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The four types of sustainability include human, economic, social, andenvironmental. All four are required to maintain the entirety of life on Earth. Althoughinterconnected, itis importanttonotethedifferences of eachinterms ofits nature and requirements.The very basic need of humansustainability is good reproductive healthandsafe childbearing.Those that reproduce have the responsibility of caring for their children, giving them access to proper education, and promoting their health and wellness. At some point, the childrenshould have enoughskills and knowledge suchthatthey cansustaintheir ownway of life. Itis atthatpointthatthey becomeconsidered as productive human capital as well as individuals that can go through the process of reproduction and rearing. As long as this process is maintained at a rate that all human systems can support, human sustainability should be no cause for concern.Insimple terms, economic sustainability is havinga set amount of capital for acertain period. Those who consume that capital must also conserve it so that they will continue to enjoy it towards the end of the specified period. This means thatwe must preserve all our resources as we consume them so that human beings inthe future can enjoy them as well. To achieve this, we must regenerate our resources at a rate that is equal to or faster than our consumption.Social capital is an important aspect of sustainability because it is through communities and civil societies that humankind can easily and inexpensively work together. Without proper levels of social capital, it can easily deplete and violence as well as mistrustcantake over. Whenthathappens, societies andeverythingelsethat depends on them will be destroyed. Through proper maintenance of and adherencetolaws, rules, andvalues thatsocieties havedevelopedfor thecommongood, social sustainability can be achieved.Environmental sustainability is important because it involves natural resources that humanbeings need for economic or manufactured capital. Materials takenfromnature are usedfor solutions that address humanneeds. If nature is depletedfaster than it can regenerate, human beings will be left without raw materials.Furthermore,environmental sustainability also involves ensuring that waste emissions areatvolumes thatnaturecanhandle. If not, all humans andother livingthings on Earth can be harmed to the point of extinction.可持续性分类四种可持续性包括人类可持续性，经济可持续性，社会可持续性和环境可持续性。
homework怎么读
“Homework”是一个由两个单词组成的复合词，发音为/ˈhəʊmwɝk/（英式发音）或/ˈhoʊmwərk/（美式发音）。
这个单词由“Home”和“Work”两个部分组成，分别读作/ˈhəʊm/和/wɝk/或/ˈhoʊm/和/wərk/。
在发音时，注意将重音放在第一个音节“Home”上，并保持每个音节的清晰和准确。
同时，要注意“Home”和“Work”之间的过渡要自然流畅，不要停顿或割裂。
另外，要注意在“Work”的结尾处，英式发音中有一个轻微的/r/音，而美式发音则没有这个音。
为了正确掌握“Homework”的发音，可以多听英语母语者的发音示范，并尝试模仿他们的发音。
此外，也可以利用在线发音工具或手机应用程序来辅助练习发音。
“Homework”通常指的是学生在家里完成的作业或学习任务。
对于学生来说，掌握这个单词的正确发音非常重要，因为它是他们日常生活中经常使用的词汇之一。
通过正确的发音和频繁的使用，学生可以更好地理解和完成家庭作业，提高学习效率和成绩。
专业词汇的构成1.词汇的分类专业英语文献中的专业词汇（或科技词汇）一般分为三类：技术词、半技术词和非技术词（或普通词）。
技术词（technical word）指科技术语，用以记录和表达科学技术专门领域的现象、过程、特性、关系、状态、数量等，意义单纯，只有一种专业含义，如bandwidth, flip-flop, microprocessor, rectification。
半技术词（semi-technical words）是指跨学科出现的频率很高的词，在不同的专业领域含有不同的精确含义，如power, carrier等。
非技术词是指在非专业英语中很少使用，却严格属于非专业英语性质的词汇，如application, implementation, to yield 等。
非技术词和普通词（尤其是其中的功能词，如限定词、介词、连词等）词频最高，半技术词出现得最多，词汇覆盖面最大，而技术词词频最低，出现率最小。
２．词汇的构成科技英语词汇中有很大一部分符合构词法。
科技英语构词法主要包括：派生、复合、转化、拼缀、缩略等，下面分别予以介绍。
(1) 派生（derivation）法是通过在原有词或词根的基础上加前缀或（和）后缀而构成新词。
前缀通常用以修饰或改变词意，后缀显示词性。
科技英语中以这一方法构成的新词最多，可以说俯拾皆是，如antiparticle （反粒子），antineutron （反中子），antibody （抗体）；autocorrelation （自相关）等。
需要指出的是以V+er/or 构成的词，有许多是指某一仪器而不指人，如semicorrelator （自相关器），conductor （导体），holder （支架/托）等，这一点译者应留意。
表2.1-2.4分别列出电子与通信专业常用的前后缀及词根。
表2.1 常用前缀表2.2 表示数量关系的常用前缀表2.3 常用后缀表 2.4 常用词根(2) 复合(composition)法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列，以构成新词，其词性可以是形容词、名词、代词、动词、副词等。
科技英语的特点与翻译一、科技英语的特点科技英语（English for science and technology，EST）指与用于科学和技术交流方面的英语口语和书面语。
作为一种重要的英语语体，其特点主要体现在以下几个方面。
1、词汇方面大量使用专业词汇、复合词、缩略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词。
专业词汇意义专一，用来表示明确的含义。
科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语，是因为这两种语言作为英语的重要来源，是世界上成熟最早和最完备的语言中的两种，词汇不再发生词形、词义上的变化，具有稳定性。
2、句子方面多使用长句和被动语态，大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）和非限定动词。
另外，各种成份（如介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及从句等）作定语并后置，多使用It…that…结构句型、被动结构句型、as结构句型、分词短语结构句型和省略句结构句型等常用句型。
名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而非个别行为。
不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑，又比较醒目。
3、形态方面科技英语在时态运用上有限，多用过去时和现在时。
尤其是多用一般现在时，以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等。
另外，科技英语多用逻辑性语法词（logical grammatical operators），如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等，表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet等，表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、moreover、in addition to等。
4、文体方面科技英语注重行文的连贯（coherence）、清晰（clarity）、流畅（fluency），避免行文晦涩、表露个人感情、过多运用修辞手法等。
第一章概论一、科技英语翻译的标准准确规范，通顺易懂, 简洁明晰。
准确规范Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedes’s extant works are devoted to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1．The power plant is the heart of a ship.发电设备是船只的核心。
2．The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一个50马力的发动机。
3．The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory.这个大型又昂贵的产品由于它的型号问题不能在这间工厂里测试，通顺易懂Samples 2A more common way of joining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1．Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被称为晶体管的半导体装置正在许多应用中取代电子管。
第二单元能源课文A替代能源的前景美国能源部(DOE)预测，美国居民所使用的能源将在2025年前增加25%。
增加的电能中将有一小部分来源于再生能源(如风、阳光、水、地热)，而且这部分还会不断增大。
美国能源部称，去年全国能源供应总量中有6%来自于替代能源。
“未来属于再生能源，”美国太阳能协会执行主席布拉德·柯林斯说。
该协会是一个非赢利性质的组织，总部设在科罗拉多州的博尔德。
柯林斯还说：“虽然科学家和行业专家对于世界石油和天然气究竟还能供应多久这一问题仍有争议，但可以确定的是这些能源的供应终究要枯竭的。
”较之传统方法生产的能源，再生能源虽然普遍昂贵一些，但是，这些替代能源有利于减少污染，节省矿物燃料。
位于科罗拉多戈尔登市的美国能源部国家再生能源实验室(NREL)的高级工程师保罗·托斯理尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题。
但它也是一个价值观的问题和我们应当把钱花在哪的问题。
”下面让我们看看再生能源技术的最新开发成果。
太阳能光电（或太阳能发电）系统的原理是将从太阳辐射中获得的光能转变成电力。
现在，小到家用电器，大到办公楼的电气设备，都可以利用太阳能发电。
科技的进步降低了太阳能发电设备的成本。
美国太阳能协会执行主席柯林斯说，20世纪80年代，通过光电器件获取的能源其平均价格为每千瓦时95美分，而现在这个价格已降低到约20美分。
据美国能源部《能源年刊》报道，既使是这一比较低廉的价格仍然大大高于全国平均电价，2003年的电价平均仅为每千瓦时8美分多一点。
其他的先进技术还包括“薄膜”光电技术，这是一种高科技涂层，它可以将任何表层贴有这种薄膜的物体转变太阳能电源。
使用这种薄膜的船只和娱乐用车现在已经上市。
工程师还将这种可以发电的薄膜覆盖在屋顶材料上。
托斯理尼说：“人们在安装屋顶的同时也安装了太阳能板。
”这种材料能抵抗恶劣天气，在晴天吸收太阳光发电。
同时，国家再生能源实验室正在研制开发更加廉价高效的太阳能发电系统。
科技用英语怎么说社会上习惯于把科学和技术联在一起，统称为“科技”。
实际二者既有密切联系，又有重要区别。
科学解决理论问题，技术解决实际问题。
科学要解决的问题，是发现自然界中确凿的事实与现象之间的关系，并建立理论把事实与现象联系起来;技术的任务则是把科学的成果应用到实际问题中去。
那么你知道科技用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
科技英语说法1：technology科技英语说法2：science and technology科技的相关短语：创新科技 Creative T echnology ;联发科技 MediaTek ;MTK ; mediatek科技树 Technology tree; Arbre des technologies ; technology tree科技创业 Technology Review ; technology entreprencurship 朗讯科技Lucent Technologies ; LUCENT ; LU ; Avaya Technologies资讯科技Information T echnology ; IT ; Geotechnology ; Information Technologies科技的英语例句：1. Several of the delays were caused by the new high-tech baggage system.几次延误都是由新的高科技行李传送系统造成的。
2. Scientific development meant the growth of numerous professions ancillary to medicine.科技发展意味着许多医学衍生职业的增长。
3. Please enclose your remittance, making cheques payableto Thames Valley T echnology.请附上汇款，支票收款人为泰晤士河谷科技公司。
科技英语翻译练习答案(重排版)科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is posed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
Text A更上一层楼——纳米技术用于癌症治疗1 在2004年9月，美国国家癌症研究所宣布了一个重大举措，给这场古老而顽强的战斗注入了新的活力。
这个被称为国家癌症研究所癌症纳米技术联盟将在未来5年投资一亿四千四百三十万美元使得纳米技术能开辟一个全新、有效的诊断及治疗癌症的途径。
这是一个资金雄厚的标志，也显示出人们对纳米技术治疗癌症的关注程度已上升到最高层的政府层面，在抗击癌症之战几乎陷入停顿之时，它来得正是时候。
与近来死亡率处于下降趋势的心脏病和中风不同，自从二十世纪五十年代起，癌症的死亡率变化不大。
2 纳米技术，广义上指在0.1～100纳米（即十亿分之一米）尺度上对装置结构的工程设计技术。
这个技术对于癌症的发现和治疗具有广阔前景，原因有二：大小及功能。
纳米大小的装置，也就是我们通常所指的纳米颗粒，能小到穿过血流直达肿瘤。
这种纳米装置可以设计用来靶向并进入肿瘤细胞。
一旦进入，它们就可以携带提高癌症检测的制剂及癌症治疗的药物或基因等许多有效载荷。
“如果你想将许多功能打包成能穿过血流的某样东西，你只能选择纳米颗粒。
”毛罗?法拉里说，他是一位哥伦布市俄亥俄洲立大学的一名癌症纳米技术专家，同时也是国家癌症研究所的顾问。
“在我脑海里，任何在将来能对癌症产生影响的都会含有纳米成分。
”3 仔细查看在癌症医药领域有这么一条原则：你发现诊治得越早，就更有机会获得良好而持久的效果。
其中一位将纳米技术体现于这一原则的研究人员就是在韩国首尔YonseiUniversity工作的化学家jinwoocheon。
他一直在氧化铁中提取纳米颗粒，目的是使磁共振成像能识别出比现在发现的肿瘤更小的肿瘤。
4 在磁共振成像中，磁铁改变了氢质子的自旋，在氢质子回复到初始的自旋状态的过程中，它们发射出无线电信号。
身体不同部位组织质子回复的速度不同，计算机就能将这些不同收集起来绘制成器官图像。
诸如氧化铁晶体等具有磁性的纳米颗粒比无磁性的颗粒能更快地引导氢质子回到初始的自旋状态。
Translate the following passageexecutable adj. 可执行的interfere v. 干预；妨碍replicate v. 重复，复制multiply v. 使增加distort v. 歪曲，曲解，扭曲rescue v. 拯救update n. 更新configure v. 配置，设定back-up n. 备份patch n. 补丁anti-virus software 反病毒软件cripple v. 丧失、损坏或削弱…的功能wreak v. 带来，引起havoc n. 破坏；混乱nuisance n. 损害propagate v. 传播，扩散vaccine n. 疫苗；防疫accelerate v. 加速，促进overtake v.赶上，追上extract v. 去除；根除immunize v. 使免疫；使成为无害spread to 传播pick up 识别；发现be linked to 传递，传输Computer VirusComputer viruses are executable program that are deliberately designed to attack a computers. Depending on the nature of a virus, it may cause damage of the hard disk contents, and/or interfere normal operation of the computer.A virus program is able to replicate itself. This means that the virus multiplies on a computer by making copies of itself. This replication is intentional; it is part of the virus program. In most cases, if a file that contains virus is executed or copied onto another computer, then that computer will also be “infected” by the same virus.A virus program contains some instructions which can lead to negative e effects ranging from harmless to devastating. For example:◆Files and data are deleted;◆The computer takes longer to load programs/applications;◆Items and images on computer screen are distorted and unusual images and texts appear;◆Disk space and filenames change for no reason;◆System tools such as Scandisk return incorrect values.A virus can be introduced to a computer system along with any software program. For Internet users, this threat can come form downloading files through FTP (file transfer protocol), or referencing email attachments. When a virus is introduced to a computer system , it can attach itself to, or sometimes even replace, an existing program. Thus, when the user runs the program in question, the virus is also executed. This usually happens without the user being aware of it.Once the computer is infected, the best way to rescue it is to buy a good anti-virus software package such as Norton or McAfee and keep installing the latest updates. These packages may not always protect your computer against the latest virus, but offer the best solution possible. You should always try the follow:◆Install anti-virus software and keep it up-to-date.◆Configure the anti-virus software for increased protection. There are links on the VirusProtection Page to guides that explain how to obtain, install and configure the anti-virus software.◆Install a personal firewall and keep it up-to-date.◆Make back-ups of important files and data.◆Don’t open or preview mails from unknown sources.◆Be very wary of any email attachments you receive. If you do not know who it is from,delete the message.◆Don’t download files from sources you don’t trust.◆Get the latest patches and updates for your operating system.Fight Fire with FireComputer viruses, the self-replication programs that infect workstations and cripple networks, a re a hazard to business. The “I love you” worm, which wreaked havoc on May 4th，2000, spread by sending a copy of itself in an email to everyone overwhelmed systems around the world. The cost to business was estimated to be $ 10 billion.The “I love you” worm was exceptional, but run-of-the-mill viruses are a constant nuisance. However, a paper published by Eran Shir has suggested a new way of dealing with them.A virus spreads by infecting its host, reproducing itself and moving on. Firewalls and othersorts of anti-virus software are one line of defense. These programs search files for known viruses and monitor what is running for suspicious behavior. If a known virus is detected, it can be stopped.But new viruses are continually being created. As soon as a new virus is detected, a second line of defense would be to pass information about it between computers quickly, before they become infected. And that is what Mr. Shir is proposing. Moreover, the researchers believe it takes a virus to stop a virus. They would like to propagate the vaccine as an epidemic.As in the biological world, a big problem with vaccine is that they cannot be created until the virus seeking to stop spreading has emerged. Vaccines are thus always one step behind. What Mr. Shir and his colleague outline is a plan to accelerate the spread of a vaccine in a way that allows it to overtake the virus.Their strategy uses a series of “honey pots”. These pieces of software attract viruses and are employed by anti-virus firms to pick new threat up quickly. The researchers’ idea is to embed these honey pots within a network so that any virus spreading through the network would be likely to reach them promptly. The honey pots would then be linked to each other in a separate, overlying network that allowed only vaccines to pass across it.This separate network would act as a bypass, enabling the vaccine to overtake the virus and reach uninfected computers first. A honey pot would automatically identify a new virus, extract its signature and pass this information to other honey pots using the overlying network. The honey pots would share this information with other computers on the network. All uninfected computers would then be able to recognize the new virus, and refuse its entry.The strategy would become more effective as the size of the network grew. For example, for a network of 50,000 computers, if 0.4% of them were honey pots, some 5% computers would become infected by a virus before they were immunized. If there were 200,000 computers, the infection rate would fall to about 1%. For 200 million computers, less than a thousandth of a percent would be infected. The savings to business would be great indeed.。
