英语论文 爱伦坡小说中的现实主义 全手写

学士学位论文The Death Theme of Allan Poe's Novel and theRecently Meaning爱伦坡小说的死亡主题与现世意义学生姓名：尤美然指导教师：于飞所在院系：外国语学院所学专业：英语（师范）研究方向：文学东北师范大学学位评定委员会中国·长春2016 年6 月Table of ContentsAbstract in English (i)Abstract in Chinese (ii)1 Introduction (1)2 Literature review (1)2.1Researchsignificance (1)2.2Present status of development (2)2.3Research methodology (2)3 Two forms of death (3)3.1Murder (3)3.2suicide (6)4 The interpretation of Edgar Allan Poe's death theme (8)4.1Allan Poe's concept of death (8)4.2The Recently meaning of Allen Poe's death theme (9)5 Conclusion (11)Reference (12)Acknowledgements (13)AbstractEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849）was an famous American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. Widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. Poe's best known fiction works are Gothic, a genre he followed to appease the public taste. His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning. Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism, which Poe strongly disliked. Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today.In Poe's short stories, most of them involved descriptions of death.It is important to analyze a single level under the same theme of the works and comparethe differences of the works. First starting with the final destination of characters in different works, analysis the differencesof the plot, structure, resemblance, classified.In previous studies of Poe's novels are a broad range of research, and the study is from a single work of, to unfold the was the creation of the main idea in more detail, for future research of this kind of playing foundation, to provide a certain reference value.Key words: death theme deficiency recently meaning摘要埃德加·爱伦·坡（1809-1849），美国著名的诗人、小说家及文艺评论家。

美国现实主义英文作文英文：Realism is a literary movement that emerged in the United States in the late 19th century. It is characterized by a focus on everyday life and the experiences of ordinary people, rather than idealized or romanticized portrayals. Realist writers sought to capture the complexities of human behavior and society, often through the use of detailed descriptions and dialogue.Realism was a reaction to the romanticism that had dominated American literature in the early part of the 19th century. Romantic writers celebrated individualism, emotion, and imagination, often depicting larger-than-life heroesand heroines. Realism, on the other hand, emphasized the importance of objective observation and accurate representation of reality.One of the most famous realist writers was Mark Twain,who wrote about the experiences of ordinary people in the American West. His novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is a classic example of realism, as it portrays the struggles and adventures of a young boy in a realistic and detailed manner.Realism continues to be an important literary movement today, as writers seek to capture the complexities of modern life and society. By portraying ordinary people and their experiences in a realistic manner, realist writerscan help readers to better understand the world around them.中文：现实主义是19世纪末出现在美国的一种文学运动。

万方数据爱德加·爱伦·坡恐怖小说中的现代主义元素作者：夏君作者单位：山东艺术学院刊名：科技信息英文刊名：SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION年，卷(期)：2010(20)1.彭贵菊爱德加@爱伦@坡作品赏析 19992.刘象愚爱伦@坡精选集 19993.Irwin Porges Edgar Allan Poe 19724.Daniel Hoffman Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe 19721.戴福丽.DAI Fu-li爱伦·坡恐怖小说的艺术魅力[期刊论文]-长江大学学报(社会科学版)2010,33(4)2.陈出新心灵式恐惧——论爱伦·坡恐怖小说的主题构建[期刊论文]-东京文学2010(11)3.罗丹通过爱伦·坡的恐怖小说来直视人性最深处[期刊论文]-青年文学家2010(12)4.翟舒社会文化视野中的爱伦·坡的死亡小说[期刊论文]-时代文学2010(11)5.王维爱伦·坡小说神秘感的营造[期刊论文]-成都大学学报（社会科学版）2008(1)6.金娟爱伦·坡恐怖故事中的圆形结构[期刊论文]-魅力中国2010(33)7.雷莉恐怖之魅——浅析爱伦·坡恐怖小说[期刊论文]-辽宁经济职业技术学院辽宁经济管理干部学院学报2009(1)8.郭红玲指向预定效果的精心营构——爱伦·坡短篇小说叙事结构探析[期刊论文]-内蒙古民族大学学报2007,13(1)9.崔凌云.CUI Ling-yun爱伦·坡恐怖小说的美学解读[期刊论文]-哈尔滨学院学报2007,28(6)10.黄萍萍浅析爱伦·坡短篇小说的现代性[期刊论文]-文教资料2008(32)本文链接：/Periodical_kjxx201020121.aspx。

英语论⽂爱伦坡⼩说中的现实主义全⼿写1. Introduction:Adgar Allan Poe is a productive American writer in 19th century. He played an important role in American literary, especially in the aspect of horror novels. He is considered to be the father of detective story. His stories were full of creative pace and attract readers impressively. With in the middle of 19th century all kinds of realistic schools rising, Poe attained unprecedented popularity. Although he was a famous writer in the literary of romantic period, his thought contained abundant modern meaning. Allan Tate said that for most modern people, Poe seemed like one of our unpopular cousin. Poe was isolated by us, but could not be removed from our mind. This almost was a kind of kin. We had to admitted this relationship: his things was destroyed, in the same way, which threatened us potentially. Another modernist poet Welber also issued the similar view. In the 1959 of his speech The House of Poe, he considered that Poe 's writings really contained abundant modern implied meaning. Poe created entirely new territory, meanwhile his waters was the best one. This thesis analyzed the implicit modern factor in his Gothic tale The Black Cat.So-called modernism is not only a kind of literary trend and literary movement, but is also the expressive form of literary style. Modernism start from the late of 19th century, decline from the middle of 20th century. It included so many literal phoneme, such as expressionism, futurism, surrealism, symbolism, and so on. a deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement or divergence from the past in the arts and literature occurring esp. in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles.modernism actually is a kind of spiritual realism, which described dreamland and mysterious abstract moment world. Comparing to romanticism, it got rid of too much catharsis, showed more calmness and more reason. For realism, it disclosed the nature of matter and the truth of spirit directly, broke away from phenomenal shackles. In other words, modernism pursued the nature, discovered the mystery of human being 's inner heart, found person 's conscious activity. These pursuits showed so many aspects, also displayed the format of the novels creative, which pursued innershow and artistic concept audaciously. The development of times and literary, especially the development of novel, should adopted and surround the development of human beings. People get more and more liberary from the material world so that they want to pursue the inner library and truth gradually.Allan Poe is a writer in the period of romanticism, but his thought contained so much look-ahead mind, even affect the modern writers impressively. We can understand this point from one of his Gothic story The Black Cat.2. Introduction of Edgar Allan Poe and The Black Cat2.1.The Introduction of Edgar Allan Poe2.1.1. His Early Life and DeathEdgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic. He considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he was orphaned young when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond, Virginia, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point, Poe parted ways with the Allans. Poe's publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, includingBaltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In Baltimore in 1835, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem "The Raven" to instant success. His wife died of tuberculosis two years later. He began planning to produce his own journal, The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), though he died before it could be produced. On October 7, 1849, at age 40, Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol, brain congestion, cholera, drugs, heart disease, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents.2.1.2. His Gothic Novels and InfluencePoe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was thedetective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" The Mystery Writers of American have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars". Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Vernes, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantuacket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of The Ice Field Science. fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago."Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned innumerable imitators.One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by claiervanyts or physics to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit.Poe's best known fiction works are Gothic, a genre he followed to appease the public taste. His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning. Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticsim genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism which Poe strongly disliked. He referred to followers of the movement as "Frogpondians" afterthe pond on Boston Common and ridiculed their writings as "menphtor-run", lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake." Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holly Chiver that he did not dislike Transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophistis among them."Beyond horror, Poe also wrote satire humor tales, and hoaxes, For comic effect, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity. In fact, "metzengerstein", the first story that Poe is known to have published, and his first foray into horror, was originally intended as a berlesque satirizing the popular genre.Poe also reinvented science fiction responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The balloon-hoax".Poe wrote much of his work using themes specifically catered for mass market tastes. To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular psedeusciences such as phrenology and physiognomy.Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today.2.2. The Introduction of The Black CatThis novel was written trying to achieve an effect of shocking insanity. In this first person narrative the narrator tells of his decline from sanity to madness, all because of an obsession with two (or possibly one) black cats. These ebony creatures finally drive him to take the life his wife, whose death he unsuccessfully tries to conceal.At the beginning, the narrator liked animals very much, especially cat. So he often took back some animals that had not its home. One day, he liked and adopted a black cat as soon as he saw it. Wherever the narrator went,the black cat also likedfollowing him. It is strange that the narrator hated it more and more seriously just because of an obsession with the black cat. So that he dug one of its eyes, even killed the cat by hanging.Because his guilt with the cat, he wanted to find another cat that was similar with the dead cat. Perhaps he wanted to make up for his guilt. One day, he saw a black cat in a hotel, which seemed like the dead cat. In other words, the black cat was exactly alike the dead cat, except that the black cat 's chest had a whit picture, which seems like a scaffold. But the dead cat had not that. Just same as before that, the black cat always followed the narrator like the dead cat. Not difficult to think, the narrator hated it at last and wanted to kill it. Because of his guilt for the dead cat and his fear of the second black cat (the narrator was afraid of confessing ), he did not kill the black cat. One time, the narrator went to the basement with his wife, the black cat following him. He can not stand the cat and put up an axe to kill it, but this behave was prevented from his wife. He was so exciting and angry that he killed his wife first.After he killed his wife, he buried his wife and the black cat that was alive in the wall of the basement. After three or four days, policemen doubted his and searched his house, because his neighbours did nt see his wife went out of their home. By three times searching, policemen had not any result or findings. At the last of searching, the policemen went the narrator 's house and wen down the basement. The narrator was not nervous any longer, he believed his skill was so good and the wall was really firmness, so the policemen did not find any suspicious point. The narrator started to show off his success the moment the policemen went away. When he said his house is so firmness, especially the wall, there is the sound of crying in the wall. The sound became more and more loud and misery. At this time, the wall was broken by the policemen. His wife and the second black cat was found.3. The Modernism Factors in The Black Cat3.1. Symbolism in the Fiction3.1.1. The Definition of SymbolismSymbolism is the earliest and most influential literal school in the western modernism literal movement. It divided into two periods: the former one and the late one. The former period of symbolism was popular in the late of 19th century of France. After the World War I, the later stage of symbolism emerged as the times required. In the 20th century ivory tower century, the later period of symbolism reached a climax.Symbolism possessed distinctly characteristics: creating sick beauty, showing the highest inner reality, implying with symbol, building imagination in the illusion, increasing meditation effects. It developed the artistic characters in the former of symbolism, was against superficial lyric and moralized preachment, was for the unit between emotion and reason. It showed beauty and infinity in the conceptal world by symbol imply, imaging metaphor, free association and the musicality of language.Symbolists focused on describing personal illusions and inner feelings in the subject, involved rarely in broad social themes. In the artistic way, they emphasized creation by using the texture image and the way to hint, contrast, comparison, association. As an international literary trend. Symbolism 's features was almost similar in the every country and districts.3.1.2. Symbolism in the Fictionsymbolism is always an integral part of any Poe story. The most obvious of symbolic references in this story is the cat’s name, Pluto. This is the Roman god of the underworld. Pluto contributes to a strong sense of hell and may even symbolize the devil himself. Another immensely symbolic part of “The Black Cat” is the title itself, since onyx cats have long connoted bad luck and misfortune. The most amazing thing about the symbolism in this story or in any other of Poe’s is that there are probably many symbols that only Poe himself ever knew were in his writings.、3.2. Expressionism in the Fiction3.2.1. The Definition of ExpressionismExpressionism is an important modernism school that was popular in occident literary after The World War I, which is from at the beginning of 20th century to in the year of 30. It derived from Germany, and started from drawing, then affected literary. The features of expressionism: abstraction, deformation, the use of mask, the mixing of space-time, focus on the effect of acousto-optical, the technique of symbol and absurdity. Its theoretical program is " art is not performance, but is representation ". It claimed that literary did not reproduce the objective reality, but showed human beings ' subjective spirit and inner exciting, and expressed that catching the essence of matter by appearance. It is no meaning that described the external form of things accurately.Expressionism in the literary focused on the subjective world, in particular, the strong and naked reveal of mental, emotional and thought. They did not attach the faithful describing of external objective things, and required to break the appearance of the things and show the essence of the inner things. In the poem 's waters, expressionism had in similar to the late of symbolism in the literary. However, there was some differences. Expressionism paid much attention to the realistic society and the promising of human beings, showed enthusiasm for life interference, but symbolism show indifferent for the huge social materials. On the skills, expressionism was bold and unconstrained in the literary, but symbolism was precise carving.3.2.2. Expressionism in the FictionThis fiction told the whole case in the name of narrator(also the first person), Jung has shown through ample cultural evidence that man's conscious, rational tendencies are represented by the animus, whereas its complement, the feminine principle in man's soul representing unconscious, instinctual forces, is symbolized by the anima. In Alchemical Studies Jung said, "I have defined the anima as a personification of the unconscious in general, and have taken it as a bridge to the unconscious" .For Gargano, the black cat of Poe's tale is a direct analogue to the narrator, with propensities for both good and evil. But in Jungian terms, the cat functions as the narrator's anima. Poe made a similar association in the essay "Instinct vs Reason -- a Black Cat," in which he argues that instinct, like a cat, commands a wider range of perceptions than does reason because it relies on irrational impulses.3.3. Surrealism in the Fiction3.3.1. The Definition of SurrealismSurrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual art works and writings of the group members.Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur. however, many Surrealistartists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader Andre Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries and languages, as well as politic thought and practice, philosophy and social theroy.Many realisms thought that literary is not reproduction reality any more, but express surrealism. In other words, which is that make dream and reality transformed into absolutely reality. Surrealism is the unit between realism and unrealism. For the content, they were against logical conceptual work for showing surrealism. They praised subconsciousness and dream,and even let literary become the production of dream, subconsciousness and mentally ill. Surrealism, which emphasized dream and denounced realism, become the important mark in the literary. They focused on writing people 's subconsciousness and dream and things ' happen. They also put outauto-writing form to the creative way that the above mentioned content.3.3.2.Surrealism in the FictionPoe’s plot development added much of the effect of shocking insanity to The Black Cat. To dream up such an intricate plot of perverseness, alcoholism, murders, fire, revival, and punishment is quite amazing. This story has almost any plot element you can imagine a horror story containing. Who could have guessed, at the beginning of the story, that narrator had killed his wife? The course of events in The Black Cat’s plot is shockingly insane by itself! Moreover, the words in The Black Cat were precisely chosen to contribute to Poe’s effect of shocking insanity. As the narrator pens these he creates a splendidly morbid picture of the plot. Perfectly selected, sometimes rare, and often dark, his words create just the atmosphere that he desired in the story. Expressions such as apparition, vile haunts, and fiendish malevolence were added for atmosphere. Another way that Poe used word choice was with synonyms. The cat was not only the black cat,it was the playmate, the beast, the brute, the apparition, and the monster.character development was most important to Poe’s effect of shocking insanity in The Black Cat. Without the perversely insane narrator this story can’t exist, let alone put across an effect. It is mentioned many times that he loves animals and that he is an alcoholic. In fact many of his rages were caused more by alcohol rather than the black cat. The cat(s) was also vividly developed. At one point early in The Black Ca t, the narrator spends two paragraphs describing his then delightful pet. But as the story progresses both characters change dramatically. The cat is dynamic in that it is hung, reappears with a white splotch on its chest, and has a different disposition than before. The narrator spirals out of control into fits of rage and numerous hideous, unthinkable actions, commencing with the walling up of his own wife (and unbeknownst to him the black cat too) in the cellar.the parallel structure of the story is complete. The attempt at repression and the eventual re-emergence of the subconscious in the first part of the story takes moreextreme forms in the second part; but the insight that the various catastrophes should force upon the narrator never comes. Gargano sees the narrator's lack of moral insight as the cause of the tragic events, but another important cause is his lack of psychological insight into the nature of the instinctual part of man's personality. In acting against it, he is destroyed. Like Jung, Poe warns his readers who are suspicious of the instinctual side of human nature that it can and should be the source of profound intuitions and creative acts. In Instinct vs ReasonC A Black Cat, he ranks it above reason.He yet perpetually finds himself involved in the paradox of decrying instinct as an inferior faculty, while he is forced to admit its infinite superiority, in a thousand cases, over the very reason which he claims exclusively as his own. Instinct, so far from being an inferior reason, is perhaps the most exalted intellect of all. It will appear to the true philosopher as the divine mind itself acting immediately upon its creatures (p. 538).When the narrator saw another black cat, he always thought the black one is the dead one. But he killed the former cat, and the former cat burned in the fire at night. Why the later cat is the former cat? This point showed surrealism that things is not reproduction any longer, but emphasized dream.4. ConclusionModernism includes so many schools, such as symbolism, surrealism, expressionism, and so on. It gets rid of too much catharsis, showed more calmness and more reason. modernism pursued the nature, discovered the mystery of human being 's inner heart, found person 's conscious activity. These pursuits showed so many aspects, also displayed the format of the novels creative, which pursued inner show and artistic concept audaciously. The development of times and literary, especially the development of novel, should adopted and surround the development of human beings.In The Black Cat, some factor of modernism can be found. This thesis showed the factors of modernism in this fiction from three aspects of modernism. They are symbolism, expressionism, surrealism. After read the fiction, it is found that The catwas not only the black cat, it was the playmate, the beast, the brute, the apparition, and the monster. Symbolism possessed distinctly characteristics: creating sick beauty, showing the highest inner reality, implying with symbol, building imagination in the illusion, increasing meditation effects. This fiction contained the point of symbolism.For expressionism, its features abstraction, deformation, the use of mask, the mixing of space-time, focus on the effect of acousto-optical, the technique of symbol and absurdity. From this fiction, Allan Poe wrote it in the first name. It makes the reader be personally on the scene. The author wrote the process that the cat was treated cruelty, even was killed showed the point of expressionism.The Black Cat narrates in the name of narrator(also the first name) that the narrator killed one black cat because of the cat 's obese and his own ill mind. However, he also killed his wife and another black cat, and then burned them in the wall of basement. At last, they was found by policeman because of his praise. In The Black Cat, the narrator thought the later cat is the dead cat, but the narrator killed it by his hands, even the dead cat was burned by the fire at that night. At last, his wife and the later cat was burned in the wall by the narrator, but after some days, the policemen came his house to search some evidence. There is strange sound form the wall. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur.These strange all showed the point of surrealism.Of course, there are other factors of modernism need to find and search in The Black Cat, even in Allan Poe 's works, there are so many factors of modernism. His works affect so many modern writers impressively. His thoughs worth learning for us.。

浅析爱伦坡短篇小说的现代性黄萍萍(延安大学两安创新学院文法系，陕西长安710100)摘要：在美国文学史上，爱伦坡被归于浪漫主义作家之列。

但就其短篇小说来看，浪漫主义不能完全概括他的作品特色。

笔者认为。

其作品具有明显的现代主义特征。

本文将从其短篇小说中的象征意象、对于潜意识中非理性冲动的描摹，以及其作品的不确指性三方面来分析坡的现代性．关键词：爱伦坡短篇小说现代性埃德加爱伦坡饵dgar A l l an Poe，1809—1849)在19世纪美国文学的发展中占有特殊的地位。

他的诗歌、短篇小说及文学评论，是这一时期美国文学的霞要组成部分。

特别足他的短篇小说创作．深入探究描写了人类心理和情感最隐秘的角落。

存他的作品中．恐怖和美丽奇特地结合在一起。

理智和疯狂难分难解地并存．扩张着渎者的想象力。

试探着读者的承受力．给他们一种恐怖和奇谲的享受。

一般认为．美国文学的浪漫主义时期处于1800年至1865年之间。

爱伦坡身置其间。

并凶其作品的丰富想象力被归于浪漫主义作家之列。

但是．爱伦坡的作品无论在主题上还足审美追求上都具有独特性。

这种独特性的指向即是其作品的现代性。

而现代性的显著特征包括象征、潜意识书写、不确定性等。

本文将就爱伦坡短篇小说中的象征意象、对于潜意识中非理性冲动的描摹，以及其作品的不确指性i方l f I i来分析坡短篇小说的现代性。

一、象征意象存坡的大部分短篇小说中，他大量使用了象征意象。

这些意象使坡的作品具有了多种阐释意义．其中房屋意象反复出现。

曾获普利策奖的美国诗人理合德威尔伯在其作品《坡的房屋》中说，《厄舍府的倒塌》中嵌入了一首曾单独发表过的涛——《幽灵出没的宫殿》，该诗把宫殿建筑构造与人的头颅构造进行对照，这不啻交给我们一把开启坡笔下房屋意象之门的钥匙。

按照这一线索．威尔伯提出。

“从喻象层面卜说，厄舍古屋町视为罗德里克的躯体，其幽暗的内部，则是他头脑中的幻念”，而整篇小说可以凑作“通向自我深处的旅程”。

英语专业本科毕业论文论文题目：埃德加•爱伦•坡诗歌中的超美完成时间：年月ContentsAbstract(inChinese) (i)Abstract(inEnglish) (ii)Introduction (1)I.Untouchable Beauty in Poe’ Poems (2)A. Holy Beauty (2)B. Lost Beauty (3)II. Mysterious Beauty in Poe’ Poems (5)A. Remote Beauty (5)B. Gothic Beauty (6)Ⅲ. Causes of Poe’ Supernal Beauty (8)A. Personal Experiences (8)B. Poe’ Aesthetic Theories (9)Conclusion (11)Notes (13)Bibliography (14)摘要爱伦•坡是美国19世纪浪漫主义小说家，诗人和文艺批评家。

他认为诗歌的宗旨是创造美，因为唯有超凡绝尘的美才可以唤起人们的兴趣。

其诗歌中的意象、主题、声音、修饰、氛围以及情感和手段等都具有超凡脱俗的美。

通过对海伦这个古典美女的描写，达到了一种神圣之美；坡在逝去的美人中看到了行将陨落的，消逝的的美；在对过去的追寻中，坡创造了遥远的美；在对恐怖的惧怕中，发现了别样的美。

本文把这种超美分为无法触及的美和神秘的美，并从这两种美的分析及其形成原因三个角度来探讨作品中的超美思想。

关键词：爱伦•坡；超美；无法触及的美；神秘的美AbstractEdgar Allan Poe is a poet, writer and critic of American Romantic Movement in the 19th century. He thinks that the purpose of poetry is to create beauty, because only supernal beauty can arouse the interests of common people.. Poe makes use of several methods and means to depict the supernal beauty including images、themes、sounds、rhetoric、atmosphere and emotions. Holy beauty is achieved through the description of Helen, the classical beauty; Lost beauty is experienced by him when Poe witnesses his beloved women depart one after another; Remote beauty is created while he is searching for the past; Gothic beauty is touched just when he is suffering the horror. In this essay, supernal beauty is classified into two categories: untouchable beauty and mysterious beauty. The analyses and causes are also illustrated to explore the supernal beauty.Key Words: Edgar Allan Poe; supernal beauty; untouchable beauty; mysterious beauty IntroductionEdgar Allan Poe is known as one of the most controversial writer in America. Poe is a very prolific and distinctive writer. And his poetry is characterized as mysterious, visional, and aesthetic.Poe’s poetry is unique and different from others. He is brilliant but short-lived. Poe leaves many poems to us. His poetry holds a kind of supernal beauty and impresses readers greatly. What he describes are fairy maidens, graves, ghosts and death. His poetry makes the readers feel that the beauty he depicts is untouchable and mysterious. Most of his stories are pessimistic and mysterious with negative keynote, then their characters behaves strangely and dejectedly; while in his poems Poe tries his best to create the images of beauty and avoid the ugly figures. We can see, poem’s poems has revealed strong trend of aesthetic. Under the guidance of aesthetic, Poe has formed his special principles. He puts forward many theories about poetic beauty and his poems ofen definitely reflect this theories. Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty ” ,“Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem... ” “ It is the desire of the moth for the star. It is not the mere appreciation of the beauty before us. It is a wild effort to reach the beauty above.” Actually in his practice, he pursues beautiful forms musical beauty and beauty of melenchaly, meanwhile, he stresses “poetry foe poetry”, neglecting social and didactic function of poetry. Poe applies his aesthicviews to practical writings and expresses supernal beauty through allegorically ingenious way.Poe displays his acute insight, brave imagination and talented master of words through volume of supernal beauty. While reading the poems ,the resders can lose themselves in the fantastic world, as well as Poe enjoy himself in it to express his feeling, emotion and hope. Presently, most study about Poe in China focuses on his fiction,while the study about hispoetry is comparatively less. ThisEssay tries to interpret the supernal beauty in Poe’s poems in virtue of some aesthetic theories.I. Untouchable BeautyA. Holy BeautyThe poet focuses all his illusions for ideal female on Helen and believes that her beauty is overwhelming beyong the mortal world. Her beauty belongs to the untouchable and holy beauty.Poe sets up an visionary world where illusory beauty lives. Poe creates holy beauty through employing the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome. Holy beauty is connected with the classic beauty Helen. This part explores holy beauty from two aspects: musicality and image.Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty ” .Poe considers the music of poetry most important because musicality provokes the sentiments of poem and prompts the creativity of holy beauty. Poe uses alliteration to describe the holy beauty of Helen. The sound ［h］in “thy hyacinth hair ” pronounces gently and quietly. The listeners seems to place themselves in an illusion where Helen’ soft hair strokes their faces slowly.“Glory”、“Greece” and “grandeur” expresses her classic grace, ease , quietness and nobility.Also, the repetition of ［w］in “ The weary way-worn wanderer” reveals the tiresome and hardships of the traverlers. In The Raven the poet creates the slow and melancholy effects through employing the long vowel ［o:］in “nevermore”. Howere, the rhythem in To Helen achieves another effect;It sounds refreshing and exhilarating. In the first stanza of To Helen ［ī:］and ［o:］are used alternately in “me”, “your”, “sea”, “bore”, “shore”; Then in the second stanza of To Helen, It rhymes with ［êī:］and ［ú］in “rome”, “face”, “home”, “Greece”, “Rome”. The combination of long vowels and double vowels can prolong the sounds and slow down the speed of reading. The whole poem sounds peaceful,tranquil,serene and get the readers lost in the graceful world very naturally because of the slow rhythm and the sily vowels. The use of rhythem expresses the holy temperament of Helen.Poe builds his unique and aesthetic kingdom of poems through employing the peculiar images. This kingdom is full of too many grandors which is mysterious and untouchable to exist in the earthling world.Helen is considered as several images to build her untouch. She is compared to those Nicèan barks of yore ，she carries the tired travelers to their desired home. The sea is tranquil and fragment while the wavesis gentle and attracting. Helen soothes the drowsy people like a gentle mother. Helen represents the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome. She symbolizes the glory of home and she is the pride of the travelers coming back. Helen just like The agate lamp，as a guide to leade the way home for the wanderers. Helen is the holy Goddess coming from Heven.Poe uses three images of immortal maiden to portray holy beauty. The beauties from the mythology of Greece emerge in To Helen: Helen in Trojan War, Naiad in the water and Psyche. The poet moulds his beautiful ideal female through Helen: This lady is pretty, pure, brave and wise. Her beauty is supernal, untouchable and holy. The word “perfumed” provides the readers with the feelings that the mild fragrance pervades not only the sea but also the poem.B. Lost BeautyLost beauty is related to death of beauties. In the world of Poe’s the only purpose is beauty, and the most charming is the lost and vanishing beauty. The worldly beauty turns into supernal beauty because of death. The goal of life is the perfection of itself,so it becomes pure and sublime; All the despicable creatures extinguish because of the dignity of Death while Beauty obtains its eternity due to its elegance and purity. Situated in the melancholic and aesthetic atmosphere, the mind of readers will gradually shake common custom and greed off. For example, In The Raven the young man’s mind has been under the influence of the raven which symbolizes truth, kindness, and beauty.To facilitate the study of supernal beauty, refrain is applied. Just as Poe says: “ producing continually novel effects, by the variation of the application of the refrain.” In To One in Paradise, the word “all” servers as the so-called refrain-word. It occurs five times and shapes a sharps contrast between past and present to sigh lost beauty with feelings.In The Raven The repetition of “nevermore” implies the juxtaposition between binkered greed and boundless supernal beauty as well as limited life and infinite love. The protagonist experences dout, horror until broken-hearted. Because he has realized the unparalleled purity of beauty far more beyond the bitter and cruel lock of this mortal world.Annabel Lee may be considered as the model of Poe’s application of refrain. Its refain consists of the mame “Annabel Lee” and the phrase “ In the kingdom by the sea,” teh repetition of which probably coms closer to purely phonetic repetition than refrain. And the vocal quality of “Annabel Lee” and “ In the kingdom by the sea,” rendrs a pastiral atmsphere of fairy tale. And offers a serene quality of supernal beauty.However, All those pretty women dies of tuberculosis. Foe example, Annabel Lee “ is chilled” by “ a wind”. The death of beautiful women strikes the poet and frustrates him.His desire foe beauty are destroyed beauty of the coming of death. Meanwhile, death means immortality and the lost beauty go to eternity. In other words, beauty which is untouchable is the authentic beauty. As a matter of fact, the women suffering tuberculosis will become more beautiful when dying. Because their skins turns pale and translucent, and their faces and mouths shift into redness due to favor. Their departure can be regarded as frozen beauty. So, Poe says: “The most poetictopic in the world i s the death of a beautiful woman”. All the women in Poe’s poems departure early in ordr to symbolizes the lost beauty,in a beautiful,ethereal way.II. Mysterious BeautyA. Remote BeautyPoe usually builds his setting in remote, old and ethereal past. His remote beauty can be found in: 1.Remote images. His poetic images are either the dead or immortal maidens. Those remote images provide the poem with mysterious and supernal beauty. Poe employs three beautiful Greek beauties to illustrate his recalls for the lost pretty woman inTo Helen. 2. Archaic word .Poe uses archaic word “thy” to call Helen, so the poem is added with remote beauty. “Quoth” in “ The Raven” shows that the raven comes from the far-away and unknown places. 3. Remote time .In Annabel Lee , the poem begins with “ It was many and many a year ago” . The phrase “ many and many” reveals that the story takes place in faraway past. In The Raven , “it was in the bleak December.” 4.Remote palce. “ Greece” and “Rome” in To Helen arouse our in terests in the glory and grandeur of their history. “Some sepulche, remote, alone” in The Sleeper gives us a glimpse of the graves lying in the wildness. 5.Passive voice. Because the poems Poe writes aims to mourn for those beautiful women, Poe uses passive voice in every poems to create a distance between life and death. Foe example, “I was a child and she was a child.” In Annabel Lee illustrates his grief over their past life. 6.Remote memory. At the same time, readers’ imagination is provoked to recall a distant memory. Even if the wicked forces to break the cheerful love are so fanciful that achieves the distant and classical beauty.Poe narrates this sentimental story with past tense. We can conclude that what Poe pursues is the distant, mysterious and supernal beauty.In To Helen, the “ desperate seas ” are not the seas now,it comes to us with Helen from the ancient times. Distance perception of time rises between the seas and the readers through this kind of definition. The distance causes remote beauty which we can’t touch. The seas escape the shackles of the geogrophy—Its opposite bank ie the ages of Greece and Rome with “The weary way-worn wanderer bore /To his own native shore. ” and “Thy Naiad airs have brought me home /To the glory that was Greece/And the grandeur that was Rome. ”The images adopted from the mythology including Israfil、Tamerlane、Helen、elfin、God、Death etc. All of them possesses remote and attracting charming. They are just illusioned images and exists in the imagination of people’ b rain. Those dreamed figures creates the remote、mysterious、ethreal and magic beauty.Poe makes a good use of the traditional forms. In To Science 、To Zanteand 、Silence, he chooses the ancient form sonnet, which is “the most suitable way to show one” feeling s”, to chide the damage of science on imagination, to recllect the happy and sad memory the island Zante takes, and to sigh for the fugacious fate of human beings.Through traditional forms,we can see Poe is persuing ditance to build the remote beauty.B. Gothic BeautyEdgar Allan Poe is famous as a talented ghost because he creates an illusioned, mysterious and gothic world full of ghostes. His ghothic style can be found in : 1gothic time. Most stories of his poems happen at night. The story of The Raven takes place at a mid night in December; Ulalume turns up in an evening in October; Annabel Lee comes about in an evening long long ago. Evening especially the silent mid-night paints the mysterious atmosphere on the story and also evokes the sense of horror.2Gothic background. Generally speaking, the stories of Poe’s poems happen a lot in a lonely room, remote seashore, graves and caves. Sometimes,his stories take place in the intersect of Heaven and Hell or an illusioned world. The location of The Raven is a lonely room; the site of Annabel Lee is a far-away kingdom; the place of For Annie is a place between dream and reality.The situation of Ulalume is in the crossing of Heaven and Hell.3 Lonely man. Each of Poe’s poems usually contains one character wander ing between dream and reality. Morover, “I” often tired, gloomy, painful and mournful. In fact, ‘I’ represents the poet, an truthful embodiment of poet from reality.4 Gothic atmosphere. Wretch, bleakness, mystory, gloom and terror pervade the poems of Poe’s. Weather, empty houses, the sceneries of Nature are all used to depict the gothic atmosphere.5 Gothic vocabuleries. Poe is good at selecting some words to build the gothic atmosphere such as graves, ghosts, devils, copors, Haven, withered, alone, shriek, and surprise.6 Gothic images. The images in Poe’s poems symbolize another. For example, the raven represents death while the sea and the land embodiments life and death.7 Gothic theme. All his life, Poe is persuing the melonchalic beauty, so the frequent theme in his poems is death, eascially the death od the beautiful young women.The beauty in Poe’s poems is peculiar not comfortable and harmonious.It is mystearous and horrific. His gothic beauty is not decadent hut transcendent. This beauty has been refined and becom purer, more valuable.those terrible scenes and images expresses the supernal sense from the opposite.Poe’s poem is not didactic but to provide beautiful experiences for readers. Poe expresses a kind of peculiar beauty. Alliteration is used to keep consistant with the horrific setting. “Weak and weary” Reaveals the tiresome od the young man’s physical and psychological state. Besides, “nodded, nearly napping” seems to symbolize the knocking at the door by the raven. Also, the repetition of “Nevermore” achieves the effect of gothic beauty and sounds like death knell. Its sounds are filled with the whole poem and accompanies the young man until he becomes insane.Through depicting some terrible images, Poe embraces the idea of gothic beauty. The raven symbolizes horror and others which is related to the raven containing “dying ember”, “midnight”,“Pallas”, “the Nithty shore” enhance the senses of horror.Poe uses horrific images, terrible sounds and gothic devices to feature the gothic beauty. And the gothic beauty belongs to the pure and supernal beauty.Ⅲ. Causes of Supernal BeautyA. Personal ExperiencesPoe’s life is full of frustrations and suffers a lot from the cruel world. He is fighting against poverty、drinks、illusions and depression, however ，he can’t defeat them. Warmth and concern never comes to him. Poe degenerate into an orphan then has a tense relationship with his step-father. After grown-up, poverty follows him. What’s more , his talent and brilliance isn’t realized and appreciated by others. Therefore,He is abandoned by family and society. The colour of Poe’s life has dyed from brightness to greyness until blackness. It is no wonder that his poems floods with death, disease and the unfortunate.Poe has experiences too much death of beautiful woman,so he memorises them in the poems.The departures of these beautiful females give Poe an impression:They are holy,distant,mysterious and untouchable. His mother Elizhebeth,forster-mother Mrs. Allan,the mother of his classmate Mrs. Stanard, his loved wife Viegniar, all od them have a great influence at different stages of Poe’s life. They bring the sense of safty and give Poe ‘s life brilliant color.They are deeply loved by Poe but depart him one after another.The death of Poe’s mother leaves an impression that how big the power of death; The departure of his step-mother takes his cherished mother away again; The dying of Mrs. Stanard pulls the pillar of his spirit down cruelly; The leave of hie wife drives Poe crazy.So, in order to forget the pain of growing up and to commemorate his misses for those wemen, he writes several poems such as To Helen, Annabel Lee ,The Raven ,The City in the Sea,For Annie etc. In these poems ,Mysterious beauty and untouchable beauty are described through the description of Beautiful women.Below are two examples.Poe expresses his deep grief for Mrs Stanard through Helen in To Helen. He regards Helen as embodiment of holy beauty.Mrs Stanard is the mother of Poe’s classmate. Her beauty surprises and impresses Poe very much.So when she died, Poe writes To Helen to express this holy and ideal love in his heart.Just as Poe writes: “lines written ,in my passionate boyhood, to the first purely ideal love of my soul”. Poe illustrates his deep mourning for his wife Virginia Clemm.She is the incarnacion of Annabel Lee which represents the lost beauty. Virginia marries to Poe when she is 13 and serves as the role of mother and helps Poe a lot.Howere, She dies early and drives Poe almost insane.Her death refers to losing and make poe broken_hearted.Then Poe portrays a kind of lost beauty in the poem Annabel Lee. B. Poe’ Aesthetic TheoriesPoe believes in “ pure tales” and “pure poetry”. He thicks that the puepose of art is to create beauty, that beauty is the provence of art, and that the origin of art is human”s yearning for beauty. Poe says in his ThePoeticPinciple :He who shall simply sing ,with however gloing enthusiasm, or with howere vivid a truth of description, of the sights, and sounds, and odors, and colors, and sentiments, which greet him in commom with all mankind-he, I say, has yet failed to prove hisdivine title. There is still a somthing in the distance which he has been unable to attain. We have still a thirst unquenchable,to allay which he has not shown us the crystal springs. This thirst belongs to the immortality of Man. It is at once a consequence and an indication of his perennial existence. It is the desire of the moth for the star. It is no mere appreciation of the beauty before us—but a wild effort to reach the beauty above.From this, it could be figured out that Poe favors “ the beauty above” which he also uses another expression as “supernal beauty”. And that is what he wants to create in his works.Poe’ poetic theories are best elucidated in his “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”.Its chief aim is beauty,namely, to provide a feeling of beauty in the reader.Beauty aims at “ an elevating excitement of the soul” and “ beauty of whatever kind,in its supreme development,invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears.” And he concludes that “the death of a beautiful woman is ,unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world”.Death is horrible and Poe portaies them through graceful manner. To Helen, Annabel Lee ,The Raven ,The City in the Sea,For Annie are all used to express Poe’s ex treme depressin and despair through the description of the death of his beloved.The form of Poe’s poems is exquisite, the words are elegant and the rhythm is graceful.Foe him, in order to illustrate a kind of strong feelings, he writes. Poe advocates “pure poesy” .In his opinion, arts equel to the creation of beauty and beauty is the essence and keynote of arts. The origin of arts is man’s longing for beauty. Poe believes that Beauty exists in eternity, and that earthly life can be divinized by reflecting the supernal beauty. The best poet for Poe is the one who is able to represent in his poetry the reflection of supernal beauty through inspiration or deliberation.He stresses rhythm and defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty ” and decla res that “music is the perfection of the soul or idea ,of poetry” . In order to achieve this purpose, Poe uses music as vehicle to create the impression of ethereal tune by conbining the earthly sounds.Poetry should not be didactic.The immediate object of poetry is pleasure,not truth.The function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experiences but to create a mood in which one soul soars.Also,beauty is one sole purpose of poem.Beauty must concern itself just with supernal beauty.Only in music can man come closest to anything what he calls supernal beauty.The beauty that Poe worships is supernal beauty,heavenly and earthly beauty on the everlasting soul.ConclusionPoe declares that “Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem...”as well as that “Beauty is the excitement, or pleasurable elevation of the sole. ” Howere, this beauty is not simple ,not plain but eternal, immortal. It is supernal beauty. Through the analysis of holy beauty,lost beauty,disant beauty, and gothic beauty.An comprehensive understanding of supernal beauty is achived.Supernal beauty possesses the quality of aesthets and fancies and belongs to the fairy-land.After reading his works, different kinds of beauty can be experienced: the beauty of dignity, the beauty of sorrow, the beauty of distance, and the beauty of death and despair. All these beauties are the ones Poe pursues all through his lives. Poe tries his best to pursue terror,humor,myth,and originality. And he show things are horrible and morbid,mysterious and exciting. Maybe the thoughts in his works are difficult to understand, and the language obscure.Readers,especially those in his times, may feel different to appreciate the be auty in Poe’ works.This thesis summarizes Poe’s major catergories as reflected in his understanding of the supernal beauty. Poe realizes his supernal beauty mainly in three aspects of his his poetry, i.e., the beautiful music, the images with unique rhetotical and melancholic emotions. Poe creates an ideal world in poetry to escape from the harm that the material world do to art and to keep the purity of arts. Summaring what we have discussed previously and consulting depressed personal life, we may trace Poe’s obsession with supernal beauty back to his persoanl experience, both biographically and phychologically. Biographically, Poe lose a series of beautiful women whose tenderness in turn soften and comfort his frustrated heart. Their physical beauty and tenderness are trancended into divinity and ethereality ad their early departure inspires Poe. Phychologically, Poe has long been called an “ outcast of society.” Disillusioned by harsh reality, Poe turns to seek comfort from the world of imagination where he builds an ideal dreamland ,dripping with the supernal beauty.This thesis expects to present a complete comprehension of Poe’s supernal beauty. Through the exploration of untouchable beauty and mysterious beauty, this thesis connects the categories of supernal beauty and its causes. It is hoped the present thesis could foster our understanding of Poe” portry and his art in a higher level on the one hand, and on the other hand, this thesis could hopefuly contribute to the undrstanding of Poe’s position in the development of the literature in America as well as in the world.NotesPoe Edgar Allan. The Poetic Principle and The Philosiohy of Composition. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983. P6辜正坤. 英文名片鉴赏金库•诗歌篇[M]. 天津：天津人民出版社, 2006. P10 Bloom,harold,ed. Edgar Allan Poe : Mordrn Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Pubishers,1985. P151Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. P123Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. P126Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980.P145Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography. New york: Cooper Squar Publishers, Inc. 1969.P256波德莱尔•查尔斯：《波德莱尔美学论文选》，郭宏安译，北京：人民文学出版社，1995. P245曹明伦译. 爱伦•坡集[M]. 北京：三联书店, 1995. P129辜正坤. 英文名片鉴赏金库•诗歌篇[M]. 天津：天津人民出版社, 2006. P368 Bibliography[1] Abrams. M.H.gen.ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature[z].5th ed.V ol.1.New York: W.W. Norton.1986.[2] Bloom,harold,ed. Edgar Allan Poe : Mordrn Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Pubishers,1985.[3] Flecher,Richard M. The Stylistic Develepment of Edgar Allan Poe. Paris: Mount ＆Co., N. V., Publishers,1973.[4] Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.[5] Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980.[6] Poe Edgar Allan. The Poetic Principle and The Philosiohy of Composition. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983.[7] Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography. New york: Cooper Squar Publishers, Inc. 1969.[8] 曹明伦译. 爱伦•坡集[M]. 北京：三联书店, 1995.[9] 曹明伦. 爱伦•坡其人文新论[J]. 四川教育学院学报, 1995（02）.[10] 波德莱尔•查尔斯：《波德莱尔美学论文选》，郭宏安译，北京：人民文学出版社，1995.[11] 辜正坤. 英文名片鉴赏金库•诗歌篇[M]. 天津：天津人民出版社, 2006.[12] 刘守兰. 英美名诗解读[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003.[13] 马新国编：《西方文论史》，北京：高等教育出版社，2002[14] 邱子华：《思辨的美学与自由的艺术—黑格尔美学思想引论》，武汉：华中师范大学出版社，1997[15] 刘向朝. 爱伦•坡的史诗论和诗歌创作[J]. 琼州大学学报，2006（01）.。

论文题目：爱伦坡短篇小说中现代主义元素分析一．意义简述埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe, 1809 一 1849)，美国文学史上一位颇有影响力的作家，是19世纪美国浪漫主义文学的代表。

爱伦·坡既是一位小说家，又是一位诗人和文学理论家，后人把他称为唯美主义文学的先驱，象征主义的开创者，美国侦探小说的开拓者及变态心理的探索家。

爱伦·坡一生写下不少作品，包括文学评论、诗歌、小说以及随笔等等，其中，诗歌以及小说是他作品中最重要的两个组成部分。

坡的小说主要有两类，第一类为怪诞恐怖小说，第二类为侦探推理小说，第一类小说数量最多，其中最著名的有《丽姬亚》、《厄舍古厦的倒塌》、《红死病的假面舞会》、《一桶酒的故事》，以及《黑猫》等；第二类侦探推理小说的代表作有《莫格尔街凶杀案》、《金甲虫》等，其他他还著有冒险小说，如《亚瑟·戈登·皮姆的故事》、《瓶中手稿》等。

他的诗歌也是创作的一个重要部分，虽然他的诗歌传世的只有五十首，但他却是举世公认的美国大诗人，他的诗歌表现范围狭窄，大多描写内心活动，爱情、死亡和幻灭是他诗歌中最重要的三大主题。

爱伦·坡命运多钟，一生穷困僚倒，无论生前还是死后，国内外都没有给他应有的重视，人们对他的评价也褒贬不一，了解他的人认为他是杰出的诗人以及天才的小说家，而对他的作品抱有成见的人，却认为他是个疯子、酒鬼甚至瘾君子，遭人嘲笑，但作为美国文学史上的伟大作家之一，他对美国文学乃至世界文学所作出的杰出贡献是不可抹煞的。

自20 世纪初欧洲文坛掀起一股爱伦·坡热潮以来，爱伦·坡在世界文坛上的地位日益上升，国内外学术界对爱伦·坡的关注也持续升温。

国内外学者、专家运用不同的理论和观察角度，从总论、艺术特点、比较研究、作品分析、创作动机、作品主题等方面对爱伦·坡及其作品进行解读和剖析。

小说创作中的幻想与现实主义英语作文范文Fantasy and realism are two key elements in the art of novel writing. While fantasy allows for the creation of imaginary worlds and supernatural beings, realism grounds the story in the familiar and relatable. Balancing these two elements is crucial in creating a compelling and immersive narrative that captures the imagination of readers.In the realm of fantasy, authors have the creative freedom to conjure up magical realms, mythical creatures, and extraordinary adventures. This element of escapism allows readers to transcend the constraints of reality and immerse themselves in a world of limitless possibilities. From the whimsical landscapes of Middle-earth to the spellbinding enchantments of Hogwarts, fantasy novels transport readers to enchanting realms that exist beyond the boundaries of everyday life.However, fantasy alone can sometimes feel disconnectedfrom the human experience. This is where the element ofrealism comes into play. By grounding the story in the familiar, authors can create characters and situations that resonate with readers on a deeper level. Realism adds depth and authenticity to the narrative, allowing readers to form emotional connections with the characters and their experiences. Whether it's the struggles of a young orphan navigating the complexities of life, or the triumphs of an underdog rising to greatness, realism infuses the story with relatable themes and universal truths.The interplay between fantasy and realism is evident in many iconic novels. Take, for example, "The Chronicles of Narnia" by C.S. Lewis, a series that seamlessly combines fantastical elements such as talking animals and magical wardrobes with profound themes of courage, sacrifice, and redemption. Similarly, J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series enchants readers with its magical world of spells and potions,while also exploring universal themes of love, friendship, and the struggle between good and evil.In the process of novel writing, authors must carefully balance fantasy and realism to create a cohesive and engaging story. Too much fantasy without grounding in reality can lead to a lack of emotional resonance, making it difficult for readers to connect with the characters and the narrative. On the other hand, an excessive focus on realism may limit the scope of creativity and imagination, rendering the story mundane and predictable.To achieve this balance, authors often draw inspiration from the world around them, infusing their fantastical creations with elements of truth and authenticity. By weaving in familiar emotions, experiences, and dilemmas, authors can bridge the gap between the extraordinary and the everyday, creating a narrative that is both captivating and emotionally resonant.Ultimately, the successful integration of fantasy and realism in novel writing allows for a rich and multi-layered storytelling experience. It invites readers to embark on thrilling adventures, encounter mythical beings, and explore uncharted territories, all while finding reflections of their own lives within the pages of the story. As authors continue to push the boundaries of imagination and creativity, the interplay between fantasy and realism will remain a timeless and integral aspect of the art of novel writing.。

关于中国文学中现实主义的英文文献1. "The Evolution of Chinese Realism Literature" by Liu KangThis article examines the development of Chinese realism literature from the early 20th century to the present day. It discusses the social and cultural context in which realism emerged in China, and how it has evolved over time.2. "Realism in Modern Chinese Literature" by P.C. LeeThis paper discusses the characteristics and significance of realism in modern Chinese literature. It examines some of the major works and authors in the realist tradition, and analyzes the role of realism in shaping Chinese literary culture.3. "The Realistic Turn in Contemporary Chinese Literature" by Wendy LarsonThis article explores the resurgence of realism in Chinese literature since the 1980s. It examines the works of several contemporary authors, and discusses the social and political factors that have contributed to the renewed interest in realism.4. "Realism and Anti-Realism in Modern Chinese Literature" by Ming Dong GuThis article examines the tension between realism and anti-realism in Chinese literature. It discusses the historical roots of this tension, and analyzes several examples of works that blur the boundary between the two.5. "Reflections on Chinese Literary Realism" by David Der-wei WangThis essay provides a critical reflection on the significance of realism in Chinese literary tradition. It argues that realism has played a crucial role in shaping the Chinese literary canon and cultural identity, and discusses some of the challenges and opportunities facing contemporary Chinese writers working in this tradition.。

哥特式文学首先盛行于18，19世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。

许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作,而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” （Tzvetan 25-26）。

但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中,在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃"（刘守兰：55）。

作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。

但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究,而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。

一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋.追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛.而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。

哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。

众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。

他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe:133-140）”。

他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则,并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。

为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。

二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。

悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。

此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象.其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489—490）.诗中所连续采用的黑色背景,可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。

诗中反复出现的“永远不再"亦可看作一种特殊形象。

浅析爱伦坡小说《红死病的假面》论文在美国文学史上，埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Al-lan poe)(1809~1849)是游离于美国主流文化之外但却拥有特殊地位的天才诗人，小说家和文学评论家。

尤其是他一生所著的超过70篇的短篇小说因其在“任何时代下都独一无二的风格”，被后世奉为侦探推理小说的鼻祖和恐怖小说的大师。

近年来，针对其恐怖小说的代表作之一，出版于1842年的《红死病的假面》(The Masque of the Red Death) ，众多专家学者分别从象征主义、哥特风格、梦幻性主题等单一角度进行了系统性的探讨和研究。

一、爱伦·坡及其小说概述作为最能代表爱伦·坡风格的短篇恐怖小说，《红死病的假面》继承了 18世纪欧洲哥特风格小说的传统，并从中吸收了中世纪颇为流行的恐怖艺术概念。

诸如，充满了没落和惊悚气氛的幽灵城堡，被遗弃的萧条的村落还有古怪反常的人们。

并独辟蹊径，在欧洲传统恐怖小说理念中加入心理惊悚因素。

如小说发生的地点是“一座非常偏远的城堡式宅院”，里面有颇具中古特色的“黑色大钟”，并且虽然宅院“富丽堂皇”，但字里行间却流露出一种低沉压抑的气氛。

而舞会上的人“有人装扮成肢体与面具不相成的怪物。

有人穿戴着精神病患者才能想出的怪装。

有许多人装扮得漂亮，许多人装扮得荒唐，许多人装扮得怪诞，有一些人装扮得可怕，还有不少人装备得令人恶心”。

二、唯美主义爱伦·坡竭尽所能描绘了欧洲文艺复兴时期近乎奢靡的生活。

《红死病的假面》中，人们的面具怪诞乖张，火光点亮了暗黑的帷幔，气氛阴郁而诡异。

跳舞的男人女人，面色惨白，在黑暗中疯狂舞蹈。

人群中，一个轮廓带着“红死病”的面具，裹着尸布，忽然之间又消失，只剩下面具和尸布。

这种充盈于整个故事的.基调给人一种颤抖悸动的恐怖感受。

在这种恐怖惊悚的极致感官下，作品又丝丝密密如月光透过树叶般的渗出些许“唯美”的画面触感。

The Literature of Realism现实主义Realism◆Realism had originated in France as réalisme,a literary doctrine that called for ―realityand truth‖ in the depiction of ordinary life.◆Broadly defined as "the faithful representation真实表示of reality", based on thedogma教条of "objective reality客观现实", and was focused on showing everyday, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle or lower class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization◆Realism is, in the broadest sense, simply fidelity to actuality in its representation inliterature......◆limited to the movement which arose in the nineteenth century, at least partially inreaction against Romanticism, which was centered in the novel, and which was dominant in France, England, and America from roughly mid-century to the closing decade, when it was replaced by Naturalism.American Realism(1865-1918)Backgrounds1 The Civil War(1861-1865)a deterioration(恶化) of American moral values2 Increasing industrialization and mechanizationextremes of wealth and poverty3 The frontier was about to close.people began to feel a sense of suffering and unhappiness4 Influenced by European literatureThe Gilded Age(镀金时代）◆Mark Twain called the late 19th century the "Gilded Age."◆The period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath.◆―an age of excess and extremes‖--of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth,of gloom and buoyant hope.American Realism◆Realism first appeared in America in the literature of local color本土特色, and anamalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects方言, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America.◆Some representative local colorists include:Bret Harte(1836—1902), the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity.Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's CabinKate Chopin, The AwakeningMark TwainWilliam Dean Howells(1837-1920)◆the arbiter(仲裁者) of American Realism◆He defined realism as ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment ofmaterial‖◆subject matter: the experiences of the American middle class◆his works:The Rise of Silas Lapham 塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹American Realism has its salient特色的features:◆Verisimilitude(逼真)of details derived from observation◆representative in plot, setting and character◆an objective rather than an idealized view of human experienceThe schools of American realism◆Frontier Humor 边界◆Middlewestern Realism◆Cosmopolitan Novelists 世界性小说Henry James◆Regionalism (local colorism)◆Naturalism 自然主义代替现实主义Frontier HumorIt is the vital and exuberant丰富的literature that was generated by the westward expansion西进运动of the United States in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.The spontaneity自发性, sense of fun, exaggeration夸张, fierce凶猛的individuality, and irreverence不敬行为for traditional Eastern values in frontier humor reflect the optimistic spirit of pre-Civil War America.Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of strength,rough practical jokes (especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns), and tales of encounters with panthers, bears, and snakes. These tales are filled with rough, homely wisdom.Middlewestern Realism◆It just refers to William Dean Howells’s realism because he came from the AmericanMidwest and carefully interweaved交织the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works.◆Also because he was the champion of the realism, having helped to publish many realisticlocal color writings by Bret Harte, Mark Twain, and others.Cosmopolitan Novelists(世界小说）◆Henry J ames’s fame rested largely upon his handling of his major fictional theme, theinternational theme, that is the meeting of American and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with complications arising there from. So he was called the cosmopolitan novelist.Henry James: father of psychological realism心理描写(1843 - 1916)1.Brief account of his life:1)He was born into a wealthy cultured family of New England. His father was an eminentphilosopher and reformer, and his brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist.2)Most of his life he settled down in Europe except for some visits to America. In 1915 hebecame the naturalized British citizen. He was not married but once loved his attractivecousin who died young.3) A voluminous writer, he was influenced by some English, European and Americanwriters. One American author who exerted a measure of influence on James is Hawthorne whose insight into the human psyche impressed the younger writer deeply.2.His creative lifeThe first period(1865-1882). The works in this period reveal James’ fascination with his ―international theme‖: How Americans behave in an international setting.Europeans/ AmericansInnocence vs ExperienceJames’ attitude towards European culture: decadence, heritage.•The American (1877)•The Europeans (1878)•Daisy Miller (1878)•The Portrait of a Lady (1881)•Washington Square (1881)In these early works, James experiments with the limited point of view, and focuses on the ―complex inner lives of his American characters‖ which are ―fully and realistically projec ted‖The second period (1882-1895). During this time he focuses on tales and plays, but most of them prove a failure.•Novels in the naturalistic mode:•The Bostonians, 1886 波士顿人•Turning to three dominant subjects:Troubled writers and artistsGhosts and apparitions,Doomed or threatened children and adolescents•The Figure in the Carpet, 1896 地毯上的图案•What Mazie Knew, 1897 梅瑟所知道的•The Turn of the Screw, 1898 螺丝在拧紧•The Beast in the Jungle, 1903 丛林猛兽The last one(1895-1909)•Returning to international themes•Novels complex and profound•The Wings of the Dove, 1902 鸽翼•The Ambassadors, 1903 奉使记•The Golden Bowl, 1904 镀金碗•Richness of syntax, characterization, point of view, symbolic romance, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhythms.•famous for their intricate, dense narrative and ―focus on the way in which people make their own realities through their perceptions and impressions‖.3.His literary-aesthetic ideas（see his The Art of Fiction）1)Art must be related to life. It must be life transformed and changed so that the art formwould give the truthful impression of actuality.2)Though closely related to life, art is important in its own way. It is art that makes life,makes interest, makes importance.3)He was concerned with point of view which is at the center of his aesthetic of the novel.4.His political-social ideas and attitudes:1)The spokesman of the wealthy.2)Be conservative toward overzealous reformers (the similar way of Hawthorne)3)But he was critical of U.S. imperialist behavior and American’s obsession withbusiness, its extremes of wealth and poverty, its lack of culture and sophistication.4)Like Hawthorne, James regarded evil as essentially of inward cause and cure, advocatedfree willed renunciation of the low or mean, and repeatedly emphasized magnanimity and the beauty of goodness.Theory of Fiction: The Art of Fiction, 1884☐The novelist must be faithful to life as it actually appears.☐There must be freedom for the artist to choose what subjects he will deal with.☐The novel must be regarded as an organic whole with every part of a functioning contributor to the achieving of the novel’s ultimate expression. The author must remain outside—the self-containment of art.☐Dramatization编剧: showing rather than telling☐Central consciousness through whom events are observed. Omniscient / limited POV ☐Psychological realism: the first of the modern psychological novelists, a realist of the inner life☐AmbiguityAbout Point of View☐The ―center of consciousness‖☐Limited POV, presenting the story through the filter of a single character or a succession of characters.☐He argues for characters of great sensitivity as his centers of consciousness, since the more they perceive of life the more the reader perceives.About Fiction☐Fiction is a serious art form—not a pastime nor a game in which the reader indulges his daydreams—but an ―imitation of life‖. It deals with the larger truths of human existence that comprise the pattern behind the fact.☐Two qualities of fiction:☐Fiction should be made of experience intensely perceived (either from life or from imagination)☐Fiction should be interesting.☐The artist stories are not merely artist stories; the international works are not merely international conflicts. In both groups, in others such as the ghostly tales, and in still other stories not easily classified, one finds real people playing out real dramas of loneliness, suffering, and betrayal.Themes☐Art☐The clash between the old European world and the new American world (―international theme)☐Conflict between more or less ingenuous Americans and sophisticated Europeans☐American good and European evil☐Innocent young American bumping into old enriched culture which is degenerate☐But his later works show a great awareness of complexity.James’ place in American Literature☐Bridging the 19th and 20th c.☐Connecting America and Europe.☐ A pioneer in psychological realism☐ A ―master craftsman‖☐Criticized by some because of his focus on the elite(James deals largely with the moral and social problems of middle- and upper-class society. )☐Along with the increasing complexity of his style, his hypersensitive narrators, or protagonists, having alienated James from the common reader, as James himself realized.Regionalism (local colorism) 地方◆Local Colorism as a trend became dominate in American literature in the late 1860s andearly 1870s. It is a variation of American literature realism. Generally, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province.◆The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists were consciouslynostalgic（怀旧的）historians of a vanishing way of life, records of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. Mark Twain is a local colorist.Local Colorism☐Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870s. It is a variation of American literary realism. Generally, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province.The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. Mark Twain is a local colorist.Mark Twain☐Twain preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. So the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippi valley and the west became his major theme.☐Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896): Uncle Tome’s Cabin☐Hamlin Garland (1860-1940): Main-Traveled Roads☐Francis Bret Harte (1836-1902): The Luck of Roaring Camp☐William Faulkner (1897-1962): The Sound and the FuryName Samuel Langhorne ClemensPen Name Mark TwainStories about his pen name:●“two marks”(about 12 feet/ 3.16 meters deep)● a captain’s pen name●always asking the bartender to mark―two marks‖ in the billBorn November 30, 1835 Florida, Missouri, U.S.Died April 21, 1910 (Age 74) Redding, Connecficut, U.S.His last years of life was filled with sad events, loneliness and the loss of much money.◎After leaving school:a printer, a riverboat pilot, a soldier, a gold miner,a businessman and a newspaper reporter◎First important work:The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (published in 1865)◎Loving Mississippi River very much:The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on the Mississippi.◎Be famous for:a great American writer, a famous speaker,especially his humor,description of common people and the way they talkedMark Twain’s worksThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》(1865)[ first famous important work ]The Innocents Abroad《傻子国外旅行记》(1869)Masterpieces名作:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆·索亚历险记》(1876)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里·芬历险记》(1884)The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》(1881)Other works:Roughing It《艰难岁月》Pudd'nhead Wilson《傻瓜维尔逊》American Claimant《美国申请人》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court《亚瑟王朝里的康涅狄格州美国佬》The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的陌生人》AutobiographyMark Twain’s Writing Features1. local color represents social life through portraits of local places which he knew bestdrew from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and placestall tales (highly exaggerated)：a texture of most local color literature，humor2. humor and satire3. hyperbole and allegories4. colloquial idioms and colloquial syntax5. description of persons who was innocent, simple, naïve and ignorant as his heroes or heroinesTwain as a RealistRealismA Response to Romanticismtry very hard to capture life exactly as it was, rather than romanticizing itrather than focus on emotion or prize it, realists try to prevent their works from being filtered through their emotional lensescharacters come from poorer, super-rural or super-urban backgroundsIncluded workers at factories, people living in slums, etc. –the types of people who never showed up as romantic heroesTwain is one of the greatest realists – possibly the greatest – of all time.One of the reasons is that he’s so great that he dares to examine the ―whys‖ – why does the society have problems? Why do characters experience conflicting emotions? Why do we act the way we do?Helen Keller said: "I like Mark Twain . Who would not like him? Even God loves him very much, he gives him wisdom and paints a rainbow of love and faith in his heart."海伦·凯勒曾言：―我喜欢马克吐温——谁会不喜欢他呢？即使是上帝，亦会钟爱他，赋予其智慧，并于其心灵里绘画出一道爱与信仰的彩虹。