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2024年外研版英语初二上学期复习试题及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to the question you hear. Question: What is the weather like today?A. SunnyB. RainyC. CloudyD. WindyAnswer: AExplanation: The woman says, “It’s a sunny day today,” which indicates that the weather is sunny.2、Listen to the dialogue and complete the following sentence with the missing word you hear.Question: The man is planning to___________this weekend.A. go to the beachB. stay at homeC. visit a friendD. go shoppingAnswer: CExplanation: The man says, “I’m planning to visit a friend this weekend,”which is the missing word in the sentence.3、You are listening to a conversation between two students in the library.A. The man is borrowing a book.B. The woman is returning a book.C. They are discussing a book they recently read.D. The man is asking for help finding a book.Answer: DExplanation: In the conversation, the man says, “Excuse me, could you help me find the book on ancient civi lizations?” This indicates that he is asking for help finding a book, making option D the correct answer.4、You are listening to a short dialogue at a bookstore.A. The woman is looking for a novel.B. The man is recommending a non-fiction book.C. The woman is asking for help with a school project.D. The man is suggesting a book for a gift.Answer: BExplanation: The woman says, “I need a book on environmental issues for my science class.” The man responds by recommending, “How about ‘The Green Planet’? It’s a great overview of environmental science.” This shows that the man is suggesting a non-fiction book, making option B the correct answer.5.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher.Student: Hello, Miss White. How was your weekend?Teacher: Oh, it was quite busy. I went hiking with my friends. How about you? Student: I stayed at home and watched some movies. I watched a comedy and a horror movie. Which one did you like more?Teacher: I preferred the comedy because it was funny and relaxing.Question: What did the teacher prefer to do during the weekend?A) Watch moviesB) Go hikingC) Stay at homeD) Visit a friendAnswer: B) Go hikingExplanation: The teacher mentioned that she went hiking with her friends, so the correct answer is B) Go hiking.6.You are listening to a radio program about healthy eating habits.Host: Today, we’re discussing the importance of eating a balanced diet. Dr. Smith, can you explain why it’s important to include fruits and vegetables in our daily meals?Dr. Smith: Absolutely. Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They help boost our immune system, improve digestion, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer.Question: What are the main benefits of eating fruits and vegetables according to Dr. Smith?A) Boosting the immune system and improving digestionB) Losing weight and reducing stressC) Increasing energy levels and improving memoryD) Enhancing physical appearance and reducing the risk of chronic diseasesAnswer: A) Boosting the immune system and improving digestionExplanation: Dr. Smith explained that fruits and vegetables help boost the immune system and improve digestion, so the correct answer is A) Boosting the immune system and improving digestion.7、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A) They are discussing the weather.B) They are planning a trip.C) They are talking about a book.Question: What are the speakers mainly talking about?Answer: BExplanation: The conversation is about planning a trip, which is indicated by the phrases like “We should go there in the summer” and “It’s a great place to visit.”8、Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.Question: Why does the man suggest visiting the museum?A)He thinks it’s a waste of time.B)He believes it will be an educational experience.C)He doesn’t want to go anywhere else.Answer: BExplanation: The man suggests visiting the museum because he mentions that it will be “a good opportunity to learn something new,” indicating that it’s an educational experience.9、You are listening to a conversation between two friends, Tom and Lily. They are talking about their weekend plans.Tom: Hey Lily, do you have any plans for this weekend?Lily: Well, actually, I’m planning to go hiking with a group of friends. How about you, Tom?Tom: That sounds fun! I was thinking of visiting the city museum. What do you think?Lily: That’s a great idea! Maybe we can go together after your visit to the museum.Question: What is Lily planning to do this weekend?A. Visit the city museum.B. Go hiking with friends.C. Go shopping.D. Watch a movie.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Lily says, “Well, actually, I’m planning to go hiking with a group of friends.” This means that she is planning to go hiking this weekend.10、You are listening to a news report about a new research study.News Anchor: According to a recent research study, scientists have discovered a new way to treat cancer. This new treatment has shown promisingresults in early trials.Interviewer: That’s amazing! Can you tell us more about this new treatment?Scientist: Sure, this new treatment involves using a combination of natural substances to target and destroy cancer cells. It’s a non-toxic approach that has fewer side effects compared to traditional treatments.Question: What is the main topic of the news report?A. A new way to treat cancer.B. The benefits of natural substances.C. The history of cancer research.D. The side effects of traditional treatments.Answer: AExplanation: The news report starts with the statement, “According to a recent research study, scientists have di scovered a new way to treat cancer.” This clearly indicates that the main topic of the report is about a new way to treat cancer.11.W: Hi, John! Are you ready for the English test this week?M: Yeah, I’ve been studying hard for it. I think I’m prepared.Q: What does John think about the English test?A: He thinks he is prepared for the test.B: He is worried about the test.C: He doesn’t think he’s ready for the test.Answer: AExplanation: John says, “I’ve been studying hard for it. I think I’m prepared,”which means he believes he is ready for the test.12.M: Hi, Lily! Have you heard about the school trip next month?W: Yes, I have. We’re going to the countryside. It’s going to be so much fun! Q: Where is the school trip going to be?A: It’s going to be i n the city.B: It’s going to be in the countryside.C: It’s going to be at the beach.Answer: BExplanation: Lily answers, “We’re going to the countryside,” which indicates that the school trip is planned for the countryside.13.Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.W: Hi, John. How was your vacation in Beijing?M: It was great! I visited the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace. The scenery was beautiful, and the people were friendly.Question: What did John visit in Beijing?A) The Great WallB) The Forbidden City and the Summer PalaceC) Tiananmen SquareD) The Beijing ZooAnswer: B) The Forbidden City and the Summer PalaceExplanation: The question asks about the places John visited in Beijing.According to the dialogue, John visited the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, so the correct answer is B) The Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.14.Listen to the passage and answer the question.The moon is Earth’s only natural satellite. It is about 384,400 kilometers away from Earth. The moon is about one-quarter the size of Earth and it takes about 27 days to complete one orbit around Earth.Question: How long does it take for the moon to complete one orbit around Earth?A) 24 hoursB) 27 daysC) 1 monthD) 365 daysAnswer: B) 27 daysExplanation: The question asks about the time it takes for the moon to complete one orbit around Earth. According to the passage, the moon takes about 27 days to complete one orbit around Earth, so the correct answer is B) 27 days.15.W: Hi, John. How was your science project?M: It was quite challenging, but I learned a lot about renewable energy sources.Q: What did John learn about in his science project?A: Renewable energy sources.B: Chemistry.C: Biology.D: Physics.Answer: AExplanation: The question asks what John learned about in his science project. In the dialogue, John mentions that he learned a lot about renewable energy sources, so the correct answer is A.16.M: Have you seen the new movie “Inception”? I heard it’s really amazing. W: Yes, I saw it last weekend. The story is so intriguing that I couldn’t stop thinking about it even after the movie ended.Q: What did the woman think about the movie “Inception”?A: It was boring.B. It was a waste of time.C. It was intriguing.D. It was predictable.Answer: CExplanation: The question asks what the woman thought about the movie “Inception”. In the dialogue, the woman says the story is so intriguing that she couldn’t stop thinking about it, which means she found it interesting and captivating. Therefore, the correct answer is C.17.You hear a conversation between two students, Alex and Sarah, about their weekend plans.A. Alex is going to visit his grandparents in the country.B. Sarah is planning to go hiking in the mountains.C. Both Alex and Sarah are going to a music festival.Answer: BExplanation: The conversation indicates that Sarah is excited about her hiking trip in the mountains, making option B the correct answer. Alex mentions that he will stay in town, implying that he has other plans.18.You hear a news report about a new eco-friendly initiative in your city.A. The city is implementing a new recycling program.B. The government is offering tax incentives for electric vehicle purchases.C. Local businesses are required to use solar energy.Answer: BExplanation: The news report specifically mentions the government’s tax incentives for electric vehicle purchases, which aligns with option B. The report does not mention a recycling program or the requirement for solar energy use, making options A and C incorrect.19.You are listening to a conversation between two students in a library.Student A: Hey, have you seen the new science book we need for our project? Student B: __________.A. Yes, i t’s right over there on the shelf.B. No, I haven’t, but I saw it on the list.C. I’ve read it, but I don’t think it’s available now.D. It’s not on the list, but I can help you find it.Answer: BExplanation: Student B responds that they haven’t seen the book but saw it on the list, indicating they are aware of the book but haven’t physically seen it in the library. The correct answer is B.20.You are listening to a radio announcement about a local event.Announcer: __________.A. The city park will host a free concert this weekend starting at 6 PM.B. All libraries will be closed next Monday for a staff training day.C. The local museum is offering free entry to students this month.D. The school sports day has been postponed due to the weather.Answer: AExplanation: The radio announcement is about a free concert happening at the city park this weekend. The correct answer is A. The other options refer to different events or announcements.二、阅读理解（30分）Reading ComprehensionPassage:In the small town of Willow Creek, there was a local library that had been a cornerstone of the community for over a century. The library was known for its quaint charm and the friendly atmosphere that made every visitor feel welcome. One of the most beloved features of the library was its old, wooden reading room where people could sit and enjoy a good book in peace.One sunny afternoon, a young girl named Emily entered the library for the first time. She was immediately drawn to the reading room, where she noticed an elderly woman sitting at a table, surrounded by stacks of books. Emily approached the woman, who was named Mrs. Thompson, and struck up a conversation.“Good afternoon, Mrs.Thompson,” Emily said with a smile. “I’ve never been in this room before. It’s so peaceful here.”Mrs. Thompson smiled warmly. “Yes, it is. This room has seen many generations of people come and go. I’ve been coming here since I was a child.”Emily was curious. “Do you have a favorite book from this room?”Mrs. Thompson paused for a moment, then re plied, “Oh, yes. It’s a book called ‘The Timeless Garden.’ It’s a story about a young girl who discovers a magical garden hidden behind her house. The book has taught me so much about life and friendship.”As Emily listened, she felt a sense of wonder. She knew she had to find this book and read it herself. She promised Mrs. Thompson she would return soon to discuss the story with her.Questions:1.What is the main feature of the reading room in the library?A. It has modern technology.B. It is surrounded by books.C. It is very quiet and peaceful.D. It is filled with children’s books.2.Who is the young girl that enters the library for the first time?A. Mrs. ThompsonB. The librarianC. EmilyD. The author3.What is the title of the book that Mrs. Thompson mentioned?A. ‘The Magical Library’B. ‘The Timeless Garden’C. ‘The Library’s Secret’D. ‘Emily’s Adventure’Answers:1.C2.C3.B三、完型填空（15分）Title: A Day in the Life of a TreeLast weekend, I went on a nature walk with my friends. It was a beautiful day, and we decided to go to the nearby forest to observe the plants and animals. While we were walking, one of our friends suggested that we should spend some time observing a single tree to understand how it lives through a day.The tree we chose was a big oak, its branches reaching out like open arms welcoming us. As we sat down at the base of the tree, we noticed that the leaves were rustling softly in the wind. The sun was shining brightly, and we could see how the tree was enjoying the warmth, as if it were drinking up the sunlight with every 1.After a while, we noticed tiny insects crawling up and down the trunk of the tree. They seemed to be collecting sap, which is the tree’s way of providing food for itself and its inhabitants. We realized that the tree is not just standing still; it’s very much alive and 2.As the day progressed, clouds started to gather in the sky, and soon it began to rain lightly. The raindrops fell gently onto the leaves and trickled down to the ground, soaking into the soil. This water would be absorbed by the roots and transported to all parts of the tree, helping it grow stronger and taller. The tree appeared to be drinking the rainwater greedily, as though it were 3 after a long period of drought.By late afternoon, the rain had stopped, and the sun came out again. The leaves glistened with water droplets that sparkled like little diamonds. Birds started to sing their evening songs from the branches, and the air was filled with a sense of peace and calm. Our friend remarked that just like the tree needs water and sunlight to live, we too need nourishment and warmth to grow and thrive. The tree serves as a reminder of the 4cycle of life and the importance of being connected to nature.As we got up to leave, we felt a deep sense of gratitude towards the tree for teaching us so much about itself and life in general. We left the forest feeling more connected to the natural world than ever before. The experience made us realize that even something seemingly static and silent as a tree hasa 5 story to tell.1.__________(A. leaf B. branch C. pore D. root)2.__________(A. dormant B. thriving C. stationary D. sleeping)3.__________(A. blooming B. wilting C. thirsting D. blossoming)4.__________(A. constant B. unchanging C. continuous D. ceaseless)5.__________(A. silent B. vivid C. motionless D. tranquil)Key:1.C. pore2.B. thriving3.C. thirsting4.C. continuous5.B. vividThis exercise aims to test the student s’ vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension skills, and their ability to deduce contextually appropriate words based on the overall meaning of the passage.四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、The students were asked to write a short story about their summervacation,_____________they had just experienced.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. what答案：C解析：此题考查定语从句的关系词。
Reading is a journey that enlightens the mind and enriches the soul.It is an activity that transcends time and space,allowing us to explore the depths of human experience and knowledge.The saying Reading a book is like having a conversation with the wise encapsulates the essence of this profound connection between the reader and the written word.When we immerse ourselves in a book,we are not merely passively consuming information we are actively engaging with the ideas and perspectives of the author.This interaction stimulates our intellect and broadens our horizons.The more we read,the more we learn about the world,ourselves,and the myriad of cultures and societies that exist.Reading also serves as a catalyst for personal growth and selfimprovement.It challenges our preconceived notions and encourages us to question and reevaluate our beliefs. Through the stories and experiences of others,we gain insights into different ways of thinking and living,which can inspire us to make positive changes in our own lives.Moreover,reading is a source of comfort and solace.It provides an escape from the stresses and pressures of daily life,offering a sanctuary where we can lose ourselves in the beauty of language and the power of storytelling.Whether its a gripping novel,an enlightening nonfiction work,or a collection of poetry,books have the ability to transport us to different worlds and realities,allowing us to experience a range of emotions and perspectives.In addition to intellectual and emotional benefits,reading also enhances our cognitive abilities.It improves our vocabulary,comprehension,and critical thinking skills,making us more effective communicators and problem solvers.Furthermore,it fosters creativity and imagination,as we visualize the scenes and characters described in the text,and engage with the narrative on a deeper level.Despite the digital age and the rise of electronic devices,the value of traditional reading remains undiminished.The tactile experience of holding a book,turning its pages,and immersing oneself in the narrative is a unique and irreplaceable experience.The physical act of reading,coupled with the intellectual and emotional engagement,creates a holistic experience that enriches our lives in ways that digital media cannot replicate.In conclusion,reading is a transformative and enriching activity that offers numerous benefits,both tangible and intangible.It is a means of selfdiscovery,intellectual growth, and emotional fulfillment.By opening ourselves to the world of books,we embark on a journey of enlightenment and selfimprovement that can profoundly impact our lives.So,let us cherish the power of reading and continue to explore the vast universe of knowledge and experience that lies within the pages of the books we hold dear.。
感觉记忆(SM)—sensory memory短期记忆(STM)—short-term M。
长期记忆(LTM)—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示(激发)——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码(表征)——visual code(representation)听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P。
自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S。
程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题(陈述)性知识——propositional(declarative)knowledge 情节(轶事)性知识—episodic K。
讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word(线)探索(测)(激发)字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性(假说)—linguistic relativity th。
音素——phoneme词素——morpheme(字词的)外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning (句子的)表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法——semantic differential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——difference reduction方法目的分析——means-ends analysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reduction th。
I。
Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10’)所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语deixical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 coding—time变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies不可分离性 non—detachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions 阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives，宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 paralinguistic features非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性non—conventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 non—demonstrative非自然意义non—natural meaning (meaning—nn)否定测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联原则Principle of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞textual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs合适条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect speech acts间接指令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图communicative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误cross—cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学cross—cultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts （FTAs）蔑视 flouting明示 ostensive明示－推理模式ostensive—inferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse deixis前提 presupposition前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 co—text社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性（dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度（salience of the adaptation processes）。
英译汉Passage 11.Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.翻译：当代科技报道充满了电子社区的概念，在电子社区中，人们在不同的地区或者整个洲之间相互作用。
地区之间或者大陆之间，人们通过电子技术进行交流而构成一些电子社会，这种概念在现代技术报道中比比皆是。
2．For example, electronic communication filters out and alters mush of the subtlety, warmth, contextuality, and so no that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interaction.翻译：比如，对于完全人性化的、涉及精神和心理方面的交流似乎很重要的一些因素包括思维或感情上的细微差异、情绪的热烈程度、不同的场景或环境等，在电子社会中大都被过滤或改变了。
3、Even hypothetical new media(e.g. advanced “virtual realities”),conveying a dimensionally richer sensory display, are unlikely to prove fully satisfactory substitutes for face-to-face interaction.翻译：即使假设有最先进的媒介（比如说高级的虚拟现实），能够传输生动形象的图象，它也不可能是面对面交流的完美替代品。
甚至我们设想的能从更多层面反映更丰富的人类感受的新型媒体（如：技术先进的“虚拟现实”），也不可能完全尽如人意地替代面对面的交流。
Context Knowledge Representation and Reasoningin the Context Interchange SystemStephane Bressan1, Cheng Goh, Natalia Levina, Stuart Madnick, Ahmed Shah, Michael Siegel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139September 9, 1999 – MS revisionsAbstractThe Context Interchange Project presents a unique approach to the problem of semantic conflictresolution among multiple heterogeneous data sources. The system presents a semanticallymeaningful view of the data to the receivers (e.g. user applications) for all the available datasources. The semantic conflicts are automatically detected and reconciled by a Context Mediatorusing the context knowledge associated with both the data sources and the data receivers. Theresults are collated a nd presented in the receiver context. The current implementation of thesystem provides access to flat files, classical relational databases, on-line databases, and webservices. An example application, using actual financial information sources, is described alongwith a detailed description of the operation of the system for an example query.Keywords: context, semantic heterogeneity, integration, mediation, web wrapping1. IntroductionIn recent years the amount of information available has grown exponentially. While the availability of so much information has helped people become self-sufficient and get access to all the information handily, this has created another dilemma. All these data sources and the technologies that are employed by the data source providers do not provide sufficient logical connectivity (the ability to exchange data meaningfully). Logical connectivity is crucial because users of these sources expect each system to understand requests stated in their own terms, using their own concepts of how the world is defined and structured. As a result, any data integration effort must be capable of reconciling semantic conflicts among sources and receivers. This problem is generally referred to as the need for semantic interoperability among distributed data sources.The Context Interchange Project at MIT [1,2] is studying the semantic integration of disparate information sources. Like other information integration projects (the SIMS project at ISI [3], the TSIMMIS project at Stanford [4], the DISCO project at Bull-INRIA [5], the Information Manifold project at AT&T [6], the Garlic project at IBM [7], the Infomaster project at Stanford [8]), we have adopted a Mediation architecture as outlined in Wiederhold's seminal paper [9].In section 2, we present a motivational scenario of a user trying to access information from various actual data sources and the problems faced. Section 3 describes the current implementation of the Context mediation system. Section 4 presents a detailed discussion of the various subsystems, highlighting the context knowledge representation and reasoning, using the scenario outlined in section 2. Section 5 concludes our discussion.2. Why Context Mediation ? – An Example ScenarioConsider an example of a financial analyst doing research on Daimler Benz. She needs to find out the net income, net sales, and total assets of Daimler Benz Corporation for the year ending 1993. In addition to that, she needs to know the closing stock price of Daimler Benz. She normally uses the financial data stored in the Worldscope2 database. She recalls Jill, her co-worker telling her about two other databases, Datastream3 and Disclosure4 and how they contained much of the information that Jill needed. She starts off with Worldscope database. She knows that Worldscope has total assets for all the companies. She brings up a query tool and issues a query:1 Now at the National University of Signapore.2 The Worldscope database is an extract from the Worldscope financial data source3 The Datastream database is an extract from the Datastream financial data source.select company_name, total_assets from worldscopewhere company_name = “DAIMLER-BENZ AG”;She immediately gets back the result:DAIMLER-BENZ AG 5659478Satisfied, she moves on and figures out after looking at the data information for the new databases that she can get the data on net income from Disclosure and net sales from Datastream . For net income, she issues the query: select company_name, net_income from disclosurewhere company_name = “DAIMLER-BENZ AG”;The query does not return any records. Puzzled, she checks for typos and tries again. She knows that the information exists. She tries one more time, this time entering a partial name for DAIMLER BENZ. select company_name, net_income from disclosurewhere company_name like “DAIMLER%”;She gets the record back:DAIMLER BENZ CORP 615000000She now realizes that the data sources do not conform to the same standards, as it becomes obvious from the names. Cautious, she presses on and issues the third query: select name, total_sales from datastreamwhere name like “DAIMLER%”;She gets the result:DAIMLER-BENZ 9773092As she is putting the results together, she realizes that there are a number of things unusual about the data set shown in Figure 1. First of all, the Total Sales are twice as much as the total assets of the company, which is highly unlikely for a company like Daimler Benz. What is even more disturbing is that net income is more than 60 times as much as total sales. She immediately realizes something is wrong and grudgingly opens up the documents that came with the databases. Upon studying the documentation, she finds out some interesting facts about the data that she was using so gaily. She finds out that Datastream has a scale factor of 1000 for all the financial amounts, while Disclosure uses a scale factor of 1. In addition, both Disclosure and Datastream use the country of incorporation to identify the currency, which, in the case of Daimler-Benz, would be German Deutschmarks. She knew that Worldscope used a scale factor of 1000 but at least everything was in U.S Dollars. Now she has to reconcile all the information by finding a data source (possibly on the web) that contains the historical currency exchange rates (i.e. as of end of the year 1993). In addition she still has to somehow find another data source to get the latest stock price for Daimler 4 The Disclosure database, once again, is an extract from the original Disclosure financial data source. Bycoincidence, although all three sources were originally provided by independent companies, they are all currently owned by a single company, Primark.Figure 1Benz. For that, she knows she will first have to find out the ticker for Daimler Benz and then look up the price using one of the many stock quote servers on the web.The Context Mediation system can be used to automatically detect and resolve all the semantic conflicts between all the data sources being used and can present the results to the user in the format that she is familiar with. In the above example, if the analyst were using the Context Mediation system instead, all she would have to do would be to formulate and ask a single query without having to worry about the underlying differences between the data. Both her request and the result would be formulated in her preferred context (e.g. Worldscope). The multi-source query, Query1, could be stated as follows:select worldscope.total_assets, datastream.total_sales,_income, stfrom worldscope, datastream, disclosure, quotes wherepany_name = "DAIMLER-BENZ AG" anddatastream.as_of_date = "01/05/94" andpany_name = andpany_name = pany_name andpany_name = ame ;The system would then detect and reconcile the conflicts encountered by the analyst.3. Overview of the COIN ProjectThe COntext INterchange (COIN) strategy seeks to address the problem of semantic interoperability by consolidating distributed data sources and providing a unified view. COIN technology presents all data sources as SQL relational databases by providing generic wrappers for them. The underlying integration strategy, called the COIN model, defines a novel approach for mediated [9] data access in which semantic conflicts among heterogeneous systems are automatically detected and reconciled by the Context Mediator.3.1 The COIN FrameworkThe COIN framework is composed of both a data model and a logical language, COINL [11], derived from the family of F-Logic [10]. The data model and language are used to define the domain model of the receiver and data source and the context [12] associated with them. The data model contains the definitions for the “types” of information units (called semantic types) that constitute a common vocabulary for capturing the semantics of data in disparate systems. Contexts, associated with both information sources and receivers, are collections of statements defining how data should be interpreted and how potential conflicts (differences in the interpretation) should be resolved. Concepts such as s emantic-objects, attributes, modifiers, and conversion functions define the semantics of data inside and across contexts. Together with the deductive and object-oriented features inherited from F-Logic, the COIN data model and COINL constitute an appropriate and expressive framework for representing semantic knowledge and reasoning about semantic heterogeneity.3.2 Context MediatorThe Context Mediator is the heart of the COIN project. Mediation is the process of rewriting queries posed in the receiver's context into a set of mediated queries where all actual conflicts are explicitly resolved and the result is reformulated in the receiver context. This process is based in an abduction [13] procedure that determines what information is needed to answer the query and how conflicts should be resolved by using the axioms in the different contexts involved. Answers generated by the mediation unit can be both extensional and intentional. Extensional answers correspond to the actual data retrieved from the various sources involved. Intentional answers, on the other hand, provide only a characterization of the extensional answer without actually retrieving data from the data sources. In addition, the mediation process supports queries on the semantics of data that are implicit in the different systems. There are referred to as knowledge-level queries as opposed to d ata-level queries that are enquires on the factual data present in the data sources. Finally, integrity knowledge on one source or across sources can be naturally involved in the mediation process to improve the quality and information content of the mediated queries and ultimately aid in the optimization of the data access.3.3 System PerspectiveFrom a system perspective, the COIN strategy combines the best features of the loose- and tight-couplingapproaches to semantic interoperability [14] among autonomous and heterogeneous systems. Its modular design and implementation, depicted in Figure 2, funnels the complexity of the system into manageable chunks, enables sources and receivers to remain loosely-coupled to one another, and sustains an infrastructure for data integration.This modularity, both in the components and the protocol, also keeps our infrastructure scalable, extensible, and accessible [2]. By scalability , we mean that the complexity of creating and administering the mediation services does not increase exponentially with the number of sources and receivers that participate. Extensibility refers to theability to incorporate changes into the system in a graceful manner; in particular, local changes do not have adverse effects on other parts of the system. Finally, accessibility refers to how a user, in terms of its ease-of-use, perceives the system and flexibility in supporting a variety of queries.3.4 Application DomainsThe COIN technology can be applied to a variety of scenarios where information needs to be shared amongstheterogeneous sources and receivers. The need for this novel technology in the integration of disparate data sources can be readily seen in many examples.We have already seen one application of context mediation technology in the financial domain in the previous section. There are many information providers that provide historical data and other research both to institutions (investment banks, brokerages) as well as individual investors. Most of the time this information is presented in different formats and must be interpreted with different rules. Obvious examples are scale-factors and currency of monetary figures. Much more subtle mismatches of assumptions across sources or even inside one source can be critical in the process of financial decision making. Many such examples have been discovered as part of this research effort.In the domain of manufacturing inventory control, the ability to access design, engineering, manufacturing and inventory data pertaining to all parts, components, and assemblies vital to any large manufacturing process.Typically, thousands of contractors play roles and each contractor tends to set up its data in its own individualistic manner. Managers may need to reconcile inputs received from various contractors in order to optimize inventory levels and ensure overall productivity and effectiveness. As another example, the modern health care enterprise lies at the nexus of several different industries and institutions. Within a single hospital, different departments (e.g. internal medicine, medical records, pharmacy, admitting, and billing) maintain separate information systems yet must share data in order to ensure high levels of care. Medical centers and local clinics not only collaborate with one another but with State and Federal regulators, insurance companies, and other payer institutions. This sharing requires reconciling differences such as those of procedure codes, medical supplies, classification schemes, and patient records. Similar situations have been found in almost every industry. Other industries studied in this research effort include government and military organizations.4. The COIN ArchitectureThe feasibility and features of this proposed strategy have been demonstrated in a working system that provides mediated access to both on-line structured databases and semi-structured data sources such as web sites. Theinfrastructure leverages on the World Wide Web in a number of ways. First, COIN relies on the hypertext transferprotocol for the physical connectivity among sources and receivers and the different mediation components and Figure 2: Context MediatorInterfaceRelational Databases Web pagesservices. Second, COIN employs the hypertext markup Language and Java for the development of portable user interfaces. Figure 3 shows the architecture of the COIN system. It consists of three distinct groups of processes.??Client Processes provide the interaction with receivers and route all database requests to the Context Mediator.An example of a client process is the multi-database browser [15], which provides a point-and-click interface for formulating queries to multiple sources and for displaying the answers obtained. Specifically, anyapplication program that issues queries to one or more sources can be considered a client process.??Server Processes refer to database gateways and wrappers. Database gateways provide physical connectivity to a database on a network. The goal is to insulate the Mediator Process from the idiosyncrasies of different database management systems by providing a uniform protocol for database access as well as canonical query language (and data model) for formulating the queries. Wrappers provide richer functionality by allowing semi-structured documents on the World Wide Web to be queried as if they were relational databases. This is accomplished by defining an export schema for each of these web sites and describing how attribute-values can be extracted from a web site using a finite automaton with pattern matching [16].??Mediator Processes refer to the system components that collectively provide the mediation services. These include SQL-to-datalog compiler, context mediator, and query planner/optimizer and multi-databaseexecutioner. SQL-to-Datalog compiler translates a SQL query into its corresponding datalog format. The Context Mediator rewrites the user-provided query into a mediated query with all the conflicts resolved. The planner/optimizer produces a query evaluation plan based on the mediated query. The multi-databaseexecutioner processes the query plan generated by the planner. It dispatches sub-queries to the server processes, collates the intermediary results, converts the result into the client context, and returns the reformulated answer to the client processes.Of these three distinct groups of processes, the most relevant to our discussion of context knowledge and reasoning are the mediator processes. We will start by explaining the domain model and then discuss the prototype system.Figure 3: COIN System Overview4.1 Domain Model and Context definitionThe first thing that we need to do is specify the domain model for the domain that we are working in. A domain model specifies the semantics of the “types'” of information units, which constitutes a common vocabulary used in capturing the semantics of data in disparate sources. In other words it defines the ontology which will be used. The various semantic types, the type hierarchy, and the type signatures (for attributes and modifiers) are all defined in the domain model. Types in the generalized hierarchy are rooted to system types, i.e. types native to the underlying system such as integers, strings, real numbers etc.Figure 4 depicts part of the domain model that is used in our example. In the domain model described, there are three kinds of relationships expressed.??Inheritance: This is the classic type inheritance relationship. All semantic types inherit from basic system types. In the domain model, type companyFinancials inherits from basic type string. ??Attributes: In COIN [17], objects have two forms of properties, those which are structural properties of the underlying data source and those that encapsulate the underlying assumptions about a particular piece of data. Attributes access structural properties of the semantic object in question. For instance, the semantic type companyfinancials has two attributes, company and fyEnding . Intuitively, these attributes define a relationship between objects of the corresponding semantic types. Here, the relationship formed by the company attribute states that for any company financial in question, there must be corresponding company to which that company financial belongs. Similarly, the fyEnding attribute states that every company financial object has a date when it was recorded. ??Modifiers: These define a relationship between semantic objects of the corresponding semantic types. The difference though is that the values of the semantic objects defined by the modifiers have varying interpretations depending on the context. Looking once again at the domain model, the semantic type companyFinancials defines two modifiers, scaleFactor and currency . The value of the object returned by the modifier scaleFactor depends on a given context. Once we have defined the domain model, we need to define the contexts for all the sources. In our case, we have several data sources with the assumptions about their data in figure 5. A simplified view of what the context might be for the Worldscope data source is:modifier(companyFinancials, O, scaleFactor, c_ws, M):-cste(basic, M, c_ws, 1000).modifier(companyFinancials, O, currency, c_ws, M):-cste(currencyType, M, c_ws, "USD").modifier(date, O, dateFmt, c_ws, M):-cste(basic, M, c_ws, "American Style /").Inheritance Attribute ModifierFigure 4:Financial Domain ModelFigure 5: Context TableEach statement refers to a potential conflict that needs to be resolved by the system. Yet another way to look at it is that each statement corresponds to a modifier relation in the actual domain model. From the domain model shown in Figure 4, we notice that the object CompanyFinancials has two modifiers, scaleFactor and currency. Correspondingly, the first two statements define these two modifiers. Looking at the context table in Figure 5, we notice that the value of the scaleFactor in the W orldscope context is 1000. The first statement represents that fact. It states that the modifier scaleFactor for the object O of type companyFinancials in the context c_ws is the object M where (the second line) the object M is a constant (cste) of type basic and has a value of 1000 in the context c_ws. In the case of the Worldscope data source, all the financial amounts have a scale factor of 1000. That means that in order to get the actual amount of total assets, we will have to multiply the amount returned from the data source by 1000. The next clause determines the currency to be in USD (i.e., US dollars). The last clause tells the system that the format of the date string in the Worldscope is of type American Style with “/” as the delimiting character (mm/dd/yy).One last thing that needs to be provided as part of a context is the set of conversion functions between different contexts. An example is the conversion between scale factors in different contexts. Following is the conversion routine that is used when scale factors are not equal. The function states that in order to perform conversion of the modifier scaleFactor for the object _O of semantic type c ompanyFinancials in the context C txt where the modifier value in the source is Mvs and the object _O’s value in the source context is Vs and the modifier value in the target context is Mvt and the object _O’s value in the target context is Vt, we first find out the Ratio between the modifier value in the source context and the modifier value in the target context. We then determine the object's value in the target context by multiplying its value in the source context with the Ratio. Vt now contains the appropriately scaled value for the object _O in the target context.Note that these conversion rules are defined independent of any specific source or receiver context, the Context Mediator determines if or when such a conversion is needed.cvt(companyFinancials, _O, scaleFactor, Ctxt,Mvs, Vs, Mvt, Vt) :-Ratio is Mvs / Mvt,Vt is Vs * Ratio.4.2 Elevation AxiomsThe mapping of data and data-relationships from the sources to the domain model is accomplished via the elevation axioms. There are three distinct operations that define the elevation axioms:??Define a virtual semantic relation corresponding to each extensional relation.??Assign to each semantic object defined its value in the context of the source.??Map the semantic objects in the semantic relation to semantic types defined in the domain model and make explicit any implicit links (attribute initialization) represented by the semantic relation.We will use the example of the relation Worldscope to show how the relation is elevated. The Worldscope relation is a table in an Oracle database and has the following columns:Name TypeCOMPANY_NAME VARCHAR2(80)LATEST_ANNUAL_FINANCIAL_DATE VARCHAR2(10)CURRENT_OUTSTANDING_SHARES NUMBERNET_INCOME NUMBERSALES NUMBERCOUNTRY_OF_INCORP VARCHAR2(40)TOTAL_ASSETS NUMBERAnd here is what part of the elevated relation looks like:'WorldcAF_p'(skolem(companyName, Name, c_ws, 1, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp)),skolem(date, FYEnd, c_ws, 2, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp)),skolem(basic, Shares, c_ws, 3, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp)),skolem(companyFinancials, Income, c_ws, 4, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp)),skolem(companyFinancials, Sales, c_ws, 5, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp)),skolem(companyFinancials, Assets, c_ws, 6, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp)),skolem(countryName, Incorp, c_ws, 7, 'WorldcAF'( Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp))) :- 'WorldcAF'(Name, FYEnd, Shares, Income, Sales, Assets, Incorp).We first define a semantic relation for Worldscope. A semantic relation is then defined on the semantic objects in the corresponding relation attributes. The data elements derived from the extensional relation are mapped to semantic objects. These semantic objects define a unique object-id for each data element. In the example above each skolem term defines a unique semantic object corresponding to each attribute of the extensional relation. In addition to mapping each physical relation to a corresponding semantic object, we also define and initialize other relations defined in the domain model. The relations that come under this category are attribute and modifiers.4.3 Mediation SystemIn the following sections, we will describe each subsystem. We will use the application scenario of the financial analyst trying to gather information about Daimler Benz Corporation. We will use Query1, as presented in Section 2.1, as an example multi-source query. We then describe the application as it is programmed, explaining the domain and how the context information for various sources is specified. Then we will follow the query as it passes through each subsystem.Query1 is intended to gather financial data for the Daimler Benz Corporation for the year 1993. We get net assets from the Worldscope data source, net sales from the Datastream data source, net income from the Disclosure data source and the latest quotes from Quote data source, which happens to be the CNN web quote server. We will be asking the query in the Worldscope context (i.e., the result of the query will be returned in the Worldscope context.)4.3.1 SQL to Datalog Query CompilerThe first step is to parse the SQL into its corresponding datalog form and using the elevation axioms it elevates the data sources into its corresponding elevated data objects. The corresponding datalog for the SQL query above is: answer(total_assets, total_sales, net_income, last) :-WorldcAF_p(V27, V26, V25, V24, V23, V22, V21),DiscAF_p(V20, V19, V18, V17, V16, V15, V14),DStreamAF_p(V13, V12, V11, V10, V9, V8),quotes_p(V7, q_last),Value(V27, c_ws, V5),V5 = "DAIMLER-BENZ AG",Value(V13, c_ws, V4),V4 = "01/05/94",Value(V12, c_ws, V3),V5 = V3,Value(V20, c_ws, V2),V5 = V2,Value(V7, c_ws, V1),V5 = V1,Value(V22, c_ws, total_assets),Value(V17, c_ws, total_sales),Value(V11, c_ws, net_income),Value(q_last, c_ws, last).As can be seen, the query now contains elevated data sources along with a set of predicates that map each attribute to its value in the corresponding context. Since the user asked the query in the Worldscope context (denoted byc_ws), the last four predicates in the translated query ascertain that the actual values returned as the solution of the query need to be in the Worldscope context. The resulting unmediated datalog query is then fed to the mediation engine.4.3.2 Mediation EngineThe mediation engine is the part of the system that detects and resolves possible semantic conflicts. In essence, the mediation is a query rewriting process. The actual mechanism of mediation is based on an Abduction Engine [13]. The engine takes a datalog query and a set of domain model axioms and computes a set of abducted queries such that the abducted queries have all the differences resolved. The system does that by incrementally testing for potential semantic conflicts and introducing conversion functions for the resolution of those conflicts. The mediation engine as its output produces a set of queries that take into account all the possible cases given the various conflicts. Using the above example and with the domain model and contexts stated above, we would get the set of abducted queries shown below:answer(V108, V107, V106, V105) :-datexform(V104, "European Style -", "01/05/94", "American Style /"),Name_map_Dt_Ws(V103, "DAIMLER-BENZ AG"),Name_map_Ds_Ws(V102, "DAIMLER-BENZ AG"),Ticker_Lookup2("DAIMLER-BENZ AG", V101, V100),WorldcAF("DAIMLER-BENZ AG", V99, V98, V97, V96, V108, V95),DiscAF(V102, V94, V93, V92, V91, V90, V89),V107 is V92 * 0.001,Currencytypes(V89, USD),DStreamAF(V104, V103, V106, V88, V87, V86),Currency_map(USD, V86),quotes(V101, V105).answer(V85, V84, V83, V82) :-datexform(V81, "European Style -", "01/05/94", "American Style /"),Name_map_Dt_Ws(V80, "DAIMLER-BENZ AG"),Name_map_Ds_Ws(V79, "DAIMLER-BENZ AG"),Ticker_Lookup2("DAIMLER-BENZ AG", V78, V77),WorldcAF("DAIMLER-BENZ AG", V76, V75, V74, V73, V85, V72),DiscAF(V79, V71, V70, V69, V68, V67, V66),V84 is V69 * 0.001,Currencytypes(V66, USD),DStreamAF(V81, V80, V65, V64, V63, V62),Currency_map(V61, V62),<>(V61, USD),datexform(V60, "European Style /", "01/05/94", "American Style /"),olsen(V61, USD, V59, V60),V83 is V65 * V59,quotes(V78, V82).answer(V58, V57, V56, V55) :-datexform(V54, "European Style -", "01/05/94", "American Style /"),Name_map_Dt_Ws(V53, "DAIMLER-BENZ AG"),Name_map_Ds_Ws(V52, "DAIMLER-BENZ AG"),Ticker_Lookup2("DAIMLER-BENZ AG", V51, V50),WorldcAF("DAIMLER-BENZ AG", V49, V48, V47, V46, V58, V45),。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A magician’s talk creates a（）of attention so that people do not see how he does his tricks. 问题1选项A.vacuumB.concentrationC.divisionD.diversion【答案】D【解析】vacuum真空；concentration集中；division区分；diversion转移，分散注意力。
句意：魔术师的谈话转移了人们的注意力，使人们看不见他是如何表演魔术的。
选项D符合句意。
2.单选题Originally designed as work clothes for miners, jeans are now worm by all segments of society, their appeal ______ by their comfort and affordability.问题1选项A.overwhelmedB.corrodedplicatedD.broadened 【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。
A选项overwhelmed“（感情或感觉）充溢，难以禁受；击败，征服”；B选项corroded“腐蚀，侵蚀”；C选项complicated“使复杂”；D选项broadened“扩宽，扩大”。
句意：牛仔裤最初是为矿工设计的工作服，现在受到社会各阶层的追捧，它的吸引力因为舒适和实惠的特点而______。
这里要填的是牛仔裤的吸引力因为舒适和实惠的特点而怎么样，D选项broadened“扩宽，扩大”符合题意，也对应前面牛仔裤受欢迎的特点。
因此D选项正确。
3.单选题The elegant decorations （）the gym into a starlit ballroom.问题1选项A.transplantedB.transferredC.transcendedD.transformed【答案】D【解析】transplant移植, 迁移；transfer转让, 移交；transcend胜过, 超越；transform改变, 转换。
顺应论语言语境的英文In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the importance of language context in effective communication. Context plays a crucial role in understanding the meaning behind words and sentences. The concept of context is particularly relevant in the study of linguistics and language learning. In this article, we will explore the significance of context in adhering to the principles of the Analects of Confucius, one of the most influential texts in Chinese philosophy.The Analects, also known as the Lunyu, is a collection of teachings and conversations of Confucius and his disciples. It covers a wide range of topics, including ethics, morality, education, and social relationships. The text is written in Classical Chinese, which poses challenges for modern readers in comprehending its profound meaning. However, by considering the language context, we can gain a deeper understanding of the Analects and apply its principles in our daily lives.To begin with, the context of the Analects helps us interpret the meanings of certain words and phrases. Chinese characters often have multiple meanings, and the intended meaning can vary depending on the context. For example, the word "仁" (ren) is commonly translated as "benevolence" or "humanity." However, in the Analects, the context of the word suggests a broader concept of virtuous behavior and the cultivation of moral character. By understanding the context, we can avoid misinterpretation and grasp the true essence of Confucian teachings.Furthermore, the context of the Analects enables us to appreciate the cultural and historical background of Confucius and his disciples. Confucius lived during the Spring and Autumn Period in ancient China, a time of political and social turmoil. The Analects reflect the Confucian values and principles that were developed in response to the chaotic social conditions of the time. By understanding the historical context, we can better appreciate the relevance of the Analects in addressing contemporary issues and challenges.Moreover, the language context of the Analects provides insights into the interpersonal relationships and social hierarchy prevalent in ancient China. Confucius emphasized the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, and hierarchical order in society. By examining the language and interactions in the Analects, we can gain a deeper understanding of the Confucian social and moral codes. This understanding can guide us in building harmonious relationships and promoting social harmony in our own lives.In addition, the language context of the Analects helps us understand the rhetorical devices and stylistic features employed by Confucius. Confucius was known for his concise and thought-provoking statements, often using rhetorical questions and metaphors. By analyzing the language context, we can unravel the layers of meaning and appreciate the artistry of Confucius's teachings. This understanding can enhance our own communication skills and enable us to convey our thoughts effectively.In conclusion, the language context of the Analects plays a crucial role in understanding and applying its teachings. By considering the context, we can interpret the meanings of words and phrases, appreciate the cultural and historical background, understand the social and moral codes, and appreciate the rhetorical devices employed by Confucius. The Analects serves as a guide for ethical behavior, personal development, and social harmony. By applying the principles of the Analects in our daily lives, we can foster a more virtuous and harmonious society.。
