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语言学概论第四章语法PPT课件

语言学概论第四章语法PPT课件

的语法规则又有着自己的系统，各种具体的规则之间是
互相联系的。
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语法单位
（一）语素
具体语言中特定语音与语义相结合的最小的结构单位 1.特点：（1）音义结合体。
（2）最小的结构单位。 （3）构词的备用单位→不能独立进入句子 2.语素与词的区别： （1）音义结合体→最小，不可再分 （2）结构单位→构词单位/造句单位
语法的构成（语法单位）
语法手段和语法范畴 语法的发展演变
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语法的性质
一、语法的定义 （一）语法是一套规则系统， 语言单位的组合结构和制约关系。语法就是词的 构成、变化的规则和用词造句的规则，是语言在 其长期发展过程中形成的，这种规则是客观存在 于一种语言之中，说这种语言的全体成员必须共 同遵守。语法规则主要是指组合规则和聚合规则。 聚合规则是指语法单位的归类和变化的规则—— 潜存的。 组合规则包括词法和句法——现实的
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二、语法的性质
1.抽象性： 规律规则隐含在句子中→无数句子模式的
抽象概括 2.生成性
大的复杂的结构是由小的简单的结构逐层组合而成的→有限 的规则生成无限句子。如：花…牡丹花……院子里的牡丹花…老 王院子里的牡丹花+开……已经开了……已经开了几天了
3.稳固性：千百年沿用，很少改变。主+谓+宾
4.系统性： 不同的语言有不同的语法规则，同一语言
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2、语言学与外语的关系密切
借助语言理论知识→比较学习→提高学习技巧和外语水平
如：woman eats→women eat
语法关系的一致性
it/he/she is；I am；you are think、looked、an actor
语流音变
英语“think”——舌尖中音[n]的发音是[ŋ]

精讲-第四章 语言的结构规则——语法

精讲-第四章 语言的结构规则——语法

一些公认的习惯和规则，语言的习惯和规则，或者说组词造句
的规则，就是“语法”。
第四章，我们将要学习语言的结构规则——“语法”！
本章知识结构
第四章 语言的结构 规则——语法 第一节 语 法概说
1.什么是语法 2.语法的性质和特点 3.语法和其他语言现象的 关系
第二节 语法现 象和语法研究
1.语法研究的 范围和目的 2.语法研究的 角度和现象
三、语法和其他语言现象的关系
（二）语法和语汇 语汇是指语言中使用的词语。包括词语的意义、用法和类别等
。词语的意义和用法往往会影响到语法，因为某些特定词语会
造成语法上的差异。比如“长2米”和“短2米”，前句是两个 意思两种结构（主谓：长度是2米／动宾：长出了2米），而后 一句只是-个意思和一种结构（动宾：短少了2米）。这种意义 和结构区别就是因为“长、短”这对词语只要“长”才具有“
语言学概论
新版高等教育自学考试教材 《语言学概论》配套讲义
第四章 语言的结构规则——语法
主讲人：林刚老师
本章导学
问题：平常说话需要思考说出的话是否符合规则？ 有的说：不需要，往往脱口而出。（语言获得-母语）
有的说：需要思考规则，尤其是讲外语时。（语言习得-外语）
就像下棋必须遵循一定的规则一样，人们说话的时候必须遵守
第一节 语法概说
本节学习要点
1.语法规则是说本族语的直觉知识，是本族人在使用语言 过程中形成的一种共同的“语感”。
2.语法规则具有的共同性质和特点：高度的抽象性、强大
的递归性、严密的系统性、相对的稳定性。
3.语法规则和其他语言要素，如语音、语汇、修辞、语境
、逻辑等，都互相联系和相互制约。
一、什么是语法

语言学纲要(徐通锵版)第四章讲义

语言学纲要(徐通锵版)第四章讲义

Chapter FourGrammar—From Word to TextContents1.Grammatical Introduction2.Syntagmatic rules3.Paradigmatic rules4.Transformation5.Linguistic Type in Structurerules•The use of language,like games,has its own rules.To play the games well,you should know the rules.•Words,word groups and phrases,and clauses cannot occur at random,they have to follow certain rules of ordering.1.Grammatical Introduction1.1Syntax•Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.•On the level of syntax,we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and its internal properties.-The external syntax of a construction refers to anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts.-The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction's"make-up",with the terms such as"subject,predicate,object,determiner,noun".语法概说根据研究的需要，从不同角度对语法现象进行切分1.词法和句法(morphology&syntax)这是传统语法学提出的一种切分方法。

语言学chapter4PPT课件

语言学chapter4PPT课件
Language is linear and hierarchical. We can analyze language from its largest level to the smallest level, that is from its construction to its constituents by means of substitutability and expansion. The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents. The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis(IC).
Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
.
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4.5: A grammar which analyzes

语言学第四章 ppt课件

语言学第四章 ppt课件
代关系 – relations of co-occurrence同
性关系
语言学第四章
• EX:
• The _______ smiles.
•
man
•
boy
•
girl
语言学第四章
4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability
• 替代关系 • The Relation of Substitutability
• , and Paradigmatic Relations （聚合关系） by Hjemslev(丹麦语言学家,哥本哈根学派的 创始人和主要理论家 ).To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations（垂直关系） or Choice Relations.
语言学第四章
On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and internal properties.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.
语言学第四章
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.(词的单位）

chapter 4戴炜栋语言学

chapter 4戴炜栋语言学

Complements
---- Complements themselves can be a phrase, they provide information abut entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head, e.g. a story about a sentimental girl; There can be no complement, one complement, or more than one complement in a phrase, e.g. appear, break, put…; a sentence-like construction may also function as a complement such as in “I believed that she was innocent. I doubt if she will come. They are keen for you to show up.” That/if /for are complementizers, the clau ses introdu ced b y co mpl emen tiz e rs are complement clause.
Phrase elements
Specifier
Head
complement
Specifiers
---- Semantically, specifiers make more precise the meaning of the head; syntactically, they typically mark a phrase boundary. Specifiers can be determiners as in NP, qulifiers as in VP and degree words as in AP.

语言学概论课程讲义目录及部分课程讲义

语言学概论课程讲义目录及部分课程讲义《语言学概论》课程目录第一章语言和语言研究第一节语言和语言学一、语言的内涵与外延二、语言的若干属性三、语言学第二节语言功能一、社会文化方面的功能二、心理方面功能第三节语言历史一、语言起源二、语言分化三、语言的接触和融合四、语言发展的原因和特点第四节西方语言学简史一、传统语言学二、历史比较语言学三、现代语言学四、当代语言学第二章语言结构第一节语言的结构系统一、语言的层级与层面二、语言结构的共性和个性三、语言结构类型第二节语音一、语音和语音学二、音素和音位三、语音特征四、语音组合第三节语义一、语义和语义学二、语义单位三、义素分析四、语义场五、语义的组合第四节语汇一、语汇和语汇学二、语汇层级三、语汇聚类四、语汇构成第五节语法一、语法和语法学二、语法形式和语法意义三、词类四、短语五、句子六、语段第三章语言运用第一节言语交际一、语言运用与语用学二、言语交际的过程三、言语交际的原则四、言语交际的制约因素第二节言语行为一、言语行为的概念二、言语行为的类型三、间接言语行为第三节话语表达和话语理解一、话语表达二、话语理解第四节交际变体和语用对策一、交际变体二、语言交际障碍三、社会语用对策第四章语言学习第一节第一语言获得一、第一语言获得理论二、儿童语言的发展第二节第二语言获得一、第二语言获得理论二、中介语三、对比分析和偏误分析四、第二语言教学法附录世界语言谱系分类表参考文献语言学概论课程名称：语言和语言研究（一）教学目标：掌握语言的内涵和外延；知识点：语言与言语、口语与书面语、共同语与方言、自然语言与其他符号系统重难点：语言与言语、自然语言与其他符号系统课程内容：第一章语言和语言研究第一节语言和语言学一、语言的内涵与外延（一）语言是什么语言学界至今对语言还没有一个清晰而统一的定义。

因为不同的时代、不同的学派对语言有不同的看法。

一般来说，可以把语言定义为：人类用于交际和思维的最重要的符号系统。

语言学讲义 考研 4 Syntax





Key ① Korean is SOV in its syntax while English
is SVO. ② Korean is agglutinative粘着 in its word formation.Different linguistic elements, each of which exists separately and has a fixed meaning, are joined to form one word. ③ In Korean, a question is formed by using mu □ s- □ l (What-OM) in the middle of a S and a question marker at the end of the S without the inversion or aux-insertion as in English.
What I want to emphasize is this. We should never pretend to know what we don‘t know.
The compound-complex sentence Ellipsis is a common feature in English, but in many
Language types
SVO: English, French, Swahili, Hausa, Thai VSO: Tagalog, Irish, (Classical) Arabic, (Biblical) Hebrew SOV: Turkish, Japanese, Persian, Georgian OVS: Apalai (Brazil), Barasano (Colombia), Panare (Venezuela) OSV: Apurina and Xavante (Brazil) VOS: Cakchiquel (Guatemala), Huave

胡壮麟语言学讲义第四章(复习)Chapter Four Morphology

Chapter 4 MorphologyT eaching aims: let the students have a brief knowledge about morphemes and the basic word-formation methodsFocal points: definition and classification of morphemes; major word-formation methodsTeaching procedure：The outline of the chapter:1 Morphology1.1 concept p521.2 word1.2.1 concept1.2.2 identification P571.2.3 classification2 Morpheme2.1 Concept: P52.2.2 Types of Morpheme2.2.1 Free morphemes and Bound morphemes:2.2.2 Root, affix and stem(P 53)2.2.3 Inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme(P63)3 Internal structure of words3.1 mono-morphemic words3.2 poly- morphemic words3.3 compounds4 Word formation4.1 Major ways to create new words:4.2 Minor ways to create new words:1 Morphology1.1 concept p521.2 word571.2.1 concept1) wordWord is a typical grammatical unit between morpheme and word group. e.g. It is kind of you ,Miss Hou. Every word plays a grammatical part in the sentence.2)lexical items see p571.2.2 identification P57(how to recognize words?)1）stability2) relative uninterruptibility3) a minimum free form1.2.3 classification1.2.3.1 words1) Variable vs. invariable words(1) criterion: whether they have inflective changes(2) classification: variable vs. invariable words2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words(1) criterion: whether they work for constructinggroup,phrase…, or referring to substance…(2) classification: grammatical words vs. lexical words3)Content words vs. function words(1) criterion: whether they carry the main content(2) classification: content words vs. function words4) Closed-class words vs. open-class words(1) criterion: whether their membership is limited or unlimited(2) classification: Closed-class words vs. open-class words1.2.3.2 word class(1) criterion: classify words by grouping them into classesaccording to their formal similarities(2) classification: 2 classes; 9 classes; 13 classes2 Morpheme2.1 Concept: P61.2.2 Types of Morpheme2.2.1 Free morphemes and Bound morphemes1) criterion: whether they may ocurr alone2) types(1) Free morphemes : morphemes which may constitute wordsby themselves(2) Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used bythemselves, but must be combined with other morphemes toform words2.2.2 Root, affix and stem(P 62)1) root2) affix3) stem2.2.3 Inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme(P63)3 Internal structure of words3.1 mono-morphemic words3.2 poly- morphemic words3.3 compounds4 Word formation4.1 Major ways to create new words:1) Compounding: a process of combining two or more words intoone lexical unit.blackboard godfather baby-sit cross-cultural2)Derivation: the process by which new words are formed by theaddition of affixes to the roots or words. e.g.finalize widen hospitalize clockwise (顺时针)3)Conversion( Class shift)4.2 Minor ways to create new words:1) invention2)Blending : a process of forming a new word by combiningparts of other words.smog(smoke+fog); brunch smaze(smog+haze);telecast(television+ broadcast); motel (motor +hotel)3)Clipping: a shortened form of a word or phrase which representsthe complete form.e.g. TV(television) Dr(doctor) hr(hour) ft(foot or feet)clipping: a kind of abbreviation of longer words or phrasese.g. telephone---phone memorandum---memoelectronic mail---e-mail high fidelity---hi-fi4)Acronym: a word created by combining the initial letters of anumber of words.e.g. UNESCO APEC Sars CD laser radar (radio detectingand ranging) Initialism: VOA BBC WTO5)Back-formation: a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.televise (from television) donate (from donation) enthuse (from enthusiasm)6)Borrowing: the taking over of words from other languages。

语言学概论讲义(按章节整理)

导言部分一、语言学：以语言为研究对象的科学、研究探索语言的本质、结构和发展规律。

二、语言的三大发源地：中国、印度、希腊－罗马三、小学：小学是我国古代语文学的统称，由训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成。

四、语言交际的过程：编码－发送－传递－接受－解码五个阶段。

五、根据研究对象的不同把语言学分为专语语言学和普通语言学。

五、1共时语言学：以同时的静态分析的方法、研究语言相对静止的状态。

描写分析语言在某一个时期、某一个阶段的状况，时从横的方面研究语言。

（如现代汉语、当代英语）五、2历时语言学：从历时的、动态的角度研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵的方面研究语言的历史。

（如汉语史）五、3专语语言学：又称具体语言学、个别语言学，是以一种或几种有联系的语言为研究对象，研究某一语言的结构。

五、4普通语言学：以人类一般语言为研究对象，研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律，是综合众多语言研究成果而建立起来的。

五、5现代语言学之父：瑞士索绪尔代表作《普通语言学教程》六、语言学流派：1历史比较语言学：是比较方言或亲属关系语言的这种成系统的差异，重建语言史的一门学科。

历史比较语言学在语言学史上具有重要地位：历史比较语言学，为后来的结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件，它在19世纪进入了系统的研究，是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

历史比较语言学代表人物：初期：丹麦拉斯克；中期：德国施莱歇尔2、结构语言学的分支：布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学派。

美国描写语言学代表人物：布龙菲尔德代表作《语言论》七、语言的三要素：主要是语音、词汇和语义、语法三部分第一章语言的功能第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具一、语言是音义结合的符号系统，是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。

一、1语言的作用：语言是人类社会的交际工具，每个社会无论经济发达还是落后，都必须有属于自己的语言，都离布开语言这个交际工具。

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Sentence maximally free form what about these? He is a lazy man. He is not a lazy man. He is hardly lazy. Hardly can I say he is a lazy man. Is that him? How lazy he is!
Chapter4 syntax
Attention: In terms of syntax, we are primarily concerned with the grammatical structure of a sentence; Whether a word can occupy a certain position in a sentence depends on its grammatical category rather than its meaning ____________________________________________________ Ex. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. This is a very interesting sentence, because it shows that syntax can be separated from semantics___ that form can be separated from meaning. The sentence doesn’t seem to mean anything coherent, but it sounds like an English sentence.
Chapter4 syntax
4.3.1.2 paradigmatic relation Refers to the relations among the members which can be used to replace one another in a specific position in a structure. Ex. A police officer found the puppy in the garden. Your neighbor found the puppy in the garden. This yellow cat found the puppy in the garden. The substituting of one for another will not violate syntactic rules. So the replacing words and the replaced words are said to be in paradigmatic relation. They belong to the same syntactic category.( NP)
4.3 The structural approach 4.3.1 syntactic relations ___ proposed by Saussure and other American structuralists from the structural perspective. 4.3.1.1 syntagmatic relation Refers to the linear grouping of words and phrases within a sentence. There are syntactic and semantic conditions the words must meet. Ex. The boy kicked the ball. The ball kicked the boy. Boy the ball kicked the.
A (sentence)
B I
C learn Chinese and French art
Endocentric structure: with a head or centre Exocentric structure: without a head or centre Coordination Subordinstion
刚才来了个美国人，进到办公室，前台小姐左看右看，大家都在打游戏，只 有面带微笑的迎上去。 前台小姐：“hello.” 美国人：“hi.” 前台小姐：“you have what thing？” 美国人：“can you speak english？” 前台小姐：“if i not speak english，i am speaking what？” 美国人：“can anybody else speak english？” 前台小姐：“you yourself look. all people are playing，no people have time， you can wait， you wait，you not wait，you go！” 美国人：“good heavens. anybody here can speak english？” 从 melody的 qq空间下载 的 空间下载 语法问题，虽然词句都好。 语法问题，虽然词句都好。
IC analysis Cut sentences into two or more segments He //died yesterday. Old women and men I learn Chinese and French art.
I learn Chinese and French art.
Syntactic relations Three kinds Positional relation (word order, syntagmatic relations, chain relations, horizontal relations) Linear/ linearity Relations of substitutability (vertical/choice/paradigmatic relations) Relations of co-occurrence
Chapter Four syntax
维特根斯坦的话：
语言是 “一座由小胡同和广场、新旧房屋以及在不 同时期增建的房屋组成的迷宫”。 --Wittgenstein, L. Philosophical Investigation[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958:82 “语言对每个人都包含着相同的圈套；大量持续的/可 行的/错误的道路网络。” --维特根斯坦，维特根斯坦全集，第12卷，石家 庄：河北教育出版社，2003：47-48
Top-down perspective
Text chapter paragraph sentence group sentence clause phrase word syllable letter/sound
Chapter4 syntax
To grammar, even kings bow.
Grammar Syntax and morphology (syntax, syntactic, syntactical, syntactically)
study of rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases combine to form sentences study of well-formedness of sentences
Howard Lasnik, The human Language: Program 1 _________________________________________________________________
Hale Waihona Puke The sentence above doesn’t make much sense, but it’s syntactically well formed. 4.3.1.3 hierarchical relation
Chapter4 syntax
4.1 what is syntax? The study of sentence formation; how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 4.2 The traditional approach Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. Eg. She has everything a man wants. She wants everything a man has. She wants a man that has everything.
look: two dogs two German dogs
two dogs and three cats (coordination) Two dogs are coming this way Two dogs are coming this way and three cats are jumping onto the roof. (coordination)
He is a lazy man so when he is at home he rarely does any housework.
Simple, compound and complex sentences
Sentence
Statement, constative, representative Question, interrogative, rogative Directive, command, order, request, imperative Exclamation, exclamatory s Declaration, declarative s