Vertical and Horizontal

横向的英语单词单词：horizontal1.1 词性：形容词1.2 释义：水平的；横向的1.3 英文释义：Parallel to the plane of the horizon; at right angles to the vertical.1.4 相关词汇：horizontally（副词），horizontality（名词），vertical （反义词，垂直的）---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自拉丁语“horizontem”，意为“地平线”。

2.2 趣闻：在古代建筑中，确定建筑物的水平方向至关重要，工匠们会利用一些简单的工具如水平仪的雏形来确保墙壁、地面等结构是水平的，这与“horizontal”所表达的概念紧密相关，而不准确的水平定位可能会导致建筑结构不稳定甚至倒塌。

---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：- horizontal line：水平线例句：Draw a horizontal line on the paper.翻译：在纸上画一条水平线。

- horizontal position：水平位置例句：The book is in a horizontal position on the table.翻译：书在桌子上呈水平放置。

- horizontal axis：水平轴例句：The data is plotted along the horizontal axis.翻译：数据沿着水平轴绘制。

---4 实用片段（1）. “Look at that painting. The artist has used a lot of horizontal lines to create a sense of calm and stability.” I sa id to my friend as we stood in the art gallery.翻译：“看那幅画。

画家运用了许多水平线来营造一种平静和稳定的感觉。

1.gravity 这个英文单词是重心的意思，在这里就表示停靠位置的意思。

android:layout_gravity 和android:gravity 的区别从名字上可以看到，android:gravity是对元素本身说的，元素本身的文本显示在什么地方靠着换个属性设置，不过不设置默认是在左侧的。

android:layout_gravity是相对与它的父元素说的，说明元素显示在父元素的什么位置。

比如说button：android:layout_gravity 表示按钮在界面上的位置。

android:gravity表示button上的字在button上的位置。

可选值这两个属性可选的值有：top、bottom、left、right、center_vertical、fill_vertical、center_horizontal、fill_horizontal、center、fill、clip_vertical。

而且这些属性是可以多选的，用“|”分开。

默认这个的值是：Gravity.LEFT对这些属性的描述：出自：/guide/topics/resources/drawable-res ource.html/reference/android/graphics/drawable /ClipDrawable.htmlValue Descriptiontop Put the object at the top of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的顶部，不改变其大小.bottom Put the object at the bottom of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的底部，不改变其大小.left Put the object at the left edge of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的左侧，不改变其大小.right Put the object at the right edge of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的右侧，不改变其大小.center_vertical Place object in the vertical center of its container, not changing its size.将对象纵向居中，不改变其大小.垂直对齐方式：垂直方向上居中对齐。

飞行员座椅位置调整你是否正确就座？翻译一篇文章：Are You Properly Seated?来自《Safety first #25 January 2018》/are-you-properly-s你是否正确的坐着？Are You Properly Seated?飞行员在飞行时最佳座位位置可不是随便的。

它是详细分析和设计的结果，为操纵飞机的飞行员（PF）和监控飞机的飞行员（PM）提供了最佳的就座位置，以安全舒适地操纵飞机。

可能很多人会感到惊讶，像飞行员座椅位置调整这样简单的事情，可以在飞机安全飞行中发挥关键作用。

这就是在标准操作程序（SOP）的“推出和启动前”部分，必须密切关注座椅调整阶段，对飞行员为什么特别重要的原因。

本文将介绍视觉参考点的原理以及它如何在空中客车飞机驾驶舱的设计中发挥关键作用。

它还将说明坐在正确位置的飞行员，是如何避免相对于座椅位置调整不佳的情况下操作飞机的潜在后果的。

▌适航认证要求CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS法规要求飞机制造商提供一种方法，帮助飞行员精确定位，并让他们在座位上获得最佳视角。

这在EASA CS 25.773和FAA FAR 25.773有明确要求的。

飞行员身高从1.58米（5英尺2英寸）至1 91米（6英尺3英寸），可轻松接近驾驶舱内所有飞机的控制装置，这是EASA CS 25.777规定的。

该要求确保设计适合绝大多数飞行员。

当为任何驾驶舱提供参考点设计时，将考虑这些要求。

它通常被称为设计目视位置，也称为视觉参考点。

▌视觉参考点THE EYE REFERENCE POINT现代飞机驾驶舱围绕视觉参考点建造。

睛参考点用于确定驾驶舱窗户的大小，并界定所有控制开关，显示器和仪表的位置。

当飞行员与视觉基准点对准时，他们将处于操纵飞机的最佳位置。

▌优化视野An optimized field of view当飞行员将自己与视觉参考点对齐时，驾驶舱的设计使得前面板上的所有仪表和显示器都在其视野范围内（图1）。

那个⒈界面的组成部分。

Interface components标题栏title bar菜单栏menu bar工具栏toolbar标尺rulers工作区workspace状态栏status bar垂直、水平工具栏vertical and horizontal bar⒉介绍各组成部分。

Introduced components（1）标题栏应用窗口最上端的部分称为标题栏。

左侧的文字指示当前打开文件的文件名，右侧是三个按钮，分别为【最小化】按钮、【最大化】按钮和【关闭】按钮。

The top part of the application window is called the title bar .the left side of the text indicates the current file name to open the right are threebuttons .respectively [Minimize] button,[Maximize]button and [Close]button.（2）菜单栏菜单栏共包含有以下几个子功能menu bar contains the following sub-total functionality文件file 编辑edit 视图view 插入insert 格式style工具tools 表格form 窗口window 帮助help（3）工具栏工具栏包括了一系列的常用菜单命令，使用各种工具栏中的按钮可以完成大部分的菜单功能。

Toolbar includes a series of commonly used menu commands, use the various buttons on the toolbar to complete most of the menu functions.例如 such as空白文档空白文档是创建一个新建的文档Blank document is used to create a new document打开文件夹是打开一个文件夹Open the folder is open a folder保存文件夹是保存一个文件save a file folder is saved.字体设置是设置字体的样式、大小、颜色、下标、粗细等功能。

Vertical versus horizontal FDIHorizontal FDI, where multi-plant firms duplicate roughly the same activities in multiple countries, has been distinguished from vertical FDI, where firms locate different stages of production in different countries. The bulk of FDI is horizontal rather than vertical. That developed countries are both the source and the host of most FDI suggests that market access is more important than reducing production costs as a motive for FDI.Brainard (1993) reports that foreign affiliates owned by US multinationals export only 13 percent of their overseas production back to the United States, so most production by US multinationals appears to be motivated by the desire to serve markets abroad. Similarly, the US affiliates of foreign multinationals export only 2-8 percent of their US production back to their parents; 64 percent is sold in the US market. The bulk of FDI is attracted to big markets, rather than to cheap labor (or other factors of production). The large volume of two-way FDI flows also seems to fit horizontal FDI models better than vertical ones.Standard models of horizontal FDI revolve around the trade-off between plant-level fixed costs and trade costs (see Markusen, 1984). When the potential host country is small, the potential savings in trade costs (with accrue per unit of exports to the country) are insufficient to offset the fixed costs of setting up a production facility there; hence, exports are chosen over FDI as the method for serving the market abroad. However, when a host country is large enough for the fixed costs of the plant to be offset by the trade costs saved, FDI is chosen over exports. Bigger market size of the host country, smaller plant-level fixed costs (smaller plant-level scale economies), and larger trade costs are more conducive to horizontal FDI. The proximity-concentrationhypothesis (see separate entry) refers to the common tenet that FDI occurs when the benefits of producing in a foreign market outweigh the loss of scale economies that could be reaped if produced in only one plant (in the firm’s home country). See also separate entries on fixed costs & FDI, market size & FDI, and trade costs & FDI for more on the impact of each on FDI.FDI may exist to avoid not only actual trade costs but feared trade costs as well. FDI, such as by Japanese firms into the EU in electronics and into the Unites States in autos, may be motivated more by fear of impending trade barriers (anti-dumping duties or voluntary export restraints) than by any barriers in place at the time of the investments.When the choice between FDI and exports involves a simple trade-off between trade costs and fixed costs, an interesting implication is that no firm should simultaneously engage in both FDI and exports. Even for the exact value of trade costs where the trade costs times the number of units exported equals the plant-level fixed costs, when the firm is exactly indifferent between FDI or exports, the firm will either pay the fixed costs to build the plant and serve the market exclusively through FDI, or not build the plant and serve the market only through exports.Unlike horizontal FDI, with vertical FDI firms engage in both FDI and exports. Whereas in horizontal FDI models, the two countries are often envisioned as being of similar size, in vertical FDI models, the home country is usually thought of as being much larger than the host country. Thus, the horizontal FDI framework is more representative of a pair of developed countries, whereas the vertical FDI framework is like a developed source country and a developing host country. In horizontal FDImodels, the question is how best to serve the host market (abroad), whereas in vertical FDI models, the question is typically how best to serve the domestic market.Standard models of vertical FDI involve deciding where to locate production to minimize costs. Headquarter services are located in the home country; production of the good can be located with the headquarters in the home country or separated and located abroad. Production costs are assumed to be lower in the host country than at home. Hence the trade-off is between the lower costs of producing abroad and the need to pay trade costs to bring the goods back home. FDI occurs if the cost savings from producing abroad are greater than the trade costs incurred. Lower trade costs should encourage vertical FDI but discourage horizontal FDI. As trade costs fall, vertical FDI occurs for smaller differences in factor prices. In a simple setup where only one unit of labor is required to produce the good in either country, vertical FDI occurs if the wage difference across countries is greater than the trade costs. As vertical FDI is often called international outsourcing/offshoring (see separate entry), the production cost savings minus the trade costs can be called the gain from offshoring.Anyone fearing that, as trade costs fall, all production will shift to from rich countries such as the United States to poorer countries such as China or Mexico (where wages are lower) should bear in mind that the United States remains the largest recipient of FDI inflows. Also, the comparison is not of wage levels alone, but efficiency wages – labor costs per unit of production. If wages elsewhere are one-tenth US wages but workers are less than one-tenth as productive, labor there is not truly less expensive.The knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise (see separate entry) is an overarching model that includes both horizontal and vertical FDI as special cases. Ithas been used to test for evidence in support of horizontal versus vertical FDI. Most findings have been more supportive of horizontal FDI, but other research (such as Braconier et al, 2005) has emphasized that vertical FDI does indeed occur and is important to the host countries in which it occurs (sales by affiliates are large relative to GDP). Both horizontal and vertical FDI can occur in Markusen and Venables (2005) -- the split between market-oriented and export platform activity depends mostly on trade costs, and factor endowments influence whether specialize in components or assembly.Given that the bulk of FDI is horizontal in nature, and that horizontal FDI is motivated by avoiding trade costs (tariff-jumping), the trends in the 1990 were rather perplexing. Dramatic reductions in trade costs due to trade negotiations and technological change occurred together with substantial growth in FDI (outpacing the fast growth in world trade). Neary (2007) has put forth two potential explanations. He shows that cross-border mergers can be encouraged by reductions in trade costs. As mergers & acquisitions are quantitatively more important than greenfield investments (building from scratch), falling trade costs can be consistent with expansions in horizontal FDI. He also argues that horizontal FDI in trading blocks can be encouraged by trade liberalization within the trade block. When trade costs fall within the block, outside firms invest in one country as a means for serving the entire trade block. For example, a US firm may produce in Ireland to serve all of Europe, or a German firm may produce in Canada to serve all of North America. These are examples of export-platform FDI, discussed below. Which explanation is most empirically relevant remains to be determined.Export-Platform FDIExport-platform FDI is FDI motivated by a desire to export rather than to serve the local market. Vertical FDI is export-platform FDI where the exports are sent back to the home market. However, there is an increasing trend toward export-platform FDI where the exports are sent to third markets. The rise of trade blocks with low internal trade barriers but higher external barriers may contribute to this trend. Multinationals are establishing production subsidiaries within a trade block and using that plant to serve the entire block. To the degree that the host country is small relative to the overall size of the trade block, the vast bulk of production will be exported to other countries in the trade block.Motta and Norman (1996) find that improved market access within a trade block leads to export-platform FDI in this manner. As an additional benefit, since FDI into the block becomes more attractive to outside firms, due to firms being better able to reach the majority of markets within the block through exports from one plant, the subsidies required to entice firms to locate in the block will be reduced. Instead of considering only the market size of a potential host country, firms now consider the broader, regional market that can be easily reached from the country. As trade blocks are often formed on a regional basis, avoiding artificial trade barriers (such as tariffs) and natural trade barriers (transport costs) tend to go hand in hand.Kumar (1998) emphasized the need to distinguish between export-platform FDI oriented toward the home market versus that oriented toward third countries. FDI for export back to the home market occurs to take advantage of cheaper factors of production elsewhere, and only trade costs between the home and host country matter. However,FDI for export to third countries is critically dependent on the ease of access to the third countries, and the trade costs back to the home market matter little.Ekholm et al (2007) further distinguish between three types of export-platform FDI. Home country export-platform FDI involves export back to the parent. Third-country export-platform FDI involves export to another large country (not home or host). With global export-platform FDI, the host plant exports to both the home country and the third country. When the home and the host countries form a free trade area, the outcome can be that the inside firm engages in home (or global) export-platform FDI, while the outsider firm opts for the third-country approach. Fitting this scenario, the North American affiliates of US multinationals concentrate on exports back home, whereas affiliates in Europe concentrate on exports to third countries. See also Yeaple 2003. With NAFTA, Mexico has seen increases in the share of production by affiliates of multinationals (both US and from elsewhere) sent to the United States.Using data for US outbound FDI to OECD countries from 1980-2000, Blonigen et al (2004) find evidence consistent with export-platform FDI in Europe. When measures of market potential (size of proximate third country markets) are included, they find a clear negative relationship between FDI into proximate countries. This pattern of substitution between industrialized countries in Europe provides strong evidence of export-platform FDI. Ireland is the most successful EU economy in attracting export-platform FDI.The implications of export-platform FDI need further study. For example, when MNEs use the host country as an export-platform, local firms are often not competitors (unless also exporting) and thus the MNEs need not worry about restricting technologyspillovers. As there is less risk of damaging local competitors, local governments may view export-platform FDI more favorably than FDI for the purpose of serving the local market. While there are potential employment gains from both, export-platform FDI does not generate the gains in consumer surplus that market-access motivated FDI would.See also: fixed costs & FDI, knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise, market size & FDI, outsourcing/offshoring,proximity-concentration hypothesis, trade costs & FDIFurther ReadingBlonigen, Bruce A., Ronald B. Davies, Glen R. Waddell, and Helen T. Naughton. 2004.“FDI in Space: Spatial Autoregressive Relationships in Foreign DirectInvestment.” NBER Working Paper No. 10939./papers/w10939.pdf Finds evidence consistent with exportplatform FDI in Europe.Braconier, Henrik, Pehr-Johan Norback, and Dieter Urban. 2005. “Multinational Enterprises and Wage Costs: Vertical FDI Revisited.” Journal of InternationalEconomics 67(2): 446-70. Evidence in support of vertical FDI.Brainard, S. Lael. 1993. “An Empirical Assessment of the Factor Proportions Explanation of Multinational Sales.” NBER Working Paper No. 4583./papers/w4583.pdf Finds little support for factor proportion motivation for FDI.Ekholm, Karolina, Rikard Forslid, and James R. Markusen. 2007. “Export-Platform Foreign Direct Investment.” Journal of the European Economic Association 5(4): 776-95. Examines conditions under which three different types of export platform FDI arise: back to MNE’s home country, to a third country, or globally (to both). Kumar, Nagesh. 1998. “Multinational Enterprises, Regional Economic Integration, and Export-Platform Production in the Host Countries: An Empirical Analysis for the US and Japanese Corporations.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of WorldEconomics 134(3): 450-83. Contrasts the determinants of production for exportback to MNE’s home market to those for export to third-country markets. Markusen, James R. 1995. “The Boundaries of Multinational Enterprises and the Theory of International Trade.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(2): 169-89. Excellent review of empirical evidence on multinational firms.———. 1984. “Multinationals, Multi-plant Economies, and the Gains from Trade.”Journal of International Economics 16(3-4): 205-26. The original. Markusen, James R., and Anthony J. Venables. 2005. “A Multi-Country Approach To Factor-Proportions Trade and Trade Costs.” NBER Working Papers No. 11051./papers/w11051.pdf Model where both horizontal andvertical FDI occur.Motta, Massimo, and George Norman. 1996. “Does Economic Integration Cause Foreign Direct Investment?” International Economic Review 37(4): 757-83. Threecountry, three firm model showing how improved market access within a regionleads to export-platform FDI as outside firms invest in the region.Neary, J. Peter. 2008. “Trade Costs and Foreign Direct Investment.” International Review of Economic and Finance, forthcoming. Provides two explanations for howfalling trade costs can generate increased FDI, as seen in the data.Yeaple, Stephen Ross. 2003. “The Complex Integration Strategies of Multinationals and Cross Country Dependencies in the Structure of Foreign Direct Investment.”Journal of International Economics 60(2): 293-314. Describes how strategies ofmultinationals are richer than just horizontal or just vertical FDI.Amy Glass, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University。

AE内置插件中英文对照一，Adjust主要都是一些调整参数的滤镜，主要包括以下滤镜：01，Brightness＆Contrast用于调整亮度和对比度02，Channel MixerChannel Mixer用于通道混合，可以用当前彩色通道的值来修改一个彩色通道。

应用Channel Mixer可以产生其它颜色调整工具不易产生的效果；或者通过设置每个通道提供的百分比产生高质量的灰阶图；或者产生高质量的棕色调和其它色调图像；或者交换和复制通道。

Red／Green／Blue－Red／Green／BIue／Const分别表不不同的颜色调整通道，Const用来调整通道的对比度。

参数以百分比表示，表明增强或减弱该通道的效果。

其默认的参数为Red－Red Green－Green Blue－Blue都是1O0％，其它为 O％，表示初始的RGB通道值。

最下方的Monochrome选项是可以将图像应用为灰阶图03，Color BalanceColor Balance用于调整色彩平衡。

通过调整层中包含的红、绿、蓝的颜色值，颜色平衡. 效果控制参数Shadow Red／Blue／Green Balance用于调整 RGB彩色的阴影范围平衡。

Midtone Red／BIue／Green Balance用于调整 RGB彩色的中问亮度范围平衡。

Hilight Red／Blue／Green Balance用于调整 RGB彩色的高光范围平衡。

Preserve Luminosity选项用于保持图像的平均亮度，来保持图像的整体平衡。

04，CurvesCurves用于调整图象的色调曲线，通过改变效果窗口的Curves曲线来改变图象的色调。

也可以用Level完成同样的工作，但是Curves的控制能力更强。

05，Channel用于选择要进行调控的通道，可以选RGB彩色通道，Red红色通道、Green绿色通道、Bule蓝色通道和Alpha透明通道分别进行调控。

PROE 野火5.0之曲面造型(style isdx) 新功能Styling window (Note: styling features are super features, and there can be father son relationships between common features)4 window points, select 4 window icon switch. 1 window changes, 4 windows are updated simultaneously.1 new 4 NEWThe CTRL +D key is restored to the standard four window viewStandard four lookAdjust the window, drag the window, the boundary cross line, adjust the size of each windowSelect the graphic of the activity plane and select the datum plane (the drawing plane attribute).Facing the right side of the plane the direction of the moving plane (the point of view attribute).The inner plane diagram is in the same column as the movable plane. The same plane construction method, but the same characteristics as modeling. The constructed datum plane changes into active plane in real time. Note: the difference between free curve and the plane curve, the reference slide within the "reference" can change the active plane, "offset" can offset existing activities to establish a new plane moving plane, while the internal surface in a more flexible way to establish a new plane activities.Environment settings modeling preferencesMolding curveThe free curve creates a curve icon, draws a line, ends the middle key, then draws another line, and the middle key ends... To complete the green tick curve (or press button), black tick exit featureDrag into 3D. By editing the curve icon, you can drag it into a 3D curve, while a flat curve does not. Before dragging, you'd better set the moving plane and make it look straight.Plane curveNot 3DCos curveDo not cross the boundary without crossing the boundary between the surfaces (the boundary of the surface will have the geometry of the surface) and the boundary between the surfaces (regardless of whether the surface is merged).An inner boundary that can cross a boundary but can cross a boundary to blend a surface or a curved surface.The drag plug allows one to pull one, more, or more points online (in conjunction with Ctrl) at one time.And directional control and coordinate control can be implemented.Direction control points on the slide: free, horizontal, vertical, vertical.The coordinates of control points (both absolute and relative to the direction of the axis defined Si). Check the relative, in a certain direction, enter a value, continuous press ENT, can realize continuous relative movement.Soft point control if the insertion point with the lock point (with Shift crawl) is a soft reference point, cannot coordinate control, can only use soft point editing type: length ratio, length, parameter (usually not only length ratio can be offset from the plane), and the lock lock to point (the point is no longer mobile freedom), link (when crawling into the surface and solid surface or datum, the point to point type grid display, soft switch to link).Remove soft point, select soft point, right key, disconnect.A curve conversion can only convert curves to free or flat surfaces, and cannot be converted into Cos attributes.Delete the curve modeling environment, double-click any curve to the right button, delete the curve.Extension curve, Shift+Alt point, line selection end drag. The extension is in the upper slider of the point: free, tangent, and curvature.Usually extends near the target and matches the Shift lock point.Cut the curve and delete the endpoint.Cut the curve, select the insertion point, the right key, and the segmentation. The split two curves have father son relation, and the segmentation point becomes the soft point of the subsystem.Endpoint combination curve Shift drag a curve to lock another curve (or lock to another curve near the end, and then set the soft point editing type "lock point to another automatically lock the ends of the curve), right click, combination.Offset curve Cos curve offset or normal surface offset in surface: modeling offset curve. Note: CosThe curve is referenced to the two surface, and the resulting offset of the surface will be offset by different directions, the normal surfaceThe offset will not; the offset is allowed to be greater than the minimum radius; delete the curve: right click "Edit"Definition, deletion, reference, or reset reference. The offset curve is the original Cos curve and the reference surfaceSubsystem.The selection of loading curve shape characteristics curve outside (can Ctrl more) and other, from a reference curve, V (loading curve become free curve). The loading curve has nothing to do with the original curve.Surface line support surfaces: IGES, Pro/E surfaces, surfaces within the same modeling feature, etc..Curve form: Cos or freedom. Cos can be converted into freedom afterwards.Father son relationship: drag Shift to tow the points at the ends and re lock the points to the curveIn addition to the father and son relation of the surface.Vertical and horizontal directions: press Ctrl to select the surface again to change the direction of the vertical and horizontal directions.The construction steps of modeling, curve from surface to surface, left click tickThe falling curve is similar to the Pro/E projection curve. For the original curve and the reference surface of the subsystem.Plane curve, move the copy is only applicable to modeling characteristics of free curve, circle and arc.The pair of plane curves does not violate the plane constraint.Motion and copy functions can be translated, rotated, scaled, or geometrically variable. A curve that has a soft point constraint (which can be removed if necessary) cannot be freely controlled, and when it is copied, it can be checked to "disconnect"". A plane curve can be translated, rotated, or scaled only on its plane.Translation: precise control using relative coordinates.Rotation: can input each shaft rotation angle.Scaling: allows locking of proportional values (proportionally).Control rod: can enter absolute or relative position coordinates; can input relative rotation angle; willThe control rod is positioned at the center of the cover frame or aligned with the movable plane; the curve rotates around the center of the control rod; the control lever rod can be moved, and the end of the control rod can be rotated to rotate.Conversion mode: Select (allow cover box, zoom curve, control lever translation and rotation curve) and cover frame (only allow box frame zoom curve).Mode of movement: freedom; horizontal / vertical (relative to the active plane); normal (relative to the active plane, but must be active, the plane is in a non positive state before it becomes effective).Zoom mode: reverse (one-way); Center (i.e., two-way).The proportion of updates to a soft point, and the overall scale of the curve is scaled.Location: curve, icon, tick, tick, scale, updateCondition: there are at least two soft points in the curve.Must be soft dragging.Must be free or flat curve, Cos curve cannot be renewed in proportion.The proportion of copy editors, copy, according to the proportion of selected curve (default check disconnected), drag the arrow replication curve (ratio of movement can cancel the option on the skateboard "unification" and "unified" height control. After you uncheck, change to equal height copy To B.The main difference with replication: you can match Shift, drag arrows, catch, locate, and use the unified function".Tangent constraint: natural (natural to edit to make the re set of constraints) and free, fixed angle, horizontal and vertical (horizontal and vertical reference plane, usually value) method (to start to choose a reference plane collector surface), the current alignment (tangent plane or parallel to another fall in the curve the symmetric (two), the average value of the tangent angle, explicit single arrow) and tangent (from paternal tangent angle value, explicit single arrow) andcurvature (from tangent angle value and the value of paternal length, four lines tangent to the surface (arrow) and tangent to the surface, do not show the arrow. Curvature of a surface or curvature of a surface can preserve the properties of a plane curve And the surface curvature (tangent curvature continuity to the surface, four line arrow), tangent draft; length (tangent vector length), angle (tangent projection in reference plane angle), height (tangent and the reference surface elevation, can only specify the free curve for elevation, tangent draft height is not available, will be converted into slope, slope) how to understand? Drag constraint: free, length, projection angle + elevation angle. Note: drag constraints affect only the tangents that are currently directly dragged by the mouse.Select display curvature shape feature, right click to edit the definition of curvature diagrams, to check the "save the selected curve (Ctrl optional multiple) - curvature check box (optional curvature box definition, set the curvature cable precision, accuracy refers to the cable density) to edit the curve, adjusting the curvature, the hidden" save the analysis "to show the" save the analysis box set shows that the curvature line again, re adjust the curvature of a curve.The keys are repeated in the styling environment by pressing a middle key or performing a double rotation icon, meaning repeating the menu instructions just now. For example, setting the base level, creating curves or editing curves, etc..Ctrl + D default view.The curve symmetry must make the curve be symmetrical to the designated base plane, except the coordinate point must be symmetrical,The tangent of the points at both ends should also be set symmetrically, in which the parameters to be adjusted are length, angle, and height. Special attention to angle symmetry input: when the input tangent angle at one end, and the other end of negative input can be, ENTER, the system will deduct 360 for the final calculation.A complete regeneration of the two curve can be established from the soft point father son relationship. When modifying the parent curve, the regeneration icon is shown in yellow and needs to be turned green to be fully regenerated. Note: the segmentation curve is also the case.。

Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement （角度和方向测量）Horizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying.（水平角和竖直角是测量的 基本测量工作）It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms beforedescribing angle and direction measurement.（在描述角度和方向测量之前，有必要熟悉【be familiar with 熟悉】几个【certain 某些】基本术语的含义【meaning 】）The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.（这里讨论的这些术语与地 球的真实形状有关【have reference to 与……有关】）Basic Terms （基本术语）A vertical line at any point A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.（地球表面任一点的垂线是指这点上沿着重力的方向的线【可译为：地球表面任一点的垂线方向 是过该点的重力方向】）It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point. （如果在这点上用线悬挂一个重物，当线自由【即无干扰】静止【suspended 暂停的、悬浮的】时，这条线所呈现【assume 呈现】的方向即重力方向。

有关纵横双向解决情态动词之烦恼的探析中英文对照On the analysis of vertical and horizontal two-way solve troubles of modal verbs in Chinese and English情态动词用法的复习整理一直是广大师生都感到棘手的问题。

英语教学实践教育每一位教师，复习既然为高考服务，就应当首先符合高考要求。

长期的教学活动表明：只有让知识系统化并让学生接受，才能达到最佳教学效果。

语法教学尤应如此。

Review of modal verbs are finishing has been the broad masses of teachers and students all feel thorny problem. Education in English teaching practice every teacher, review since the service for the college entrance examination, should conform to the requirements of the college entrance examination in the first place. Long-term teaching activity shows that only by making more systematic knowledge and let students accept and can achieve the best teaching effect. Grammar teaching should be the case.关键词：情态动词用法系统化Keywords: systematic modal verbs are used对学生语言能力的培养是平时一点一滴的积累造就的。

Like a fish in the ocean, man is confined to a very shallow layer of atmosphere.The gaseous envelope of the Earth is physically inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions, although the horizontal inhomogeneity is much less marked than the vertical inhomogeneity.Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc. The division based on the variation of the air temperature with altitude is used most commonly in the meteorological literature.According to a publication of the 就像海洋中的鱼一样,人类被局限在大气中一个非常狭窄的层次之内。

虽然地球的大气层在水平方向上的不均匀性比在垂直高度上的不均匀性要小得多。

但它确确实实在水平和垂直两个方向上都是不均匀的。