2019年考研英语真题答案及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.【A】Some 【B】Most 【C】Few 【D】All2. 【A】put 【B】take 【C】run 【D】come3. 【A】Since 【B】If 【C】Though 【D】Until4. 【A】formally 【B】relatively 【C】gradually 【D】literally5. 【A】back 【B】next 【C】around 【D】away6. 【A】onto 【B】off 【C】across 【D】alone7. 【A】unattractive【B】uncrowded 【C】unchanged 【D】unfamiliar8. 【A】site【B】point 【C】way 【D】place9. 【A】So 【B】Yet 【C】Instead 【D】Besides10. 【A】immediately 【B】intentionally 【C】unexpectedly 【D】eventually11. 【A】surprised 【B】annoyed 【C】frightened 【D】confused12. 【A】problem 【B】option 【C】view 【D】result13. 【A】Above all 【B】In contrast 【C】On average 【D】For example14. 【A】bridge 【B】avoid 【C】spot 【D】separate15. 【A】from 【B】through 【C】beyond 【D】under16. 【A】posts 【B】links 【C】shades 【D】breaks17. 【A】artificial 【B】mysterious 【C】hidden 【D】limited18. 【A】Finally 【B】Consequently 【C】incidentally 【D】Generally19. 【A】memories 【B】marks 【C】 notes 【D】belongings20. 【A】restrict 【B】adopt 【C】lead 【D】exposeSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term. 21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism”in economics activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more aboutencouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,”said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students’indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges’neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges’graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld”and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI”that would cause “overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,”he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business’relutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. forces some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the dominance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchasesD. were considered up favorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win”an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A largepart of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understandthem, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,”and I yell. “No,”neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the laypress, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School ” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the pr oject.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Mi ng” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)答案Section ⅠUse of English1、【答案】C. Few 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

2019年考研英语（一）真题试卷Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1____of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2____ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3____ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4____ can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5____ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6____ a trail, but not in a completely 7____ area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8____ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9____,if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10____ see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11____ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12____ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14____ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15____ the woods. Head toward these 16____ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17____ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18____ , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20____ you to civilization.Section Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”。

2019考研英语(二)真题答案解析(完整版) SectionⅠ Use of English1. [答案] 【D】 However[解析] 此处是逻辑关系考点。

空格前面说到定期称重能够协助我们注重自身体重的明显变化，这是正面描述，但是空格后面说的是负面描述，我们能够从词汇hurt上面感觉到语气的转变，所以，我们这里选择D,However(不过). 所给的答案中[A]Besides(除此之外)，[B] Therefore(所以)， [D]Otherwise(否则)，意思都不符合题意。

2. [答案] 【A】helps[解析] 此处是考查词义复现。

空格所在的句子的意思是说：这种习惯的坏处有时候要比...多，很明显想表达的意思是弊大于利，所以空格处应该写表示利的同义词，这里所给的答案中，A helps(有协助)复合题意，其他[B]cares(关心)，[C] warns(警告),[D] reduces(减少)带入句中都不符合题意。

3. [答案] 【B】solely[解析] 此处是词汇考查。

空格所在的句子的意思是：每天称重会让我转译注意力到体重的数值上，而不是宽泛的身体健康上。

此处和后面的4题的数值也很匹配，所以答案是B solely表示仅仅。

而其他答案[A] initially(最初地)[B]solely(仅仅地)[C]occasionally(偶尔地) [D] formally(正式地)都不合题意。

4. [答案] 【B】lowering[解析] 此处是词义辨析题。

空格所在的句子的意思和上文3空格的意思想对应，我虽然体重增加是因为肌肉的增强，但是我所想的是体重秤上的数字增大了，所以会注重怎样把数字降下来，所以这里应该选择是B (lowering)降低的意思。

其他选项[A]recording(记录) [C]explaining(解释) [D]accepting(接受)都不能表达此意。

5. [答案] 【D】reach[解析] 此处是固定搭配题。

2019考研英语一真题及参考答案Introduction:The2019English exam paper for the Graduate Record Examination (GRE)contains a variety of questions that test the candidates1understanding and proficiency in the English language.This article will provide an overview of the exam,as well as a detailed analysis of the questions and suggested answers.Let's explore the exam together.Section1:Reading ComprehensionIn this section,candidates are required to read several passages and answer questions based on the content.The passages cover a wide range of topics,including literature,history,science,and social issues.Here are the summaries of the passages:Passage1:The Influence of Technology on EducationThis passage discusses the impact of technology on the educational system.It highlights the advantages and challenges of incorporating technology into classrooms,such as increasing access to educational resources while facing concerns about distractions and privacy issues.Passage2:The Benefits of BilingualismThe second passage explores the benefits of being bilingual.It emphasizes the positive effects of bilingualism on cognitive ability,as well as the advantages it brings to individuals in the job market and intercultural communication.Passage3:The Importance of SleepThis passage focuses on the significance of sleep.It examines the effects of sleep deprivation on individuals1physical and mental health,as well as the importance of establishing healthy sleep patterns and routines.Section2:Sentence Equivalence and Text CompletionThis section tests candidates1vocabulary and grammar skills.It requires them to complete sentences with appropriate words or select words that are equivalent in meaning to a given word.Here are two examples:Sentence Equivalence:The widespread use of social media has both and negative effects on society.Possible answers:positive,beneficial,detrimentalText Completion:The company's success can be attributed to its strong and innovative products.Possible answers:leadership,teamwork,marketing strategiesSection3:Analytical WritingThe analytical writing section prompts candidates to write an essay expressing their opinion or analyzing a given argument.It requires clear and logical thinking,as well as effective writing skills.Here are the two topics: Essay1:Discuss the pros and cons of online shopping.Suggested structure:introduction,advantages of online shopping, disadvantages of online shopping,conclusion.Essay2:Analyze the argument that public transportation should be free for all citizens.Suggested structure:introduction,argument analysis,supporting examples,counterarguments,conclusion.Conclusion:In conclusion,the2019GRE English exam assesses candidates1 comprehensive understanding of the language through reading comprehension,sentence equivalence,text completion,and analytical writing sections.By understanding the format and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves and improve their chances of success.Good luck to all future GRE test-takers!。

2019考研英语一真题及参考答案Introduction:The 2019 English exam paper for the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) contains a variety of questions that test the candidates' understanding and proficiency in the English language. This article will provide an overview of the exam, as well as a detailed analysis of the questions and suggested answers. Let's explore the exam together.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionIn this section, candidates are required to read several passages and answer questions based on the content. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, history, science, and social issues. Here are the summaries of the passages:Passage 1: The Influence of Technology on EducationThis passage discusses the impact of technology on the educational system. It highlights the advantages and challenges of incorporating technology into classrooms, such as increasing access to educational resources while facing concerns about distractions and privacy issues.Passage 2: The Benefits of BilingualismThe second passage explores the benefits of being bilingual. It emphasizes the positive effects of bilingualism on cognitive ability, as well as the advantages it brings to individuals in the job market and intercultural communication.Passage 3: The Importance of SleepThis passage focuses on the significance of sleep. It examines the effects of sleep deprivation on individuals' physical and mental health, as well as the importance of establishing healthy sleep patterns and routines.Section 2: Sentence Equivalence and Text CompletionThis section tests candidates' vocabulary and grammar skills. It requires them to complete sentences with appropriate words or select words that are equivalent in meaning to a given word. Here are two examples:Sentence Equivalence:The widespread use of social media has both ______ and negative effects on society.Possible answers: positive, beneficial, detrimentalText Completion:The company's success can be attributed to its strong ____________ and innovative products.Possible answers: leadership, teamwork, marketing strategiesSection 3: Analytical WritingThe analytical writing section prompts candidates to write an essay expressing their opinion or analyzing a given argument. It requires clear and logical thinking, as well as effective writing skills. Here are the two topics:Essay 1: Discuss the pros and cons of online shopping.Suggested structure: introduction, advantages of online shopping, disadvantages of online shopping, conclusion.Essay 2: Analyze the argument that public transportation should be free for all citizens.Suggested structure: introduction, argument analysis, supporting examples, counterarguments, conclusion.Conclusion:In conclusion, the 2019 GRE English exam assesses candidates' comprehensive understanding of the language through reading comprehension, sentence equivalence, text completion, and analytical writing sections. By understanding the format and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves and improve their chances of success. Good luck to all future GRE test-takers!。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）真题答案19考研今天已经落下帷幕，不管怎样都先为自己鼓个掌，接下来已经考完的同学也可以安心对答案了，超详细的英一答案无忧考网已备好，一起来看看吧2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section ⅠUse of English1. C. Few2. C. run3. B. If4. D. literally5. A.back6. B. off7. D. unfamiliar8. C.way9. A. So10. D. eventually11. A. surprised12. B. option13. D. For example14. C. spot15. B. through16. D. breaks17. A. artificial18. D. Finally19. B. marks20. C. leadSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 121 A. enhance banks’sense of responsibility22 D. "short-termism" in economic activities23 B. adverse24 C. the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 B. patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D. The influence of consumer culture.27 A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning28 A. A obtain more financial support29 C. to be identical with each other.30 B.analyzing the causes behind it.Text 331 C. involves some concerns raised by AI today32 D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B. is still beyond our capacity34 A. affirmation35 C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableText 436 C. make more online shopper pay sales tax37 D. were considered unfavorable by states38 D. harmed fair market competition39 B. Big- chain owners40 D. cites some cases related to it and analyses their implicationsPart B 本篇新题型属于排序题。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights— you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)T ext 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them a side to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its last survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Br itain’s new rule isa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term, but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to ________.[A] enhance bankers’ sens e of responsibility[B] help corporations achieve larger profits[C] build a new system of financial regulation[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ________.[A]the conditions for generating quick profits[B]g overnments’ impatience in decision-making[C]the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]“short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ________.[A]indirect[B]adverse[C]minimal[D]temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.[A]the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”[B]the significance of long-term thinking[C]the approaches to promoting “long-termism”[D]the prevalence of short-term thinking25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades —is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force —a policy often buried deep in course catalog s called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without in curring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”Tha t said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students — who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill —feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A] The change of course catalogs.[B] Students’ indif ference to GPAs.[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.[D] The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]To increase universities’ inco me from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.[A]obtain more financial support[B]boost their student enrollments[C]improve their teaching quality[D]meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A] To counterbalance each other.[B] To complement each other.[C] To be identical with each other.[D] To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.[A] assessing its feasibility[B] analyzing the causes behind it[C] comparing different views on it[D] listing its long-run effectsT ext 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial i ntelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “W e are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or d eploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s high est values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it ________.[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ________.[A] helps explain artificial intelligence[B] can be misleading to robot making[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles ________.[A] can hardly ever be found[B] is still beyond our capacity[C] causes little public concern[D] has aroused much curiosity34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ________.[A] affirmation[B] skepticism[C] contempt[D] respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI.[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable.[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control.T ext 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especiallysmaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ________.[A] deter business relations with states[B] put most online business in a dilemma[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D] force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ________.[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years[C] were widely criticized by online purchases[D] were considered unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ________.[A] hindered economic development[B] brought prosperity to the country[C] harmed fair market competition[D] boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling ________.[A] Internet entrepreneurs[B] Big-chain owners[C] Third-party sellers[D] Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ________.[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments —from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding —then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.[C] None of these will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument —and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win — in one way.[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. W e neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper thatpurports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science publ ished? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university, write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019年真题答案速查Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5 CCBDA 6-10 BDCAD11-15 ABDCB 16-20 DAABCSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21-25 ADBCB 26-30 DAACB31-35 CDBAC 36-40 CDCBAPart B (10 points)41-45 EDGBAPart C (10 points)46.医学期刊中存在大量这种无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊的传播，就会引发健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019年全国研究生考试英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due toroads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2019年英语（一）考研真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than we realize.3you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you4can’t find north,a few tricks to help you navigate5to civilization,one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well6a trail,but not in a completely7area,you have to answer two questions:Which8is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should10see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for17light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for the19we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can20you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Above all[B]In contrast[C]On average[D]For example14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]exposeSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed10years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies,says the Bank of England’s top economist.Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed“quarterly capitalism”.In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information,and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A.enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A.the conditions for generating quick profitsernments’impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism”in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’own needs as well. For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can,by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.On this,students’and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges’graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities’income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments’needs29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence,identify,or consciousness?What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think,continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld”and“Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood,let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman,a Stanford University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethical questions.Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center.India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June7Google pledged not to“design or deploy AI”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,and fair.To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values?Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as200years.C.involves some concerns raised by AI today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion,our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.AI’s Future:In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein,the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC.The Conscience of AI:Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it,but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,”he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule“limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states,since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now,rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped , with its network of warehouses,also collects sales tax in every state that charges it,though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now,many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy,which provide platforms for smaller sellers,also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday,states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling,saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers,said retail analyst Neil Saunders,are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business&Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement,“Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by thisdecision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette business’relutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.forces some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs2and3that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy,the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic developmentB.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD.boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB.Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD.Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday,the authorA.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themD.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosingfrom the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraph C and Fhave been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect,and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to“win”an argument.B.Of course,many discussions are not so successful.Still,we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves.Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to acceptreasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to.Next time you state your position,formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably.Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win, you end up no better off.Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like,say,tennis games.Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments,especially about politics and religion.E.In his1936work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it.“This aversion to arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason.If you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments.You can call their views stupid,or joke about how ignorant they are.None of these tricks will help you understand them,their positions or the issues that divide you,but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments.Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state,and I do not.If you yell,“yes,”and I yell.“No,”neither of us learns anything.We neither understand nor respect each other,and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation.In contrast,suppose you give a reasonable argument:that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty.Then I counter with another reasonable argument:that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time.Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values,since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietaryenthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published?A recent paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Society’s open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only10years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number.(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature,the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics,such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are working for the“Aiding rurd Primary School”project ofyour university.Write an email to answer the inquiry from an internationalstudent volunteer,specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160—200words based on the following pictures.In youressay,you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)【参考答案】【1-5】CCBAD【6-10】BDCAD【11-15】ABDCB【16-20】DAABC【21-25】ADBCB【26-30】DAACB【31-35】CDBAC【36-40】CDCBD 【41-45】EDGBA【参考译文】46.在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C] Few[D] All2.[A]put[B]take[C] run[D] come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D] until4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5.[A] back[B]next[C] around[D] away6.[A] onto[B]off[C]across[D] alone7.[A] unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point[C]way[D] place9.[A] So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D]confused12[A] problem[B]option[C]view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C]On average[D] For example14.[A]bridge[B] avoid[C]spot[D] separate15.[A]form[B]through[C] beyond[D] Under16.[A] posts[B]links[C] shades[D]breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A] Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"asubstantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the companyand on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now mostcolleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree programand gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans? What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime makesplit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes. input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It alsopledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair. To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficultfor states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generallyresponsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside thosestates Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailersespecially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement"Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our viewof arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems forour personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41E-42D-F-43G-44B-C-45APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column aboutthe medical journals, and beg read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth,but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.46【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中在没有电话，个人GPS 或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。

2.[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come【答案】C【解析】run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3.[A]Since [B] If [C]Though [D]Until【答案】B【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if（如果）符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since （因为；自从）， though （虽然）， until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B] If。

4.[A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally【答案】D【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D] literally.5.[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away【答案】A【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。

前文讲lost（迷路），此处填入back（回到）文明之地相互呼应，故正确答案为[A] back。

2019 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can`t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you`ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,even in dense forest, you should able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you`re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally5. [A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away6. [A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A]problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A]Above all [B]In contrast [C]On average [D]For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under16. [A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D]Generally19. [A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main pur pose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This h as been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “lon g-termism，” such as changes in the taxcode and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24.The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the pastfew decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students' indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities' income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.D.meet local governments' needs.29.What does the phrase "to be aligned"(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies32.In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one ofA. affirmationB. skepticism.C. contemptD. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four oth er justices. Kennedy wrotethat the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsrequiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."31. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will A . Dette business’ revolutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. force some states to cut sales tax32. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decision A . have led to the dominance of e-commerceB . have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchasesD. were consider unfavorable by states33. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development .B. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states’ revenue34. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet enterpreneursB. Big-chain ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers35. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gainmutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happyto convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much ba d science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have beenrequired for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible. We must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)52: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1) Describe the picture briefly;2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.途中累了我不爬了别呀！休息一下再接着爬。

Section I Use of English1。

【C】Few 词义辨析题;此题考查考生对于前后文语境的把握；首句中提出“今天我们生活在一个GPS系统,数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取"。

空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的without a phone，可知,此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意；2。

【C】run 固定搭配;此题考查与介词on的搭配情况;run on battery表示手机使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：put on（增加;假装；使…上场);take on（承担；呈现;具有；流行);come on（快点；开始；要求;上演；）；语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配；3。

【B】If 逻辑关系;此处考查逻辑关系.空格处所在句为“.。

. 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路,...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.。

.文明"；前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if；其余选项：since（因为，自从）； though（虽然)； until（直到）代入后,不符合语义表达;4. 【D】literally词义辨析题；空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路,。

找不到北方,我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航。

.文明”;literally表示确实地，真正地；符合语义表达;其余选项:formally(正式地）；relatively（相对地）；gradually（逐渐地)不符合语义表达；5。

【A】back词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航。

..文明”,只有back 与前文的lost(迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择back；6. 【B】off 词义辨析题;空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己。

.。

路径。

但不是完全..。

的区域。

你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个。

.是下坡路?哪里有最近的水源？"因此，根据句意表达,off(远离，离开）符合句意;其它选项：onto（在…之上;对…了解)；across (穿过，根穿），alone （独白地，单独地)，故选择off；7. 【D】unfamiliar 词义辨析题;根据出题处的语义表达,“为当你发现自己。

2019年考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigationapps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can't find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you maybe 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, andto find a way out. At16 the woods. Head toward these other paths people carve 15night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

2019考研英语（一）真题+答案详解（完整版）来源：文都教育SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than we realize.3you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you4can’t find north,a few tricks to help you navigate5to civilization,one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well6a trail,but not in a completely7area,you have to answer two questions: Which8is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should 10see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for17light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for the19we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can20you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Above all[B]In contrast[C]On average[D]For example14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose1-20参考答案及解析：1.生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。