阅读课讲义

《神奇校车》阅读课教学设计牛桥街小学王莉教学目标：1、感受《神奇校车》这套书的魅力，提高孩子阅读科普读物的兴趣。

2、体会《神奇校车》这套书传达给我们的学习方法和学习精神，如：深入研究、系列学习、在活动中体验知识等。

3、仿照《神奇校车》尝试以“京剧”为主题进行学习，运用学到的方法初步体会在活动中学习的乐趣，感受编书的乐趣。

教学准备：1、前期已对《神奇校车》图画版进行了一个月的阅读，大部分孩子已经自主阅读3遍左右，老师带孩子们已经共读了一遍。

2、进行了一次“神奇校车的知识竞赛”。

3、布置孩子上网查询“京剧知识”，尽量使材料多样化。

师课前带孩子对“京剧”进行深入的阅读，进行多样的阅读学习活动。

教学流程：一、回顾导入师：同学们，这个月我们阅读了《神奇校车》图画版，共11本，你们能否用一个词语来概括一下读这本书的感受？师：你阅读了这套书，获得了什么知识？师：你能用两三句话向在座的老师推荐一下这套书吗？可以用上刚才同学们所说的词语，所获得的知识。

师：上星期三，我们还进行了《神奇校车》图画版的知识竞赛，现在我宣布本次比赛的冠军、亚军、季军，把我们的掌声送给这些阅读质量高、知识丰富的孩子。

二、模拟“神奇校车”师：孩子们，我们读书不仅仅要从书中获取知识，更重要的是从书中学到一种学习的方法。

你能说说《神奇校车》中的卷毛老师是如何带领大家去学习知识的吗？答案预设：（1）深入阅读大量课外书籍，卷毛老师要求孩子每周阅读5本科普书籍。

（2）做读书摘要，孩子们加深了印象（3）实验，让阅读更有趣……大屏幕摘录书中原句，进行阅读：体会方法为准备这次校外教学，卷毛老师让我们在图书馆整整泡了一个月。

她要我们弄清楚城市中的水是怎么来的，还要收集十个有趣的“水的真相”。

——摘自《神奇校车·水的故事》（深入阅读）旺达说：“我怕要上网搜一搜，找几张新图。

”——摘自《神奇校车·气候大挑战》（上网查资料）回到教室里，我们做了一张非常棒的海洋示意图，贴在了整面墙上。

教化学科老师辅导讲义年级：初三课时数：2 辅导科目：语文学生：课题初三上阅读理解复习授课日期与时段2021 年12月26号教学目的1、讲解阅读理解根本解题思路和技巧；2、驾驭常见修辞手法和句式方法；3、稳固学生对理解的根本思路。

教学内容一、上次作业检查与讲解；二、学习要求与方法的培育：三、学问点分析、讲解与训练：一、语段阅读题答题总原那么：１、先读题后读文。

读题时留意从题干中找出“题眼〞〔即答题关键点〕，带着问题读文，使阅读具有明确的目的。

２、读文时，要留意整体把握文章的主要内容和中心愿思。

３、打算答题时，必需再次细读题目，找准“题眼〞。

４、答题时，详细题目涉与到相关段落，要对这些段落反复研读；如涉与全篇，那么要再读全文。

二、引号的作用：１、表引用〔引用人物对话、诗文句等〕；２、表特定称谓〔特殊含义〕；３、表否认、反语、挖苦等意味；学问回忆４、衬托人物形象〔或人物心情、感情〕；５、突出、深化主题。

九、句子在文章构造上的作用分析：１、对上文〔或全文〕：照应上文、首尾照应、总结上文〔或全文〕；２、对下文：引起下文，打下伏笔、作铺垫；３、对上下文：承上启下〔过渡〕。

十、句子比较分析题：常见题意：原句换成改句行不行？或原句与改句哪个好？答题方法与步骤：１、说明观点〔行不行，哪个好〕；２、分析原句优点；３、分析改句缺点。

典例精讲〔文学作品〕一、母爱的温度〔1〕我10岁时，她偷偷塞给我的糖块要比给弟妹们的还多；我13岁上初中时，她常步行十几里路给我送来饭菜；16岁我考入中师，她逢人就夸我聪颖好学；我22岁结婚时，她不顾儿女们反对给我打算了丰厚的嫁妆；我34岁被丈夫抛弃时，她曾拿着菜刀为我拼过命讨过说法；到我40岁以后，她仿佛变成了我的孩子，紧紧依靠着我舍不得离去……〔2〕别人都说我们母女情深，可我知道，她是我的后妈，也不曾遗忘她以前对我的不好。

〔3〕她嫁给爸爸时带来四个孩子，四个孩子跟我的年龄不上不下。

她懒得叫我的大名，一口一个三丫头，叫得我真跟个丫头似的低眉顺眼，忍气吞声。

推荐书目：中国部分（25)1、大林和小林张天翼（一对孪生兄弟却变成了完全不同的人，一个成了肥胖愚蠢的寄生虫，一个成了真正的劳动者。

想象怪诞，语言幽默活泼张天翼的《宝葫芦的秘密》也很神秘呢。

）2、寄小读者冰心(用书信的形式送来爱的温馨。

)3、严文井童话严文井（他的《下次开船港》让很多孩子知道时间的意义。

）4、高士其科普童话高士其（用诗歌的形式讲了很多科学的道理。

很著名的有《我的土壤妈妈》等。

）5、陈伯吹童话陈伯吹（很有浪漫气息的童话。

）6、金近童话金近（他的童话很像他的儿童诗，很优美。

）7、叶圣陶童话叶圣陶（他的代表作品是《稻草人》，你知道这稻草人夜里看见了什么吗？）8、小坡的生日老舍（老舍写童话的语言依然生动幽默。

）9、长生塔巴金（世界上有长生塔吗？等你看完就知道了。

）10、中国古典童话精选（看看古典的童话，你一定很惊讶与现在童话的不同。

）11、管家琪幽默童话系列管家琪（包括《怒气收集袋》、《复制瞌睡羊》、《口水龙》、《捉拿古奇台风》等。

是不是这书名，就够幽默的？）12、中国幽默儿童文学丛书（《你有老鼠牌铅笔吗？》，你知道吗。

《我是一个可大可小的人》，《我的故事讲给你听》，《笨狼的故事》。

这套丛书近20本，都是现在著名作家的优秀作品，本本都会让你捧腹大笑。

）13、《皮皮鲁传》《鲁西西传》郑渊洁（这是作者创造的两个非常有代表性的人物。

你如果还不知道这兄妹俩，那真是可惜了，他们的故事很不一般呢。

）14、幽默三国周锐（这是一套幽默的儿童文学作品，把中国古典四大名著都给幽默了一回。

让你耳目一新。

原来换种方式读书也很有趣呢）15、魔法学校葛竞（早在哈里波特来中国之前，魔法学校就在中国开学了。

米楠就是这学校的学生。

还有另外的续集哟，值得一看。

）16、《李大米和他的影子》张之路（“小布老虎丛书”里面有非常好的作品，读了一定让你开怀。

〈我的妈妈是精灵〉〈肚皮上的塞子〉看见这名字就很有意思吧。

）17、科幻故事大世界(科学幻想小说是从西方传入中国的吗？中国古代有没有科学幻想？看了这本书里的科幻故事，你会知道，中国古代有许多优秀的科学幻想。

一、如何理解文中的词语1、同词换词法：即文中某些词可以找出近义词来替换。

2、综合释词法：一个词语，通常几个字或几个词构成，只要先分开理解字义、词义，再组合起来就好理解了。

3、综合具体的语言环境理解：有些词富有表现力，感情色彩浓，这要联系语言环境分析，推敲揣摩，把握其变化。

4、联系上下文理解：用文中句子解释词语，课文中的词语，并不是孤立存在的，往往可以借助前后联系的方法，给予解释。

5、弄懂词中关键字的意思，用综合分析的方法理解。

（一）九龙壁闻名全国的艺术珍品九龙壁，是一座用琉璃瓦砌成的影壁。

今天我游览了北海公园，亲眼见到了它。

它那精美的造型使我赞叹不已。

九龙壁，高五米，长二十七米，厚一点二米。

在影壁的正反两面，用七色的琉璃砖分别镶嵌成九条巨龙。

它们色泽鲜艳，形态逼真，像是在腾云驾雾似的，要冲出影壁，飞向天空。

你看，一条黄龙和一条紫龙正在争夺一个火球。

它们瞪圆了双眼，怒目相视。

黄龙叉开四爪，伸出了锐利的尖钩；那条紫龙也不示弱，傲慢地摆动着尾巴，轻蔑地照着对方，仿佛说（）（）你有什么了不起（）敢和我较量吗（）（）这对巨龙正在挑战，那对巨龙已经开仗了。

只见蓝、白两条龙，翻滚在汹涌澎湃的碧涛之上，穿梭于险峻的山峰之间。

这一场恶斗，真是惊心动魄啊！再看其他几条龙，也各有特色。

有的气势汹汹，杀气腾腾；有的耀武扬威，得意洋洋；有的回首遥望，呼唤同伴……它们形态各异，真是妙不可言，美不胜收。

面对这刻画精致的九龙壁，我不禁感慨万分。

我们的祖先，真是心灵手巧，多么聪明呀！九龙壁是我国劳动人民智慧的结晶！1、给第二自然段括号里填上标点。

2、联系上下文，先解释字，再理解下列词语。

赞叹不已：回首遥望：耀武扬威：妙不可言：3、把词语填完整。

（）云（）雾汹（）澎（）得意（）（）（）（）万分（）心动（）不（）示（）4、在括号里填写合适的词语。

（）的造型（）的尖钩（）的山峰5、缩句：（1）、闻名全国的艺术珍品九龙壁，是一座用琉璃瓦砌成的影壁。

六年级阅读训练专题一写人类文章阅读阅读方法指南小学课文中，写人的文章占有一席之地，有的直接以人物名作题目，一看就一目了然，如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》、《詹天佑》、《小摄影师》；有的却并非如此，得细细品味，才能体会作者字里行间的意思。

一般写人类文章以人物描写为主，通过对人物在具体事例中的言行举止，心理活动及细节的描写，反映人物的性格特点和思想品质。

在阅读写人文章时，应注意以下几个方面：一、抓住人物的特点，体会人物的个性和品质。

每个人的外貌特征、言行举止都不尽相同，所以在阅读时，要认真分析人物的外貌描写、语言描写、动作描写等内容，从而了解人物的个性特点以及人物的美丑善恶。

二、抓住典型事例，分析人物形象。

在阅读时，应抓住典型的事例，认真分析人物的性格特征和事情的关系。

要看一看作者是通过写什么事情来表现人物的，想一想所写事情的侧重点在哪里，它对表现人物的特点有什么好处等。

三、理清文章层次，明确写作目的。

看文章通过记叙或者描写表现、歌颂了什么，这就是归纳文章的中心思想。

明确了中心，就有利于更进一步地加深对文章内容的理解。

四、准确把握关键词语和句子。

文章里写的人是活生生的人，其思想性格是通过具体的事情来显示的。

有些文章能够直接找到反映人物性格特点、内心世界的词语或句子，阅读时只要找到这些关键的词语或句子，就能比较容易地领悟文章的中心。

典型例题讲解阅读下文，回答问题。

泥人张冯骥才手艺道上的人，捏泥人的“泥人张”排第一。

而且，有第一，没第二，第三差着十万八千里。

泥人张大名叫张明山。

咸丰年间常去的地方有两处。

一是东北城角的戏院大观楼，一是北关口的饭馆天庆馆。

坐在那儿，为了瞧各样的人，也为捏各样的人。

去大观楼要看戏台上的各种角色，去天庆馆要看人世间的各种角色。

这后一种的样儿更多。

那天下雨，他一个人坐在天庆馆里饮酒，一边留神四下里吃客们的模样。

这当儿，打外边进来三个人。

中间一位穿得阔绰，大脑袋，中溜个子，挺着肚子，架式挺牛，横冲直撞往里走。

高中英语人教选择必修一Unit1 People of achievement Reading and Thinking阅读课文讲义(1) 编者贾卫宽(一)看主题图(Page1)和课文插图(page2)并思考1.Who is the woman? She is ____________2.What is happening in this photo? _______________________________3.What can we see from the body language of the man?_______________________________________________________ ______4.Why are the people in the hall all standing? How might they feel? _______________________________________________________ ______(二)看标题“TU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE”思考1：What’s the text style of the passage? How do you know that? _______________________________________________________ ________________思考2：What’s the character of this type of title?_______________________________________________________ ________________思考3：Where might the type of passage come from? How do you know that?_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________思考4：How do you feel and what do you think of when you see the title at the first sight?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【语篇知识学习与探究】：(三)读课文，析结构(1)语篇类型与特征：1.语篇类型：科普人物类新闻报道.2.文体特征：内容客观、准确，大量使用具体数据。

写景类文章阅读怎样阅读写景类文章写景,也就是描绘景物,通过作者有条理的描写,让我们看到一幅优美的风景画。

阅读此类文章要注意:1.了解写景文章的类别我们所学过的描绘景物的文章一般有如下三类:一类是游记,写的是在游览过程中所见的景物,如《记金华的双龙洞》；一类是描写生活中常见的自然景象(风、雨、雷、电等),如《火烧云》《第一场雪》；一类是写人们生活处所周围的景,如《镜泊湖奇观》《鸟的天堂》。

我们如果了解了写景文章的类别,阅读中就可以根据不同的特点,采取不同的阅读方法。

2.明确写景的描写顺序写景必须按照一定的观察顺序来写,因此理清作者的描写顺序,对于把握文章内容有相当大的帮助。

写景文章一般有这样几种顺序：①按空间顺序写。

如从上到下或从下到上,从左到右或从右到左,从远到近或从近到远,从四周到中间或从中间到四周。

如《黄果树听瀑》一文便是按从远到近的顺序来写的。

②按观察的先后顺序写。

这类文章一般是以参观游览的行进顺序落笔写景,条理清楚。

如《记金华的双龙洞》是按照出金华、罗甸、入山、洞口、外洞、内洞、出洞的顺序来写的。

③按时间推移的顺序写。

即描写不同时间景物的变化。

如《火烧云》一文是按从火烧云上来到火烧下去这段时间里火烧云从形状到颜色的千变万化的情况去写的。

④按景物的不同类别来写。

如《美丽的小兴安岭》第3自然段,就分别写了小兴安岭夏天里树木、雾、阳光、草地等景物，层次分明。

3.理解写景文章的层次写景文章在结构上一般有这样三种:一是总——分结构。

这种结构的表现形式或先总后分,或先分后总,或先总后分再总。

如《桂林山水》就是先总的赞美桂林山水,再用两个自然段分写桂林的山和水,最后又总起来说桂林山水。

二是移位换景的结构。

就是按照观察点的转移来写。

观察点的移动、必然引起景物的相应变化,或者是随着游览顺序安排层次,这时,文中一般都有明显的“提示语”,告诉你作者走动了,笔下的景变了；或者是观察点移动,把景物的不同方面并列铺开来写,如《林海》的五段就分别写了“岭”“林”“花”“联想木材”“联想兴安”。

洪老师阅读课讲义
一、基础内容：
1、朗读规范：根据语调、语速、语音、重音和语气来精准朗读。

2、语言表达：根据文章表达的思路和风格，增减表达的内容和语调，
把文字变成朗读文字。

3、语法导入：正确使用动词、形容词、介词、代词等，帮助孩子更熟
练地运用语法。

二、应用分析：
1、朗读水平测评：细致观察孩子的识记、朗读规范等，做出详细诊断，进一步提高孩子的朗读水平。

2、测评分析：可以通过孩子的朗读文字获取他的语言认知情况，运用
测评分析对比等方法，检验孩子的语言水平及朗读状况。

三、教学方法：
1、理论知识的传授：老师要传授语言、音标、词汇、句子形式等内容，为孩子打好理论基础。

2、朗读训练：可根据孩子的朗读测试结果，给孩子安排朗读或语言分
解训练，帮助他更好地提高语言能力。

3、反馈反思：充分反思，加强对孩子朗读状况的分析和反馈，查漏补缺，进一步提升孩子朗读水平。

课外阅读是语文实践活动中最重要、最普遍、最经常的形式，是课堂阅读的继续和拓展，是阅读能力训练的必不可少的组成部分，在开放的语文教育体系中，课外阅读不是游离于语文教学过程之外的“点缀”，是语文教学的重要组成部分。

在小学五年级的课外阅读在小学语文学习中起着承上启下的作用，承担着识字与习作间的桥梁连带作用，对于培养理解能力也有着不可替代的作用。

五年级课外阅读需要掌握的知识有：1.借助描写的具体事物和典型事例，抓住直抒胸臆的语句，体会课文表达的思想感情。

2.通过猜读、联系上下文等方法理解难懂的语句；聚焦人物描写，借助资料和影视作品体会人物形象；按照事情发展的顺序，把握主要内容。

3.感受汉字的趣味，了解汉字文化。

学习搜集资料的基本方法。

4.通过课文中动作、语言、神态的描写，体会人物的内心及其变化，还包括揣摩人物的思想活动及其成因，更包括从人物内心的反应中感受其精神品质。

5.初步运用描写人物的基本方法，具体地表现一个人的特点。

选取典型事例，正面描写和侧面描写相结合。

6.了解人物的思维过程，加深对课文内容的理解。

整体把握文章内容，根据具体情况推测人物的思维过程。

7.体会静态描写和动态描写的表达效果。

动态描写能够赋予客观事物以运动感、活力感、变化感，静态描写则带给人沉静之感。

8.感受课文风趣的语言。

风趣的语言除了生动有趣、使人发笑之外，往往还能让读者在一笑之余有所回味。

六年级对课外阅读方法的掌握和阅读内容、阅读量的要求比五年级会更高一些，重点学习体会课文表达的思想感情、阅读古典名著的方法、感受汉字的趣味、【暑假衔接课】专题11 课外阅读体会人物的内心、描写人物的基本方法、了解人物的思维过程等。

课外阅读是语文考试中占试题比重较大的一部分，它几乎包含了语文的所有知识与能力，题型有篇章阅读、创新阅读、漫画阅读段的阅读、非连续性文本阅读。

六年级对课外阅读方法的掌握和运用比五年级难度更大一些。

在掌握初步掌握一些阅读方法的基础上，重点学习阅读古典名著的方法、搜集资料的基本方法、选取典型事例，正面描写和侧面描写相结合方法等。

小学课外阅读指导课教案课外阅读指导课教案《一》一、指导目的1、让学生在好书推介活动中认识更多有益的课外书籍，从而进一步提高课外阅读的兴趣，养成良好的阅读习惯。

2、指导学生归纳阅读方法，并实际运用到课外阅读中。

3、向学生推荐有关中国传统文化的有关文章，通过对这些课外阅读，学生从中了解更多中国传统文化，达到教学延展的目的。

二、指导重点：指导学生归纳阅读方法，并实际运用到课外阅读中三、课前准备：1、有关中国传统文化的文章；2、要求每位同学都带一本自己最喜欢的课外读物，并准备向别人推荐自己的好书的发言稿，记熟。

四、指导课时：一课时五、指导过程：（一）、推荐文章引入指导1、引入语：我们曾收集过不少的名人名言，高尔基说过“书籍是人类进步的阶梯”，莎士比亚说过“没有了书籍就像生活没有了阳光”从中，我们可以看出书的确是好东西！既然是好东西就应该向大家推荐，和大家分享！2、请1~2位同学把自己最喜欢的一篇文章推荐给大家。

3、同位互相推荐好文章。

二、引导学生总结读书方法1、教师向学生推荐一组有关中华传统文化的文章，让学生想想为什么老师会推荐一组这样的文章。

因为我们在学习的第五组刻纹饰与中华传统文化有关2、提问：没有老师的帮忙你准备怎样读懂它呢？(随机板贴)3、过渡：其实读书的方法有很多，我们语文课内也学过不少，同学们能把它们找出来吗？[板贴：课内得法]4、以四人小组为单位，讨论与文书38、67、68、71、75、82页的黄泡泡里分别藏着什么样的读书方法。

5、生汇报讨论所得。

6、小结。

三、运用读书方法进行课外阅读1、学生运用读书方法阅读教师推荐的一组有关中华传统文化的文章。

2、学生汇报读书所得。

3、小结：真高兴！同学们能运用学到的读书方法进行课外阅读，更多地感受到中华传统文化的光辉。

最后让我们共勉一句：课内得法，课外活用。

好文章向大家推荐。

板书：课内得法课外活用查字典理解字词标注读书感受好词佳句要积累联系实际去理解遇疑惑善提问学后运用乐趣多好文章向大家推荐一、指导目的：1、通过认识阅读课外书的作用，激发学生阅读的兴趣，养成良好的阅读习惯。

课时61精准分析主旨意蕴——立足文本，思考深广课堂讲义复习任务 1.掌握多层面、多角度分析原则。

2.掌握常见意蕴分析题的分析要领。

考情微观年份卷别篇名题干表述设题角度命题特点2021新高考Ⅰ《石门阵》小说中多次出现的“门”，在不同层面有不同含义，请结合文本加以分析。

(6分)物象意蕴①探究题有时冠以“探究”字样，更多的是以“分析”字样出现。

②命题点多选在标题、关键句子或物象意蕴的分析探究上。

2020新高考Ⅱ《大师(节选)》父亲说“我们下棋是下棋”，怎样理解这句话？请结合全文具体分析。

(6分)句子意蕴2017浙江《一种美味》“一种美味”有多重意蕴，试简要分析。

(5分)标题意蕴2016全国乙《锄》“我不是锄地，我是过瘾”这句话，既是理解六安爷的关键，也是理解小说主旨的关键。

请结合全文进行分析。

(8分)句子意蕴知识图要活动一一文练透[提升多层面、多角度分析能力]小说主旨意蕴类分析是一种基于文本内容的分析，分析的内容多是小说的主旨(主题)及小说所表现的丰富意蕴或深刻内涵，以及作者的创作意图。

它既可以要求直接分析主旨，还可以要求挖掘主旨的丰富性或深刻性。

表现为三类分析题：分析主旨、分析思想意蕴、分析情感意蕴。

另外，主旨意蕴类分析还有间接形式，像标题意蕴分析、重要句子意蕴分析、创作意图分析都是此类。

小说好读而难懂。

好读在于小说中的故事很精彩，很有趣；难懂在于故事背后的主旨(意义点)难以把握。

因为它不会像散文的主题那样直接告诉你，而是藏在形象中，因而带有隐晦、复杂、丰富的特点。

这也为分析留下了足够的空间。

阅读下面的文字，完成后面任务。

棋王(节选)阿城[前情概要：王一生延误了区象棋比赛的报名，等他到了，比赛已近尾声。

于是，有人提出和比赛的前三名进行一场友谊赛，后来又有好几人报名，连王一生在内，共十人。

]到了棋场，竟有数千人围住，土扬在半空，许久落不下来。

出来一个人，半天才明白是借场子用，急忙打开门，共进去了九个人。

00595英语阅读一课程讲义The English reading course syllabus for lesson 00595 covers various aspects of the English language, including reading comprehension, vocabulary building, and critical thinking skills. The course aims to improve students' reading proficiency and enhance their understanding of English texts. Throughout the course, students will engage with a variety of reading materials, such as articles, essays, and short stories, to develop their language skills and broaden their knowledge of different topics.One of the key components of the course is to help students develop their reading comprehension skills. This involves teaching students how to effectively read and understand English texts, including identifying main ideas, supporting details, and author's purpose. By practicing reading comprehension exercises, students can improve their ability to comprehend and interpret various types ofwritten material, which is essential for academic and professional success.In addition to reading comprehension, the course also focuses on vocabulary building. Students will learn new words and phrases through reading and context-based exercises. By expanding their vocabulary, students can better understand the nuances of the English language and communicate more effectively in both written and spoken forms. Moreover, a rich vocabulary is crucial for academic and professional success, as it allows individuals to express themselves more precisely and eloquently.Furthermore, the course aims to cultivate critical thinking skills through reading. Students will be encouraged to analyze and evaluate the information presented in the texts, as well as to form their own opinions and interpretations. This is an important skillfor academic and professional success, as it enables individuals to think critically and make informed decisions based on evidence and reasoning. Through engaging with thought-provoking texts, students can develop their ability to think critically and approach complex issues with a discerning mindset.Moreover, the course will expose students to a variety of English texts, including articles, essays, and short stories, covering a wide range of topics. This diverse selection of reading materials will not only help students improve their language skills but also broaden their knowledge and understanding of different subjects. Exposure to different types of texts will also help students develop a greater appreciation for literature and language, fostering a lifelong love for reading and learning.Overall, the English reading course syllabus for lesson 00595 is designed to provide students with a comprehensive and engaging learning experience. By focusing on reading comprehension, vocabulary building, and critical thinking skills, the course aims to equip students with the necessary tools to become proficient and confident readers. Through exposure to a variety of reading materials, students will not only improve their language skills but also develop a deeper understanding of the world around them.。

初中任务型阅读（一）上课时间：2012年__月___日一、本节课知识点梳理1.分析近几年任务型阅读在中考的考察模式（2005年—2012年）2.着重介绍表格式的任务型阅读（2010年---2012年）。

二、精讲例题例题：阅读下面短文，根据所读内容，在文章后第62-71小题的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为62-71的相应位置上。

注意：每个空格只填1个单词。

In the deserts of North Africa and Saudi Arabia lives the smallest of all foxes with the largest of ears. This animal is the fennec fox.Fennec foxes have ears that are 5 to 6 inches long. That’s big for an animal that weighs less than four pounds. Their ears help shed（去除）body heat. And, as you may have guessed, they also provide great hearing.It’s also interesting to think about the hair of fennec foxes. Why would a fox that lives in the desert need a thick, fur c oat? Actually, the desert isn’t always warm. During the nighttime, a desert can be te rribly cold! A fennec fox’s fur keeps them warm during those desert nights. They also have long bushy tails that they use as a blanket. And the hair on their feet protects them from the hot sand in the daytime.Fennec foxes live in small communities of dens（兽穴）.They spend most of the day sleeping in their dens, out of the hot sun. Then, when night comes, they come out in search of food. In addition to their great hearing, fennecs also use their great sense of smell and big eyes to track down dinner.Like other foxes, fennecs are omnivores. This means they eat both meat and plants. They like eating birds, eggs, insects, snails, fruit and leaves best.Fennec fox mothers have one to five babies at a time. The lifespan of a fennec fox is 10 to 12 years. The cream coloration of fennec foxes help them blend into their desert habitat. Still, they have to watch out for predators（捕食性动物）. These include caracals ( a type of wild cat ) , jackals, eagle owls, hyenas and humans. Humans catch them for their fur and to sell as pets.Fennec Foxes62 areas◆Deserts of North Africa and Saudi Arabia.Appearance◆They are the 63 of all foxes with the largest of ears.◆Their thick fur 64 them to survive in the cold desert night.◆The hair on their feet protects them from the 65 of the sand during the daytime.Ability◆They have very good 66 and eyesight with big ears and eyes.◆They are also good at tracking down dinner with their great sense of 67 .Character-They live in small communities.-They 68 in their dens most of the day.At 69 they become active and come out in search of food.Food◆They eat both meat and plants.◆Their 70 foods include birds, eggs, insects, snails, fruit and leaves.71◆They are hunted by caracals, jackals, eagle owls, hyenas and humans.答案：62. 63. 64. 65. 66.67. 68. 69. 70. 71.总结做题方法和技巧：1.2.3.4.5.1.做题步骤：先看图表（diagram）a.略读图表b.审清文章结构再看文段（passage）a. 带图表中任务细读b. 在文段中做标记定位（★带着任务逐题定位）2.解题技巧：（1）信息查找题（原词不变）：解题关键：根据问题句子查找定位信息。

【暑假衔接】专题11 课内阅读阅读是运用语言文字来获取信息、认识世界、发展思维，并获得审美体验与知识的活动。

《语文新课程标准》中突出强调了阅读学习的重要性，重视阅读方法的指导。

在小学三、四年级，学习的阅读重点指导段的阅读、构段的方式、文章的表达顺序、把握文章的主要内容、体会文章的感情、简单的阅读评价。

养成喜欢阅读，善于阅读的良好习惯，整体提高语文素养。

1.课内阅读需要掌握的知识。

（1）段的认识一般分为两种：一种是自然段（又叫小节），一种是意义段。

一组句子围绕一个特定的意思，按照一定的顺序，采取适当的方式组合起来，就形成了自然段。

意义段是由一个或若干个自然段围绕一个特定的意思或某个方面，按照一定的顺序，采取适当的方式组合起来的。

（2）构段方式总叙关系、总分关系、因果关系、承接关系（3）文章的表达顺序按时间顺序、按事情的发展顺序、按地点空间的转移、按事情的类别和方面、按文章的构段方式（4）把握文章的主要内容段意合并法、要素串联法、重点归纳法、题目扩展法（5）体会文章的思想感情。

一般可以采用：从分析题目入手法。

从中心句入手。

从文章的重点段入手。

从分析主要人物入手。

从分析文章中的抒情和议论入手。

2.三年级主要学习段的阅读和对文章主要内容的把握。

阅读一篇文章，要先通读全文，初步了解全文讲的是什么，然后再一个自然段一个自然段地仔细阅读，知道每个自然段讲的是什么，再看看哪几个自然段讲的是同一个意思，把讲同一个意思的自然段归并在一起，划分出逻辑段（也就是意义段），再根据每段的段意，归纳出文章的主要内容，最后体会文章的思想感情，领悟文章的写作方法。

四年级对课文阅读的掌握要求进一步提高，重点学习篇章的阅读，把握文章的主要内容、体会文章的中心、领悟文章的写法。

阅读是语文考试中占试题比重较大的一部分，它几乎包含了语文的所有知识与能力，题型有句的阅读、段的阅读、篇的阅读几类。

四年级对阅读方法的掌握和运用比三年级难度更大一些。

英语四级课程-阅读(徐磊)-讲义-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness” If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said avoid stressful events.But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulne rable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity﹖ Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.21. The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical research tells us ____ .A the way you handle major events may cause stressB what should be done to avoid stressC what kind of event would cause stressD how to cope with sudden changes in life22. The studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ____ .A widespread concern over its harmful effectsB great panic over the mental disorder it could causeC an intensive research into stress-related illnessesD popular avoidance of stressful jobs23. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ____ .A how much pressure you are underB how positive events can change you lifeC how stressful a major event can beD how you can deal with life-changing events24. Why is “such simplistic advice” Line 1Para.3 impossible to follow﹖A No one can stay on the same job for longB No prescription is effective in relieving stressC People have to get married somedayD You could be missing opportunities as well25. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ____ .A nervous when faced with difficultiesB physically and mentally strainedC more capable of coping with adversityD indifferent toward what happens to themPsychiatrists （精神病专家) who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing - older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children. But raising kids takes money and energy. Many older parents find themselves balancing their limited financial resources, declining energy and failing health against the growing demands of an active child. Dying and leaving young children is probably the older parents' biggest, and often unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an economics professor. often means parents, particularly fathers, "end up retiring much later." For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.Henry Metcalf. a 54-year-old journalist, knows it takes money to raise kids. But he's also worried that his energy will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader, but he's learned that young at heart doesn't mean young. Lately he's been taking afternoon naps (午睡) to keep up his energy. "My body is aging," says Metcalf. "You can't get away from that."Often, older parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock. Therapists who work with middle-aged and older parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at. "They worry they'll be mistaken for grandparents, or that they'll need help getting up out of those little chairs in nursery school," says Joann Galst, a New York psychologist. But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one: "that they won't be alive long enough to support and protect their child," she says.Many late-life parents, though, say their children came at just the right time. After marrying late and undergoing years of fertility (受孕) treatment, Marilyn Nolen and her husband. Randy, had twins. "We both wanted children," says Marilyn, who was 55 when she gave birth. The twins have given the couple what they desired for years, "a sense of family." Kids of older dads are often smarter, happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives. 'The dads are older, more mature," says Dr. Silber, "and more ready to focus on parenting."36. Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing?A) Older parents can better balance their resources against children's demands.B) Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.C) Older parents are often better prepared financially.D) Older parents can take better care of their children.37. What does the author mean by saying "For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream" (Lines 7-8, Para. 1)A) They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.B) They can't get full pension unless they work some extra years.C) They can't obtain the retirement benefits they have dreamed of.D) They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retirement age.38. The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to show thatA) many people are young in spirit despite their advanced age .B) taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energyC) older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodiesD) older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athletic children39. What's the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joan Galst?A) Being laughed at by other people.B) Slowing down of their pace of life.C) Being mistaken for grandparents.D) Approaching of death.40. What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy Nolen?A) They thought they were an example of successful fertility treatment.B) Not until they reached middle age did they think of having children.C) Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.D) They believed that children born of older parents would be smarter.Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded — and can come back to haunt (困扰) you – appears to be the key to the findings.Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca. New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week.In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told.Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.His results, to be presented at conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.People are also more likely to lie in real time – in an instant message or phone calls – than they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous responses to an expected question, such as: “Do you like me dress”Hancock hopes this research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best mediumfor sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his results, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.57. Hancock’s study focuses on____________.A the consequences of lying in various communications media.B the success of communications technologies in conveying ideasC people’s preferences in selecting communications technologies.D people’s honest y levels across a range of communications media.58.Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that_______.A people are less likely to lie in instant message.B people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactionsC people are most likely to lie in email communicationD people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversation.59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain medium of communication?A They are afraid of leaving behind traces of lies.B They believe that honesty is the best policy.C They tend to be relaxed when using those media.D They are most practiced at those forms of communications.60. According to Hancock, the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales becauseA salesmen can talk directly to their customsB salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerateC salesmen can impress customers being trustworthyD salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively61.It can be inferred from the passage that _________.A honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications.B more employers will use emails to communicate with their employeesC suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposesD email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company.More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist (慈善家) David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion."During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments (情感) expressed in the letters posted on the website.Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March."We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.Energy tycoon (大亨) Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good."62. What's the purpose of the programme started by Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett?A) To spread the idea of charity around the world.B) To publicise the pains and gains of charity work.C) To involve more wealthy people in philanthropy.D) To narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.63. What message does Lorry Lokey intend to convey through his website posting?A) His family's income is far from large.B) The spirit of giving runs in his family.C) His family suffered during the Great Depression.D) The wealth of his family has come the hard way.64. Why are Buffett and Gates going to meet some wealthiest people in China and India?A) To share their experience with the newly rich there.B) To publicise their generosity in helping the needy.C) To persuade the wealthy people there to join their ranks.D) To help the billionaires there see the true value of money.65. What reason do some people give for declining to sign the pledge?A) They are unsure if they can meet the public's expectations.B) They have made plans for disposing of their wealth.C) They are still undecided whether to give or not.D) They are reluctant to be the focus of attention.66. What does energy tycoon Pickens try to say in his Giving Pledge letter?A) Blessed are those who inherit large fortunes.B) The more you give, the happier you will be.C) Leaving a fortune to one's children is unwise.D) Philanthropy can help free the poor from want.Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy（破产） protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency（自满）,” that explan ation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate （企业的） culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not t o pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.62. What do we learn about Kodak?A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.B) It is approaching its downfall.C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.D) It is playing the dominant role in the film market.63. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.64. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.D) They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.65. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?A) A burden.B) A mirror.C) A joke.D) A challenge.66. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?A) Its blind faith in traditional photography.B) Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence.C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a __47__ . “I couldn't understand anything,” he said. H e __48__ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his __49__ Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while teaching me English,” he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he__50__ confidence and began to succeed in school.Today, he is a __51__ doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he __52__ through bilingual education to treat his patients.Roberto’s story is just one of __53__ success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most __54__ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students__55__ outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college __56__ rates of more than 90%.In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation.•A) wonder I) hid•B) acquired J) prominent•C) consistently K) decent•D) regained L) countless•E) nightmare M) recalled•F) native N) breakthrough•G) acceptance O) automaticallyH) effectiveEI Nino is the name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world. This strange __47__ happens every five to eight years. It starts in the pacific Ocean and is thought to be caused by a failure in the trade winds(信风), which affects the ocean currents driven by these winds. As the trade winds lessen in _48_, the ocean temperatures rise, causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.The warning of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot, humid (潮湿的)air over the ocean causes severe_49_ thunderstorms. The rainfall is increased across South America, __50__ floods to Peru. In the West Pacific, there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia. So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods, other parts face drought, poor crops and _51_.EI Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 EI Nino brought the most __52__ weather in modern history. Its effect was worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion pounds_53_of damage. The 1990 EI Nino lasted until June 1995. Scientists _54__this to be the longest EI Nino for 2,000 years.Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an EI Nino will __55__, but they are still not __56__sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.[A] estimate [I] completely[B] strength [J] destructive[C] deliberately [K] starvation[D] notify [L] bringing[E] tropical [M] exhaustion[F] phenomenon [N] worth[G] stable [O] strike[H] attractionIt's the first question parents ask when their child is diagnosed with autism (自闭症). Will his future brothers or sisters have a higher risk of __47__ it, too According to the largest study of siblings (兄弟姐妹) in families with autism, the answer is yes. Among 664 children who had at least one older sibling with the developmental disorder, the __48__ risk of autism was nearly 19%, __49__ higher than previous sibling-recurrence estimates that were anywhere from 3% to 10%. Kids with more than one older autistic sibling had an even higher risk of the disorder: 32%.The __50__ suggest that genes play a key role in autism risk. But they also hint that other environmental factors __51__ by siblings, like influences in the womb (子宫), may be important as well.On the __52__ of the findings, the researchers recommend that doctors closely __53__ younger siblings of autistic children to pick up any early signs of the disorder, __54__ an unusually large head or delayed language development and communication skills. Evidence suggests that early __55__ and diagnosis of autism can help children take advantage of therapies that can treat some of its __56__.•A) average I) including•B)basis J) monitor•C)common K) reason•D)consequently L)results•E) detection M) shared•F) developing N) symbols•G) distributed O) symptoms•H) dramaticallyUniversities Branch OutA) As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.B) In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative(合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.C) Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.D) Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships(实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.E) Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratoryfacility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu’s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.F) As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.G) For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.H) American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.I) Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.。