respect to.In,at a given time,the value of a formula can be true,false or un-defined,depending on the clocks of predicate symbols appearing in it.We do not have a representation for undefined values,rather we use partial mappings.The meaning of a predicate symbol is actually a clocked relation,i.e.,a partial mapping from towhere is the arity of and D is the domain of discourse.For any, the image is naturally defined.A temporal interpretation together with a clock assignment assigns meanings to all the basic elements of TLC.Definition12.A temporal interpretation on a given clock assignment of comprises a non-empty set D,called the domain of the interpretation,over which the variables range,together with for each variable,an element of D;for each term an element of D;and for each n-ary predicate symbol,a clocked relation of .We denote the clocked relation represented by on over by.To refer to the value of at a particular moment in time,we use the notation.In the following,the notation is used to denote the value of under inter-pretation on clock assignment at moment.Definition13.Let be a temporal interpretation on a given clock assignment of .For any formula of TLC,whenever.The function is defined inductively as follows:(1)If is a term,then.(2)For any n-ary predicate symbol and terms,if;otherwise.(3)For any formula of the form,.(4)For any formula of the form,.(5)For any formula of the form,.(6)For any formula of the form,iffor all where the interpretation is just like except that the varible is assigned the value in;otherwise.(7)For any formula of the form,where.(8)For any formula of the form,where and.(9)For any formula of the form,if;otherwise,where and.Let denote the fact that is true under on clock assignment,in other words,for all.We also use the notationto denote the fact that for any temporal interpretation over clock assignment .In particular,if,then we say that the temporal interpretation on is a model of the formula and use to denote the fact that for any interpretation and any clock assignment we have.Axioms and rules of inference of TLC can be found in[12].The version of TLC pre-sented in this paper would have additional axioms and rules to formalize the temporal operator fby.4Clocked Temporal DatalogA Clocked Temporal Datalog program consists of three components:where,and are the clock definition,the clock assignment and the program body of the program.The symbol means“jointing”,that is,,and jointly form the program.The main point is that the clock assignment of is totally determined by and.The formal definition of program clauses is given below.We assume that some builtin Prolog predicates are also available in Clocked Temporal Datalog(e.g.,the is predicate).Definition14(Temporal units).-A temporal atom is a temporal unit.-If and for are temporal units,then so is.Definition15(Program clauses).-A program clause in and is of the form<-where is a temporal atom and all’s are temporal units.If,then the program clause is also called a fact.-A program clause in is of the form assign(p/n,ck)where is a pred-icate symbol defined in and is a predicate symbol with arity1defined in.All the predicates in are assumed to be defined on the global clock.It shouldbe noted that,except for temporal operator fby,is just like a program of Chronolog [16],a temporal logic programming language with temporal operators first and next only.Since is a program,the definition of each ck in general may or may not “represent”an actual clock.To ensure that it does,we stipulate that each ck satisfy the following clock constraints:Definition16(clock constraints[12]).-For any successful query first next(m)ck(X),we have that m X.-For any pair of successful queries first next(m)ck(X)and first next(m) ck(Y),we have that X Y.-For any pair of successful queries first next(m)ck(X)and first next(n) ck(Y),if m n,then X Y.Thefirst constraint says that the rank of a moment on a clock is not greater than the moment.The last two constraints ensure that clocks are linear and monotonic.Whenthe second constraint is relaxed,we may have branching time.The main motivation forthefirst constraint is computational.is a Prolog program,which assigns clocks for all the predicate symbols in the program body.A clause such as assign(p/n,cki)in says that is the clock associated with the predicate symbol defined in.We now give an example Clocked Temporal Datalog program.Suppose that thereis a library which only holds books.Book acquisitions are dealt with at the end of each week.We may define the following predicates(among others):stock(X):book X is in stock.acquisition(X):book X has been acquired by the library.onloan(X):book X in on loan.In the following program,the clock definition defines two clocks,i.e.,ck1and ck2.The clock assignment assigns clocks for the predicate symbols defined in the program body.%CLOCK DEFINITION(ck1,ck2)%ck1(N)<-N=0fby(ck1(M),N is M+1).ck2(N)<-ck1(M),N is M*7.%CLOCK ASSIGNMENT(ck)%assign(stock,ck1).assign(onloan,ck1).assign(acquisition,ck2)....%PROGRAM BODY%first stock(mobbydick).first stock(oliver).first next stock(the_hobbit).next stock(X)<-stock(X).stock(X)<-acquisition(X).first next acquisition(war_and_peace).first next[2]acquisition(germinal)....Here ck1represents the clock in which each moment can be inter-preted as a day.Then ck2can be interpreted as representing weeks,i.e.,.At time,the left-hand-side of fby in the clause for ck1is used;therefore theinitial value for ck1is0.At times,the right-hand-side of fby is used;thereforethe subsequent values for ck1are determined by the previous value for ck1plus1.The program body includes facts to define the initial stock in the library and some rules.Once a book is in stock,it remains in stock forever.Since predicates stock and acquisition are defined over ck1and ck2respectively and these clocks synchro-nize at etc.,the book war_and_peace is included in stock at time,the book germinal at time and so on.Suppose that we want tofind which books are in stock at time:<-first next stock(X).The answers to the goal are X=mobbydick,X=oliver,X=the_hobbitand so on.We now ask“which books are in stock at the end of week1?”:<-first next[7]stock(X).Then the answers will include all those books which are already in stock from time totime plus all the books acquired until time,eg,X=mobbydick,X=war_and_peace and so on.If all atoms of a goal arefixed-time,then the goal is afixed-time goal;otherwiseit is an open goal.An open goal stands for a series of independentfixed-time goals.For example,the open goal<-stock(X)stands for a series of independentfixed-time goals of form<-first next[n]stock(X)for all where .Answers tofixed-time goals can be obtained by using a clocked extension of SLD-resolution[12].5Declarative SemanticsThis section develops the meaning(declarative semantics)of Clocked Datalog pro-grams based on an extension of the declarative semantics of Chronolog(MC)programs [12].The meaning of the program body of a Clocked Temporal Datalog program is nat-urally presented as the meaning of the program.However,the meaning of the program body naturally depends on the meaning of the clock definition and assignment.5.1Clock definitionsLet be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program.The clock assignment is a set of facts,i.e.a Prolog program.The semantics results for Prolog programs can be found in Lloyd[13].is an ordinary Chronolog program[16],except for temporal operator fby,but fby does not add any expressive power when all the predicates are defined over the global clock.It is shown below that the temporal operator fby in clock definitions of Clocked Temporal Datalog is not essential.Lemma1.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program.Thenis equivalent to an fby-free program.Proof.We provide an informal proof.Let be a clock assignment that assigns to each predicate symbol.Without any loss of generality,consider the following program clause:<-fby.We have that<-fby.By the semantics of fby,at time,the value of is determined by the value of;at all times,the value of is determined by the previous value of.Therefore the clause is equivalent to the two clauses given below:first<-first.next<-.It is easy to verify that is applicable at time;and is applicable at all times. Nested fby’s can be eliminated in a similar manner.coincide.The Herbrand base of consists of all thosefixed-time temporal atoms generated by predicate symbols appearing in with terms in used as arguments. Subsets of are regarded as temporal Herbrand interpretations of.Note that the Herbrand bases of and also coincide.Let be a temporal interpretation of with as its domain.Let be a clock assignment which maps each predicate symbol defined in to.Then is identified with a subset of by the following.iff first next[],iff first next[], Orgun and Wadge[16]showed that the minimum temporal Herbrand model of a Chronolog program exists,and it consists of all the logical consequences of the pro-gram.We denote the minimum model of by.The following result follows from lemma1and analogous results for Chronolog[16].Theorem1.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program.Letbe a clock assignment which maps each predicate symbol defined in to.Then we have:.In a given program,the clock assignment is determined by and.To discuss clocked Herbrand models of,we have to know how to obtain for.We can obtain a clock assignment from the clock definition and assignment if all the clock constraints are satisfied.Wefirst have the following sufficiency result which states that if a clock definition in satisfies the clock constraints given in section3,then it represents an actual clock in.Lemma2.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program.For each predicate symbol cki defined in with a clause of the form assign(cki,p/n)in ,if cki satisfies the clock constraints with respect to,then the clock represented by cki is given as:first next[]cki().We now define the notion of an admissible clock definition:Definition17.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program and the set of predicate symbols appearing in.Letand.We call and an admissible clock definition if the following conditions are satisfied:-each cki is defined as a unary predicate in-each cki satisfies the clock constraints with respect to-each occurs in at most one clause of the formThe clock assignment determined by and,can be recovered as follows:Definition18.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program and the set of all predicate symbols appearing in.If the clock definition and is admissible,then the clock assignment of is determined as follows:For all,-first next()cki()if assign(,cki) (this case is provided by lemma2);-if is not assigned a clock in(default).In general,there is no easy way of automatically checking whether clock constraints are satisfied by each clock definition.In[12],a syntactic restriction on clock defini-tions is imposed.It is also shown that a clock definition with the restriction satisfies the clock constraints.However,the restriction allows a small set of clock definitions only,therefore,here we use the clock constraints in a prescriptive manner to restrict the admissibility of clock definitions.Programmable clock definitions are veryflexible in specifying periodic as well as some non-periodic clocks.For instance,the following program clauses define a non-periodic Fibonacci-like clock,that is,:first cki(1).first next cki(2).next[2]cki(N)<-next cki(X),cki(Y),N is X+Y.Thefirst clause says that thefirst value for cki is1;the second clause says that the second value for cki is2;and the third clause says that the subsequent values for cki are determined by the sum of the previous two values.This clock definition would be ruled out by the restriction imposed in[12].The restriction does not allow mutual clockdefinitions,such as the ones given below,either.even(N)<-N=0fby(odd(M),N is M+1).odd(N)<-even(M),N is M+1.Here predicates even and odd define the sequences of even numbers and odd numbers over time,respectively.Note that it is the programmer’s responsibility to ensure that clock definitions are admissible.5.2Clocked Herbrand modelsLet be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program.Since the predicate symbols appearing in have their own clocks,the semantics of depends on the given clock assignment.We know that is true in a temporal interpretation ona given clock assignment if and only if all program clauses in are true in on.It can be shown that a program clause is true in on if and only if allfixed-time instances of the clause are true in on.Therefore,as far as the declarative semanticsis concerned,we can regard as the set offixed-time instances of its program clauses.Afixed-time instance of a program clause will only containfixed-time temporal atoms and it will befixed to a particular moment in time on its clock.We refer the reader to[12]for details offixed-time instances of fby-free program clauses.In,we cannot directly eliminate the occurrences of fby’s because the clocks of involved sub-formulas may be different.However,given a particular moment on the clock ofa program clause with fby,we have the knowledge of which side of the fby operatoris involved at that time.Then,afixed-time instance of the clause can be obtained byreferring to the involved side of fby;the other side will simply be dropped from the instance.Nested fby’s can be eliminated one at a time.We therefore have the following result,which complements lemma1:Lemma3.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program.Thenis equivalent to an fby-free program.Let denote the clocked Herbrand universe of which is generated by constants and function symbols that appear in.The clocked Herbrand base of consists of all thosefixed-time temporal atoms generated by predicate symbols appearing in with terms in used as arguments.Again,the Herbrand universes of and coincide;and so do their Herbrand bases.We regard subsets of as clocked Herbrand interpretations of.Let be the clock assignment determined by and and a temporal interpretation of with as its domain.Then is identified with a subset of by the following:iff first nextiff first nextAgain,as far as the declarative semantics is concerned,and are equivalent by lemma3.If is a Clocked Temporal Datalog program with an admis-sible clock definition,then,is an equivalent Chronolog(MC)program, restricted to its function-free subset.The declarative semantics of Chronolog(MC)pro-grams can then be applied to.The following result follows from lemmas 1and3,and the analogous results for Chronolog(MC)programs[12].Theorem2.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program,with an admissible clock definition.Then is a Chronolog(MC)program with an admissible clock definition.Let be the clock assignment determined by and. Then.If Clocked Temporal Datalog is used to query a clocked database,the clocks of rela-tions defined in a program will be determined by the clock assignment of the program, while the clocks of relations defined in the clocked database will be determined by the clock assignment of the database.We assume that the set of relation symbols in the clocked database are distinct from the set of predicate symbols defined in the program.Let be a Clocked Temporal Datalog program with an admissible clock definition,and a clocked database.Now and together correspond to the clocked database where-is the set of predicate symbols that appear in where.-is the clock determined by and.-is a set of facts(fixed-time temporal atoms)that corresponds to the clocked database,-is a map determined as follows.For any,.For any ,where is the temporal interpretation over clock identified with.。