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朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》...第3章美国的起始I.Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F):1.The question“What is an American?”was first asked by J.Hector St.John de Crevecoeur. _____【答案】T【解析】什么样的⼈叫美国⼈？这⼀经典的问题是由法国农⼈赫克托.圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔在他的《美国农⼈书简》⼀书中提出来的。
因此此题正确。
2.Christopher Columbus discovered America in1492._____【答案】T【解析】克⾥斯托弗·哥伦布是西班⽛著名航海家，于1492年第⼀个发现美洲⼤陆。
因此此题正确。
3.The first English permanent settlement was founded in California._____【答案】F【解析】1607年，英国有3艘船只⾏驶到北美，殖民者史密斯等在弗吉尼亚亨利⾓登陆，并定居下来。
因此此题错误。
4.Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church._____【答案】F【解析】这批出逃的清教徒并⾮是从罗马天主教反叛⽽出，⽽是从英国国教中反叛⽽出。
因此此题错误。
5.The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers._____【答案】T【解析】宾⼣法尼亚州曾属于威廉佩恩。
⽽他本⼈则信仰贵格派，他决定按照贵格会的理想，建⽴⼀个宗教信仰和政治⾃由的地⽅。
因此宾州是美国第⼀个宗教信仰⾃由的地⽅。
第3章美国的起始Ⅰ. Multiple choices.1. Which of the following is not characteristic of the US Constitution?（北二外2005研）A. It is the oldest written constitution in the world.B. It is the main expression of the American ideal.C. It is short and explicit in meaning.D. It has successfully translated the American ideal into practice.【答案】C【解析】美国宪法诞生于1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，是世界最古老的成文宪法。
它是美国的最高法律和根本大法，奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础，用法律的形式表达了美国理想，使之能够成为现实。
选项C与事实不符，为正确答案。
2. Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention?（北二外2008研）A. VirginiaB. Rhode IslandC. New YorkD. Maryland【答案】B【解析】Constitutional Convention制宪会议。
罗得岛州没有派代表出席费城全国制宪会议。
3. Who has extolled the virtues of farmers?（北二外2008研）A. Thomas JeffersonB. Eli WhitneyC. Adam SmithD. Alexander Hamilton【答案】A【解析】托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson），美国第三任总统，独立宣言的主要起草人之一。
第5章英国经济Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. The service industry is also called _____.A. subsidiary industryB. light industryC. secondary industryD. tertiary industry【答案】D【解析】服务业也称第三产业，指不生产物质产品的行业，或者说是指除第一、二产业以外的其他行业。
2. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?A. Beef battleB. Dairy cattleC. ChickenD. Sheep【答案】D【解析】2000年，英国羊的数量达到4226万只，为英国数量最多的家畜。
3. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A. In the southeast of England.B. In the northeast of England.C. In the southeast of Scotland.D. In the northeast of Scotland.【答案】A【解析】英国东南部是西欧平原的一部分，最适合发展农业，选A。
4. Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?A. Shell.B. ICI.C. RTZ.D. British Gas.【答案】B【解析】ICI是英国帝国化学工业集团的简称，是闻名的纯碱与肥料的制造厂商，不属于能源公司，故选B。
A项为英荷皇家壳牌集团，是全球领先的国际油气集团。
C项为英国里奥廷托锌公司。
D项是英国天然气集团。
5. Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?A. Imperial AirwayB. British AirwaysC. Hawker-Siddeley AviationD. the British Aircraft Corporation【答案】A【解析】A项帝国航空是B项英国航空的前身，于1924年成立。
第6章英国文学Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. In which of the following periods of the English language did William Shakespeare write?（首都师范大学2009研）A. Old English.B. Middle English.C. Late Middle English.D. Modern English.【答案】D【解析】威廉·莎士比亚（1564—1616），英国文艺复兴时期著名诗人、剧作家；古英语（Old English），从450年盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵到1066年诺曼征服时期的英语；中古英语（Middle English），从1066年到1476年英国开始采用印刷机时期的英语；现代英语（Modern English），从1476年至今的英语。
2. Shakespeare lived in the period of _____.（中山大学2008研）A. the Middle AgesB. the Victorian ageC. the Elizabethan ageD. the Industrial Revolution【答案】C【解析】伊丽莎白一世统治时期（1558—1603），英国文学，特别是戏剧繁荣发展，达到高峰，涌现出了一大批杰出的文学大师，比如莎士比亚（1564—1616）。
3. Which of the following is not true?（北京交大2006研）A. Beowulf is a hero who helps a Danish king kill a sea monster.B. Beowulf later becomes a king of his own land, Sweden.C. Beowulf stands for Christian virtues.D. Beowulf is said to be descended from Cain, the oldest son of Adam and Eve. 【答案】D【解析】《贝奥武甫》，古代史诗，标志着英国文学的开始；故事含意深刻，主人公代表着基督教的美德。
第2章英国简介（2）Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. Ireland is part of Great Britain. _____【答案】F【解析】爱尔兰是一个独立国家，位于爱尔兰岛北部的北爱尔兰才是英国的一部分。
2. “Ulster”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. _____【答案】T【解析】阿尔斯特指的是北爱尔兰，它曾经是一个古爱尔兰王国的名称。
3. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. _____【答案】F【解析】贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首府，拥有人口二十余万。
4. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. _____【答案】F【解析】北爱尔兰重要不仅仅是因为它的工业发达，还因为它在历史上与英国政府的不断冲突，更多是政治意义上的重要性。
5. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. _____【答案】T【解析】大部分爱尔兰人民是凯尔特人的后代，他们远在罗马人入侵英国的两千年前就在英国居住。
6. Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. _____ 【答案】T【解析】大部分英国人是新教徒，大部分爱尔兰人是天主教徒。
第5章英国经济Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. By the 1880’s the British economy was dominant in the world. _____【答案】T【解析】十九世纪八十年代，英国的经济在世界上占据主导地位。
世界上1/3的制成品来自英国，世界上1/2的煤炭和1/2的棉花来自英国。
航运量比世界其他国家的总量还要大。
2. Both the US and Canada overtook Britain in economy by 1900. _____【答案】F【解析】1900年，英国的经济被美国和德国超越，失去在世界经济体系中的主导地位。
当时加拿大的经济并没有超越英国。
3. By the end of World War Ⅱ, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France. _____【答案】F【解析】为了给战争筹集资金，英国已经背上了沉重的债务，这意味着英国在进入战后阶段时已经面临严重的经济问题。
因此，英国在二战后所背负的债务并不是因为发展工业，而是为了支持战争。
4. Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947. _____【答案】T【解析】另外，使得英国衰退的原因还有俗称大英帝国的“皇冠上的珠宝”的印度于1947年赢得了独立，使英国失去了一个巨大的“原料库”。
朱永涛英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门第3版配套题库含考研真题本书是朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》（第3版）教材的配套题库，严格按照该教材的章⽬编排，共分42章（第⼀部分为英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚，共20章；第⼆部分为新西兰、美国、加拿⼤，共22章），精选与各章内容配套的考研真题和典型题进⾏详解，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。
⽬录：第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）第2章 英国简介（2）第3章 英国政府第4章 政治、阶级和社会第5章 英国经济第6章 英国⽂学第7章 英国教育体系第8章 英国的外交关系第9章 英国媒体第10章 英国的体育运动、节假⽇第11章 爱尔兰地理、⼈⽂和历史第12章 爱尔兰政治和经济第13章 爱尔兰的⽂化：爱尔兰⼈的⽣活现状第14章 爱尔兰的⽂化：语⾔，⽂学和艺术第15章 澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族第16章 澳⼤利亚的⽂化⽣活第17章 ⼯作和家庭⽣活第18章 澳⼤利亚是⼀个⾃由民主的社会第19章 澳⼤利亚的今天第20章 从种族主义到多元⽂化主义第⼆部分 新西兰、美国、加拿⼤第1章 国⼟、⼈民与历史第2章 政治制度、教育与经济第3章 美国的起始第4章 美国的政治制度第5章 美国经济第6章 美国的宗教第7章 美国⽂学第8章 美国的教育第9章 20世纪60年代的社会运动第10章 美国的社会问题第11章 美国⼈的⽣活⽅式：寻找⼀个可靠的概括第12章 美国的妇⼥解放运动第13章 美国的科技第14章 ⼆战后美国外交政策第15章 美国的体育运动与风景名胜第16章 美国的流⾏⽂化：电影和⾳乐第17章 国家与⼈民第18章 加拿⼤政府与政治第19章 加拿⼤——“⽂化镶嵌画”第20章 加拿⼤经济第21章 加拿⼤⽂学第22章 加拿⼤的国际关系第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?[北⼆外2008研]A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈是⽇⽿曼民族的分⽀，于五世纪中期由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠，成为现今英格兰⼈的祖先。
第6章英国文学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. Much early British literature was concerned with Christianity, and Anglo-Saxons produced many versions of the Bible. _____【答案】T【解析】英国早期文学的主题多围绕基督教展开，例如盎格鲁-撒克逊人编纂过多种版本的圣经，其中以凯尔经最为著名。
2. Beowulf was a sea monster killed by a Swedish warrior. _____【答案】F【解析】贝奥武夫是来自瑞典南部济兹（Geat）的王子。
他在丹麦杀死了作恶多年的半人半魔的妖怪哥伦多。
3. “The Wife of Bath” is one of the tales contained in The Canterbury Tales. _____ 【答案】T【解析】《巴斯夫人》是英国作家乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集中的一个故事。
4. There was a general flowering of culture and intellectual life in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries which is known as “The Renaissance.” _____【答案】F【解析】15到16世纪，欧洲经历了文化和精神生活的全面繁荣，这被称为文艺复兴。
文艺复兴的时间是15到16世纪，而不是17到18世纪。
5. William Shakespeare is a great poet and much is known of his life. _____【答案】F【解析】莎士比亚被誉为英国文学史上最著名的剧作家，因其作品闻名于世界。
第7章英国教育体系Ⅰ.Multiple choice.1.Under the old selective system English children who have high marks in the “eleven plus”examination go on to_____.（北京交大2003研）A.public schoolsB.technical schoolsC.grammar schoolsD.secondary modern schools【答案】C【解析】在英国，初级学校学生在最后一学年要参加十一岁儿童升学考试；其中成绩最好的进入文法学校。
2.Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?（北京交大2006研）cation is chaotic.cation is very expensive.cation is highly centralized.cation is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.【答案】D【解析】英国教育具有自由化的特点，集中体现在实行学校的地方管理措施。
选项D正确。
3.Which of the following statements can not be used to describe universities in Britain?A.All universities are private institutions.B.All students have got high marks in“A”Level.C.They have their own governing councilsD.They now derive nearly all of their funds from state grants.【答案】A【解析】白金汉大学（The University of Buckingham）是全英唯一一所私立独立大学，故答案应该选B。
第8章英国的外交关系Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. When was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) founded?（北二外2008研）A. In 1955.B. In 1945.C. In 1948.D. In 1949【答案】D【解析】北大西洋公约组织（北约）成立于1949年，是美国与西欧、北美主要发达国家建立的国际军事集团。
2. All of the following play a part in formulating and carrying out the government’s foreign policy decisions except _____.A. the Prime Minister and CabinetB. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)C. the Ministry of DefenceD. the Treasury【答案】D【解析】财政部（the Treasury）决定各部门得到多少财政预算，并不直接参与政府外交政策的制定。
3. The goals of the current Commonwealth include _____.A. working towards peace through the United NationsB. promoting personal freedom and racial equality and opposition to colonial dominationC. reducing the gap between wealthy and poor segments of humanityD. all of the above【答案】D【解析】英联邦是一个松散的、政治经济磋商和合作组织，旨在促进和平和自由、反对殖民主义、消除联邦成员国的贫富差距，故A、B、C项均符合题意。
4. The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in _____.A. 1921B. 1931C. 1945D. 1950【答案】B【解析】第一次世界大战后，英国慑于日益高涨的殖民地民族解放运动，调整了同原英帝国其他成员之间的关系。
1926年，“英帝国会议”的帝国内部关系委员会提出，英国和已经由殖民地成为自治共和国的加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和南非是“自由结合的英联邦的成员”，“地位平等，在内政和外交的任何方面互不隶属，唯有依靠对英王的共同效忠精神统一在一起”。
1931年，《威斯敏斯特法案》从法律上对此予以确认，英联邦正式形成。
不列颠帝国（the British Empire）自1931年起被英联邦所取代。
5. As a result of the First World War, the _____ was established in 1920.A. League of NationsB. British CommonwealthC. British East India CompanyD. United Nations【答案】A【解析】第一次世界大战后，在《凡尔赛和约》中，成立了第一个世界性的国际组织——国际联盟（the league of nations），宗旨是减少武器数量，平息国际纠纷及维持民众的生活水平，但是国际联盟并没能阻止二战的爆发，在二战结束后被联合国取代。
6. The British Empire ended in _____A. the 1920sB. the 1930sC. the 1940sD. the 1950s【答案】C【解析】二战之后，印度于1947年宣布独立，缅甸于1948年宣布独立，纽芬兰于1949年加入加拿大自治领。
英国几乎全部的海外殖民地都自治或独立，曾经殖民地遍布全球的大英帝国彻底瓦解。
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks.1. After World War Ⅱ, the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were _____ and _____.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】Jordan；India【解析】二战后，英属殖民地中约旦和印度最先获得独立。
2. The United Kingdom has been a member of _____ since 1973.【答案】European Union【解析】英国于1973年加入欧盟，欧盟总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔，是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身、在世界上具有重要影响的区域一体化组织。
如今欧盟有27个成员国。
3. In 1945, Britain became a permanent member of the _____.【答案】Security Council of the United Nations【解析】安理会由5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成。
5个常任理事国是中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国。
其中，英国于1945年成为常任理事国。
Ⅲ. Explain the item.1. The Commonwealth（北二外2010研）【答案】The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states made up mostly of former British colonies. It was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as asort of support network. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India; others are developed nations like Canada and New Zealand.Ⅳ. Answer the questions.1. Britain is said to be “an awkward partner”in the European Union by some critics. Comment and give your reasons.（北外2006研）【答案】Britain has always been regarded as an awkward partner in the EU, because it is often at odds with its partners. However, the membership in the European Union is of significance to Britain in the daily running of its affairs. After three times of application, Britain eventually joined the European Economic Community in 1973. This was an important psychological decision for the country because traditionally Britain had looked beyond its European neighborhoods, feeling that it had more in common with the US and the Commonwealth. But in reality, British economic, political and military interests were already deeply bound up with other European countries.Through its involvement in NATO, Britain was committed to European defense cooperation. Although the US was an important trade partner, so were Western European countries. T oday, Britain’s participation in the European Unio n remains controversial. Britain doesn’t have a harmonious relationship with the EU.At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the EuropeanUnion is and what it will become. On the one hand, the UK has always been very interested in supporting free trade between nations and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. On the other hand, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government. The UK likes to think of the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible. It is less certain about the possibility of the EU becoming a federal “super-state” where national governments have their powers reduced, becoming provinces subservient to a kind of European federal government.Because there are many controversies between Britain and its European partners about the future of the EU, looking from outside Britain is “an awkward partner” which seems not really committed to Europe. Britain, while often at the centre of policy controversies with its fellow EU partners, is nevertheless deeply committed to it. Even though Britain has had to accept some EU policies which they do not entirely agree with, they are team members and abide by the rules.2. Analyze and assess how the end of British imperialism influenced the making of Britain’s foreign policy.（北外2004研）【答案】One of the most important single factors that have influenced British policy-makers is its history. The contemporary foreign policy of Britain has been influenced greatly by its imperial history. Since Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to。
