Unit1I.Word Studyaffection n.a gentle feeling of love and caringExamples: Every mother has/feels affection toward her children.He is held in great affection.affectionate a. He looks at her with affectionate looks.cf: affectation n.矫饰affirm v.to declare (usually again) positively; strengthen beliefs, ideas, or feelings Examples: affirm one’s judgment/innocence affirm sth. to sb.affirm that it is trueaffirmative a. affirmative reply/nod/reactionapply She is applying for a scholarship. Ointment ['ɔɪntmənt] n. 软膏, 油膏We should apply what we have learned to practice. a/the fly in the ointmentNot all natural laws can apply to human society. 扫兴的人；煞风景的事物Apply some of this ointment to the swollen part, and the pain will soon be gone.Capability n. the natural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth. Examples: He has the capabilities of solving/to solve practical problems.It’s quite above his capabilities.ability :the power to do sth. well acquired naturally or by learningcapacity :ability to hold, contain, or learnfaculty: a special abilityHe has the ability to do the work, but he’s too lazy and won’t do it.The book is within the reading capacity of young readers.The auditorium has a seating capacity of 300 people.He has a faculty for painting.Contribute v. a. to join with others in giving help, money, etc.b. to help to cause or produceExamples: contribute food and clothing for the refugees contribute to the Red Cross Exercises contribute to one’s health. Drinking contributed to his ruin.distribute v. to give things to a large number of people; spread sth. over an area Examples: distribute pictures among children distribute magazines to subscribers distribute manure over a field (manure [mə'nʊə, -'njʊə] n. 肥料;粪便)counsel v. (fml.) to advise n. advice; opinion; suggestion counselor n. adviser; lawyer Examples: counsel care in the forthcoming negotiationHe counseled them giving up/to give up the plan.Distinct a. clearly different or belonging to a different type b. easily seen, understood; plain Examples: Silk is distinct from rayon. They are similar in form but distinct in kind.There is a distinct improvement in his pronunciation rayon['reɪɔn].He is at a distinct a dvantage in the competition n. 人造丝;人造纤维丝n. distinction ad. Distinctlydistinctive a. serving to mark a difference or make distinctExample: Soldiers wear a distinctive uniform.endeavore v. (fml.) to try very hard n. (fml.) effort; attemptExamples: He endeavoreo calm himself down but in vain.His endeavors to persuade her to go with him failed.endowment n. a. a quality or ability that someone has naturallyb. money, property, etc. given to provide an incomeExamples: They are men of great endowments.The Oxford and Cambridge colleges have numerous endowments.endow. a. to possess naturally, be born with b. to give a college, hospital, etc. a large sum of money that will provide it with an incomeExamples: She i s endowed with both beauty and brains.That hospital is privately endowed.Ethical a.connected with principles of what is right and what is wrongExamples: an ethical principle\an ethical basis for educationethnic a. a. of race or the races of mankind b. (colloq.) of a particular cultural group Examples: ethnic clothes/food/music/restaurantsExcessive a. much more than is reasonable or ecessaryExamples: excessive rainfall excessive chargesexcess n. an excess of enthusiasm.That is a city with a population in excess of two million.handle v. a. to touch, lift or turn with the hands b. to operate with the handsc. to manage, control or cope withd. to buy and sellExamples: This box contains delicate china. Please handle with care.This computer is easy to handle. This shop does not handle imported goods.We have to handle the relationship between our two countries carefully.Inherit v. to receive (genetic characters) from one’s parentsExamples: inherit money/estate/title(头衔)She inherited her mother’s good looks and her father’s bad temper.n. inheritance继承遗留物继承权n. heritage（非物质文化）遗产,传统interpret a. to make clear the meaning of (either in words or by artistic performance)b. to consider to be the meaning ofc. to give an immediate oral translation of Examples: interpret a difficult passage in a book We interpreted his silence as a refusal.Will you interpret fo r the foreign visitors?n. interpreter口译工作者;口译译员n. interpretation解释, 说明; 诠释；表演; 演奏inhibition n. (psych.) a feeling of worry or embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want toExample: Wine weakens a person’s inhibitions.inhibit v. to hinder; to restrain inhibit sb. from doing sth.involve v. a. to include as a necessary part or result b. to affectExamples: All reforms involv e certain tasks. He was deeply involved in the scandal The building of the dam involved relocating almost one million people.You have to involve every country in the fight against global warming.a. involved n. involvementobserve v. a. to see or notice; watch carefully b. to say by way of comment c.遵守Examples: The accused was observed trying to force the lock of the door.Some scientists observed that global warming is not necessarily related to human activities. n. observation a. observant善于观察的;观察力敏锐的；严守教规的occur v. a. to happen b. to come into one’s mind suddenly n. occurrence Examples: Over the years many floods have occurred in that area.It occurred to him that there was a better way to do it.I guess it never occurred to him to put aside some money for a rainy day.perceive v. (fml.) to become aware of, esp. throughthe eyes or the mindExamples: Musicians can perceive small differences in sounds.He gradually perceived that language and culture can’t be separated.a. perceptive洞察力强的adv. perceptively n. perceptiveness洞察力强;敏锐;理解力a. perceptible可感觉〔感受〕到的,可理解的,可认识的n. perceptionproject v. a. to plan\b. to cause a shadow, an outline, etc. on a surface\c. to present sb./sth./yourself to other people in a particular way, esp. one that gives a good impression Examples: project a dam/a new canal project a picture on a screenproject the future roles as men or womenshrink v. a. to make or become smaller, esp. through wettingb. to move back; show unwillingness to do sth.Examples: Will this shirt shrink in the wash?\ Car sales have been shrinking recently.A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.contract v. to make or become smaller or shorter; make or become tighter or narrower Examples: Metals contract as they become cool. (n.合同v.订合同，染上) contract one’s muscles/the brows(眉)/foreheadII.Phrases and Expressionsbe equal to v.to be just as good as; have strength, courage,ability etc. for sth. Examples: Many of our products are equal to the best in the world.It is ridiculous to think one race is not equal to another because it has a different skin color. He is equal to doing this task.dawn on/upon v.to begin to appear; grow clear to the mind Cf:It occurs to sb. that…Examples: The truth began to dawn on him. \It suddenly dawned on me that there was another thing that contributed to their economic success.drag one’s feet v.(figurative usage) to delay deliberatelyExamples:The local authorities are dragging their feet closing these coal mines.I can understand why they are dragging their feet over this reform. The reason is that it will affect their personal interests.for certain ad.certainly; definitely; no doubtExamples: He is probably an accountant. I don’t know for certain.I can’t say for certain how much this car will cost. It must be in the neighborhood of twohundred thousand yuan.freedom/free from no longer having sth. you do not wantfreedom from taxation freedom of press/speechExamples: The most important freedom our people should have is the freedom from hunger.An ideal society is one free from exploitation and oppressionWe look forward to a world founded upon essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want… everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear… anywhere in the world. “—Franklin D. Roosevelt go through1) to be passed or approved The Bill did not go through.2) to be concluded The deal did not go through.3) to discuss in detail Let’s go through the arguments again.4) to search The police went through the pockets of the suspected thief.5) to complete Let’s go through the exercises.6) to undergo; suffer He seemed to have forgotten all that he had gone through.7) to consume; use up It did not take Albert very long to go through his inheritance.8) to continue firmly to the end Knowing full well the difficulties the work involved, theywere still determined to go through with it.pull through1)to make sth. or sb. through by pullingThe eye of the needle is too small and I can’t pull the thread through.2) to survive a difficult or dangerous situationThat newly liberated country is going to have a rough time, but it will pull through.3) to recover or help to recover from illnessHe was badly injured in the accident, but the doctors made every effort to pull him through. in turnThe candidates were summoned in turn to see the examiner.Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.in/with relation to as regards; concerningExamples: I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.The project was outlined with relation to available funds.in a different light in a different wayExamples: After I took that course, I began to see the world in a different light.What he did made us see him in a different light.in the light of after considering (sth.)He decided to make further improvements on the computer’s design in the light of the requirements of customers.shed/throw a new light on to make sth. clearer; provide new information These facts shed a new light on the matter.independent from/of not dependent on or controlled by other persons or things Examples: If you have a car, you are independent from/of trains and buses.That’s an objective law independent from/of man’s will.Cf: Promotion is dependent on/upon one’s record of success.stand back1) to stand to the rear The child stood back at the sight of the ferocious dog.2) to distance oneself mentally in order to understand or judge better Sometimes an administrator must stand back from day-to-day business to grasp the wider pattern of events.3) to withdraw or retreat from making discussions, influencing events, etc.She ran the family and her husband stood back.III.Word BuildingIV. From the textDevelopmental changes Move from adolescence to young adulthood Identity crises Genetic endowment Chance event Later adolescent stage Pursue a college education Enter the work world Handle finances Determine one ’s daily agenda Select the major that they want to pursue Parental approval Establish one ’s sexual identity Relate to the opposite sex Have a romantic relationship with Bounce into my officeExcitement in one ’s voiceDrag one ’s feetGive and receive affectionShow proper respect forRebel againstPut into a dormAffirm personal valuesAcademic lifeA growing experienceThe knowledge presented to sb.New ways of interpreting lifeInternational studentsTelevision newscastIn a different lightPersonal growth and expansionAcquire new ways of assembling and processing informationMy world is expanding and new options are opening for me ,but my father, who was in his sixty, was seeing his world shrink and his options narrow.Be appointed to an important governmental positionEvaluate new ways of gather process and apply knowledge in one ’s lifeFour distinct aspects to psychological separation from parentsDefine one ’s sexual identity in a feminine/muscular roleDevelop new ways to organize and use knowledgePeople from a variety of ethnic backgroundsBecome financially independent from parentsGrow and learn new skills that take years to develop。
