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equilibrium position 化学英文版Equilibrium position in chemistry refers to the state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of the reactants and products. This dynamic state is represented by the equilibrium constant, K, which is the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium.At equilibrium, the system is stable and there is a balance between the forward and reverse reactions. This means that the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, even though the reactions are still occurring. The position of equilibrium can be influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, and concentration.Le Chatelier's Principle can be used to predict how changes in these factors will affect the equilibrium position. For example, if the concentration of a reactant is increased, the system will shift to the right to consume the excess reactant and establish a new equilibrium position. Similarly, if the temperature is increased, the system will shift in the direction that absorbs heat to counteract the change.Understanding equilibrium position is crucial in the field of chemistry as it allows scientists to predict the behavior of chemical reactions under different conditions. By manipulating the factors that influence equilibrium, researchers can optimize reaction conditions to maximize product yield or minimize unwanted byproducts.Overall, equilibrium position plays a vital role in chemical reactions and is essential for achieving desired outcomes in various chemical processes.中文翻译在化学中，平衡位置指的是前进和反应速率相等，导致反应物和生成物的浓度没有净变化的状态。
意大利都灵理工大学概况及专业设置学校名称：意大利都灵理工大学 Politecnico di Torino所在位置：意大利录取率：0.504都灵理工大学Politecnico di T orino所在大区：皮埃蒙特大区建校年代：1859所在城市：都灵学校性质：国立理工大学招生范围：本科生研究生学校网址：http://www.unito.it/都灵理工大学是国立理工大学都灵理工大学优势意大利都灵理工大学成立于十九世纪中叶，位于意大利北部的皮埃蒙特大区的中心城市都灵，是意大利最好的理工科大学之一，在意大利技术理工文化中占有绝对的优势。
都灵理工大学在意大利CENSIS排名第一，世界ARWU2006工学排名51-75。
都灵理工大学的历史地址是十六世纪萨沃亚家族在Valentino城堡的住址，占地面积23000平方米，Valentino城堡一直都是建筑系的所在地，可以称为建筑学教学基地。
都灵理工大学为学生提供国际互换项目和多文化多语言环境，拥有很多双学位协议，与非欧洲地区的名牌大学也有很多良好的合作项目。
都灵理工大学共设有7个学院，包括2个建筑学院、4个工程学院和1个博士学院，共设18个系，120多种专业，目前在校学生有26,000多名。
都灵理工大学开设了航空工程、电子通讯工程、生物医学工程、机电工程、工业设计、汽车工程、影视传媒工程等专业课程。
在入学申请方面，都灵理工大学对学生的入学要求与一般的大学一样，并没有人数上的限制，学校更看重学生的资历和综合能力，当然如果有一定的意大利语基础和相关的专业知识就更好了。
在奖学金方面，都灵理工大学会为特别优秀的学生提供全额奖学金，每年10000欧元，而对低收入家庭的优秀学生也会提供部分奖学金，主要是EDISU奖学金，每年大约4200欧元。
EDISU奖学金也就是皮埃蒙特大区大学生福利奖学金，主要面对家庭年收入在1万欧元以下的本科生、研究生和博士生,申请 EDISU奖学金可以享受全免学费及申请4200欧元/年的奖学金，其评定标准是，对一年级新生只根据其家庭收入来评定，而从第二年开始，除了家庭收入外，还要求申请者必须完成学校规定的学分。
Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo1CONTENTS•definition•equlibrium constant•homogeneous and heterogeneousequilibrium•Le Chatellier principleChemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo2Chemistryfor engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo3After a certain time the concentration of all species does notchange any more The reaction can occur in both directionsChemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 4The products and the reactants formation proceeds at the same rate. We are in dynamic equilibrium conditions. In general, all chemical reaction are reversible process that canbe carried put in both directions. N 2+ 3H 22NH 3equilibriumWhen, during a chemical reaction, the reactants and productsconcentration remain constant in time, we are in chemicalequilibrium conditions. reactants productsChemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo5010”70”80”50”60”40”20”30”[NO2]N2O4 2 NO2timeChemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo6N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g)Initial pressure(atm) equilibrium pressure(atm) Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo7Rate law for the forward reaction(v1)N2+ 3H22NH3And that for the reverse reaction(v2)2NH3N2+ 3H2v1= k1[H2]3[N2]v2= k2[NH3]2At equilibrium v1= v2k1[H2]3[N2] = k2[NH3]2Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo8Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 9k 1[NH 3]2k 2[H 2]3[N 2]K c is the equilibrium constant (it depends only onthe temperature)== K c For gases:K p =pNH32p H23p N2N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g)Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo10In general:aA+bB cC+ dD K c= [C]c[D]d[A]a[B]bK c = K p.(RT) -∆ν(c+d) -(a+b) =∆νRemember thatpV=NRT N/V =conc.N/V = p/(RT)Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo11Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 12For heterogeneousequilibria, the equilibrium constantdepends only on gaseous species.Example:CaCO 3(s)CaO (s)+ CO 2(g)K c = [CO 2]K p = p CO2Equilibria before presented are all ho mogeneous equilibria , i.e reactants and products in the same phase.When reactants and products are pesent in different phve heterogeneous equilibria.Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 13Heterogeneous equilibria[CaO] [CO 2]K c ’= -----------------[CaCO 3]K c = [CO 2] K p = pCO 2pCaO pCO 2K p ’= -----------------pCaCO 3examplesBaO2(aq)+ H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(aq)+ H2O2(aq)3 H2(g) + N2(g) 2 NH3(g)NiO(s)+ H2(g) Ni(s)+ H2O(g)PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+ Cl2(g)[PCl3] [Cl2] pPCl3pCl2K c= ------------K p= ------------[PCl5] pPCl5Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo14Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 15CaCO 3(s)CaO (s)+ CO 2(g)K p = pCO 2Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 16Le Chatellier PrinciplePCl 5(g)PCl 3(g)+ Cl 2(g)[PCl 3] [Cl 2] pPCl pCl 2K c = ------------K p = ------------[PCl 5] pPCl 5If a system isdisturbed, itwill undergo a change that shifts its equilibrium position in a direction that reduces the effect of the disturbance.Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo17Mobile EquilibriumDisturbing an equilibrium:ËChange of reactants and/orproducts concentration ËChange of temperatureËchange of volume or pressureof the systemChemistry forengineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 18Change of concentrationreactants productsIfproducts concetration is reduced, the equilibrium shift to right();If reactants concetration is reduced, the equilibrium shift to left( ).Chemistryfor engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo 19Chan ge of conce ntrati onreactants products+ heatIn this case an increase of temperaturecauses a shift of the equilibrium towards left.A lowering of temperature causes a shift toproducts formation.Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo20Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo21Change of volume and pressureIt influences only gaseous equilibria. An increase of pressure makes shift the reaction in the direction in which there is a lowering of the molecules number. A decrease of pressure has the opposite effect.Chemistry for engineering equilibrium Silvia Bodoardo22。
