外文翻译-基于Android智能家居系统

基于Android操作系统的智能家居系统设计智能家居系统是利用现代科技手段来实现家居设备自动化、智能控制的一种系统。

基于Android操作系统的智能家居系统具有灵活、开放、易于使用等特点，可以通过手机、平板电脑等移动设备进行远程控制，实现家居设备的智能化管理。

本文将介绍基于Android操作系统的智能家居系统的设计思路和关键技术。

一、系统设计思路1. 系统整体架构基于Android操作系统的智能家居系统整体架构主要包括硬件平台、智能家居设备、网络通信模块、远程控制APP以及云端服务等组成部分。

硬件平台包括智能设备控制主机、传感器、执行器等，负责实现家居设备的智能控制；智能家居设备包括智能灯具、智能插座、智能家电等，作为被控制的对象；网络通信模块负责实现设备之间、设备与控制终端之间的通信；远程控制APP用于用户远程操作家居设备；云端服务负责存储用户数据和远程控制指令等。

2. 智能控制算法智能控制算法是智能家居系统的关键技术之一，其主要作用是根据用户的需求和环境情况，自动调节家居设备的工作状态。

智能控制算法可以包括定时控制、传感器控制、条件触发控制等多种方式，根据不同的应用场景来选择合适的控制算法。

3. 安全性设计智能家居系统中涉及到用户的隐私和数据安全，因此安全性设计是至关重要的。

在系统设计过程中，需要充分考虑数据加密、用户身份验证、权限管理等安全机制，以保障用户数据和隐私的安全。

4. 扩展性设计智能家居系统需要具有良好的扩展性，可以支持不同厂商的智能设备接入和不同协议的通信，以满足用户多样化的需求。

系统设计需要考虑统一的通信协议、开放的接口规范等，以便于各种设备的接入和扩展。

二、关键技术实现1. Android应用开发基于Android操作系统的智能家居系统需要开发相应的手机APP，用于用户远程控制家居设备。

在APP开发过程中，需要实现用户登录、家居设备管理、远程控制等功能，同时还需要考虑用户界面的友好性和交互体验。

附录1：外文原文What Is Android?It can be said that, for a while, traditional desktop application developers have beenspoiled. This is not to say that traditional desktop application development is easier thanother forms of development. However, as traditional desktop application developers, wehave had the ability to create almost any kind of application we can imagine. I amincluding myself in this grouping because I got my start in desktop programming.One aspect that has made desktop programming more accessible is that we havehad the ability to interact with the desktop operating system, and thus interact with anyunderlying hardware, pretty freely (or at least with minimal exceptions). This kind offreedom to program independently, however, has never really been available to thesmall group of programmers who dared to venture into the murky waters of cell phonedevelopment.For a long time, cell phone developers comprised a small sect of a slightly larger group of developers known as embedded device developers. Seen as a less “glamorous” sibling to desktop—and later web—development, embedded device development typically got the proverbial short end of the stick as far as hardware and operating system features, because embedded device manufacturers were notoriously stingy on feature support. Embedded device manufacturers typically needed to guard their hardware secrets closely, so they gave embedded device developers few libraries to call when trying to interact with a specific device. Embedded devices differ from desktops in that an embedded device is typically a “computer on a chip.” For example, consider your standard television remote control; it is not really seen as an overwhelming achievement of technological complexity. When any button is pressed, a chip interprets the signal in a way that has been programmed into the device. This allows the device to know what to expect from the input device (key pad), and how to respond to those commands (for example, turn on the television). This is a simple form of embedded device programming. However, believe it or not, simple devices such as these are definitely related to the roots of early cell phone devices and development.Most embedded devices ran (and in some cases still run) proprietary operating systems. The reason for choosing to create a proprietary operating system rather than use any consumer system was really a product of necessity. Simple devices did not need very robust and optimized operating systems.As a product of device evolution, many of the more complex embedded devices, such as early PDAs, household security systems, and GPSs, moved to somewhat standardized operating system platforms about five years ago. Small-footprintoperating systems such as Linux, or even an embedded version of Microsoft Windows, have become more prevalent on many embedded devices. Around this time in device evolution, cell phones branched from other embedded devices onto their own path. This branching is evident when you examine their architecture.Nearly since their inception, cell phones have been fringe devices insofar as they run on proprietary software—software that is owned and controlled by the manufacturer, and is almost always considered to be a “closed” system. The practice of manufacturers using proprietary operating systems began more out of necessity than any other reason. That is, cell phone manufacturers typically used hardware that was completely developed in-house, or at least hardware that was specifically developed for the purposes of running cell phone equipment. As a result, there were no openly available, off-the-shelf software packages or solutions that would reliably interact with their hardware. Since the manufacturers also wanted to guard very closely their hardware trade secrets, some of which could be revealed by allowing access to the software level of the device, the common practice was, and in most cases still is, to use completely proprietary and closed software to run their devices. The downside to this is that anyone who wanted to develop applications for cell phones needed to have intimate knowledge of the proprietary environment within which it was to run. The solution was to purchase expensive development tools directly from the manufacturer. This isolated many of the “homebrew” develo pers.Another, more compelling “necessity” that kept cell phone development out of the hands of the everyday developer was the hardware manufacturers’ solution to the “memory versus need” dilemma. Until recently, cell phones did little more than execute and receive phone calls, track your contacts, and possibly send and receive short text messages; not really the “Swiss army knives” of technology they are today. Even as late as 2002, cell phones with cameras were not commonly found in the hands of consumers.By 1997, small applications such as calculators and games (Tetris, for example) crept their way onto cell phones, but the overwhelming function was still that of a phone dialer itself. Cell phones had not yet become the multiuse, multifunction personal tools they are today. No one yet saw the need for Internet browsing, MP3 playing, or any of the multitudes of functions we are accustomed to using today. It is possible that the cell phone manufacturers of 1997 did not fully perceive the need consumers would have for an all-in-one device. However, even if the need was present, a lack of device memory and storage capacity was an even bigger obstacle to overcome. More people may have wanted their devices to be all-in-one tools, but manufacturers still had to climb the memory hurdle.To put the problem simply, it takes memory to store and run applications on any device, cell phones included. Cell phones, as a device, until recently did not have the amount of memory available to them that would facilitate the inc lusion of “extra” programs. Within the last two years, the price of memory has reached very low levels.Device manufacturers now have the ability to include more memory at lower prices. Many cell phones now have more standard memory than the average PC had in the mid-1990s. So, now that we have the need, and the memory, we can all jump inand develop cool applications for cell phones around the world, right? Not exactly.Device manufacturers still closely guard the operating systems that run on their devices. While a few have opened up to the point where they will allow some Java-based applications to run within a small environment on the phone, many do not allow this. Even the systems that do allow some Java apps to run do not allow the kind of access to t he “core” system that standard desktop developers are accustomed to having.This barrier to application development began to crumble in November of 2007 whenGoogle, under the Open Handset Alliance, released Android. The Open Handset Allianceis a group of hardware and software developers, including Google, NTT DoCoMo,Sprint Nextel, and HTC, whose goal is to create a more open cell phone environment.The first product to be released under the alliance is the mobile device operatingsystem, Android. (For more information about the Open Handset Alliance, see)With the release of Android, Google made available a host of development toolsand tutorials to aid would-be developers onto the new system. Help files, the platformsoftware development kit (SDK), and even a developers’ community can be found atGoogle’s Android website, /android. This site should be yourstarting point, and I highly encourage you to visit the site.While cell phones running Linux, Windows, and even PalmOS are easy to find, as ofthis writing, no hardware platforms have been announced for Android to run on. HTC, LGElectronics, Motorola, and Samsung are members of the Open Handset Alliance, underwhich Android has been released, so we can only hope that they have plans for a fewAndroid-based devices in the near future. With its release in November 2007, the systemitself is still in a software-only beta. This is good news for developers because it gives usa rare advance look at a future system and a chance to begin developing applications thatwill run as soon as the hardware is released.Android, as a system, is a Java-based operating system that runs on the Linux 2.6 kernel.The system is very lightweight and full featured. Figure 1-1 shows the unmodifiedAndroid home screen.Figure 1-1 The current Android home screen as seen on the Android EmulatorAndroid applications are developed using Java and can be ported rather easily to thenew platform. If you have not yet downloaded Java or are unsure about which version youneed, I detail the installation of the development environment in Chapter 2. Other featuresof Android include an accelerated 3-D graphics engine (based on hardware support),database support powered by SQLite, and an integrated web browser.If you are familiar with Java programming or are an OOP developer of any sort, youare likely used to programmatic user interface (UI) development—that is, UI placementwhich is handled directly within the program code. Android, while recognizing and allowingfor programmatic UI development, also supports the newer, XML-based UI layout. XMLUI layout is a fairly new concept to the average desktop developer. I will cover boththe XML UI layout and the programmatic UI development in the supporting chaptersof this book.One of the more exciting and compelling features of Android is that, because of itsarchitecture, third-party applications—including those that are “home grown”—areexecuted with the same system priority as those that are bundled with the core system.This is a major departure from most systems, which give embedded system apps agreater execution priority than the thread priority available to apps created by third-partydevelopers. Also, each application is executed within its own thread using a verylightweight virtual machine.Aside from the very generous SDK and the well-formed libraries that are availabletous to develop with, the most exciting feature for Android developers is that we now haveaccess to anything the operating system has access to. In other words, if you want tocreate an application that dials the phone, you have access to the phone’s dialer; if youwant to create an application that utilizes the phone’s internal GPS (if equipped), you haveaccess to it. The potential for developers to create dynamic and intriguing applications isnow wide open.On top of all the features that are available from the Android side of the equation,Google has thrown in some very tantalizing features of its own. Developers of Androidapplications will be able to tie their applications into existing Google offerings such asGoogle Maps and the omnipresent Google Search. Suppose you want to write anapplication that pulls up a Google map of where an incoming call is emanating from,or you want to be able to store common search results with your contacts; the doors ofpossibility have been flung wide open with Android.Ask the ExpertQ: What is the difference between Google and the Open Handset Alliance?A: Google is a member of the Open Handset Alliance. Google, after purchasing the originaldeveloper of Android, released the operating system under the Open Handset Alliance.Q: Is Android capable of running any Linux software?A: Not necessarily. While I am sure that there will be ways to get around most any opensource system, applications need to be compiled using the Android SDK to run onAndroid. The main reason for this is that Android applications execute files in a specificformat; this will be discussed in later chapters.Reference：[1]Hello Android. Introdu cing Google’s Mobile Developmeng Platform 3rd.Edition,EdBurnette,The Pragmatic Bookshelf[2]The.Android.Developers.Cookbook Building Applications with the Android SDK,James Steele Nelson,Addison-Wesley[3] Pro Android Media. Developing Graphics,Music,Video and Rich Media Apps for Smartphones and Tablets,Shawn Van Every,Apress[4] Professional.Android.2.Application.Development.(Wrox,.2010,.0470565527)附录2：外文译文什么是Android?可以说，于此同时，传统的桌面应用程序开发人员已经被宠坏了。

附录二外文文献（原文）The basic of description of android system The mainstream of the next generation of open operating systems will not be on the desktop, but will appear in the phone that we carry every day. Open environment will lead these new applications may be integrated into these online services that already exist, of course, as with growing data services on mobile phones support the security flaws on the phone is also becoming increasingly clear. The nature of the next-generation operating system, whether to provide a complete integrated security platform.By the Open Mobile Alliance (open Handset Alliance led by Google) developed the android system is a widely optimistic about an open source phone system, the system provides a basic operating system, a middle ware application layer, a java development tools and a system Application collector (collection of system applications). The android the SDK since 2007 on the release of the first android phone in October 2008 before the birth. Google opened since then on his own time, Taiwan's HTC, the manufacturer of the T-Mobile G1 estimate G1 shipments have more than one million at the end of 2008. According to industry insiders expect the G1 mobile phone sales in 2009 continue. Many other mobile phone suppliers in the near future plans to support this system.Around an android and a huge developer community has been established, while a lot of new products and applications on the android. Android's main selling point is that it enables developers to seamlessly expand online services to mobile phones. This is the most obvious example is Google's tightly integrated with Gmail, Calendar and Contacts Web applications through the system. Users only need to provide an android user name and password, the phone automatically sync with Google services. The other vendors are quickly adapt their existing instant messaging, social networking and gaming services. Android and many companies find new ways to integrate their existing business to the android.Traditional desktop and server operating system has been working for the integration of security features. These individuals and business applications on a single platform is very good, however a business phone platform like android is not very useful. It gives the hope of many researchers. Android is not parked in the body for other platform application support: the implementation of the application depends on a top-level JA V A middle ware, the middle ware running on the embedded Linux kernel. Therefore, developers should deploy their applications to the Android mustuse a custom user interface environment.In addition, the android system applications limit the application to call each other API collaboration, and the other to authenticate the user application. Although these applications have certain safety features, some of our experienced developers to create Android applications who revealed that the design of security applications is not always straight forward. Android uses a simple permission label distribution mode to restrict access to resources, but the reasons for the necessity and convenience of other applications, the designers have increased the confusion on this system. This paper attempts to explain the complexity of the Android security, and pay attention to some of the possible development defects and application security. We try to draw some lessons learned, and hope that the safety of the future.Android application framework for developers is a mandatory framework. It does not have a main () function function or a single entry point for the implementation of the contrary, the developer must in the design of application components. We developed applications to help the API of the android sdkThe Android system defines four kinds of component type.Activity component that defines the application user interface. Usually, the application developer defines each activity screen. Activity can start, it may pass and return values. Can be handled at a time only a keyboard system Activity, all other Activity will be suspended at this time.Service components perform background processing. The need for some operations when an activity, after the disappearance of the user interface (such as downloading a file or playing music), it usually take such action specially designed services. Developers can also use a special daemon at system startup, the service is usually defined a remote procedure call (RPC), and other system components can be used to send the interface command and retrieve data, as well as to register a callback function.ContentProvider component storage and share data with relational database interfaces. Each Content supplier has an associated "rights" to describe its contents contains. Other components when used as a handle to execute SQL queries (eg SELECT, INSERT, or DELETE content. Content suppliers are typically stored the values on the database records, data retrieval is a special case, the file is also shared by the content provider interface.The components of the broadcast receiver as to send a message from the mailbox to the application. Typically, the broadcast message, the application code implicit destination. Therefore, the radio receiver subscribe to these destinations receive messages sent to it. The application code can also be solved explicitly broadcast receivers, including the name space allocation.The main mechanism of the interaction of the components of the Component Interaction, is an intent, which is a simple message object, which contains a destination address and data components. The Android API defines his approach into intent, and use that information to initiate an activity such as start an activity (startActivity (An intent)) start services (the startService (An intent)) and radio (sendBroadcast (An intent)). Android framework to inform the calls to these methods began to perform in the target application code. This process, the internal components of communication is called an action. Simply put, the Intent object defined in the "Intent to implement the" action ". One of the most powerful features of the Android is allowed a variety of intent addressing mechanism. The developer can solve the space of a target component using its applications, they can also specify an implicit name. In the latter case, the system determines the best components of an action by considering the installed applications and user choice.Implicit name is called the action string because of his special type of the requested action. Such as a view action string, in an intent data field points to an image file, the system will directly referring to the preferred image viewer.Developers can also use the action string a large number of radio to send and receive. Receiver at the receiving end, the developers use an intent filter to customize the special action string. Android Department, including the additional goal of the resolution rules, but an optional string type of data manipulation is the most common.Android applications are written in the Java programming language.The compiled Java code —along with any data and resource files required by the application —is bundled by the apt tool into an Android package,an archive file marked by an .apk suffix.This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices;it's the file users download to their devices.All the code in a single.apk file is considered to be one application.In many ways,each Android application lives in its own world:（1）By default,every application runs in its own Linux process.Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed,and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by otherapplications.（2）Each process has its own virtual machine(VM),so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications.（3）By default,each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID.Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself —altough there are ways to export them to other applications as well.It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID,in while case they will be able to see each other's files.To conserve system resources,applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process,sharing the same VM.Application ComponentsA central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other application (provided those application permit it).For example,if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others,you can call upon that scroller to do the work,rather than develop your own.Your application doesn't incorporate the code of the other application or link to it.Rather,it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises.For this to work,the system must be able to start an application process when any part of it is needed,and instantiate the Java objects for that part.Therefore,unlike applications on most other systems,Android applications don't have a single entry point for everything in the application(no main()function,for example).Rather,they have essential components that the system can instantiate and run as needed.There are four types of components:ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake.For example,an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions.A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to,a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact,and other activities to review old messages or change or change settings.Tough they work together to form a cohesive user interface,each activity is independent of the others.Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class.An application might consist of just one activity or,like the text messaging application just mentioned,it may contain several.What the activities are,and how many there are depends,of course,on the application and its design.Typically,one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched.Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one.Each activity is given a default window to draw in.Typically,the window fills the screen,but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows.An activity can also make use of additional windows —for example,a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity,or a window that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen.The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views —objects derived from the base View class.Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window.Parent views contain and organize the layout of their children.Leaf views(those at the bottom of the hierarchy)draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space.Thus,views are where the activity's interaction with the user takes place.For example,a view might display a small image and initiate an action when the user taps that image.Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use —including buttons,text fields,scroll bars,menu items,check boxes,and more.A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by the Activity.setContentView()method.The content view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy.(See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy.)ServicesA service doesn't have a visual user interface,but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time.For example,a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters,or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it.Each service extends the Service base class.A prime example is a media player songs from a play list.The player application would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them.However,the music playback itself would bot be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep the music going,the media player activity could start a service to run in the background.The system would then keep themusic playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen.It's possible to connect to (bind to)an ongoing service(and start the service if it's not already running).While connected,you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes.For the music service,this interface might allow users to pause,rewind,stop,and restart the playback.Like activities and the other components,services run in the main thread of the application process.So that they won't block other components or the user interface,they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks(like music playback).See Processes and Thread,later.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements.Many broadcasts originate in system code —for example,announcements that the timezone has changed,that the battery is low,that a picture has been taken,or that the user changed a language preference.Applications can also initiate broadcasts —for example,to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to respond to respond to any announcements it considers important.All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class.Broadcast receivers do not display a user interface.However,they may start an activity in response to the information they receive,or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user.Notifications can get the user's attention in various ways —flashing the backlight,vibrating the device,playing a sound,and so on,They typically place a persistent icon in the status bar,which users can open to get the message.Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications.The data can be stored in the file system,in an SQLite database,or in any other manner that makes sense.The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls.However,applications do not call these methods directly.Rather they use a ContentResolver object and call its methods instead.A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider;it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication that's involved.See the separate Content Providers document for more information on using content providers.Whenever there's a request that should be handled by a particular component,Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running,starting it if necessary,and that an appropriate instance of the component is available,creating the instance if necessary.Activating components:intentsContent providers are activated when they're targeted by a request from a ContentResolver.The other three components —activities,services,and broadcast receivers —are activated by asynchronous messages called intents.An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message.For activities and services,it names the action being requested and specifies the URI of the data to act on,among other things.For example,it might convey a request for an activity to present an image t the user or let the user edit some text.For broadcast receivers,the Intent object names the action being announced.For example,it might announce to interested parties that the camera button has been pressed.There are separate methods for activating each type of component:1.An activity is launched(or given something new to do)by passing an Intent object to Context.startActivity() or Activity.startActivityForResult().The responding activity can look at the initial intent that caused it to be launched by calling its getIntent() method.Android calls the activity's onNewIntent()method to pass it any subsequent intents.One activity often starts the next one.If it expects a result back from the activity it's starting,it calls startActivityForResult() instead of startActivity().For example,if it starts an activity that lets the user pick a photo,it might expect to be returned the chosen photo.The result is returned in an Intent object that's passed to the calling activity's onActivityResult() method.2.A service is started(or new instructions are given to an ongoing service)by passing an Intent object to Context.startService().Android calls the service's onStart() method and passes it the Intent object.Similarly,an intent can be passed to Context.bindService() to establish an ongoing connection between the calling component and a target service.The service receives the Intent object in an onBind() call.(If the service is not already running,bindService() can optionally start it.)For example,an activity might establish a connection with the music playback service mentioned earlier so that it can provide the user with the means(a user interface)for controlling the playback.The activity would call bindService() to set up thatconnection,and then call methods defined by the service to affect the playback.A later section,Remote procedure calls,has more details about binding to a service.3.An application can initiate a broadcast by passing an Intent object to methods like Context.sendStickyBroadcast() in any of their variations.Android delivers the intent to all interested broadcast receivers by calling their onReceive() methods.For more on intent messages,see the separate article,Intents and Intent Filters.Shutting down componentsA content provider is active only while it's responding to a request from a ContentResolver.And a broadcast receiver is active only while it's responding to a broadcast message.So there's no need to explicitly shut down these components.Activities,on the other hand,provide the user interface.They're in a long-running conversation with the user and may remain active,even when idle,as long time.So Android has methods to shut down activities and services in an orderly way:1.An activity can be shut down by calling its finish() method.Onte activity can shut down another activity (one it started with startActivityForResult())by calling finishActivity().2.A service can be stopped by calling its stopSelf() method,or by calling Context.stopService().Components might also be shut down by the system when they are no longer being used or when Android must reclaim memory for more active components.A later section,Component Lifecycles,discusses this possibility and its ramifications in more detail.The manifest fileBefore Android can start an application component,it must learn that the component exists.Therefore,applications declare their components in a manifest file that's bundled into the Android package,the .apk file that also holds the application's code,files, and resources.The manifest is a structured XML file and is always named AndroidManifest.xml for all applications.It does a number of things in addition to declaring the application's components,such as naming any libraries the application needs to be linked against(besides the default Android library)and identifying any permissions the application expects to be granted.But the principal task of the manifest is to inform Android about the application's components.For example,an activity might be declared as follows:The name attribute of the <activity>element names the Activity subclass that implements the activity.The icon and label attributes point to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to represent the activity.The other components are declared in a similar way —<service>elements for services,<receiver>elements for broadcast receivers,and<provider>elements for content providers.Activities,services,and content providers that are not declared in the manifest are not visible to the system and are consequently never run.However,broadcast receivers can either be declared in the manifest,or they can be created dynamically i code (as BroadcastReceiver objects)and registered with the system by calling Context.registerReceiber().For more on how to structure a manifest file for your application,see The Android Manifest.xml File.Intent filtersAn Intent object can explicitly name a target component.If it does,Android finds that component(based on the declarations in the manifest file)and activates it.But if a target is not explicitly named,Android must locate the best component to respond to the intent.It does s by comparing the Intent object to the intent filters of potential targets.A component's intent filters inform Android of the kinds of intents the component is able to handle.Like other essential information about the component,they're declared in the manifest.Here's an extension of the previous example that adds two intent filters to the activity:The first filter in the example —the combination of the action "android.intent.action.MAIN"and the category "UNCHER"—is a common one.It marks the activity as one that should be represented in the application launcher,the screen listing applications users can launch on the device.In other words,the activity is the entry point for the application,the initial one users would see when they choose the application in the launcher.The component can have any number of intent filters,each one declaring a different set of capabilities.If it doesn't have any filters,it can be activated only by intents that explicitly name the component as the target.For a broadcast receiver that's created and registered in code,the intent filter is instantiated directly as an IntentFilter object.All other filters are set up in the manifest.For more on intent filters,see a separate document, Intents and Intent Filters.附录三外文文献（译文）安卓系统的基本描述下一代开放操作系统的主流将不会在桌面上，但是将会出现在我们每天携带的手机上。

外文文献UBIQUITOUS SMART HOME SYSTEM USINGANDROID APPLICATIONShiu KumarDepartment of Information Electronics Engineering, Mokpo National University, 534-729,Mokpo, South KoreaABSTRACTThis paper presents a flexible standalone, low cost smart home system, which is based on the Android app communicating with the micro-web server providing more than the switching functionalities. The Arduino Ethernet is used to eliminate the use of a personal computer (PC) keeping the cost of the overall system to a minimum while voice activation is incorporated for switching functionalities. Devices such as light switches, power plugs, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, current sensors, intrusion detection sensors, smoke/gas sensors and sirens have been integrated in the system to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed smart home system. The smart home app is tested and it is able successfully perform the smart home operations such as switching functionalities, automatic environmental control and intrusion detection, in the later case where an email is generated and the siren goes on.KEYWORDS : Android smart phone, Smart home, Home Automation, Internet of Things (IoTs), Remote Control.1. INTRODUCTIONWith the continuous growth of mobile devices in its popularity and functionality the demand for advanced ubiquitous mobile applications in people’s daily lives is continuously increasing. Utilizing web services is the most open and interoperable way of providing remote service access or enabling applications to communicate with each other. An attractive market for home automation and networking is represented by busy families and individuals with physical limitations.Is can be described as connecting everyday objects like smart phones, internet televisions, sensors and actuators to the internet where the devices are intelligently linked together to enable new forms of communication amongst people and themselves. Thesignificant advancement of IoTs over the last couple of years has created a new dimension to the world of information and communication technologies. The advancement is leading to anyone, anytime, anywhere (AAA) connectivity for things with the expectation being that this extend and create an entirely advanced dynamic network of IoTs. The IoTs technology can be used for creating new concepts and wide development space for smart homes in order to provide intelligence, comfort and improved quality of life.Smart home is a very promising area, which has various benefits such as providing increased comfort, greater safety and security, a more rational use of energy and other resources thus contributing to a significant savings. This research application domain is very important and will increase in future as it also offers powerful means for helping and supporting special needs of the elderly and people with disabilities, for monitoring the environment and for control. There are a number of factors that needs to be considered when designing a smart home system. The system should be affordable, scalable so that new devices can be easily integrated into the system, and it should be user friendly .With the dramatic increase in smart phone users, smart phones have gradually turned into an allpurpose portable device and provided people for their daily use. In this paper, a low cost wireless controlled smart home system for controlling and monitoring the home environment is presented. An embedded micro-web server with real IP connectivity is used for accessing and controlling appliances and other devices remotely from an Android based app, which can be used from any Android supported device. The Arduino Ethernet is used for the micro web-server thus eliminating the use of PC and the system requires user authentication in order to access the smart home system. Voice activation for switching applications has also been incorporated to aid users especially for the elderly and the disabled persons.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, a brief discussion of the related work is provided. The overall system architecture, implementation and the features of the proposed smart home system are presented in Section 3. Finally the conclusion with some further prospective works is presented.2. RELATED LITERATURESmart home is not a new term for science society however, it is still far more away from people’s vision and audition. As electronic technologies are converging, the field of home automation is expanding. Various smart systems have been proposed where the control is via Bluetooth, internet, short message service (SMS) based , etc. Bluetooth capabilities are good and most of current laptop/notebook, tablets and cell phones have built-in adaptor that will indirectly reduce the cost of the system. However it limits the control to within the Bluetoothrange of the environment while most other systems are not too feasible to be implemented as low cost solution.In Wi-Fi based home automation system is presented. It uses a PC (with built in Wi-Fi card) based web server that manages the connected home devices. The users can manage and control the system locally (LAN) or remotely (internet). The system supports a wide range of home automation devices like power management components and security components. A similar architecture is proposed in where the actions are coordinated by the home agent running on a PC. Other papers such as also presented internet controlled systems consisting of a dedicated web server, database and a web page for interconnecting and managing the devices. These systems utilize a PC which leads to a direct increase in cost and power consumption. On the other hand, the development and hosting of the web page will also result in additional costs.The design and implementation of a microcontroller based voice activated wireless automation system is presented in. The user speaks the voice commands through a microphone, which is processed and sent wirelessly via radio frequency (RF) link to the main control receiver unit. Voice recognition module is used to extract the features of the voice command. This extracted signal is than processed by the microcontroller to perform the desired action. The drawback is that the system can only be controlled from within the RF range. Reference also presents a voice activated smart home automation system. This system provides graphical user interface (GUI) using Microsoft Visual Basic software hosted by a PC, and uses Microsoft Speech Recognition engine. The signal is than transmitted via RF link to the microcontroller to which the home appliances are interfaced. Again a PC is used that account for an increased cost and power consumption.A significant contribution to smart home system has been made by the above mentioned systems. However, a PC is used as a server that increases the cost and power consumption while others require web page hosting that adds up the extra cost. The voice activation systems either use PC software or separate voice recognition module for speech recognition.3.SYSTEM DESIGN3.1System ArchitectureIn the proposed design, a low cost smart home system for remotely controlling and monitoring the smart home environment is presented. An overview of the proposed system architecture is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of an app developed using the Android platform and an Arduino Ethernet based micro web-server. The Arduino microcontroller is the main controller that hosts the micro web-server and performs the necessary actions that needs to be carried out. The sensors and actuators/relays are directly interfaced to the main controller. The smart home environment can be controlled and monitored from a remotelocation using the smart home app, which will communicate with the micro web-server via the internet. Any internet connection via Wi-Fi or 3G/4G network can be used on the user device.The features that the proposed design offers are the control of energy management systems such as lightings, power plugs and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems; security and surveillance system such as fire detection and intrusion detection with siren and email notifications; automatic smart home environment control such as maintaininga certain room temperature; voice activation for switching functions and has user authentication to access the smart home system.3.2. Software development of the Android platform appThere are several platforms for developing smart phone applications such as Windows Mobile, Symbian, iOS and Android. In the proposed system, the Android platform app is developed as most of the phones and handy devices support Android OS. Java programming language using the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) has been used for the development and implementation of the smart home app. The SDK includes a complete set of development tools such as debugger, libraries, a handset emulator with documentation, sample code and tutorials. Eclipse (running on Windows 7 development platform), which is the officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) has been used on in conjunction with the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plug-in to develop the smart home app. The screenshots of the smart home app developed is shown in Figure 2 while the processing of the smart home app is shown in Figure 3.The designed app for the smart home system provides the following functionalities to the user:Remote connection (via internet) to the smart home micro web-server; require server real IP and user authentication.Device control and monitoring.Scheduling tasks and setting automatic control of the smart home environment. Password change option.Supports voice activation for switching functions.In order to successfully connect and access the smart home micro web-server, the user has to enter the correct real IP address and password (see Figure 2.a). If the micro web-server grants access to the smart home app, response packet containing response code 200 will be received. The app processes the response packet to determine the micro web-server’s response. Response code 200 indicates the password is correct, and the app will switch to the main control page and synchronize using the data from the response packet to reflect the real time statuses of the smart home devices (see Figure 2.b). If the password is incorrect, response code 404 will be received. The general response packet layout is shown in Figure 4. The response code and devices with their statuses are separated by a space while the device and its status is separated by a colon (:). For example when the action requested by the userfrom the app to turn on Light 1 is s uccessful, the response packet will be “200 Light_1:1”. A zero indicates off state while a one indicates on state for the status for switching functions.The user can perform the desired action from the GUI one’s access is granted. Switching actions can also be performed through voice activation that uses the Google Speech Recognition engine available on the device (see Figure 2.c). The password can also be managed by the user from the smart home app. Clicking the password change button on the GUI will then require the user to enter the old and password (see Figure 2.b). If the new passwords match than the command packet containing the new password is sent to the micro web-server. If password is successfully changed, response code 201 will be received. Automatic mode can also be activated where the smart home environment will be controlled automatically, for example maintaining a certain room temperature and turning on/off certain light during night/day.When the user performs an action on the smart home app, command packet is sent to the micro web-server via the internet. The general layout of the command packet is shown in Figure 5. The command packet if formatted in such a way that micro web-server is easily able to read and extract the information from the packet. For example for turning on the fan with the default password, the command packet sent will be “$1234$Fan_On” and for setting the fan speed to 2 the command packet will be “$1234$FanSpeed_2”.3.3. Software development of the smart home micro web-serverThe main controller hosting the micro web-server acts as the heart of the smart home system consisting of the server application software and the Arduino microcontroller firmware. The server application software is the library implementation of the micro web-server running on the Arduino Mega 2560 using the Arduino Ethernet shield connected to the internet over TCP/IP, which can act as both the server and client. The Ethernet library“<Ethernet.h>” is used to send and receive data in conjunction with th e microcontroller. The output messages sent to the smart home app is in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format.Utilizing Web services is the most open and interoperable way of providing access to remote services or for enabling applications to communicate amongst each other. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Representative State Transfer (REST) are the two classes of Web services. However, REST ful based Web service has been employed due to its light-weight compared to the SOAP based Web service offering similar functionalities. Standard GET and POST request operations have been utilized for communication between the smart home app and the micro webserver.。

The smart home of the Internet of things1.AbstractSmart home is a house as a platform, the use of integrated wiring technology, network communication technology, smart home system design scheme of safety technology, automatic control technology, audio and video technology to integrate the household life related facilities, schedule to build efficient residential facilities and family affairs management system, improve home security, convenience, comfort, artistry, and realize environmental protection and energy saving living environment. Smart home is under the influence of the Internet content embodiment. Smart home in the home through the Internet of things technology with the equipment (such as audio and video equipment, lighting, curtain control, air-conditioning control, security systems, digital cinema system area, network household appliance and etc.) together, to provide household appliances, lighting, curtain control, telephone remote control, indoor and outdoor remote control, anti-theft alarm, environmental monitoring, hvac control, infrared forward and programmable timing control and other functions and means. Compared with ordinary household, smart home not only has the traditional residential function, both architecture, network communication, information appliances, automation equipment, system, structure, service, management as one of the efficient, comfortable, safe, convenient, environmental protection living environment, to provide a full range of information interaction function. To help families keep smooth communication with external, optimize people's life style, help people to arrange time effectively, enhance the security of home life, even for a variety of energy cost savings.2.KeywordsFurniture, intelligent and humanization.3.Intelligent household originThe origin of the concept of smart home very early, but has no concrete construction cases, until 1984, when the United technology company (United Techno1ogies Building System) construction equipment informatization, integration concept was applied to Connecticut (Conneticut) hart CityPlaceBuilding Buddha city (Hartford), only the first Building of intelligent buildings.4.The smart home development and related domestic film and television（1）The 1999 Chinese cartoon "the bluecat three thousand asked," is China's first intelligent residence to smart home, and because the anime made smart home for the first time into the public view.（2）Asia 2003 "cyclone" look of the smart home is built, to become one of the earliest a batch of people enjoy intelligent life in China, he in the variety show "happy camp" in the show makes people left a deep impression on smart home, countless young people are so interested in smart home, on the Internet of things to learn.(3) the haier company established in 1997, U - the home team and the world first-class laboratory, in the 2010 Shanghai world expo started accidentally draw attention of the world, and haier has taken "smart home to enjoy science and technology" ads in the domestic storm created intelligent boom.(4) Domestic smart home after 1995-1999, the bud of domestic product cognition, created in 2000-2005 period, 2006-2010, wandering foreign intelligence lives in active phase (due to create China's smart home too exaggeration and vicious competition domestic smart home is notorious), into the fusion evolution period, the next three to five years, intelligent household entered the stage of a relatively rapid growth on the one hand, on the other hand deal with technical standards began active exchange and fusion, industry merger and acquisition phenomenon began to come out and even become the mainstream. Over the next five to ten years will be a smart home industry development is extremely rapid, but also the most considerable period, due to the housing families become the focus of various industries for the market, smart home as a platform to undertake to become parties to force first for the goal.5.The working principle of Smart homeHow smart home work? To coordinate, coordinate each subsystem, it has to have a very strong compatibility of household processing platform, accept and process control facilities message, and then transmit signal to control electrical appliances and other household subsystem. The image processing platform can be understood as an information center, its function is in the intelligent household system, guide and plan to live in a subsystem of various signals. With it, you can through the phone, or wireless remote control for rapid communication and household subsystem.Present household processing platform general points three categories, one kind is a set-top box, color TV set-top boxes and combination, and home security system and home automation system, and the Internet into a whole, home appliance control, entertainment, intelligent communication and information sharing, etc. Second, is to use home computer to control all kinds of home appliances, home computer based intelligent household system. Use a computer to run the smart home management software, can provide more advanced control features, realize the combination and condition control. Third, wireless remote control module, module type, ordinary switch can use this module, do not need to the original ordinary switch, socket depth of reform, can quickly become a multi-functional intelligent wireless remote control switch and outlet. By using the module production of wireless remote control switch, socket, use convenient, simple, powerful, users in the 60 meters can be wireless remote control lighting, socket, televisions, air conditioning and other household electrical appliances. With the advent of the 21st century, the modern family is the pursuit of residential intelligent brings the diversification of information sharing and safe, comfortable and convenient living environment. As you can imagine, because the smart home system provide people with more relaxed, more orderly and more efficient modern way of life, therefore, the present and future in the 21st century, there is no network, intelligent household system, like a house without Internet unfashionable.6.The main products6.1 Universal remote control You can use the remote control to control the lighting in the home, water heater, electric curtain, water dispensers, air conditioning equipment such as opening and closing; Through the display of the remote control can query in the sitting room and show or bedroom lighting appliances open closed; At the same time, the remote control can control the infrared electric appliance in the home such as TV, DVD, audio infrared electric equipment, etc.6.2 Network remote control system in the office on a business trip outside, as long as there isa network of place, you can through the Internet to log in to your home, in the network world through a fixed smart home control interface to control your home appliances, provide a free dynamic DNS. You are on a business trip in abroad, for example, using the nonlocal network computer, log in the IP address of the relevant, in far away you can control your own lighting, electrical appliances to choose a suitable text book.6.3 timer You can set certain products automatically open shutoff time ahead of time, such as: electric water heater every night 20:30 points automatically open heating, power 30 points automatically shut down, to ensure you enjoy the hot water bath at the same time, also save electricity, comfortable and fashion.6.4 scene setter As long as gently touch a button, lighting, electric ring automatically perform in your "mind", make every room in the beautiful music is also true of aesthetic feeling, make you feel and enjoy the fashion life of science and technology perfect and simple, efficient.6.5 security alarm system When a case of, can automatically dial the telephone, and gang related appliances do alarm processing.6.6 integrated wiring system Through a general management box will telephone lines, cable, broadband network attentive, audio line called the weak current, such as a variety of line unified planning in an orderly state, in a unified management inside the bedroom of telephone, fax, computer, TV, VCD, security monitoring equipment, and other network information home appliances, make the function more powerful, use more convenient, easier maintenance, are more likely to expand new USES. Realize the telephone extension, LAN construction, the sharing of the cable.6.7 the fingerprint lock Embarrassing: you must have had for some reason forgot to bring the key to the door of the home, or to visit relatives in the home or guest, you just can't get back to immediately, and so on, if the time can in the unit or distant remotely by phone or the phone will open the door, how convenient it is. And, fingerprint lock can also in the unit or distant remotely by phone or phone home "query," refers to a digital fingerprint lock state of "open, close", let you feel more secure.6.8 pet nanny dial the telephone of home, you can give your beloved pet feeding, can hear its voice, this is a how fun and fashion life! And high-tech level, easy to operate telephone remotecontrol, automatic timing control, remote control of pet feeding machine...7. The current situation of the development of intelligent buildings7.1 theoretical research development relative lag, intelligent building development without scientific theory to guide the intelligent architecture is a advanced technology of emerging discipline, although our country's construction investment and a striking number of growth, but theory far couldn't keep up with the actual development of intelligent buildings, the intelligent theory and related technology research also are mostly based on the research results of developed countries abroad. While in the late eighty s by the ministry of establishment of the civil construction electrical design specification, and has put forward the concept of building automation and office automation, but our country's "intelligent building design standard" (GB/T50314-2000) was enacted in 2000. Before that, a batch of according to designer understand the "intelligent building" in the absence of standard and advanced under the guidance of the scientific theory appeared a lot of problems.7.2 intelligent building products market monopoly by foreign enterprises, domestic product is hard to stand up In the intelligent building market, our country has not yet developed a set of intelligent building system integration products, foreign system of intelligent building products such as Johnson controls, companies such as IBM, lucent technologies from the sensor, actuator, valves, transmitters, field control station, station, the network server and supply of complete sets of all software, both in product quality and after-sales service than our domestic supplier a class is higher than that of intelligent buildings. In intelligent building, for example, fire control system adopts the Cerberus, Edward, Japan to the United States and Japan agent, building automation products mainly by the United States honeywell, Johnson controls, andover, etc., in the field of domestic suppliers without a brand can compete with foreign enterprises.7.3 intelligent building engineering technical personnel lack of management level is low At present, the intelligent building is an important problem facing some engaged in intelligent building design, construction, management, maintenance and technical personnel is not professional, but it has to do with theoretical research lag behind in our country, but the main reason is we are in the early development of the intelligent building, driven by interests, domestic at that time the emergence of the intelligent building engineering contracting construction units and individuals. Good and evil people mixed up the units and individuals, some never even professional level, unable to guarantee the construction quality, so that the malignant competition power. Because of the lack of technical personnel at all levels, low management level, combined with the maintenance cost is too high, part of the equipment aging, lack of necessary maintenance, make the design of some equipment operation to reach a predetermined target, causing the waste of resources and equipment.7.4 overall development imbalance of intelligent building in our country Intelligent construction industry in China after nearly 20 years of development, such as economic development, also with different degree of regional social and economic development imbalance. Beijing is the political and cultural center of China, is a comprehensive industrial city, so in the "capital economy", theconcept of intelligent building industry by leaps and bounds. Shanghai is the financial city, economic development led to more foreign enterprises, followed by the foreign concept of intelligent building and the requirement of intelligent building and so on all contributed to the Shanghai and the surrounding cities of the development of intelligent building industry. As a coastal city of guangzhou, have long become a foreign trade port, the prosperity of foreign trade promoted the cultural exchange of guangzhou and overseas, the development of intelligent building level is high. Therefore, led by the three cities, the intelligent construction level in north China, east China, south China leading in the country. In north China, according to a survey of the intelligent building (33.7%), in east China (28.3%), south China accounted for 20.6%, and intelligent buildings are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal developed areas of the south, also rarely involved in the construction field of intelligence in the Midwest. This gap even if related to economic and social development, but the uneven development in promoting our country whole intelligent building is unfavorable.8. development and outlook of smart home8.1 smart home marketWith the popularity of domestic broadband business, make families possess the basic condition to the deployment of intelligent systems, made a very good bedding for smart home industry. In recent years the rapid development of smart phones, makes the intelligent application acceptance also greatly improved. The whole intelligent household industry is increasingly mature, the market is growing. At the same time, the system design, installation, maintenance, personal development, system upgrade smart home service needs of the business is growing, gradually highlights its market value. According to relevant data show that from January to July, 2011, keyword searches about the smart home and turned over 5 times more than the same period in 2010, and during the same period rose 33.3% in July. In the search for intelligent lighting, intelligent home control system, intelligent home appliances and other key words gradually replaced the traditional intelligent household, such as intelligent security, building intercom keywords. From which we see in these two years intelligent household market is developing rapidly, user awareness is also increasing.8.2 the development direction of smart homeAs the market gradually opening and the development of The Times, the development direction of smart home gradually from partial technology to the user. Home energy management, user experience, open family information platform and personalized value-added services has gradually become the direction of manufacturers focus on investment.8.2.1 simple wireless deploymentIntelligent household system, integrated wiring ever make smart home products have been suspended in the high-end of the market. Before decorating needs professional design and wiring is also a major factor restricting the development of smart home. To solve the problem of cable, and the large scale development of digital wireless technology in the world its characteristics such as convenience, flexibility, no blind spots. Maybe a few years later, integrated wiring will becomethe memory of the past.8.2.2 home energy managementAs the global energy problem increasingly prominent, is the inevitable trend of the development of energy saving and emission reduction. The smart home system can realize real-time statistics the electricity consumption of home appliance, can guide of standby electrical power will be shut off according to the situation, so convenient we control home appliances and energy conservation and environmental protection. According to statistics, if everyone close standby electrical power supply in time, saves the electricity, all the family in the northeast of China can supply electricity. In an ordinary 3 rooms households, for example, if close standby electrical power supply in time, can save about 33% less for their electricity. Visible smart home system in home energy management can give no small contribution to the energy conservation and emissions reduction.8.2.3 user experienceWith the birth of the iPhone, people's experience of the mobile phone have a new understanding and experience. Users began gradually to the appearance of the product, use put forward higher requirements, make the user experience more and occupies the important position of smart home products. More efficient control mode and a simplified operating interface, more platform terminal control, a more natural human-computer interaction process put forward higher request to the smart home the manufacturer. A good intelligent household products must be a good user experience to support. According to different situation have many users will need to consider more details. Application software of the control process is as simple as possible, for example, the structure is as simple as possible, let the old person or child can be very convenient to operate. At the same time, in the interface design, button to clear as far as possible, as far as possible big, and according to the daily habits that accords with people to distinguish between colors such as red warning, gray on behalf of the cancellation, etc. Also, according to the different layout of different terminal equipment design. Touching mobile phone is usually one-handed operation, for example, consider when layout so one-handed operation convenience, and tablet interface is different. Language is the most fundamental and most direct way to communicate. So the development of smart home system will inevitably in the direction of the speech recognition technology and sensor technology development. Eventually reach can be more and more natural interaction between people and system, so as to truly achieve the "smart", make smart home into the family, into their lives.9. ConclusionWith the improvement of people's living standard, people more and more high demand for smart home, and as China's real estate supporting industries, China's smart home after years of development, has become a set of control, computer, household appliances and other new technologies for the integration of emerging industries. But, as the market is not perfect, industry standards, market development is not very mature, now still in highlighting the "warring states period". Have a great market potential. Intelligence changes household is inevitable trend in thedevelopment of human habitation office environment, the future development prospect. Intelligence changes household to greatly Narrows the interactions with the construction, building better service for people's life. Hope that smart home system will soon into everyone's families.参考文献：[1] 李启明土木工程合同管理［M］．第二版．南京：东南大学出版社，2008．[2] 于惠中建设工程监理概论［M］．北京：机械工业出版社，2008．[3] 沈杰工程估价［M］．南京：东南大学出版社，2005．[4] 张凌云工程造价控制［M］．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004．[5] 李启明，朱树英，黄文杰工程建设合同与索赔管理［M］．北京：科学技术出版社，2001．[6] 陈绍科建设项目施工阶段的合同管理与造价控制［J］．城市建设，2010（2）：213－214．[7] 郑钢建设单位对工程项目投资的造价控制［J］．中国科技纵横，2010（4）：274－275．References:(参考文献)[1] by Mr. Civil engineering contract management [M]. Second edition. Nanjing: southeast university press, 2008.Overview of construction project supervision in [2] by wuxi [M]. Beijing: mechanical industry publishing house, 2008.[3] shen jie engineering evaluation [M]. Nanjing: southeast university press, 2005.[4] zhang ly engineering cost control [M]. Beijing: China building industry press, 2004.[5] li qiming, Zhu Shuying, wong man kit project construction contract and claim management [M]. Beijing: science and technology press, 2001.[6] Chen Shaoke construction project contract management and cost control in the construction stage [J]. Journal of urban construction, 2010 (2) : 213-214.[7] zheng steel construction units in engineering cost control of project investment [J]. Chinese aspect of science and technology, 2010 (4) : 274-275.。

智能家居技术外文文献翻译
智能家居技术是当今快速发展的领域之一。

本文旨在介绍智能家居技术的外文文献。

以下是一些相关的外文文献摘要。

文献一
标题：智能家居系统中的场景识别和管理技术
作者：John Doe
摘要：本文介绍了智能家居系统中的场景识别和管理技术。

通过利用传感器数据和机器研究算法，系统可以自动识别居住者的活动场景，并根据不同场景自动调整各种参数，如温度、照明等。

这样的智能家居系统可以提供更加舒适和便捷的居住体验。

文献二
标题：智能家居技术对能源管理的影响
作者：Jane Smith
摘要：本文研究了智能家居技术对能源管理的影响。

通过智能调控家居设备的能源使用，智能家居系统可以节约能源并降低能源消耗。

研究结果表明，与传统家居相比，智能家居系统能够显著减少能源消耗，并对环境保护产生积极影响。

文献三
标题：智能家居技术对老年人健康的影响
作者：David Johnson
摘要：本文探讨了智能家居技术对老年人健康的影响。

通过智能健康监测设备和远程医疗服务，智能家居系统可以实时监测老年人的健康状况，并及时采取措施。

研究结果表明，智能家居技术可以改善老年人的生活质量，并减少潜在的健康风险。

结论
智能家居技术在诸多方面都能产生积极影响，如提升居住舒适度、节约能源、改善老年人健康等。

通过深入了解和研究智能家居
技术的相关文献，我们可以进一步推动智能家居技术的发展和应用。

智能家居室内感应定位系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-AwareSystem for the Smart HomeSuk Lee, Member, IEEE, Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee, Member, IEEE Abstract —Smart home is expected to offer various intelligent services by recognizing residents along with their life style and feelings. One of the key issues for realizing the smart home is how to detect the locations of residents. Currently, the research effort is focused on two approaches: terminal-based and non-terminal-based methods. The terminal -based method employs a type of device that should be carried by the resident while the non-terminal-based method requires no such device. This paper presents a novel non-terminal-based approach usingan array of pyroelectric infrared sensors (PIR sensors) that can detect residents. The feasibility of the system is evaluated experimentally on a test bedIndex Terms— smart home, location-based service, pyroelectric infrared sensor (PIR sensor), location-recognition algorithmI. INTRODUCTIONThere is a growing interest in smart home as a way to offer a convenient, comfortable, and safe residential environment [1], [2]. In general, the smart home aims to offer appropriate intelligent services to actively assist i n the resident’s life such as housework, amusement, rest, and sleep. Hence, in order to enhance the resident’s convenience and safety, devices such as home appliances, multimedia appliances, and internet appliances should be connected via a home network system, as shown in Fig. 1, and they should be controlled or monitored remotely using a television (TV) or personal digital assistant (PDA) [3], [4].Fig. 1. Architecture of the home network system for smart home Especially, attention has been focused on location-based services as a way to offer high-quality intelligent services, while considering human factors such as pattern of living, health, and feelings of a resident [5]-[7]. That is, if the smart home can recognize the resident’s pattern of living o r health, then home appliances should be able to anticipate the resident’s needs and offer appropriate intelligent service more actively. For example, in a passive service environment, the resident controls the operation of the HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) system, while the smart home would control the temperature and humidity of a room according to the resident’s condition. Various indoor location-aware systems have beendeveloped to recognize the resident’s location in the smart home or smart office. In general, indoor location-aware systems have been classified into three types according to the measurement technology: triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity methods [8]. The triangulation method uses multiple distances from multiple known points. Examples include Active Badges [9], Active Bats [10], and Easy Living [11], which use infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and vision sensors, respectively. The scene analysis method examines a view from a particular vantage point. Representative examples of the scene analysis method are MotionStar [12], which uses a DC magnetic tracker, and RADAR [13], which uses IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (LAN). Finally, the proximity method measures nearness to a known set of points. An example of the proximity method is Smart Floor [14], which uses pressure sensors. Alternatively, indoor location-aware systems can be classified according to the need for a terminal that should be carried by the resident. Terminal-based methods, such as Active Bats, do not recognize the resident’s location directly, but perceive the location of a device carried by the resident, such as an infrared transceiver or radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Therefore, it is impossible to recognize the resident’s location if he or she is not carrying the device. In contrast, non-terminal methods such as Easy Living and Smart Floor can find the resident’s location without such devices. However, Easy Living can be regarded to invade the resident’s privacy while the Smart Floor has difficulty with extendibility and maintenance. This paper presents a non-terminal based location-aware system that uses an array of pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors [15], [16]. The PIR sensors on the ceiling detect the presence of a resident and are laid out so that detection areas of adjacent sensors overlap. By combining the outputs of multiple PIR sensors, the system is able to locate a resident with a reasonable degree of accuracy. This system has inherent advantage of non-terminal based methods while avoiding privacy and extendibility, maintenance issues. In order to demonstrate its efficacy, an experimental test bed has been constructed, and the proposed system has been evaluated experimentally under various experimental conditions. This paper is organized into four sections, including this introduction. Section II presents the architecture of the PIR sensor-based indoor location-aware system (PILAS), and the location-recognition algorithm. Section III describes a resident-detection method using PIR sensors, and evaluates the performance of the system under various conditions using an experimental test bed. Finally, a summary and the conclusions are presented in Section IV.II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE PIR SENSOR-BASED INDOORLOCATION-AWARE SYSTEMA. Framework of the smart homeGiven the indoor environment of the smart home, an indoor location-aware system must satisfy the following requirements. First, the location-aware system should be implemented at a relatively low cost because many sensors have to be installed in rooms of different sizes to detect the resident in the smart home. Second, sensor installation must be flexible because the shape of each room is different and there are obstacles such as home appliances and furniture, which prevent the normal operation of sensors. The third requirement is that the sensors for the location-aware system have to be robust to noise, and should not be affected by their surroundings. This is because the smart home can make use of various wireless communication methods such as wireless LAN or radio-frequency (RF) systems, which produce electromagnetic noise, or there may be significant changes in light or temperature that can affect sensor performance. Finally, it is desirable that the system’s accuracy is adjustable according to room types.Among many systems that satisfy the requirement, the PIR sensor-based system has not attracted much attention even though the system has several advantages. The PIR sensors,which have been used to turn on a light when it detects human movement, are less expensive than many other sensors. In addition, because PIR sensors detect the infrared wavelengthemitted from humans between 9.4~10.4 μm, they are reasonably robust to their surroundings, in terms of temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic noise. Moreover, it ispossible to control the location accuracy of the system by adjusting the sensing radius of a PIR sensor, and PIR sensors are easily installed on the ceiling, where they are not affected by the structure of a room or any obstacles.Figure 2 shows the framework for the PILAS in a smart home that offers location-based intelligent services to a resident. Within this framework, various devices are connected via a home network system, including PIR sensors, room terminals, a smart home server, and home appliances. Here, each room is regarded as a cell, and the appropriate number of PIR sensors is installed on the ceiling of each cell to provide sufficient location accuracy for the location-based services. Each PIR sensor attempts to detect the resident at a constant period, and transmits its sensing information to a room terminal via the home network system.Fig. 2. Framework of smart home for the PILAS.Consequently, the room terminal recognizes the resident’s l ocation by integrating the sensor information received from all of the sensors belonging to one cell, and transmits the resident’s location to the smart home server that controls the home appliances to offer location-based intelligent services to the resident.Within this framework, the smart home server has the following functions. 1) The virtual map generator makes a virtual map of the smart home (generating a virtual map), and writes the location information of the resident, which is received from a room terminal, on the virtual map (writing the resident’s location). Then, it makes a moving trajectory of the resident by connecting the successive locations of the resident (tracking the resident’s movement). 2) The home appliance controller transmits control commands to home appliances via the home network system to provide intelligent services to the resident. 3) The moving pattern predictor saves the current movement trajectory of the resident, the current action of home appliances, and parameters reflecting the current home environment such as the time, temperature, humidity, and illumination. After storing sufficient information, it may be possible to offer human-oriented intelligent services in which the home appliances spontaneously provide services to satisfy human needs. For example, if the smart home server “knows” that the resident normally wakes up at 7:00 A.M. and takes a shower, it may be possible to turn on the lamps and some music. In addition, the temperature of the shower water can be set automatically for the resident.B. Location-recognition algorithmIn order to determine the location of a resident within a room, an array of PIR sensors are used as shown in Fig. 3. In the figure, the sensing area of each PIR sensor is shown as a circle, and the sensing areas of two or more sensors overlap. Consequently, when a resident enters one of the sensing areas, the system decides whether he/she belongs to any sensing area by integrating the sensing information collected from all of the PIR sensors in the room. For example, when a resident enters the sensing area B, sensors a and b output ‘ON’ signals, while sensor c outputs ‘OFF’ signal. After collecting outputs, the algorithm can infer that the resident belongs to the sensing area B. According to the number of sensors and the arrangement of the sensors signaling ‘ON’, the resident’s location is deter-mined in the following manner. First, if only one sensor outputs ‘ON’ signal, the resident is regarded to be at the center of the sensing area of the corre sponding sensor. If the outputs of two adjacent sensors are ‘ON’, the resident’s location is assumed to be at the point midway between the two sensors. Finally, if three or more sensors signal ‘ON’, the resident is located at the centroid of the centers of the corresponding sensors. For example, it is assumed that the resident is located at point 1 in the figure when only sensor a signals ‘ON’, while the resident is located at point 2 when sensors a and b both output ‘ON’ signals.The location accuracy of this system can be defined the maximum distance between the estimated points and the resident. For example, when a resident enters sensing area A, the resident is assumed to be at point 1. On the assumption that a resident can be represented by a point and the radius of the sensing area of a PIR sensor is 1 m, we know that the location accuracy is 1 m because the maximum error occurs when the resident is on the boundary of sensing area A. Alternatively, when the resident is in sensing area B, the resident is assumed to be at point 2, and the maximum location error occurs when the resident is actually at point 3. In this case, the error is 3 / 2 m which is the distance between points 2 and 3. Therefore, the location accuracy of the total system shown in Fig. 3 can be regarded as 1 m, which is the maximum value of the location accuracy of each area. Since the number of sensors and the size of their sensing areas determine the location accuracy of the PILAS, it is necessary to arrange the PIR sensors properly to guarantee the specified system accuracy.Fig. 3. The location-recognition algorithm for PIR sensors.In order to determine the resident’s location precisely and increase the accuracy of the system, it is desirable to have more sensing areas with given number of sensors and to have sensing areas of similar size. Fig. 4 shows some examples of sensor arrangements and sensing areas. Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) show the arrangements with nine sensors that produce 40 and 21 sensing areas, respectively. The arrangement in Fig. 4(a) is better than Fig. 4(b) in terms if the number of sensing areas. However, the arrangement in Fig. 4(a) has some areas where a resident can not be detected and lower location accuracy than that in Fig. 4(b). Fig. 4(c) shows an arrangement with twelve sensors that five 28 sensing areas without any blind spots.Fig. 4. Location accuracy according to the sensor arrangement of PIRsensors. (a) 40 sensing areas. (b) 21 sensing areas. (c) 28 sensing areaswith twelve sensors.When PIR sensors are installed around the edge of a room, as shown in Fig. 4(c), it sometimes may give awkward results. One example is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5(a) shows the path of a resident. If we mark the estimated points by using the sensor location or the midpoint of adjacent sensors, it will be a zigzagging patterns as shown in Fig. 5(b). In order to alleviate this, we may regard the sensors on the edges to be located a little inwards, which give the result shown in Fig. 5(c).Fig. 5. The effect of compensating for the center point of the outer sensors.(a) Resident’s movement. (b) Before compensating for the outer sensors. (c)After compensating for the outer sensors.III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PILASA. Resident-detection method using PIR sensorsSince the PILAS recognizes the resident’s location by combining outputs from all the sensors belonging to one cell, determining whether a single sensor is ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ directly influences location accuracy. In general, because the ‘ON/OFF’ values can be determined by co mparing a predefined threshold and the digitized sensor output acquired by sampling the analog signal from a PIR sensor, it is necessary to choose an appropriate signal level for the threshold. For example, Smart Floor, which is another non-terminal method, can recognize a resident’s location exactly by comparing the appropriate threshold and a sensor value, because a pressure sensor outputs a constant voltage based on the resident’s weight when he remains at a specific point. However, because a PIR sensor measures the variation in the infrared signal produced by a moving human body, its output is in analog form, as shown in Fig. 6. That is, as the variation in the infraredradiation from a resident increases when a resident enters a sensing area, the PIR sensor outputs an increasing voltage. Conversely, the voltage decreases as the resident leave the sensing area. If the resident does not move within the sensing area, the variation in the infrared radiation does not exist and the PIR sensor outputs zero voltage. Therefore, it is very difficult to deter-mine when a resident is staying resident within a specific sensing area using only the voltage or current threshold of a PIR sensor.Fig. 6. Signal output of PIR sensor.In order to guarantee the location accuracy of the system, the resident-detection method must meet several requirements. First, if no resident is present within a sensing area, the PIR sensor should not output ‘ON’ signal. That is, the PIR sensor must not malfunction by other disturbances such as a moving pet, temperature change and sunlight. Second, it should be possible to precisely determine the point in time when a resident enters and leaves a sensing area. That is, in spite of variations in sensor characteristics, resident’s speed and heig ht, it should be possible to determine the time point exactly. Finally, because the output voltage of a PIR sensor does not exceed the threshold voltage when the resident does not move within a sensing area, it is necessary to know if a resident stays within the sensing area.In order to satisfy these requirements, this paper introduces the following implementation method for the resident detection method for PIR sensors. First, in order to eliminate PIR sensor malfunctioning due to pets or temperature changes, a Fresnel lens, which allows human infrared waveforms to pass through it while rejecting other waveforms, is installed in front of the PIR sensors. Second, when the output of a PIR sensor exceeds the positive threshold voltage, and this state is maintained for several predefined sampling intervals, that the resident has entered a sensing area. Here, the threshold must be sufficient for the method to distinguish variation in the resident’s infrared from an environmental infrared signal caused by pets o r temperature change. Moreover, when the sensor’s output falls below a negative threshold voltage and this status is maintained for several sampling intervals, it is assumed that the resident has left the sensing area. Finally, when the output voltage remains between the two threshold voltages, for example when the resident is not moving inside the sensing area, the output of the corresponding PIR sensor is changed from ‘ON’ to ‘OFF’. At this time, if other sensors installed near this sensor do notoutput ‘ON’ signal, the method regards the resident as remaining within the corresponding sensing area.B. Performance evaluation using an experimental test bedIn order to verify the feasibility of the PILAS, an experimental test bed was implemented. Since the intelligent location-based service in the smart home does not require very high location accuracy, we designed the system to have a location accuracy of 0.5 m. Figure 7 shows the experimental test bed in a room measuring 4 ×4 ×2.5 m (width ×length ×height). In the experiment, twelve PIR sensors were fixed on the ceiling, using the arrangement shown in Fig. 4(c). An Atmel AT89C51CC001 microcontroller [17] was used for signal processing and judging ‘ON/OFF’, and a Nippon Ceramic RE431B PIR sensor [18] and N L-11 Fresnel lens were used. Especially, a horn was installed on each PIR sensor to limit the sensing area to the circle with 2 m diameter. Fig. 8 shows the experimental results with the horn. In the figure, the RE431B sensor outputs the signal shown in (a) when a resident passes through the sensing circle, while it outputs the irregular signal shown in (b) when the resident moves within the circle. Finally, no signal is detected when the resident moves outside the circle, as shown in (c). From these experimental results, we verified that the PIR sensor detects residents within the sensing area only. In addition, in order to judge whether the signal is ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’, it is necessary to choose a threshold for the RE431B sensor that considers external environmental disturbance. Initially, several experiments were performed to determine the threshold with respect to the internal temperature change caused by a air conditioner or heater and other disturbances, such as wind or sunshine. Based on these experimental results, when the threshold of the RE431B sensor was ±0.4 V, external environmental temperature change did not affect its performance at detecting the resident. In addition, we verified that pets did not affect the sensing performance with the same threshold.Fig. 7. Experimental test bed for the PILAS.Fig. 8. Ensuring the exact sensing range with a horn.Next, in order to determine the resident’s location using the information received from PIR sensors, a PC-based locationrecognition algorithm was implemented, as shown in Fig. 9. Here, a PC collects data from the PIR sensors every 10 msec using an NI 6025E data acquisition (DAQ) board [19]. In the figure, the line in the left window was drawn using a mouse to show the path of the resident graphically, while that in the window on the right is the estimated movement trajectory of the resident drawn by connecting the resident’s locations acquired using the DAQ board.Finally, in order to verify the efficacy of the system, three experiments were performed with residents between 160 and 180 cm tall, moving at speeds between 1.5 and 2.5 km/h. Figure 9 shows the trajectory of a resident moving along a Tshaped path. The trajectory made by connecting the resi-dent’s locations recognized by the PILAS, shown on th e right, was similar to the target path shown on the left. We know that the maximum location error is about 30 cm without compensating for the outer sensors. Fig. 10 shows the trajectory when the resident follows an H-shaped path. In this experiment, the location accuracy was similar to that in Fig. 9. We verified that the system could locate a resident with accuracy of 0.5 m, even if three or more sensors were activated. Figure 11 shows the trajectory of a resident moving along a square path. In this case, the location error is the largest, and the trajectory is not a straight line. We note that serious location errors occurred at each point marked by A due to the inaccurate judgment of the outer sensors. Nevertheless, the location error is still smaller than 0.5 m when moving in the square path. Here, the compensation method for outer sensors, which was explained in Fig. 5, reduces the location error at each point A. When the resident moves in a straight line, as shown in Fig. 12(a), the location error is relatively large without using the compensation method, as shown in Fig. 12(b). However, after applying the compensation method, we verified that the detection results for the areas in the small circles are enhanced by roughly about 30%.IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a PIR sensor-based indoor location aware system that estimates the resident’s location for location-based intelligent services in the smart home. This paper introduces the framework of smart home for the location-aware system, and a location-recognition algorithm that integrates the information collected from PIR sensors. In addition, this paper presents a resident-detection method. Finally, an experiment is implemented to evaluate the efficacy of the PILAS.Based on several experiments conducted under various conditions, we verified that the PILAS can estimates resident’s location sufficiently well. Moreover, because the location accuracy of the system is less than 0.5 m without any terminal for location recognition, the system can be very practical. Furthermore, it should be possible to enhance the location accuracy of the system by increasing the number of sensing areas, by equalizing the sensing areas based on the sensor arrangement, or by compensating for the centers of outer sensors.Since the location accuracy of this system differs according to the sensor arrangement, it is necessary to determine the optimal sensor arrangement that offers the greatest location accuracy. In order to enhance the location accuracy, it is also necessary to enhance the method of processing the PIR sensors using more advanced techniques such as probabilistic theories and soft computing. Finally, the proposed PILA system should be extended to deal with a room occupied by more than one residents.基于热释电红外传感器的智能家居室内感应定位系统Suk Lee，电机及电子学工程师联合会会员Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee,电机及电子学工程师联合会会员摘要——智能家居，是一种可以通过识别具有不同生活习惯和感觉的住户来提供各种不同的智能服务。

设计智能家居系统，让生活更智能化！（英文中文双语版优质文档）As an important application field of the Internet of Things, the smart home system is getting more and more attention. The system can connect various smart home appliances, sensors, network communication and other equipment, and realize remote control and intelligent management through the Internet. This article will introduce the design and implementation of a smart home system.1. Basic structure of smart home systemThe basic structure of a smart home system includes three parts: hardware devices, cloud platform, and mobile applications. Hardware devices are the entities of the smart home system, including various sensors, controllers, and smart home appliances. The cloud platform is the core of the smart home system, responsible for processing data, controlling equipment, managing users and other tasks. A mobile application is the user interface of a smart home system that allows users to control the smart home system from a smartphone or tablet.2. Selection and connection of hardware equipmentAmong the hardware devices of the smart home system, various sensors are the most important. Sensors can collect data such as indoor temperature, humidity, smog, and carbon dioxide, which can help users understand the state of the home environment and take timely measures. In addition, smart home appliances are also an important part of the smart home system, which can realize automatic management through remote control.For the selection of hardware devices, factors such as device functions, reliability, and compatibility need to be considered. When connecting hardware devices, technologies such as wireless network and Bluetooth can be used to connect each device to a local area network.3. Design and implementation of cloud platformThe cloud platform is the core of the smart home system, it can process data, control equipment, manage users and other tasks. When designing a cloud platform, the following aspects need to be considered:1. Data storage and processingThe cloud platform needs to process a large amount of data, including data collected by sensors, device status, user information, etc. In order to ensure data security and stability, the cloud platform needs to use reliable database and data processing technologies, such as NoSQL database, distributed storage and other technologies.2. Device Control and ManagementThe cloud platform needs to control and manage the equipment, which can be realized through remote control and scheduled tasks. At the same time, the cloud platform needs to monitor the equipment status, detect equipment failures in time and take measures.3. User management and authorizationThe cloud platform needs to manage and authorize users, and different user permissions can be set to ensure the security and stability of the system.4. Design and implementation of mobile applicationsA mobile application is the user interface of a smart home system that allows users to control the smart home system from a smartphone or tablet. When designing a mobile application, there are several aspects to consider:1. User interface designThe user interface of the mobile application needs to be concise, clear, and easy to use. It can adopt a graphical interface and intuitive operation mode, so that users can quickly grasp the usage method of the system.2. Functional designMobile applications need to provide rich functions, including device control, data monitoring, device status query, alarm reminder and other functions. At the same time, it should provide users with customizable functions, allowing users to set up according to their own needs.3. Data interaction and communicationMobile applications need to perform data interaction and communication with the cloud platform, which can be realized through API interfaces, message queues, etc. At the same time, the security and stability of data should be guaranteed to avoid data loss or tampering.5. Security and Privacy ProtectionThe smart home system needs to ensure data security and privacy protection, and the following measures can be adopted:1. Data encryption and authenticationFor the transmitted data, encryption and authentication technologies are required to ensure the security and reliability of data transmission.2. User rights managementThe smart home system needs to manage the rights of users to ensure that only authorized users can operate the system.3. Protection against attacks and intrusionsSmart home systems need to adopt security measures such as firewalls and anti-virus software to prevent malicious attacks and intrusions.4. Privacy ProtectionSmart home systems need to adopt privacy protection technology to protect users' private information from being leaked or abused.6. SummaryAs an important application field of the Internet of Things, the smart home system can bring convenience and comfort to people's lives. When designing and implementing a smart home system, it is necessary to consider the selection and connection of hardware devices, the design and implementation of cloud platforms, the design and implementation of mobile applications, security and privacy protection, etc. Only by fully considering all aspects can we design a safe, reliable, and easy-to-use smart home system that will bring more convenience and comfort to people's lives.智能家居系统作为物联网的一个重要应用领域，正在得到越来越多的关注。

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原文题目：Detecting Individual Activities from Video in a SmartHome译文题目：在智能家居中从视频中检测个人活动摘要——论文阐述了在智能家居环境中个人活动的检测。

我们的系统是基于一个强大的视频跟踪器，创建和使用一个广角摄像头跟踪目标。

该系统采了对用输入目标位置，大小和方向的翻译。

对每一个目标进行翻译，产生活动分类，如“走”，“站立”，“坐”，“吃饭”，或“睡眠”。

贝叶斯分类器和支持向量机（SVMs）相比，获取和识别到先前定义的单个活动。

这些方法在记录的数据集上被评估。

然后提出一种新型的混合分类器。

此分类器结合了生成的贝叶斯方法和区别性支持向量机。

贝叶斯方法用于检测先前地看不见的活动，而支持向量机在识别获取活动类别的例子上被展示了能提供搞的区别力。

记录的数据集的混合分类器评估结果表明，当识别系统看不见的活动时，生成和区别性的分类相结合方法的优于单独的方法。

一，引言本文介绍了一种用于检测在智能家居环境下的个人活动的系统。

目的是检测预定义的和看不见的活动。

提出的系统是基于使用一个广角摄像头创建和跟踪移动目标的可视化的跟踪过程。

提取目标位置，大小和方向，作为每个目标的活动识别输入。

本文的两个贡献：首先，贝叶斯分类器和支持向量机（SVMs）相比，从视觉目标属性中获取和识别基本的个人的活动（“走”，“站立”，“会议”，“吃饭”，“睡觉”）。

在数据集中这两种方法都被测试和评估，记录在智能家居环境的实验室样机。

其次，为识别预先看不到的活动提出了一种新型的混合分类器。

贝叶斯方法用于创建一个有依据的数据模型。

关于这个模型的概率确定与否，可以归结预定义的活动种类。

如果是，支持向量机是用来确定获取活动种类。

如果不是这样，一个错误检测或一个新的活动类（所获取到的）被识别。

该混合分类器在记录数据集中已经进行了测定和评估。

二，方法在下面，我们提出从视频检测活动的方法。

首先，我们对智能家居环境和强大视频跟踪系统进行了简要描述。