医学词汇复习提纲 (Chapter 4-7)

医学领域英语词汇全集以下是医学领域常用的英语词汇全集，供参考：1. Anatomy（解剖学）- Skeleton（骨骼）- Muscles（肌肉）- Organs（器官）- Nerves（神经）2. Physiology（生理学）- Circulatory system（循环系统）- Respiratory system（呼吸系统）- Digestive system（消化系统）- Endocrine system（内分泌系统）3. Diseases（疾病）- Cancer（癌症）- Diabetes（糖尿病）- Hypertension（高血压）- Influenza（流感）4. Medical Procedures（医疗程序）- Surgery（外科手术）- Radiology（放射学）- Physical therapy（物理疗法）- Chemotherapy（化疗）5. Medications（药物）- Antibiotics（抗生素）- Analgesics（止痛药）- Antidepressants（抗抑郁药）- Antihistamines（抗组胺药）6. Medical Equipment（医疗设备）- Stethoscope（听诊器）- X-ray machine（X光机）- Ultrasound machine（超声波机）- Blood pressure monitor（血压计）7. Medical Specialties（医学专业）- Cardiology（心脏病学）- Dermatology（皮肤病学）- Gynecology（妇科学）- Pediatrics（儿科学）8. Medical Ethics（医学伦理）- Informed consent（知情同意）- Confidentiality（保密性）- Patient autonomy（患者自主权）- Non-maleficence（不伤害原则）9. Medical Research（医学研究）- Clinical trials（临床试验）- Case studies（病例研究）- Epidemiology（流行病学）- Genetic research（遗传研究）以上是医学领域常用的英语词汇全集。

医学备考知识点总结大全一、解剖学1. 人体解剖结构：骨骼、肌肉、器官、血管、淋巴系统等2. 人体各器官的位置、形态、结构和功能3. 人体解剖学的平面解剖、三维解剖和临床解剖应用4. 人体解剖学与影像学、手术解剖学等相关知识二、生理学1. 细胞生理学：细胞结构、细胞器功能、细胞代谢等2. 人体生理学：呼吸、循环、消化、排泄、内分泌、神经、感觉、运动、生殖等系统的结构和功能3. 人体生理学的调节和平衡机制4. 人体生理学与疾病、药物治疗等相关知识三、病理学1. 病理生理学：疾病的发生、发展、转归和治疗2. 细胞病理学：细胞病变、增生、肿瘤等3. 组织病理学：各种疾病的病理变化和组织形态学特征4. 临床病理学：病理诊断、病理生理学与疾病治疗的关系等五、药理学1. 药物的化学结构、药效学及作用机制2. 药物的代谢、排泄、药动学和药代动力学3. 药物在治疗和预防疾病中的应用和副作用4. 药物治疗的原则、药物应用的规范与禁忌等六、微生物学1. 病原微生物的分类、结构、生长和代谢特点2. 病原微生物的传播途径、致病机制和防治措施3. 医院感染、抗菌药物的应用和耐药性问题4. 病原微生物与疾病的关系、免疫和免疫治疗七、临床医学1. 临床诊断学：临床症状、体征和实验室检查的意义和应用2. 临床治疗学：内科、外科、妇产科、儿科、骨科等各专业的常见病、多发病的治疗及抢救措施3. 临床实践：临床医生的专业素养和能力，临床技能和常见医疗操作的规范和要求4. 临床医学的发展和新的研究成果八、公共卫生学1. 流行病学：疾病的流行规律、发病原因和干预措施2. 保健与预防：预防传染病、营养与健康、环境与健康、职业与健康等3. 医学伦理学：医患关系、生命伦理、医学处置、临终关怀等4. 医学法律学：医疗事故、医患纠纷、医疗纠纷处理和医学责任以上是医学备考的各个知识点的概要内容，具体备考的过程中，应当结合相关的医学教材和参考书籍、医学课件、医学期刊和临床经验等内容进行系统学习。

Part I1.Saturated fat 饱和脂肪,Cholesterol 胆固醇,Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化, Arrhythmia心率失常，心率不齐,Congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭,White-coat hypertension 白大褂高血压,Myocardial infarction 心肌梗死, Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压，Stethoscope 听诊器，Insulin 胰岛素, Angina 心绞痛，Renal (kidney) hypertension 肾性高血压，Spirometry Test 肺活量测试，Ejection fraction 射血分数，the standard of Normal Blood pressure and hypertension, the regular and abnormal values of diabetes 糖床病，Tidal volume潮气量，Respiratory rate呼吸频率，Minute volume每分呼吸量汾钟Residual volume 残气虽，Respiration 呼吸，一次呼吸，Extrinsic asthma 外源性哮喘and Intrinsic asthma 内源性哮喘，CPR cardio pulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术,bronchospasni 支气管痉挛,plaque 纤维气管破损(the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in artery walls, which can narrow an artery and reduce the flow of blood in arteries that feed the heart and its ruptures cause blood clots to form).2.The four methods of examination in Diagnostics of TCM 中医3.The two basic philosophic 哲学foundation of TCM:4.The classification of hospital5.The function and effect of vitamin A,D, E, K, C, B1, B2Part II1.Definition^ symptoms of disease: hypertension, DM, CHD, Asthma归Congestive heart failure( a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the needs of the body's other organs), and Ulcer.1)What is asthma? What are its symptoms? Why does asthma make breathing difficult?1)Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease, characterized by increased or exaggerated responsiveness to a variety of stimuli, resulting in bronchospasm, airway narrowing, and chronic inflammation.2)Symptoms of Asthma:Wheezing, cough, especially at night, chest tightness, shortness of breath characteristically occur or worsen at night, stuffy or runny nose, behavioral changes, agitation, irritability, decreased appetite, dark circles under eyes, etc.3)Air enters the respiratory system from the nose and mouth and travels through the bronchial tubes・In a non-asthmatic person, the muscles around the bronchial tubes are relaxed and the tissue thin, allowing for easy airflow・In an asthmatic person, the muscles of the bronchial tubes are tighten and thicken, and the air passages become inflamed and mucus-filled, making it difficult for air to move.2.What are the differences between type I diabetes and type II diabetes?Diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to automatically regulate blood glucose levels because the body cannot produce or has lost sensitivity to insulin, resulting in too much glucose in the blood. It can be divided into type I diabetes and type II diabetes・ Their differences are as follows:1)Type 1 diabetes, called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus most commonly begins during childhood・The pancreas no longer makes insulin and so the glucose cannot enter the muscle because cells that produce insulin in the pancreas have been destroyed by the immune system・The onset of Type 1 diabetes is usually sudden, due to a rapid build up of glucose in the blood stream.It accounts for about 15% of people with diabetes・Treatment involves daily injections of insulin together with healthy eating and physical activity・2)Type 2 diabetes is known to be a lifestyle-related condition that can "run in families^,.The pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the insulin is less effective.The onset of type 2 diabetes is usually slow, due to a gradual build up of glucose in the blood stream.Most people with diabetes have type 2 (85%). It generally occurs in those over 40 years old.Treatment involves healthy eating, physical activity and in some cases, tablets or insulin may be required・3.What roles do the respiratory muscles play in the course of inspiration and expiration?When breathing in:1)Intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the chest walls up and out;2)The diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens, increasing the size of the chest;3)The lungs increase in size, so the pressure inside them falls. This causes air to rush in through the nose or mouth・When breathing out:1)Intercostal muscles between the ribs relax so that the chest walls move in and down;2)The diaphragm muscle below the lungs relaxes and bulges up, reducing the size of the chest;3)The lungs decrease in size, so the pressure inside increases and air is pushed up the trachea and out through the nose or mouth.4・ What are the essential characteristics of TCM?5. What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration?6・What is CHD/CAD? What are their symptoms? Please give a brief introduction to the treatment in medication and surgery with examples.1 ・ CHD/CAD is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart (coronary arteries). It usually results from the build up of fatty material and plaque・ As the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of blood to the heart can slow or stop・2.The disease can cause chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heart attack (myocardial infarction), or other symptoms.3.Many people arc able to manage coronary artcry disease with medications and surgery. Medications include:1)ACE Inhibitors: Cornerstone of heart failure therapy; Proven to slow the progression of heart failure2)Vasodilators cause blood vessels to expand lowering blood pressure and the hearts work load3)Digitalis can increase the force of the hearts contractions, relieve symptoms and slows heart rate and certain irregular heart beats4)Other people with severe coronary artery disease may need angioplasty or surgery such as 1) Stenting 2) Angioplasty 3) Bypass surgery.。

秋第一周词汇呼吸系统respiratory system消化系统digestive system能量代谢energy metabolism体温body temperature发热fever泌尿系统urinary system上呼吸道upper respiratory tract 下呼吸道lower respiratory tract 鼻腔nasal cavity鼻阈limen nasi鼻甲nasal conchae鼻道nasal meatuses蝶筛隐窝sphenoethmoidal recess 鼻泪管nasolacrimal duct嗅区olfactory region鼻旁窦paranasal sinuses额窦frontal sinus上颌窦maxillary sinus筛窦ethmoidal sinus蝶窦sphenoidal sinus咽pharynx 喉larynx甲状软骨thyroid cartilage环状软骨cricoid cartilage会厌软骨epiglottic cartilage弹性圆锥conus elasticus声襞(或声带) vocal fold(or vocal cord) 声门裂rima glottidis气管trachea气管杈bifurcation of trachea气管隆嵴carina of trachea支气管bronchus肺lung 肺门hilum of lung肺根root of lung支气管肺段bronchopulmonary segments纵隔mediastinum壁胸膜parietal pleura胸膜腔pleural cavity胸膜隐窝（胸膜窦）pleural recesses秋第二周词汇支气管Bronchoile肺泡Pulmonary alveolus尘细胞Dust cell气-血屏障Blood-air barrier呼吸Respiration肺通气Pulmonary ventilation呼吸运动Respiratory movement吸气运动Inspiratory movement用力呼吸Forced breathing呼吸困难Dyspnea肺内压Intrapulmonary pressure胸内压Intrapleural pressure肺顺应性Lung compliance表面活性物质Surfactant肺容积Pulmonary volume肺容量Pulmonary capacity潮气量Tidal volume补吸气量Inspiratory reserve volume补呼气量Expiratory reserve volume残气量Residual volume深吸气量Inspiratory capacity功能残气量Functional residual capacity肺活量Vital capacity用力呼气量Forced expiratory volume时间肺活量Timed vital capacity每分通气量Minute ventilation volume最大随意通气量Maximal voluntary ventilation解剖无效腔Anatomical dead space肺泡无效腔Alveolar dead space肺泡通气量Alveolar ventilation volume呼吸膜Respiratory membrane肺通气/血流比值Ventilation/perfusion ratio，V/Q紫绀Cyanosis氧容量Oxygen capacity氧含量Oxygen content氧饱和度Oxygen saturation氧合血红蛋白解离曲线Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve呼吸中枢Respiratory center外周化学感受Peripheral chemoreceptor中枢化学感受器Central chemoreceptor秋第三周词汇慢性支气管炎chronic bronchitis肺气肿emphysema肺不张，肺萎缩atelectasis肺心病corpulmonale肺炎pneumonia大叶性肺炎lobar pneumonia小叶性肺炎lobular pneumonia支气管肺炎bronchopneumonia间质性肺炎intertital pneumonia支原体肺炎myocoplasmal pneumonia病毒性肺炎virus pneumonai支气管扩张bronchiectasis尘肺pneumoconiosis矽肺silicosis矽肺结核病Silicotuberculosis鼻咽癌nasopharyngal carcinoma肺癌carcinoma of lung郎罕氏巨细胞Langhans’giant cell结核结节tubercle原发性肺结核primary pulmonary tuberculosis原发综合征primary complex继发性肺结核secondary pulmonary tuberculosis结核球tuberculoma秋第五周词汇缺氧Hypoxia 低氧血症Hypoxemia 氧分压Partial pressure of oxygen氧容量Oxygen capacity氧含量Oxygen content氧饱和度Oxygensaturation低张性缺氧Hypotonic hypoxia血液性缺氧Hemic hypoxia等张性低氧血症isotonic hypoxia循环性缺氧Circulatory hypoxia组织性缺氧Histogenous hypoxia发绀cyanosis高铁血红蛋白血症Methemoglobinemia 碳氧血红蛋白血症Carboxyhemoglobinemia 肠原性发绀Enterogenous cyanosis呼吸衰竭Respiratory failure限制性通气不足Restrictive hypoventilation 阻塞性通气不足Obstructive hypoventilation 等压点Isobaric point肺泡通气与血流比例失调Ventilation-perfusion imbalance 功能性分流Functional shunt死腔样通气Dead-space like ventilation 真正分流True shunt 急性呼吸窘迫综合征Acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS肺性脑病Pulmonary encephalopathy潮式呼吸Cheyne-stokes respiration秋第六周词汇慢性支气管炎chronic bronchitis肺气肿pulmonary emphysema阻塞性肺气肿obstructive emphysema腺泡中央型或小叶中央型肺气肿centriacinar or centrilobular emphysema全腺泡型或全小叶型肺气肿panacinar or panlobular emphysema间隔旁肺气肿paraseptal emphysema间质性肺气肿interstitial emphysema大泡性肺气肿bullous emphysema支气管扩张症bronchiectasis尘肺pneumoconiosis 硅肺silicosis肺源性心脏病Corpulmonale肺肉质变pulmonary carnification急性大块性肺不张acute massive collapse of lung硅肺伴结核silicosis with tuberculsis肺癌carcinoma of lung消化系统digestive (alimentaey) system口腔mouth cavity恒牙permanent teeth乳牙deciduous teeth唾液腺salivary gland腮腺parotid gland下颌下腺submandibular gland舌下腺sublingual gland咽pharynx 腭扁桃体palatine tonsils咽淋巴环tonsilar ring食管esophagus 胃stomach贲门cardiac orifice幽门pyloric orifice胃大弯greater curvature胃小弯Lesser curvature小肠small intestine十二指肠duodenum肝胰壶腹Hepatopancreatic ampulla十二指肠大乳头Major duodenal papilla十二指肠空肠曲Duodenojejunal flexure空肠jejunum 回肠ileum大肠large intestine 盲肠caecum回盲瓣ileocecal valve阑尾vermiform appendix结肠colon升结肠ascending colon横结肠transverse colon降结肠descending colon乙状结肠sigmoid colon直肠rectum 肛管anal canal肛门anus 齿状线dentate line秋第七周词汇镇咳药Antitussives中枢性镇咳药Centrally acting antitussives外周性镇咳药Peripherally acting antitussives成瘾性镇咳药Addictive antitussives非成瘾性镇咳Non-addictive antitussives可待因Codeine右美沙芬Dextromethorphan喷托维林Pentoxyverine苯佐那酯Benzonatate祛痰药Expectorants痰液稀释药Sputum-diluting drugs粘痰溶解药Mucolytic drugs氯化铵Amonium chloride溴己新Bromhexine乙酰半胱氨酸Acetylcysteine氨溴索Ambroxol羧甲司坦Carbocisteine美司坦Methylcysteine平喘药Antiasthmatic drugsβ2肾上腺素受体选择性激动药β2-Adrenoceptor selective agonists肾上腺素Adrenaline, Epinephrine异丙肾上腺素Isoprenaline沙丁胺醇Salbuterol克仑特罗Clenterol特布他林Terbutaline福莫特罗Formoterol沙美特罗Salmeterol茶碱类Theophyllines氨茶碱Aminophylline胆茶碱Choline theophyllineM胆碱受体阻断药Muscarinic antagonists 异丙基阿托品Ipratropine肾上腺糖皮质激素Glucocorticosteroids 吸入型糖皮质激素Inhaled glucocorticosteroids倍氯米松Beclomethasone dipropionate 氟尼缩松Flunisolide布地奈德Budesonide曲安奈德Triamcinolone acetonide过敏介质释放抑制药Inhibitors of mediator release 色甘酸钠Disodium cromoglycate (romolyn) 奈多罗米Nedocromil sodium酮替芬Ketotifen白三烯拮抗剂Leukotriene antagonists 扎鲁司特Zafirlukast秋第八周词汇肝liver 肝门porta hepatis胆囊gallbladder胆囊管cystic duct 胆总管common bile duct(or choledochal duct)胰pancreas 消化系统digestive system黏膜mucosa 黏膜下层submucosa肌层muscularis 纤维膜fibrosa浆膜serosa 食管esophagus表面黏液细胞surface mucous cell胃底腺fundic gland主细胞chief cell壁细胞parietal cell细胞内分泌小管intracellular secretorycanaliculus小肠small intestine吸收细胞absorptive cell潘氏细胞Paneth cell大肠large intestine阑尾appendix秋第九周词汇消化腺Digestive gland胰腺Pancreas泡心细胞Centroacinar cell胰岛Pancreas islet高血糖素Glucagon胰岛素Insulin 肝小叶Hepatic lobule肝细胞Hepatocyte门管区Portal area胆囊Ball gladder消化Digestion吸收Absorption基本电节律或慢波Basic electrical rhythm (BER) or slow waves胃肠激素Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones唾液Saliva咀嚼Mastication 吞咽Deglutition胃蛋白酶原Pepsinogen胃排空Gastric emptying移行性复合运动Migrating motor complex，MMC促胃液素Gastrin冬第一周词汇胰淀粉酶Pancreaticamylase胰脂肪酶Pancreaticlipase胰蛋白酶Trypsin糜蛋白酶Chymotrypsin促胰液素Secretin缩胆囊素Cholecystokinin,CCK容受性舒张Receptiverelaxation内因子Intrinsicfactor食物特殊动力效应Specificdynamic action of food肠上皮化生Intestinalmetaplasia幽门螺旋杆菌Helicobacter pylori消化性溃疡peptic ulcer急性蜂窝织性阑尾炎acutephlegmonous appendicitis病毒性肝炎viralhepatitis点状坏死spottynecrosis碎片状坏死piecemeal necrosis桥接坏死bridging necrosis大块坏死massivenecrosis亚大块坏死submassivenecrosis嗜酸性小体Acidophilic body毛玻璃样肝细胞Ground-glasshepatocyteMallory小体Mallory’sbody急性重型肝炎acutesevere hepatitis亚急性重型肝炎subacute severe hepatitis假小叶Pseudolobule门脉性肝硬化portal cirrhosis坏死后性肝硬化postnecroticcirrhosis脾肿大splenomegaly 腹水ascites食道静脉曲张Esophageal varices低白蛋白血症hypoalbuminemia肝昏迷hepatic coma肝细胞性肝癌hepatocellular carcinoma早期胃癌early gastric carcinoma冬第二周词汇抗消化性溃疡药Drugs used in the treatmentof peptic ulcers抗药酸Antacids氢氧化镁Magnesium hydroxide三硅酸镁Magnesium trisilicate氢氧化铝Aluminum hydroxide抑制胃酸分泌药Drugs inhibiting gastric acid secretion H2受体阻断药H2 receptor antagonists H+泵（质子泵）抑制药H+-K+-ATPase inhibitors(proton pump inhibitors) 胃泌素受体阻断药Gastrin receptor antagonists 胃黏膜保护药Mucosal protective drugs 西咪替丁Cimetidine雷尼替丁Ranitidine法莫替丁Famotidine奥美拉唑Omeprazole兰索拉唑Lansoprazole泮托拉唑Pantoprazole哌仑西平Pirenzepine丙谷胺Proglumide米索前列醇Misoprostol恩前列素Enprostil硫糖铝Sucralfate枸橼酸铋钾Colloidal bismuth subcitrate 抗幽门螺杆菌药Antimicrobial drugs for Helicobacter pylori 甲硝唑Metronidazole阿莫西林Amoxicillin四环素Tetracycline 庆大霉素Gentamicin克拉霉素Clarithromycin止吐药Antiemetic drugs胃肠动力药Prokinetic drugs5-HT3受体阻断药5-HT3 receptor antagonists昂丹司琼Ondansetron多巴胺受体阻断剂Dopamine receptor antagonists甲氧氯普胺Metoclopramide多潘立酮(吗丁林) Domperidone西沙必利Cisapride止泻药Laxatives吸附药Absorbants阿片制剂Opium preparations地芬诺酯Diphenoxylate洛哌丁胺Loperamine鞣酸蛋白Tannalbin药用炭Medical charchol泻药Laxatives硫酸镁Magnesium sulfate乳果糖Lactulose 酚酞Phenolphthalein液状石蜡Liquid paraffin甘油Glycerol冬第三周词汇能量代谢Energy metabolism间接测热法Indirect calorimetry食物的卡价Caloric value食物的氧热价Thermal equivalent of oxygen呼吸商Respiratory quotient (RQ)非蛋白呼吸商Non-protein Respiratory quotient (NPRQ)基础代谢率Basal metabolic rate (BMR)深部温度Core temperature表层温度Shell temperature体温Body temperature视前区-下丘脑前部Preoptic anteriorhypothalamus (PO/AH)冷敏神经元Cold-sensitive neuron热敏神经元Warm-sensitive neuron调定点Set point 发热fever过热hyperthermia发热激活物pyrogenic activator内生致热原endogenous pyrogen, EP内生致冷原endogenous cryogen本胆烷醇酮etiocholanolone精氨酸加压素arginine vasopressin, AVP高温稽留期fastigium冬第四周词汇泌尿系统urinary system肾kidney 肾门renal hilum肾盂renal pelvis输尿管ureter膀胱urinary bladder膀胱三角trigone of bladder尿道urethra肾单位nephron足细胞potocyte滤过屏障filtration barrier肾小体renal corpuscle肾小管renal tubule球旁复合体juxtaglomerular complex肾素renin间质细胞interstitial cell第五周词汇排泄Excretion 髓袢Loop of Henle肾小球Glomerulus近球小体Juxtaglomerular apparatus直小血管Vasa recta致密斑Macula densa窗孔Fenestration裂孔膜Filtration slit membrane肾小球滤过率Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)滤过分数Filtration fraction有效滤过压Effective filtration pressure水利尿Water diuresis渗透性利尿Osmotic diuresis重吸收Reabsorption分泌Secretion 同向转运Cotransport逆向转运Antiport原发性主动转运Primary active transport 继发性主动转运Secondary active transport 管-球反馈Tubuloglomerular feedback球-管平衡Glomerulotubular balance肾素Renin 血管紧张素Angiotensin醛固酮Aldosterone抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 尿崩症Diabetes insipidus促红细胞生成素Erythropoietin (EPO)清除率Clearance 排尿Micturition冬第六周词汇肾小球肾炎glomerulonephritis弥漫性肾小球肾炎diffuse glomerulonephritis 局灶性肾小球肾炎focal glomerulonephritis 急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis 急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎acute poststreptococcal glomerulonehrtis 急性肾炎综合征acute nephritic syndrome 新月体性肾小球肾炎crescentic glomerulonephritis 快速进行性肾小球肾炎rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis快速进行性肾炎综合征rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome膜性肾小球肾炎membranous glmerulonephritis肾病综合征nephrotic syndrome血管间质毛细血管性肾小球肾炎mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis膜性增生性肾小球肾炎membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis轻微病变性肾小球肾炎minimal change glomerulonephritis脂性肾病lipoid nephrosis慢性肾小球肾炎chronic glomerulonephritis慢性硬化性肾小球肾炎chronic sclerosing glomerulonephritis慢性肾炎综合征chronic nephritic syndrome颗粒状固缩肾granular contracted kidney尿毒症uremia肾盂肾炎pyelonephritis急性肾盂肾炎acute pyelonephritis慢性肾盂肾炎chronic pyelonephritis冬第七周词汇肾功能不全renal Insufficiency急性肾功能衰竭acute renal failure急性肾小管坏死acute tubular necrosis氮质血症azotemia慢性肾功能衰竭chronic renal failure矫枉失衡假说trade off hypothesis健存肾单位假Intact nephron hypothesis肾小球过度滤过假说glomerular hyperfiltration hypothesis肾性骨营养不良renal osteodystrophy尿毒症uremia 少尿Oliguria夜尿Nocturia 多尿Polyuria肾性高血压renal hypertension肾性佝偻病renal rickets肾性贫血renal anemia冬第八周词汇利尿药Diuretics脱水药Dehydrant drugs袢利尿药Loop diuretics噻嗪类利尿药Thiazide diuretics保钾利尿药K+-sparing diuretics呋塞米Furosemide依他尼酸Etacrynic acid布美他尼Bumetanide氢氯噻嗪Hydrochlorothiazide氯噻酮Chlortalidone安体舒通(螺内酯) Spironolactone氨苯喋啶Triamterene阿米洛利Amiloride甘露醇Mannitol山梨醇Sorbitol高渗葡萄糖Hypertonic glucose。

(完整版)医学专业英语词汇医学专业英语词汇1. 基础词汇- Medicine - 医学- Clinic - 诊所- Doctor - 医生- Patient - 患者- Hospital - 医院- Health - 健康- Disease - 疾病- Treatment - 治疗- Symptom - 症状- Diagnosis - 诊断- Prescription - 处方- Surgery - 手术- Laboratory - 实验室- Research - 研究- University - 大学- Medical - 医疗的- Nurse - 护士- Pharmacist - 药剂师- Therapist - 治疗师- Vaccine - 疫苗- X-ray - X光片- HIV - 人类免疫缺陷病毒- Cancer - 癌症- Diabetes - 糖尿病- Heart - 心脏- Kidney - 肾脏- Liver - 肝脏2. 解剖学词汇- Anatomy - 解剖学- Skeleton - 骨骼- Muscle - 肌肉- Nervous system - 神经系统- Digestive system - 消化系统- Respiratory system - 呼吸系统- Circulatory system - 循环系统- Skeletal system - 骨骼系统- Muscular system - 肌肉系统- Nervous tissue - 神经组织- Respiratory tract - 呼吸道- Circulatory system - 循环系统- Digestive tract - 消化道- Central nervous system - 中枢神经系统- Peripheral nervous system - 外周神经系统- Endocrine system - 内分泌系统- Urinary system - 泌尿系统3. 疾病词汇- Infection - 感染- Allergy - 过敏- Fever - 发烧- Inflammation - 炎症- Pain - 疼痛- Cough - 咳嗽- Headache - 头痛- Fatigue - 疲劳- Depression - 抑郁症- High blood pressure - 高血压- Arthritis - 关节炎- Asthma - 哮喘- Alzheimer's disease - 阿尔茨海默病- Stroke - 中风- Multiple sclerosis - 多发性硬化症- Pneumonia - 肺炎- Cancer - 癌症- Diabetes - 糖尿病- Heart disease - 心脏病- Kidney disease - 肾脏疾病- Liver disease - 肝脏疾病- Sexually transmitted disease - 性传播疾病4. 检查和测试词汇- Blood test - 血液检查- Urine test - 尿液检查- X-ray - X光检查- Ultrasound - 超声波- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - 磁共振成像- ECG (Electrocardiogram) - 心电图- PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) - 正电子发射断层扫描- Colonoscopy - 结肠镜检查- Pap smear - 涂片检查- Biopsy - 活检- Lymph node biopsy - 淋巴结活检- Bone marrow biopsy - 骨髓活检5. 药物相关词汇- Medication - 药物- Drug - 药品- Prescription - 处方药- Over-the-counter (OTC) - 非处方药- Antibiotics - 抗生素- Analgesics - 镇痛药- Antidepressants - 抗抑郁药- Antipyretics - 退热药- Antihistamines - 抗组织胺药- Anticoagulants - 抗凝药- Opioids - 麻醉药- Diuretics - 利尿药- Antivirals - 抗病毒药- Anti-inflammatory - 抗炎药- Beta blockers - 贝塔受体阻滞剂- Statins - 他汀类药物- Vaccines - 疫苗- Insulin - 胰岛素- Cholesterol-lowering drugs - 降低胆固醇药物以上是医学专业英语词汇的一部分，希望对您的学习和工作有所帮助。

医学英语词汇复习一、单词homeostatic adj. 体内平衡的homeostasis n. 体内平衡geriatrics n. (做单数用)老人病学metabolism n. 新陈代谢extracellular adj （位于或发生于）细胞外的collagen n. 胶原质tendon n. [解]腱atheroma n. （pl. atheromas , atheromata）动脉粥样化atherosclerosis n. 动脉粥样硬化elastin n. 弹性蛋白glucose n. 葡萄糖mitosis n. (细胞的)有丝分裂radical adj [化]基（free radical 自由基，游离基）selenium n. 硒antioxidant n. 抗氧化剂superoxide n. 过氧化物bolster v. 支持enzyme n. 酶dismutase n. 歧化酶embryo n. 胚胎transcription n. [生物学]转录，信使核糖核酸的形成macromolecule n. 巨大分子，高分子intrinsically adv. 内在地（固有地，本征地，实质地）replicate v. 复制amino adj. 氨基的sickle-cell anemia 镰状细胞血症cystic adj. 包囊的，膀胱的，胆囊的fibrosis n. 纤维症hemophilia n. 血友病inhibitor n. 抑制剂immunodeficiency n. [生]免疫缺陷myocardial adj. [解]心肌的infarction n. 梗塞schizophrenia n. 精神分裂症outmoded adj 过时的，不时髦的milieu n. 周围ramification n. 交叉；分裂；衍生物morphology n. 形态学pathology n. 病理学histopathology n. 组织病理学cytopathology n. 细胞病理学haematology n. 血液学，血液病学toxicology n. 毒理学，毒物学cellular adj （生）细胞的，细胞质（状）的coagulable adj 可凝结的chromosome n. 染色体forensic adj 法医的，关于或应用法律程序的congenital adj（指疾病等）生来的，先天的inflammation n. （医）红肿，炎症tumor n. 肿块，肿瘤degeneration n. （生）退化appendicitis n. 阑尾炎systemic adj （生理）全身的，人体的systematic adj. 系统的carcinoma n. (carcinomas , carcinomata) 癌synonymous adj （后面与with连用）同义的be bereft of 丧失，剥夺allergy n. 变态反应，过敏反应antigen n. 抗原sequester vt. 使隔绝，使分离lymphatic n. 淋巴管effector n. 效应物sensitized adj. 致敏的precommitted adj. 前定向的polyclonal adj. 多细胞的precursor n. 先质，前体specificity n. 特异性mosaic n. 嵌合体，镶嵌体spectrum n. 系列，范围epitope n. 表位humoral adj, 体液的ensue vi. 接着发生，结果产生hapten n. 半抗原erythrocyte n. 红细胞distortion n. 扭转propensity n. 倾向，习性shaman n. 黄教的道士；僧人；巫师Hippocrates n. 希波拉底克（古希腊的名医）Jerusalem n. 耶路撒冷hospitaler n. 住院者distinguish v. 区别，辨别imbue v. 使感染，使蒙受，侵透massage n.v. 按摩peninsula n. 半岛logistical adj. 后勤的hygiene n. 卫生学，卫生barrack n. 简陋房舍overhaul n.v. 分解检查maternalistic adj 显示母性的superintendent n. 主管，负责人affordable adj. 支付得起二、构词法1.前缀prefixdys- , dis- 坏的；有病的；困难的dysfunction n. 机能不良，功能紊乱dysphonia n. 发生困难，言语障碍dysgraphia n. 书写困难anti- 相反；反对；抵抗antioxidant n. 抗氧化剂antibody n. 抗体antiallergic n. 抗变应性的homeo- , homo- 相同的homeostasis n. 体内平衡homeotherapy n. 同种疗法，顺势疗法homogeneity n. 同种，同质homosexual adj 同性恋tachy- 速，快速tachycardia n. 心悸，心动过速tachyphylaxis n. 快速免疫，快速脱敏，快速耐受tachypnea n. 呼吸急促geno- 基因genohormone n. 基因激素genome n. 基因组genospecies n, 基因型群fiber- 纤维fiberscope n. 纤维内窥镜fibrillation n. 纤维性震动fibrinolysis n. 纤维蛋白溶解myc(o)- 真菌mycetology n. 真菌学mycoplasma n. 支原体，衣原体mycotoxicology n. 真菌毒理学myo- 肌肉myoalbumin n. 肌清蛋白，肌白蛋白myoatrophy n. 肌萎缩myocardial adj. 心肌的path(o)- 病理，疾病pathography n. 病理学pathogenesis n. 发病机制pathomorphism n. 病理形态学chrom(o)- 色chromoblast n. 成色细胞chromosomal adj. 染色体突变chromophototherapy n. 色光疗法neur(o)- 神经neurobiology n. 神经生物学neurocirculatory adj. [解]神经与循环系统的neurodermatitis n. 神经性皮炎tox(o)- 毒，毒素toxoid n. 类毒素toxinemia n, 毒血症toxuria n. 尿毒症hyper- 过多，过度，超过hypreadrenia n, 肾上腺机能亢进hyperglycemia n. 高血糖，血糖过多hyperlipidemia n. 高血脂症，血脂过多hypertension n.高血压poly- 多，多数polyclonal adj. 多细胞株的，多克隆的polyase n. 多糖酶，多聚酶polycythemia n. 红细胞增多症erythr(o)- 红erythroblast n. 成红细胞erythromycin n. 红霉素erythropenia n. 红细胞减少brady- 缓，慢，迟钝bradyarrhythmia n. 听觉迟钝bradyarthria n. 言语过缓bradycardia n. 心动过慢lev(o)- 左，向左，左旋levocardia n. 左位心levodopa n. 左旋多巴levoduction n. 左旋眼pro- 前，以前，前体（酶或激素的）proaccelerin n. 前加速素，前加速因子proactivator n. 前激活剂，激活剂原proal adj. 向前运动的kine- 运动kinematics n. 运动学kineplastics n. 运动成形切断术kinesalgia n. 肌动痛，运动痛psych- 灵魂，精神，心智，呼吸psychedelic adj. 产生幻觉的psychiatry n. 精神病学psychopath n. 精神变态者psychotherapy n. 心理疗法xantho-xanthoma n. 黄色瘤xanthopathia n. 黄肤症xanthoprotein n, 黄色蛋白xanthopsy n. 黄市政hydr(o)- 水，积液，氢hydrogymnastic adj. 水中运动的hydroappendic adj. 阑尾积水hydrocholesterol adj. 氢化胆固醇opt(o)- 可见，视optometer n. 视力计，视力检查装置optometrist n, 验光师，视力测定者optophone n, 盲人电光阅读装置cyto- 细胞cytopathology n. 细胞病理学2.后缀suffix-therapy , -otherapy 疗法electrotherapy n. 电疗法physiotherapy n. 物理疗法chemotherapy n. 化学疗法-algia 痛neuralgia n. 神经痛odontalgia n. 牙痛rectalgia n. 直肠痛-asis 状态，情况（病的）cholelithiasis n. 胆石病nephrolithiasis n. 肾石病schistosomiasis n. 血吸虫病-cyte , 细胞acanthocyte n. 棘红细胞leucocyte n. 白细胞lymphocyte n. 淋巴细胞erythrocyte n. 红细胞-lith 石，结石broncholith n. 支气管结石cholelith n. 胆石urolith n. 尿结石-oma 瘤cerebroma n. 脑瘤epithelioma n. 上皮瘤，上皮癌hemangioma n. [医]血管瘤-ostomy 造口术cholecystoduodenostomy n. 胆囊十二指肠吻合术gastrostomy n. 胃造口术necystostomy n. 膀胱再造口术-penia 减少，缺少leucopenia n. 白细胞减少erythropenia n 红细胞减少.。

Unit 7 Text A Words & Phrases1. cardiovascular system心血管系统2. circulatory system循环系统3. plasma血浆4. erythrocyte红细胞5. leukocyte白细胞6. platelet count血小板计数7. megakaryocyte巨核细胞8. hematocrit血细胞比容9. hemoglobin血红蛋白10. diffuse扩散，弥漫11. granulocyte粒细胞12. osmotic pressure渗透压13. phagocytosis吞噬作用14. interferon干扰素15. systemic circulation体循环16. pulmonary circulation肺循环17. deoxygenated blood去氧血18. tricuspid valve三尖瓣19. pulmonic valve肺动脉瓣20. aortic valve主动脉瓣21. tachycardia心动过速22. bradycardia心动过缓23. systole心缩期24. diastole心舒期Unit 8 Text A Words & Phrases1. atrium心房2. ventricle心室3. mitral / bicuspid valve二尖瓣4. semilunar valve半月瓣5. endocardium心内膜6. myocardium心肌7. epicardium心外膜8. pericardium心包(膜)9. pulmonary trunk肺动脉干10. stethoscope听诊器11. murmur (心脏)杂音,12. pacemaker cell P细胞(起搏细胞)13. sinus /sinoatrial node窦房结14. atrioventricular node房室结15. aorta主动脉16. common carotid artery颈总动脉17. artery动脉18. capillary毛细血管19. superior / inferior vena cava上腔静脉/下腔静脉。

医学词汇复习提纲（Chapter 4-7）Chapter Four Word formation of Medical TermsSeven types of word formation1.affixationposition3.conversion4.blending5.backformation6.clipping7.a cronymAffixationsemantically orientedadd new meaning without changing the part of speech 1.autograft 自体（身）移植物auto- self2.graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ,surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part toreplace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 3.Isograft 同系移植物,同基因移植物(identicaltwinsiso- equal; uniformisoantibodyisoantigenisoconcentrationisotonic4.allograft（同种）异体移植物,异基因移植=homograftallo- Other; differentallogenous异源的,异生的allosome异染色体,异形染色体5.xenograft 异种移植物= heterograftxeno- strange; foreign; differentxenophobiaxenophthalmia异物性眼炎6.Intracranialintra- within7.antiallergenicanti- against 、allergenic 引起过敏的antineoplastic // neoplastic ,瘤形成的8.Restenosisre- again, backStenosis: A constriction or narrowing of a duct or passage; a stricture9.asymptomatica- withoutsymptomatic: pertaining to symptom10.Nondiabetic // non- not1.hyperlipidemiahyper- more than normal or necessarylipid- lipid, fat(h)em- blood-ia abnormal condition2.h eterogeneoushetero- other; differentgeneous: of kind or typesuffixationbasically class-changingchange the part of speech×immuneimmunityimmunizeimmunization×eradicationspecificitysensitivitysuckling (suck + -ling: One that is young, small, or inferior) = A young mammal that has not been weanedPatterns of affixationprefix + rootinjectin- (into) + jec(t)- (to throw)put material into a particular location, often using a syringe prefix + combining vowel + rootEctoderm the outer laver of the embryoect- (outside) + derm- (skin)Cf. Mesoderm; endodermroot +suffixstasissta- ( to stand) + -sis (a condition of),slowing of fluid movement, such as the blood circulation root + combining vowel + suffixsclerosisscler- ( to harden) + -sis ( a condition of),hardening or stiffening of a tissueprefix + root + suffixperirenal:peri- (around) + ren- ( kidney) + -al (pertaining to) located around the kidneyprefix + root + combining vowel + suffix synarthrosissyn- (together) + arthr- (joint) + -sis ( a condition of) immobilization of a joint by fusion不动关节prefix + prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix contraindicationcontra- (against) + in- (toward) + dic(t)- (to speak) + -tion (the action or process involved)a condition that precludes using a drugroot + root + suffixsialadenitissial- (saliva) + aden- (gland) + -itis (an inflammatory condition)inflammation of a salivary glandroot + combining vowel + root + suffix hemophiliahemo- (blood) + phil- (beloved, loving) + -ia (pathological or abnormal condition)any of several hereditary blood-coagulation disordersprefix + root + root + suffixhyperglycemiahyper- (excessive) + glyc- (sweet) + (h) em- (blood) -ia (condition)the presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.Compositionjoining two or more wordscompound wordopen compound : made up of two or more words written separately×sleeping sickness×brain death×family planning×birth controlDifferences between an open compound and a noun phrase: Semantica red coat a redder coatPhonetica ‵green room a green‵roome.g. scarlet feverA hyphenated compoundconsists of two or more words connected by a hyphen high-resolution1.host-specific寄主专化的,寄主专一性的2.deaf-mute3.air-borne×bottle-feed×graft-versus-host移植物抗宿主A solid compoundconsists of two words written as one word1.windpipe2.sleepwalk3.overweight4.nosebleedNeo-classic compoundcoined from elements of the classical languages (Latin and Greek)1.Biocide 生物杀灭剂2.Lysosome 溶酶体3.Bacteriophobia4.Biophysics5.Chemotherapy6.Psych(o)analysisconversionemail“Can I have your e-mail address in case I need to e-mail you. stentEnglish dentist, Charles R. Stent (1845-1901)1. a device used to support a bodily orifice or cavity during skin grafting or to immobilize a skin graft following placement2. a slender thread, rod, or catheter inserted into a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel, to provide support during or after anastomosis (吻合术).“A new gamma radiation treatment intended to prevent stented arteries from renarrowing was approved by the FDA last year for widespread use.”love (v.>n.)taste (v.>n.)smell (v.>n.)skin (n.>v.)plaster (n.>v.)石膏，膏药mask (n.>v.)faint (adj.>v.)empty (adj.>v.)blendingas chortle 哈哈大笑from snort (呼哧声) plus chuckle (咯咯叫) — the -ort- of the first being surrounded by the ch-. . .-le of the secondbrunch, from breakfast plus lunchformed by blending parts of two words (or more)three major patterns are defined×part + part×whole + part×part + wholepart + partgenome (gene + chromosome)autocide (automobile + suicide)chunnel (channel + tunnel)Cremains骨灰(cremate + remains)whole + partbreathalyzer (breath + analyzer)lunarnaut (lunar + astronaut)part + wholeMedicaid (medical + aid)medicare (medical + care)medichair (medical + chair)paramedic (parachute + medic)backformationthe original name for a type of fruit was cherise, but some thought that word sounded plural, so they began to use what they believed to be a singular form, cherry, and a new word was born. The creation of the verb enthuse from the noun enthusiasm is also an example of a back-formationverbs are made from existing nouns by deleting seeming or imagined affix1.chain-smoke from chain-smoker2.eavesdrop from eavesdropping3.babysit from babysitter4.automate from automation5.donate from donationOther backformed medical terms1.diagnose from diagnosis2.ovulate from ovulation3.palpitate from palpitation4.injure from injury5.contracept from contraception6.transcript from transcription7.psychoanalyze from psychoanalysis.exceptions that involve other part of speech are not rare1.paramedic from paramedical,2.pathogen from pathogenic3.gloom from gloomy4.carcinogen (1936) from carcinogenic (1926)clippingshorteninga word is shorten by clipping off part of the word without change in its meaning and word class1.flu of influenza2.polio of poliomyelitis 小儿麻痹症3.psych of psychology4.quack of quacksalver 庸医5.Docb7.Fig.8.Vet9.Veg10.Pro11.HypoacronymAn acronym: a word coined from the initial letters of a group words in a title or phrase1.CT (computerized tomography)2.RBC (red blood cell)3. C.C (chief complain)4.BMR (basal metabolic rate)5. B.P (blood pressure)6.G.P (general practitioner)7.N.P (nurse practitioner)Some acronyms: mostly composed of the initial letter of the word plus the first letter of other componentsTB (tuberculosis)OD (overdose)IV (intravenous)NP (neuropsychiatry)神经精神医学those not formed from modern English but from Latin or Greek1. b.i.d (bis in die = twice a day)2. b.i.n (bis in nocte = twice a night)3.t.i.d (ter in die = three time a day)4. a.c (ante cibum = before meal)5.p.c. (post cibum = after meal)6.O.D. (oculus dexter = right eye)7.O.S. (oculus sinister = left eye)8.p.r.n. (pro re nata = as needed)9.q.h (quaque hora = every hour)Acronyms? Initials?AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome LASER =light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationMRI magnetic resonance imagingForming new words by analogy a process whereby a new word is coined by analogy between the newly created one and an existing corresponding one1.myalgia < neuralgia2.proteomics < genomics3.retrogress < progress4.pandemic <epidemicChapter Five Roots and Combining FormsSpecialty & Specialist1.operationsurgery surgeon2.anesthetic technologyanesthesiologyanaesthesiologyanesthesiologist (A physician who specializes in anesthesiology) 麻醉学家anesthetistA person who is specially trained to administeranesthetics 麻醉师3.bloodhematology hematologist1.boneosteopathy 疗骨术, 整骨术; 骨病osteopathistosteology 骨学2.osteologist 骨(骼)学家3.orthopedist 矫形外科医师oste/o- (Gr. osteon) bone1.osteoblast造骨细胞2.osteoclast 破骨细胞3.periosteum (pl. periosteums, -tea [-tiE])骨膜4.osteopathy疗骨术, 整骨术; 骨病arthr/o- (Gr. arthron) joint （关节）1.arthroplasty 关节造形术, 关节形成术2.arthritis 关节炎3.arthrosis关节，关节病4.arthralgia 关节痛braincerebrology cerebrologistcerebr/o- (L. ) cerebrum, brain1.cerebrosclerosis 脑硬化2.cerebrospinal 脑脊髓的3.cerebrovascular 脑血管的4.What is CV A?1.[=cardiovascular accident]心血管意外[=cerebrovascular accident]脑血管意外2.crani/o- (L. cranium; Gr. kranion) skull3.craniectom 部分颅骨切除术4.craniotomy 颅骨切开术，穿颅术，破颅术5.pericranium 颅骨膜cause or origin of diseaseetiology (aetiology) 病因学etiologistear/nose/throatotorhinolaryngologyotorhinolaryngologistENT[=ear(s),nose,and throat] Physicianot- (Gr. ōtos) ear1.otosclerosis 耳硬化症2.otoscope 耳镜3.otorrhea 耳漏(耳液溢)4.otology 耳科学5.otolaryngology 耳鼻喉科学rhin/o- (Gr. rhís, rhinós) noserhinitis 鼻(粘膜)炎rhinorrhea (=rhinorrhoea) 鼻液溢rhinology 鼻科学otorhinolaryngology 耳鼻喉科学laryng/o- (L. nāsus) larynx, voice box laryngitis 喉炎eyeophthalmologyophthalmologist or oculist or eye doctor but not Opticianocul/o- (Gr. oculus ) eyeocular眼睛的, 视觉的oculomotor 眼球运动的; 动眼的monocular单眼的ophthalm/o- (Gr. ophthalmos) eye ophthalmologist 眼科专家, 眼科医师ophthalmometer检眼计, (眼)屈光计ophthalmoscope 眼膜曲率镜, 检眼(屈光)镜ophthalmia,-mitis 眼炎; 结膜炎opt/o- (Gr. optos) visible; vision or sight optician眼镜商optic眼的; 视力的; 视觉的embryoembryology embryologistfootpodology or podiatry but not pedicure足疗podologist or podiatrist but not pedicure / pedicurist ped/o- (L. pes, pedis) foot = pod-pedopathy 脚病pedal足的, 脚的; 脚踏的pedestrian 步行的pedicure 脚病治疗pod/o- (Gr. pous, podos) footpodagra [足痛风，痛风的podiatry 足病学; 足医术children’s medicinepedology or pediatricspedologist or pediatrician or pediatristheartcardiology cardiologistcardi/o- (Gr. kardiā) heartcardiant心兴奋剂cardiogram 心电图myocarditis 心肌炎pericardium 心包; 心包膜, 围心膜angi/o- (Gr. aggeîon) vessel （脉管）angiotomy 血管切开angitis 脉管炎, 血管炎, 淋巴管炎angiocardiogram心血管照片angialgia血管痛lymph/o- (L. lympha (water)) lymph lymphocyte 淋巴细胞intestineenterology enterologistenter(o)- intestineEnterovirusParenteral and Enteral Nutrition非经肠和经肠营养kidneynephrology nephrologistnephr/o- (Gr. nephros) kidneynephrogenic肾原性的,肾发生的nephritic 肾的; 肾病的nephrosis 肾(变)病nephritis 肾炎nephroid 肾形的nephridium 肾, 肾管pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎nephropyelitis 肾盂肾炎glomerulonephritis 肾小球性肾炎ren/o- (L. renis) kidneyreniform 肾脏形的renography 肾X线照相术, 肾造影照片rennin 肾素renculus 肾小叶ur/o, urin/o- (Gr. ouron) urineuremia尿毒症urochrome 尿色素urinometer 尿比重计liverhepatology hepatologisthepat/o- (Gr. hēpatos) liverhepatatrophy肝萎缩hepatitis 肝炎heparin 肝素hepatology 肝脏病学, 肝脏学hepatectomy 肝切除术hepatocele 肝脏脱出hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatomegaly 肝肿大hepatopexy 肝固定术hepatoptosis 肝下垂lungpneumology pneumologistcost/o- (L. costa) ribcostectomy肋骨切除术costalgia肋骨疼痛precostal 在肋骨前的subcostal 肋下的sternocostal 胸肋的; 胸骨锁骨的pleur/o- (Gr. pleurá) pleura （胸膜）pleurodynia 胸膜痛pleuritispleurocentesisstern/o- (Gr. sternon (breast)) sternum sternoschisis 胸骨裂thorac/o- (Gr. thrombos) thorax or chest thoracotomy 胸廓切开术; 开胸术pneumothorax 气胸hemathorax 血胸protothorax 前胸pyothorax 脓胸mechanism of diseasepathology pathologistpath- diseasehepatic encephalopathy hepatocerebral diseaseHCD=HEmedicine×pharmacology×pharmacologist 药理学家×pharmaceutics 配药学, 制药学preparing and dispensing drugs×pharmaceutist 药师, 药剂师×pharmacist 配药者, 药剂师×druggist or chemist×pharmacodynamics 药效学×pharmacokinetics药物(代谢)动力学mental processes and behavior psychology psychologistpsychiatry 精神病学, 精神病治疗法psychiatristpsycho- mindPsychogeriatrics 老年精神病学psychoacoustic 心理声学的,心理听觉的nerveneurology neurologistneur/o- (Gr. neuron) nerveneurocyte 神经细胞neurosis 神经(机能)病; 神经精神病neuroblast 成神经细胞neuralgia 神经痛radiationradiology radiologistskindermatology dermatologistcutane- (L. cutis) skinsubcutaneous皮下的dermat/o-, derm/o- (Gr. dermatos) skin dermatology 皮肤病学dermalaxia 皮肤软化dermatitis 皮肤炎, 皮炎hypodermic?epitheli/o- epithelium （上皮）epithelioma 上皮瘤stomachgastrology gastrologistgastr/o- (Gr. gastēr) stomach gastrointestinal 胃与肠的gastrohydrorrhea 胃液溢, 胃溢水gastrotomy 胃切开术, 胃造口术gastrolith 胃结石, 胃石gastroenterology : stomach and intestine gastroenterologisttissuehistology histologistchondr/o- (chondros) cartilage （软骨）chondrification软骨化chondrodystrophia 软骨营养障碍chondrosarcoma 软骨肉瘤fibr/o- (L. fibra) fiberfibromyositis纤维肌炎my/o- (Gr. mys) musclemyoatrophy 肌萎缩amyotonia肌弛缓; 肌罕张缺乏myocardium 心肌(层) dermatomyositis 皮肌炎toothdentistry dentistgeriodontics ? 老年牙科学denture ? 托牙,牙列periodontitis ? 牙周炎tumoroncology oncologistvirusvirology virologistfemale diseasesgynecology / gynaecology gynecologist / gynaecologistmamm/o-，mast/o- (Gr. mammē) breast mammoplasty乳房成形术mastectomy 乳房切除手术mastotomy乳房切开术mammogram 乳房X线照片childbirth and perinatal careobstetrics obstetrician hormonesendocrinology endocrinologistaden/o- (Gr. adēn) gland （腺）adenocarcinoma 腺癌adenectomy 腺切除术，增殖腺切除术adenofibroma腺纤维瘤adenositis 腺炎adenosis 腺病legal medicineforensic medicine 法医学forensic expert or medical examineror medicolegal physicianrecoveryrehabilitation / physiotherapist理疗学家中西医TCM and Western Med expertChapter Six PrefixesAn English Case History×PC = Presenting Complaint 主诉4-hour crushing retrosternal chest painretro- (P037)Backward, or located behinda retrospective studyretrograde amnesia 逆行性遗忘ante(ro)- (P036)anterograde amnesia顺行性遗忘×HPC = History of Presenting Complaint 现病史发病：胸骨后压榨性疼痛４小时，向颈与双臂放射，5-10分钟内逐渐起病Onset: 4 hours of “crushing tight” retrosternal chest pain, radiating to neck and both arms, gradual onset over 5-10 minutes.×Duration : persistent since onset持续时间/间期：发病起持续至今×Severity : worst pain ever had严重程度：从未痛得如此厉害过×Relieving / exacerbating factors 缓解与恶化因素GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) provided no relief although normally relieves pain in minutes, no other relieving/exacerbating factors. 硝酸甘油(三硝酸甘油脂)平时能在数分钟内缓解疼痛，但本次无效，无其它缓解和恶化因素。

neuron / neuronal overload（神经过载）a typical office visit（典型的诊所就诊）DEXA scan（DEXA扫描）medical practice（行医）mammogram report（乳房X-线检查报告）Physical examination（体检）side-effects of a medication（药物的副作用）blood pressure control（血压控制）health maintenance（健康保持）perpetual panic（永久的恐慌）practicing physicians（执业医生）transplant field（移植领域）medical budget（医疗预算）paracetamol tablet（扑热息痛药片）childproof cap（防孩子打开的盖子）randomized clinical trial（随机临床试验）random allocation（随机分配）patient prognosis（病人的预后）Control group（对照组）a 10-year follow-up study（10年的跟踪研究）a medical ward（内科病房）infectious hepatitis（传染性肝炎）severe malaise（身体严重不适）bilirubin metabolism（胆红素代谢）permanent liver damage（永久的肝损伤）exacerbate pathophysiology（加重病理生理状况）medical literature（医学文献）clinical investigation（临床调查）metabolism of relapse（复发率）clinical epidemiology（临床流行病学）strict bed rest（严格的卧床休息）hospital stay（住院）recurrent jaundice（反复发作的黄疸）clinical course（临床病程）Intravenous morphine（静脉注射吗啡）Diastolic blood pressure（舒张压）Brain perfusion（大脑血灌注）Primary care（初级保健）aorto-coronary arterial bypass（主动脉冠状动脉旁路）informed treatment decision（知情治疗决定）a health crisis (健康危机)Physical symptoms(身体症状)energy and vitality(能量和活力)be completely immune from sth.(完全免疫)Virus of falseness(虚假的病毒)Stressful lifestyle(有压力的生活方式)Robust emotion(健全的感情)Fragile health(脆弱的健康)to balance our mind, body, and spirit(平衡心理，身体和精神) Spiritual life(精神生活)the blockages to wellness(通向身心健康的“路障”) Repressed emotions(被压抑的感情)Genuine feelings and emotions(真情实感)Physiological influences(心理影响)Fully integrated human beings(十全十美的人)Decaying teeth(蛀牙)Nutrition professor(营养教授)Burgeoning waistline(迅速膨胀的腰围)Bottled water(瓶装水)Caloric intake(热量摄入)to curb appetite(节制食欲)grains and protein (谷物和蛋白质)Childhood obesity (儿童肥胖症)Lean protein (精益蛋白质)Dietary habits (饮食习惯)Quality of life (生活质量)Diary category (乳制品类)prevention of diabetes (糖尿病的预防)Sodium content (钠的含量)停止使用呼吸机并停药/停止治疗withdraw life-support machines and medications / treatmenta nursing station (护士站)life-support machines (生命维持系统)comfort measures(舒适护理措施)to withdraw treatment (停止治疗)paternalistic decision-making process(家长式决策程序) patient empowerment (给病人授权)medical ethicists (医学伦理学家)Ethical principles (伦理准则)clinical ideal (临床理念)patient-centered care (以病人为中心的护理)patient autonomy (病人自主权)treatment options (治疗选择)Exclusive purview(专属领域)emergency decisions (紧急情况下做的决定)Physician restraint (对医生的限制)anxiety and confusion (焦虑与困惑)ethical transgression (违背伦理)family practice (家庭医疗)widespread metastases (广泛转移)Aggressive treatment (积极治疗)primary lesion (原发病灶)to recommend follow-up (建议随访)Electronic record (电子病历)pulmonary emboli (肺栓塞)computerized tomography (CT, 计算机断层扫描)bilateral infiltrates (双侧浸润)a(n)chest X-ray (X线胸片)left lower-lobe pneumonia (左下叶肺炎)labored breathing (呼吸困难)the hospice team (临终关怀团队)chronic illness (慢性病)psychosocial aspects (社会心理学领域)evidence-based guidelines (询证临床指南)to implement a plan of care(实施治疗方案)The surge of adrenaline (肾上腺素激增）A(n) autoimmune disease（自体免疫）Transient weakness（短暂的虚弱）A building block（基本构件）To slow neurodegeneration（减缓神经退化）To optimize nutrition（优化营养）The risk of relapse（复发危险）A clinical trial（临床试验）Physical therapist（理疗师）Brain function（脑功能）Coordination of emotions（情绪协调）Feelings of rapport（亲密感觉）Emotional contagion（情绪传染）A（n）psychobiological unit（生物心理单元）Funcitional magnetic resonance imaging（功能性磁共振成像）To make it mandatory（使之成为强制性）Medical background（医学背景）Dose regimen（剂量方案）anti-tumor agents（抗肿瘤的药剂）Pharmacological properties（药理学药性）In vivo pharmacology（体内药理学）An internal medicine residency（内科实习期）Loss of stamina（丧失持久力）Becoming bedridden（卧床不起）An animal model（动物模型）To excrete toxins（排除毒素）Toxic load（毒素载量）Physician self-experimentation（医生自我试验）Neuromuscular electrical stimulation（神经肌肉电刺激）The impact of micronutrient（微量营养素的影响）Track the emotional flow（跟踪情绪波动）Cardiovascular reactions（心血管反应）Rapid synchronization（迅速同步）To mutually regulate（互相调节）Emotional solace（情感慰藉）To activate brain zones（激活该脑部区域）A（n）dubious project（无把握的项目）Proof of concept（概念验证）Complication or concomitant conditions（并发症与合并症）Standard therapy（标准疗法）Poor solubility（溶解性差）…that one stray request from a patient—even one that is quite relevant—might send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down.如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然崩塌一样。