12月考题

2019年12月日语n3考试题目及答案一、听力理解1. 请听以下对话，选择正确的答案。

（播放对话录音）A. 明天去看电影B. 今天去图书馆C. 明天去公园正确答案：A2. 根据对话内容，回答以下问题。

（播放对话录音）Q: 他们计划去哪家餐厅吃饭？A. 意大利餐厅B. 日本料理店C. 中餐馆正确答案：B二、语言知识（语法）3. 下列哪个选项中的动词使用正确？A. 昨日は雨が降りました。

B. 昨日は雨が降ります。

C. 昨日は雨が降らないです。

正确答案：A4. 请从下列选项中选择正确的敬语表达。

A. 先生は明日学校に来ますか。

B. 先生は明日学校に来られますか。

C. 先生は明日学校に来ていただけますか。

正确答案：C三、阅读理解5. 阅读以下短文，回答问题。

（短文内容）Q: 文中提到的会议是什么时候举行的？A. 上午9点B. 下午3点C. 晚上7点正确答案：B6. 根据短文内容，选择正确的结论。

（短文内容）A. 小明喜欢篮球。

B. 小红喜欢足球。

C. 小华喜欢排球。

正确答案：A四、语言知识（词汇）7. 请从下列选项中选择与“新しい”意思相近的词。

A. 古いB. 有名なC. 古い正确答案：A8. 根据上下文，选择正确的词语填空。

（上下文）A. 彼はいつも____に着ています。

B. 彼女は____の服が好きです。

正确答案：A. きれい B. おしゃれ以上为2019年12月日语N3考试题目及答案的示例排版。

选择题依次填入下列横线处的词语，最恰当的一组是“谁筑孤亭望瑶鹤，至今不见一归来。

”这诗写给过去还是现在？要问：为什么不见白鹤飞来呢？四十年沧海桑田，一切都在。

只是改变了不该改变的，这才。

A. 不禁改变东西匪夷所思B. 难免变迁事物难以想象C. 不禁变迁事情不可思议D. 难免改变对象难以琢磨【答案】A【解析】试题分析：不禁：抑制不住，禁不住。

难免：不容易避免；用在这里生硬。

第二空承后只能选“改变”。

匪夷所思：指事物怪异或人的言行离奇，不是一般人按照常理所能想象的。

不可思议：原指神秘奥妙的意思。

现多指无法想象，难以理解。

难以琢磨：很难思考清楚；于语境稍有不合。

语言表达对下面这段文字文意的理解，正确的一项是写作，在最成功的时候，是一种孤寂的生涯。

作家的组织固然可以排遣他们的孤独，但是我怀疑它们未必能够促进作家的创作。

一个在稠人广众之中成长起来的作家，自然可以免除孤苦寂寥之虑，但他的作品往往流于平庸。

而一个在岑寂中独立工作的作家，假若他确实不同凡响，就必须天天面对永恒的东西，或者面对缺乏永恒的状况。

A. 孤寂的生活可以促进作家的创作。

B. 作家组织对于作家的创作毫无用处。

C. 平庸的作品出自那些在稠人广众中成长起来的作家之手。

D. 成功的作家往往是超然物外的。

【答案】A【解析】试题分析：本题考查压缩语段的能力，这类题目解答时要认真阅读所给文段，明确文段内容，然后划分层次筛选重点语句进行概括。

本题所给文段第一句是总述，意思是孤寂可以使写作成功。

接着具体分析，先说作家组织能够排遣作家的孤独却不能促进作者写作，然后说没有孤寂之苦的作家作品往往平庸，最后指出作家要想不同凡响，就必须面对孤寂。

根据上述分析，可知，这段文字要表达的中心意思就是孤寂的生活可促进作家的创作。

故此题答案应为A项。

语言表达阅读下边的漫画，对它的寓意理解最贴切的一项是A. 懂得舍弃，生活的道路才会顺畅无阻。

B. 对于不是自己的东西，人们应懂得放手。

2023年12月英语四级真题和答案解析第第一部分：听力理解 (共20题)1.A2.C3.B4.C5.A6.B7.A8.C9.B10.A11.C12.B13.A14.B16.A17.C18.B19.C20.A第二部分：阅读理解 (共15题) Passage 121.D22.C23.A24.B25.DPassage 226.A27.C29.D30.APassage 331.C32.A33.B34.D35.C第三部分：完形填空 (共20题)36.D37.A38.C39.B40.C41.B43.D44.B45.A46.C47.D48.B49.C50.A51.D52.C53.A54.B55.D第四部分：翻译 (共5题)56.The new shopping mall will be opened next month, adding more choices for consumers.57.I have been studying English for four years, and Ihope to become fluent in it.58.The international conference will be held in Beijingnext week, attracting scholars from around the world.59.The company’s profits have been steadily increasingover the past three years.60.The government has implemented strict measuresto prevent the spread of the virus.第五部分：写作 (共1题)题目：Environmental Protection随着人们环保意识的增强，环境保护问题受到了越来越多的关注。

名句名篇默写古诗文背诵默写（1）遥怜故园菊，______（作者：________《行军九日思长安故园》）（2）子在川上曰：“_______，不舍昼夜。

”（《论语》）（3）_________ ，非宁静无以致远。

（诸葛亮《诫子书》）（4）正是江南好风景，_______。

（杜甫，题目《_____________》）（5）不知何处吹芦管，___________。

（李益《夜上受降城闻笛》）（6）_________________，思而不学则殆。

（《论语》）（7）夜发清溪向三峡，_________ 。

（李白,《峨眉山月歌》）（8）一个人能力有大小，但只要有这点精神，就是一个高尚的人，一个纯粹的人，一个有道德的人，___________，一个有益于人民的人。

【答案】应傍战场开岑参逝者如斯夫非淡泊无以明志落花时节又逢君江南逢李龟年一夜征人尽望乡学而不思则罔思君不见下渝州一个脱离了低级趣味的人【解析】古诗文名句默写试题的题型主要是填写题，复习古诗文名句，首先是要记诵清楚背诵的古诗文篇段和名句；其次是要正确理解古诗文篇段和名句的基本内容；第三是要记清楚古诗文名句中的每个字，默写古诗文名句不能写错别字。

此处注意“傍、岑参、罔、渝”等字词的书写。

字词书写根据拼音写汉字。

⑴高miǎo（______）⑴ 禁gù（______）⑴大相jìng庭（_____）⑴步履pán跚（____）【答案】(1)藐(2)锢(3)径(4) 蹒【解析】考查字音字形的书写。

“藐”不要写成“貌”。

“锢”不要写成“固”，大相径庭：是比喻相差很远，大不相同。

“径”不要写成“经”，“蹒跚”腿脚不灵便，走起路来摇摇摆摆。

文言文阅读解释下列加点字。

少时，一狼径去，其一犬坐于前。

久之，目似瞑，意暇甚。

屠暴起，以刀劈狼首，又数刀毙之。

方欲行，转视积薪后，一狼洞其中，意将隧入以攻其后也。

身已半入，止露尻尾。

屠自后断其股，亦毙之。

(1)犬（_______）⑴洞（_______）⑴止（________）⑴股（________）【答案】(1)像狗似的(2)打洞（3）同“只”，只有（4）大腿【解析】考查对文言实词的理解。

四级英语考试真题2023年12月第二套2023年12月第二套四级英语考试的真题如下：Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of setting goals. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section A1. A) The woman has probably been eating too much lately.B) The woman seems to have a good appetite.C) The man is encouraging the woman to eat more.D) The man thinks the woman looks pale.2. A) The man should have learnt to ski when he was young.B) The man was wise not to go skiing.C) The man doesn’t really enjoy skiing.D) The man prefers skiing to snowboarding.Section B3. A) They have to work on their laboratory reports.B) They need to finish their overdue assignment.C) They have to submit their assignment to the professor.D) They can use the library books till the weekend.4. A) They’d rather not see the movie.B) They are happy about the professor’s talk.C) They’d like to attend the film festival.D) They can’t watch the movie due to a previous commitment.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)1. C) Prolonged exposure to sunlight can lead to skin cancer.2. D) An annual charity event to raise money for cancer research.3. A) People’s attitudes towards beauty have changed.4. B) Simply spending more money on beauty does not guarantee happiness.5. C) Pressure to conform to certain standards of beauty.6. A) The consequences of pursuing happiness superficially.7. B) Fewer people are satisfied with their appearance.8. C) People have no idea what is to come in the future.9. B) Help prepare for a job that involves nature.10. A) He is confident that many students will be drawn to such major.Part IV Translation (15 minutes)11. A) She looks forward to receiving further assistance from him in the future.12. B) He failed to meet the deadline for handing in his paper.Part V Writing (60 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 60 minutes to write a composition on the topic "Should People Eat Meat?". You should write no less than 300 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有些人认为吃肉对健康有益。

选择题牛顿第一定律揭示了运动状态与所受外力的关系，下列说法中正确的是()A.物体受到恒定的力作用时，它的运动状态不发生改变B.物体受到不为零的合力作用时，它的运动状态要发生改变C.物体受到的合力为零时，它一定处于静止状态D.物体的运动方向一定与它所受的合力的方向相同【答案】B【解析】AB.物体只要受到的合力不为零，不论是否是恒力，运动状态就要发生变化，故A项不符合题意，B项符合题意；C.合力为零时，物体可能处于静止状态也可能做匀速直线运动，故C 项不符合题意。

D. 物体的合力方向不一定与运动方向相同，故D项不符合题意；选择题以下说法中，你认为正确的是（）A.把物体抽象为质点后，物体自身的质量和大小均可以忽略不计B.当物体做直线运动时位移大小等于路程C.平均速度v=，当Δt充分小时，该式可以表示t时刻的瞬时速度D.质点运动的速度变化很大,则加速度一定很大【答案】C【解析】A. 把物体抽象为质点后，物体自身的大小可以忽略不计，但质量不能忽略，故A错误；B. 当质点做单方向的直线运动时，路程一定等于位移的大小；若是有往复的直线运动，路程大于位移大小，股B错误；C. 平均速度v=，当Δt充分小时，该式可以表示t时刻的瞬时速度，故C正确。

D. 加速度是描述速度变化快慢的物理量，而速度变化量是描述速度变化大小的物理量，故D错误；选择题关于重力和弹力，下列说法正确的是（）A.重心就是物体所受重力的等效作用点，故重心一定在物体上B.任何几何形状规则的物体的重心必与其几何中心重合C.用一根竹竿拨动水中的木头，木头受到竹竿的弹力，是由于木头发生形变产生的D.挂在电线下的电灯受到向上的拉力，是因为电线发生微小形变产生的【答案】D【解析】A. 重心是物体各部分所受重力的等效作用点，重心可以在物体上也可以在物体外；故A错误；B. 只有形状规则质量分布均匀的物体，其重心才与几何中心重合，故B错误；C. 用一根竹竿拨动水中的木头，木头受到竹竿的弹力，是由于竹竿发生形变产生的，故C错误。

2022年12月英语a级考试真题2022年12月英语A级考试真题Part 1 Listening Comprehension (听力理解) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 sentences. Each sentence will be spoken only once. After you have heard each sentence, you will see a picture. From the four choices marked A, B, C and D, choose the picture that best fits the sentence you have heard. Unless the sentence is blank, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)1. How many children are playing in the park?2. What is the man doing in the garage?3. Where is the woman?4. What is the boy doing now?5. Who is standing in front of the blackboard?6. What will the weather be like tomorrow?7. What is the woman doing?8. Who is talking on the phone?9. What is the man doing?10. Who is holding the red book?Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. The conversations will be spoken two times. After you have heard a conversation, read the question and the four choices given. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices. Unless the conversation is blank, mark your answer on your ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)11. What does the woman want to buy?A. A new dress.B. A pair of shoes.C. A scarf.D. A handbag.12. What does the woman need help with?A. Finding a hotel.B. Buying train tickets.C. Ordering food.D. Practicing English.13. Where are the speakers?A. In a supermarket.B. In a library.C. In a bookstore.D. In a restaurant.14. What is the man doing now?A. Having breakfast.B. Watching TV.C. Reading a newspaper.D. Watering plants.15. What time does the woman have to leave?A. At 7:00.B. At 7:30.C. At 8:00.D. At 8:30.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear several short passages. Each passage will be spoken two times. After you have heard a passage, read the five questions and the four choices given. Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices. Unless the passage is blank, mark your answer on your ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Passage 116. Where are the speakers?A. In a hospital.B. In a school.C. In a market.D. In a park.17. What does the man do?A. He is a doctor.B. He is a teacher.C. He is a driver.D. He is a policeman....。

2022-2022年高一12月月考物理考题带答案和解析（山西省大同市第一中学）一质点由静止开始做匀加速直线运动，加速度大小为a1，经时间t 后将加速度反向，大小为a2，若再经过时间t恰能回到出发点，则a1:a2应为A. 1：1B. 1：2C. 1：4D. 1：3【答案】D【解析】在加速阶段有，减速阶段的位移为，其中，，联立解得：，D正确．如图所示，质量为m的ab两物体，放在两固定的水平挡板之间，物体间用一竖直放置的轻弹簧连接，在b物体上施加水平拉力F后，两物体始终保持静止状态，已知重力加速度为g，则下列说法正确的是（）A. a物体对水平挡板的压力大小可能为2mgB. b物体所受摩擦力的大小为FC. a物体所受摩擦力的大小为FD. 弹簧对b物体的弹力大小可能等于mg【答案】B【解析】试题分析：根据物体b受水平拉力F力后仍处于静止，则可知，必定受到静摩擦力，从而可确定弹簧的弹力与物体b的重力关系，再由摩擦力产生的条件，即可求解．在b物体上施加水平拉力F后，两物体始终保持静止状态，则物体b受到接触面的静摩擦力，大小等于水平拉力F，b与上挡板之间存在摩擦力，则它们之间一定存在弹力，即上挡板对b有向下的弹力，所以弹簧的弹力大于物体b的重力，由整体法可知，a物体对水平面的压力大小大于为2mg，故AD错误，B正确；根据摩擦力产生的条件可知，a物体没有相对运动的趋势，则没有摩擦力，故C错误．如图所示，小方块代表一些相同质量的钩码，图甲中O为轻绳之间连接的结点，图乙中光滑的轻质小滑轮跨在轻绳上悬挂钩码，两装置处于静止状态，现将图甲中B滑轮的端点B稍稍右移一些，图乙中的端点B沿虚线稍稍上移一些，（乙图中的绳长不变）则关于OB绳的张力F的变化，下列说法正确的是（）A. 图甲F不变，图乙F减小B. 图甲、乙中的F均不变C. 图甲F减小，图乙F不变D. 图甲、乙中的F均减小【答案】B【解析】图甲中根据钩码个数，三个力正好构成直角三角形，若端点B沿虚线稍稍上移一些，三力大小不变，图乙中因光滑的滑轮，且绳子中的张力相等，则A、B的力总是相等的，因此合力平分A、B 绳的夹角，即使稍上移，绳子张力大小仍不变，B正确；选择题如图所示,质量为m的工件置于水平放置的钢板C上,二者间动摩擦因数为μ,由于光滑导槽A、B的控制,工件只能沿水平导槽运动,现在使钢板以速度ν1向右运动,同时用力F拉动工件(F方向与导槽平行，使其以速度ν2沿导槽运动,则F的大小为?A. 等于μmgB. 大于μmgC. 小于μmgD. 不能确定【答案】C【解析】钢板以速度ν1向右运动，等效于工件以等大速度相对钢板向左运动，设为ν1?，同时工件被拉动还具有另一速度ν2，故工件相对于钢板的运动速度应是ν1?与ν2的合成，即速度ν，滑动摩擦力阻碍二者间的相对运动，故工件所受摩擦力与ν反向，指向左后方，大小Fμ=μmg。

12月英语六级考试真题第二套Part I Writing （30minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should focus on the difficulty in acquiring useful information in spite of advanced information technology. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words．Part ⅡListening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections : In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A., B., C. and. D., and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A. The restaurant offers some specials each day.B. The restaurant is known for its food varieties.C. The dressing makes the mixed salad very inviting.D. The woman should mix the ingredients thoroughly.2. A. He took over the firm from Mary. C. He failed to foresee major problems.B. He is running a successful business. D. He is opening a new consulting firm.3. A. Someone should be put in charge of office supplies.B. The man can leave the discs in the office cabinet.C. The man may find the supplies in the cabinet.D. The printer in the office has run out of paper.4. A. He has to use a magnifying glass to see clearly.B. The woman can use his glasses to read.C. He has the dictionary the woman wants.D. The dictionary is not of much help to him.5. A. Redecorating her office.B. Majoring in interior design.C. Seeking professional advice.D. Adding some office furniture.6. A. Problems in port management.B. Improvement of port facilities.C. Delayed shipment of goods.D. Shortage of container ships.7.A. Their boss. B. A colleague. C. Their workload. D. A coffee machine.8. A. Call the hotel manager for help.B. Postpone the event until a later date.C. Hold the banquet at a different place.D. Get an expert to correct the error.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9 .A. He shares some of the household duties.B. He often goes back home late for dinner.C. He cooks dinner for the family occasionally.D. He dines out from time to time with friends.10. A. To take him to dinner.B. To talk about a budget plan.C. To discuss an urgent problem.D. To pass on an important message.11. A. Foreign investors are losing confidence in India's economy.B. Many multinational enterprises are withdrawing from India.C. There are wild fluctuations in the international money market.D. There is a sharp increase in India's balance of payment deficit. Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A. They have unrealistic expectations about the other half.B. They may not be prepared for a lifelong relationship.C. They form a more realistic picture of life.D. They try to adapt to their changing roles.13. A. He is lucky to have visited many exotic places.B. He is able to forget all the troubles in his life.C. He is able to meet many interesting people.D. He is lucky to be able to do what he loves.14.A. It is stressful. B. It is full of time. C. It is all glamour. D. It is challenging15. A. Bothered. B. Amazed. C. Puzzled. D. Excited.Section BDirections : In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A., B.,C. and D . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A. Maintain the traditional organizational culture.B. Learn new ways of relating and working together.C. Follow closely the fast development of technology.D. Learn to be respectful in a hierarchical organization.17. A. How the team integrates with what it is supposed to serve.B. How the team is built to keep improving its performance.C. What type of personnel the team should be composed of.D. What qualifications team members should be equipped with.18. A. A team manager must set very clear and high objectives.B. Teams must consist of members from different cultures.C. Team members should be knowledgeable and creative.D. A team manager should develop a certain set of skills.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A. It is a platform for sharing ideas on teaching at the University of Illinois.B. It was mainly used by scientists and technical people to exchange text.C. It started off as a successful program but was unable to last long.D. It is a program allowing people to share information on the Web.20. A. He visited a number of famous computer scientists.B. He met with an entrepreneur named Jim Clark.C. He sold a program developed by his friends.D. He invested in a leading computer business.21. A. They had confidence in his new ideas.B. They trusted his computer expertise.C. They were very keen on new technology.D. They believed in his business connections.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A. Prestige advertising.B. Institutional advertising.C. Word of mouth advertising.D. Distributing free trial products.23. A. To sell a particular product.B. To build up their reputation.C. To promote a specific service.D. To attract high-end consumers.24. A. By using the services of large advertising agencies.B. By hiring their own professional advertising staff.C. By buying media space in leading newspapers.D. By creating their own ads and commercials.25. A. Decide on what specific means of communication to employ.B. Conduct a large-scale survey on customer needs.C. Specify the objectives of the campaign in detail.D. Pretest alternative ads or commercials in certain regions.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hoar a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just hoard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should chock what you have written.Extinction is difficult concept to grasp. It is an（26）concept. It's not at all like the killing of individual life forms that can be renewed through normal processes of reproduction. Nor is it simply（27）numbers. Nor is it damage that can somehow be remedied or for which some substitute can be found. Nor is it something that simply affects our own generation. Nor is it something that could be remedied by some supernatural power. It is rather an（28）and final act for which there is no remedy on earth or in heaven. A species once extinct is gone forever. However many generations （29)us in coming centuries, none of them will ever see this species that we extinguish. Not only are we bringing about the extinction of life（30）, we are also making the land and the air and the sea so toxic that the very conditions of life are being destroyed.（31）basic natural resources, not only are the nonrenewable resources being（32）in a frenzy ( 疯狂) of processing, consuming, and（33）, but we are also mining much of our renewable resources, such as the very soil itself on which terrestrial (地球上旳) life depends.The change that is taking place on the earth and in our minds is one of the greatest changes ever to take place in human affairs, perhaps the greatest, since what we are talking about is not simply another historical change or cultural （34）, but a change of geological and biological as well as psychological order of（35).Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making yourchoices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.It seems to be a law in the technology industry that leading companies eventually lose their positions, often quickly and brutally. Mobile phone champion Nokia, one of Europe's biggest technology success stories, was no（36）, losing its market share in just a few years.In , Nokia accounted for more than 40% of mobile phone sales（37）But consumers'preferences were already（38）toward touch-screen smart phones. With the introduction of Apple's phone in the middle of that year, Nokia's market share（39）rapidly and revenue plunged. By the end of , Nokia had sold its phone business to Microsoft.What sealed Nokia's fate was a series of decisions made by Stephen Elop in his position as CEO, which he（40）in October . Each day that Elop spent in charge of Nokia, the company's market value declined by $ 23 million, making him, by the numbers, one of the worst CEOs in history. But Elop was not the only person at（41）Nokia's board resisted change, making it impossible for the company to adapt to rapid shifts in the industry. Most（42）, Jorma Ollila, who had led Nokia's transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by the company's（43）success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness. The company also embarked on a（44）cost-cutting program, which included the elimination of thousands of jobs. This contributed to the(45) of the company’s once-spirited culture.which had motivated employees to take risks and make miracles. Good leaders left the company, taking Nokia's sense of vision and directions with them. Not surprisingly, much of Nokia's most valuable design and programming talent left as well.A. assumedB. biasC. desperateD. deteriorationE. exceptionF. faultG. incidentallyH. notablyI. previousJ. relayedK. shiftingL. shrankM. subtleN. transmittingO. worldwideSection BDirections : In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.First-Generation College-Goers: Unprepared and Behind Kids who are the first in their families to brave the world of higher education come on campus with little academic know—how and are much more likely than their peers to drop out before graduation.[ A] When Nijay Williams entered college last fall as a first—generation student and Jamaican immigrant, he was academically unprepared for the rigors of higher education. Like many first—generation students, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were also attending, received a Pell Grant, and took out some small federal loans to cover other costs.Given the high price of room and board and the closeness of the school to his family, he chose to live at home and worked between 30 and 40 hours a week while taking a full class schedule.[ B] What Nijay didn't realize about his school—Tennessee State University—was its frighteningly low graduation rate: a mere 29 percent for its first-generation students. At the end of his first year, Nijay lost his Pell Grant of over $ 5,000 after narrowly missing the 2.0 GPA cut-off, making it impossible for him to continue paying for school.[ C ]Nijay represents a large and growing group of Americans: first—generation college students who enter school unprepared or behind. To make matters worse, these schools are ill-equipped to graduate these students—young adults who face specific challenges and obstacles. They typically carry financial burdens that outweigh those of their peers, are more likely to work while attending school, and often require significant academic remediation (补习).[ D ] Matt Rubinoff directs I'm First, a nonprofit organization launched last October to reach out to this specific population of students. He hopes to distribute this information and help prospective college-goers fad the best post-secondary fit. And while Rubinoff believes there are a good number of four—year schools that truly care about these students and set aside significant resources and programs for them, he says that number isn't high enough.[ E ] "It's not only the selective and elite institutions that provide those opportunities for a small subset of this population," Rubinoff said, adding that a majority of first-generation undergraduates tend toward options such as online programs, two—year colleges, and commuter state schools."Unfortunately, there tends to be a lack of information and support to help students think bigger and broader. "[ F] Despite this problem, many students are still drawn to these institutions--and two-year schools in particular. As a former high school teacher, I saw students choose familiar, cheaper options year after year. Instead of skipping out on higher education altogether, they chose community colleges or state schools with low bars for admittance.[ G]"They underestimate themselves when selecting a university," said Dave Jarrat, a marketing executive for InsideTrack, a for—profit organization that specializes in coaching low-income students and supporting colleges in order to help students thrive. "The reality of it is that a lot of low-income kids could be going to elite universities on a full ride scholarship and don't even realize it. "[ H] "Many students are coming from a situation where no one around them has the experience of successfully completing higher education, so they are coming in questioning themselves and their college worthiness," Jarrat continued. That helps explain why, as I'm First's Rubinoff indicated, the schools to which these students end up resorting can end up being some of the poorest matches for them. The University of Tennessee in Knoxville offers one example of this dilemma. A flagship university in the South, the school graduates just 16 percent of its first—generation students, despite its overall graduation rate of 71 percent. Located only a few hours apart, The University of Tennessee and Tennessee State are worth comparing. Tennessee State's overall graduation rate is a tiny 39 percent, but at least it has a smaller gap between the outcomes for first—generation students and those of their peers.[ I] Still, the University of Tennessee deserves credit for being transparent. Many large institutions keep this kind of data secret—or at least make it incredibly difficult to find The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for instance, admits only that the graduation rate for its first—generation pupils is "much lower" than the percentage of all students who graduate within four years (81 percent).[ J] It is actually quite difficult to freed reliable statistics on the issue for many schools. Higher education institutions are, under federal law, required to report graduation rates, but these reports typically only include Pell recipient numbers —not necessarily rates specific to first—generation students. Other initiatives fail to break down the data, too. Imagine how intimidating it can be for prospective students unfamiliar with the complexities of higher education to navigate this kind of information and then identify which schools are the best fit.[ K] It was this lack of information that prompted the launch of I'm First in , originally as an ann. of its umbrella organization, the Center For Student Opportunity."If we can help to direct students to more of these types of campuses and help students to understand them to be realistic and accessible places, have them apply to these schools at greater frequency and ultimately get in and enroll, we are going to raise the success rate," Rubinoff said, citing a variety of colleges ranging from large state institutions to smaller private schools.[ L] Chelsea Jones, who now directs student programming at I'm First, was a first—generation college student at Howard. Like other student new to the intimidating higher—education world, she often struggled on her path to college, "There wasn't really a college—bound culture at my high school," she said. "I wanted to go to college but I didn't reallyknow the process. " Jones became involved with a college—access program through Princeton University in high school. Now, she attributesmuch of her understanding of college to that: "But once I got to campus, it was a completely different ball game that no one really prepared me for. "[ M] She was fortunate, though. Howard, a well—regarded historically black college, had an array of resources for its first—generation students, including matching kids with counselors, commenting first—generation students to one another, and TRIO, a national program that supported 200 students on Howard's campus. Still, Jones represents a small percentage of first-generation students who are able to gain entry into more elite universities, which are often known for robust financial aid packages and remarkably high graduation rates for first—generation students.(Harvard, for example, boasts a six—year graduation rate for underrepresented minority groups of 98 percent. ) [ N]Christian Vazquez, a first—generation Yale graduate, is another exception, his success story setting him far apart from students such as Nijay. "There is a lot of support at Yale, to an extent, after a while, there is too much support," he said, half—joking about the countless resources available at the school. Students are placed in small groups with counselors ( trained seniors on campus) ;they have access to cultural and ethnic affinity (联络) groups, tutoring centers and also have asummer orientation specifically for first—generation students ( the latter being one of the most common programs for students).[ O]"Our support structure was more like : ' You are going to get through Yale; you are going to do well,' " he said, hinting at mentors (导师), staff, and professors who all provided significant support for students who lacked confidence about "belonging" at such a top institution.46. Many first—generation college—goers have doubts about their abilities to get a college degree.47. First—generation college students tend to have much heavier financial burdens than their peers.48. The graduation rate of first—generation students at Nijay's university was incredibly low.49. Some top institutions like Yale seem to provide first—generation students with more support than they actually need.50. On entering college, Nijay Williams had no idea how challenging college education was.51. Many universities simply refuse to release their exact graduation rates for first-generation students.52. According to a marketing executive, many students from low-income families don't know they could have achance of going to an elite university.53. Some elite universities attach great importance to building up the first—generation students' serf—confidence.54. I'm First distributes information to help first-generation college-goers find schools that are most suitable for them.55. Elite universities tend to graduate fan’s-generation students at a higher rate.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care, some of the most influential medical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectiveness of treatments, as they make decisions about patient care. The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent. In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment—at the end of life, for example—is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form of rationing. Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there's no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement (报销) policies. Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and facial.Overseers. "There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn't be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I'm not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it's bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts. " Doctors can face some grim trade—offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, and eye disease. But one costs $ 50 a dose and the other close to $ 2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug, Avastin, instead ofthe costlier one, Lucentis. But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye. and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare's budget in deciding what to use?"I think ethically (在道德层面上) we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen. Still, some analysts say that there's a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue. "56. What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do?A. Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.B. Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.C. Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.D. Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.57. What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past?A. Specific medicines to be used.B. Effects of medical treatment.C. Professional advancement.D. Patients' trust.58. What may the new guidelines being developed lead to?A. The redefining of doctors' roles.B. Overuse of less effective medicines.C. Conflicts between doctors and patients.D. The prolonging of patients' suffering.59. What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers?A. They may be involved in a conflict of interest.B. They may be forced to divide their attention.C. They may have to use less effective drugs.D. They may lose the respect of patients.60. What do some experts say about doctors' involvement in medical cost analysis?A. It may add to doctors' already heavy workloads.B. It will help to save money for society as a whole.C. It results from society's failure to tackle the problem.D. It raises doctors' awareness of their social responsibilities.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Economic inequality is the "defining challenge of our time," President Barack Obama declared in a speech last monthto the Center for American Progress. Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn't look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty. "Increased inequality and decreasing mobility pose a fundamental threat to the American Dream," he said. Obama is only the most prominent public figure to declare inequality Public Enemy No. 1 and the greatest threat to reducing poverty in America. A number of prominent economists have also argued that it's harder for the poor to climb the economic ladder today because the rungs (横档) in that ladder have grown farther apart.For all the new attention devoted to the 1 percent, a new dam set from the Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard and Berkeley suggests that, if we care about upward mobility overall, we're vastly exaggerating the dangers of the rich—poor gap. Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor of economic mobility, as sociologist Scott Winship noted in a recent article based on his analysis of this data. So what factors, at the community level, do predict if poor children will move up the economic ladder as adtdts? what explains, for instance, why the Salt Lake City metro area is one of the 100 largest metropolitan areas most likely to lift the fortunes of the poor and the Atlanta metro area is one of the least likely?Harvard economist Raj Cherty has pointed to economic and racial segregation, community density, the size of a community's middle class, the quality of schools, commitments religiosity, and family structure, which he calls the "single strongest correlate of upward mobility. " Chetty finds that communities like Salt Lake City, with high levels of two-parent families and religiosity, are much more likely to see poor children get ahead than communities like Atlanta, with high levels of racial and economic segregation. Chetty has not yet issued a comprehensive analysis of the relative predictive power of each of these factors. Based on my analyses of the data. of the factors that Chetty has highlighted, the following three seem to be most predictive of upward mobility in a given community.1. Per-capita (人均) income growth2. Prevalence of single mothers ( where correlation is strong, but negative)3. Per-capita local government spending In other words, communities with high levels of per-capita income growth, high percentages of two-parent families, and high local government spending-which may stand for good schools-are the most likely to help poor children relive Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches story.61. How does Obama view economic inequality?A. It is the biggest obstacle to social mobility.B. It is the greatest threat to social stability.C. It is the No. 1 enemy of income growth.D. It is the most malicious social evil of our time.62. What do we learn about the inequality gap from Scott Winship's data analysis?。