跨文化Unit 4

Reading & ReflectionThe Animal Rescue League1 The Animal Rescue League Shelter & Wildlife Center has a rich history, filled with many triumphs and heartaches, beginning in the early twentieth century. In all the events that have occurred throughout the years,there is one common concern that the Animal Rescue League consistently stands for: the well-being and love of animals.2 The founding of the Animal Rescue League goes back to the year1909. On July 22, five animal loving Pittsburghers had a brilliant idea. With a shared concern for both animal welfare and public health, these men and women came together to form an organization that would devote itself solely to the welfare of animals in the Pittsburgh area. These Pittsburghers sought to return lost dogs and cats to their owners while at the same time giving temporary shelter and food to lost and starving stray dogs and cats.In addition, their organization would secure a merciful and painless death for animals that are old, injured, diseased or dangerous. This group also desired to conduct a refuge farm for horses, dogs and cats. So begins the story of the organization that is now known as the Animal Rescue League of Western Pennsylvania.3 Determined to reduce the suffering of all pets, the founders of the League sought to provide food, shelter and homes for abandoned and stray pets. Te founders, quickly faced with the reality of the situation they were in, realized that not all animals would be placed for adoption. At the same time, they were deeply distressed by the cruel disposal methods used by City officials at that time. Motivated to change the City’s ways, early League founders sought to contract with the City to perform this unpleasant task in the most humane way possible. The City felt that the Animal Rescue League had legitimate reasons in defending their devotion to animals,and on October 30, 1909, the charter for the Animal Rescue League was obtained.4 Finally, at the end of the year in 1909, the five founders (Elizabeth F. Holmes, M.E. Zydeman, A. M. Wadswoth, R. W. Kenney, and Mary Elizabeth Kenney) held the frst ofcial and documented meeting for the Animal Rescue League of Pittsburg (no “h”as the City name was then spelled). They convened downtown at the office of James G. Marks in the Federal Building. The constitution and bylaws were ratified and Mrs.F.F. Nicola was elected chairman of the League. The founders also elected nine other people at this meeting to serve a one-year term for the Animal Rescue League as Directors. As the Animal Rescue League was developing into a successful organization, the next step was to build a shelter to house the animals they longed to rescue.5 The founders’ dream to have a shelter to house animals finally came true in May of 1910 when the Animal Rescue League opened a small city shelter on lower Denniston Avenue in East Liberty. That same year,a generous benefactor donated a 16-acre farm to the League. The farm is located on Verona Road in Rosedale (6 miles east of the League shelter).The League began to remodel a barn for use as a kennel. At the boardmeeting held on June 21 that year, it was revealed that the farm in Rosedale was housing nine dogs and 25 cats while the City shelter had six dogs and two cats. Seven kittens and one dog had been “humanely killed.”The meticulously kept financial records showed revenue for the League in its first six months of existence. Te League’s revenuetotaled $2,103 (including ten cents for the sale of a biscuit). At the end of 1910, The League contracted with Dr. Martin, a local veterinarian, for his services and City operations were moved to larger quarters at Euclid and Kirkwood Streets in East Liberty.6 With the desire to be one of the only groups in Pittsburgh who took animals into their care, the Animal Rescue League secured a contract with the City “for the arrest, care, and disposal of unlicensed dogs found running at large in the streets” in November 1912. After nine long months of negotiation between the City and the Animal Rescue League, this contract was finally obtained. This was the first such contract in the country between a city and a voluntary humane society. For the next half century,Animal Rescue League employees served as “reluctant dog catchers,”bringing together all unlicensed dogs and a few cats that were handed over by residents as strays or unwanted animals.动物救援联盟动物救援联盟与野生动物保护中心的历史，丰富多彩。

Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。

⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。

重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。

Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 Types of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It’s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon Valley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Yellowstone Park, Silicon Valley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Young(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. You attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹“old, conservative” at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。

Text AKey to ExercisesReading Comprehension2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) F3. 1) B 2) B 3) A 4) A 5) ALanguage Practice1. 1) miracle译文：医生说他的康复是个奇迹。

2) fail译文：由于上了岁数，他的身体一天不如一天。

此外，疾病也加快了他的衰老速度。

3) magically译文：学习一门语言需要时间和练习——你的英语水平不会一下子就奇迹般地提高。

4) wandering译文：如果有一天你厌倦了流浪生活，请记得我们仍然在这里等你回来。

5) tend译文：一个医疗队被派往地震灾区去照料幸存者。

6) bathe译文：两位医生都认为父母不应该每天都给婴幼儿洗澡。

7) tragic译文：负责驻阿富汗美军的坎贝尔军官称那次事故是个悲剧，但本可以避免。

8) discard译文：学生们要将垃圾丢进专门的垃圾回收箱。

9) cease译文：在正常的衰老过程中，肌肉会变得越来越弱并逐渐停止自我修复。

10) in the frst place译文：我想我们当初就不应该去那里。

11) cure译文：据说科学家已经发现了现代的有效的方法来预防、治疗并治愈这种古老的疾病。

12) creep译文：我会偷偷地溜进来去二楼看看。

13) buried译文：海盗和宝藏的时代已经一去不复返了。

14) least of all译文：没有人知道他在哪里，他的家人更不知道。

15) starved译文：据说有超过4万人死于饥饿，其中大部分是儿童。

2. 1) One illness can push many families to the edge of financial ruin.2) The atmosphere of the party was clouded by that sad news.3) As a talented language learner, he has never ceased to pursue excellence in languagelearning.4) In this country, there is a 120-day annual leave for parents to tend sick children.5) People who have been in combat are changed for good by that experience, as are theirfamilies.6) Regular exercises and a healthy diet helped cure his disease.7) After working non-stop for a month in this factory, his health failed.8) Please keep the user’s instructions before discarding the box.9) This is not the first time for him to put down a dog beyond cure.10) The police have warned the citizens not to bathe themselves in the polluted river.3. 1) into pull into 开进，驶入2) into creep into 潜入，悄悄出现3) on give up on 放弃4) away eat away 侵蚀5) off run off 赶走4. 1) Internet 因特网2) export 出口3) upload 上传4) subway 地铁5) transplant 移植6) interview 面试7) undersea 海底的8) transcontinental 洲际的5. 注解：本单元的语法内容是过去完成时。

大学跨文化英语综合教程IUnit4PrettyGirl课文翻译Reading & DigestingPretty GirlRick BraggNever give up on anything, least of all a dog.1 Her name was perfect.2 She came to them in the dead of night, in the cold. She was more than half dead, starved down to bones, her hair completely eaten away by mange. She had been run off from more than one yard when she finally crept into an empty doghouse in the trees beyond mother’s yard. At least she was out of the wind.3 They found her, my mother and brother, in the daylight of the next day. They could not even tell, at first, she was a dog.4 “And it broke my heart,” my mother said.5 They did not call the vet because she knew what the vet would do.The dog was too far gone to save; any fool could see that. My mama lives in the country and has to run off two wandering dogs a week, but this time,she said, “I just couldn’t. She couldn’t even get up.” How do you run off a dog that cannot stand?6 The broken-down dog had stumbled on two people who hate to give up on anything, even a month-old newspaper. They save batteries that have not had a spark of anything in them for a long, long time. My mother keeps pens that stopped writing in 1974. My point is, there is always a little use, a little good, a little life left in anything, and who are they to decide when something is done for good.7 My brother Mark looked at her, at her tragic face, and named her.8 “Hey, Pretty Girl,” he said.9 It was as if he could see beyond the ruin, or maybe into it.I don’t know.10 Her hips were bad, which was probably why she was discarded in the first place, and her teeth were worn down. Her eyes were clouded. But Mark and my mother fed her, gave her water, and bathed her in burned motor oil, the way my people have been curing the mange for generations.They got her looking less atrocious, and then they called the vet.11 The vet found she had heartworm. She was walking dead, anyway, at her age. It was then I saw her, still a sack of bones. It would be kindness, I told my mother, to put her down. She nodded her head.12 A month later, I pulled into the driveway to see a beautiful white German shepherd3 standing watch at the front of the house. It was not a miracle; her ailments did not magically cease. But together, my mother and brother had tended her and even let her live in the house. She ate people food and drank buttermilk out of an aluminum pie tin. She was supposed to last, at most, a few weeks or months. She lived three more years —decades, in dog years — following my brother to the garden to watch for snakes and listen for thunder.13 “I prayed for her,”my mother said. “Some people say you ain’t supposed to pray for a dog, but …”14 And then after the gif of years, Pretty Girl began to fail and died. She is buried in the mountain pasture.15 The garden is already planted. Some things were planted according to science,according to soil and weather. And some things were planted according to lore, the shape of the moon, and more. That is finewith me.There are things we cannot explain, things beyond science, like how a man could name a ravaged and dying dog and have her rise inside that,somehow, to make it true.参考译文Reading & Digesting漂亮姑娘瑞克·布拉格什么都不要丢弃，尤其是一条狗。