名词
（一）概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary 行为名称study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词
1．普通名词
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：
1）个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：
He has two aunts. Most classrooms have computers.
也可指抽象东西，例如：
We’ve lived here for twenty years. I had a dream last night
个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.
2）集体名词
集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：
family（家，家庭）army（军队）company（公司；全体船员）enemy（敌人）government （政府）
group（小组，团体）public（公众）team（队；组）police（警方）
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，
有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
有的集体名词多作复数看待。
The police are looking for him.
3）物质名词
物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
a．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：
Tree beers, please.
A chocolate ice-cream for me.
b．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。It was a delicious wine.
c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：
It was now the time of the spring rains.
Here are the snows of last year.
d．抽象名词
抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：
safety first! I t’s wonderful weather.
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.
例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.
There’s a beauty in simplicity. 朴实之中有一种美。
2．专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua 2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians 4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter 6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind
7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：
质名词和抽象名
词及专有名词一
般是不可数的，
这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它
们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。
一般
说来，汉语
和英
语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及
等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerc hiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的
所有格。
1．名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加’s。
the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加’（在s的右上角）即可
the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室the students’ classroom 学生们的教室
3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加’s
Women’s Day 妇女节the Pe ople’s Park 人民公园
2．名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：
1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
He is Mary’s younger brother. They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries.
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
Our school is half an hour’s walk from here.
Beijing is China’s capital.
3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
The front door of the house was painted red.
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom
4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。
My sister often goes to my uncle’s.
You look ill. You’d better go to the doctor’s.
5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。
I am using my dictionary. You can use Tom’s.
Our bedroom is mu ch larger than John and Dick’s.
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。Please give me some paper. I don’t want to borrow any magazines.
2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.
Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man.
3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。
I want a piece of red chalk. Please give her a bit of bread.
（七）名词的用法
1．作主语The radio says that it may stop raining later. 广播说一会儿雨可能会停。2．作表语例Class 3 were the winners. 三班获胜了
3．作宾语例如：I told him a story. 我给他讲了个故事。
4．作宾语补足语例如：He named her Jenny. 他给她取名詹妮。
5．作定语We are discussing the population problem. 我们正在讨论人口问题。6．作状语例如：He sat here a long time. 他坐在这儿很久了。
7．与介词组成词组I am working hard on my Chinese. 我正在努力学习汉语。8．作介词宾语例如：Give the money to your sister. 把钱给你姐
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________
2. village ___________
3. map __________
4. orange _________
5. bag ___________
6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________
8. family ___________
9. bus ___________ 10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________ 13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________ 16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________ 19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________ 22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________ 25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________ 28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________ 31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________ 34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________ 37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________ 40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子
2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜
4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶
6、五块肉
7、多种植物8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭14、七袋米
15、八块木头16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________
2. teach _________
3. sing _____
4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________
6. invent _____
7. wait ____
8. woolen __________
9. win ____________ 10. thankful ____ 11. foreign ____ 12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty _____15. visit _____ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________ 18. medical ____19. operate ____ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried _____23. build ______ 24. please ________
25. help _________ 26. safe ______27. die _______ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy _______
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink
B. two bottle of ink
C. two bottle of inks
D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework
B. many homeworks
C. many homework
D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice
B. noise
C. sound
D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool
B. these wood
C. wools
D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps
B. cows, sheep
C. cow, sheep
D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day
B. children’s Day
C. Children’s Day
D. Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to th eir parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s
B. Kate’s and Joan
C. Kate and Joan’s
D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s
B. Mary’s mother
C. Mary mother’s
D. mother’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend
B. a friend
C. mine friend
D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are
B. are, is
C. is, is
D. are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads
B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread
D. two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street
B. road
C. way
D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman
B. women
C. girl
D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe
D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child
B. children
C. childs
D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys
B. city
C. cityes
D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202
B. Room 202
C. the Room 202
D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places
B. homes
C. rooms
D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks
B. 20 minute’s walk
C. 20-minutes walk
D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows
B. sheep, cow
C. sheeps, cow
D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish
B. fruit
C. eggs
D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming
B. Li Ming’s
C. Li Mings
D. Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos
B. some potatoes
C. three tomatos
D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish
B. hope
C. wishes
D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop
B. park
C. zoo
D. garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军
B. 中华人民共和国
C. 联合国
D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books
B. inventions
C. instructions
D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey
B. elephant
C. panda
D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily
B. Lucy and Lily’s
C. Lucy’s and Lily
D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March
B. January
C. February
D. April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange
B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange
D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass
B. house, glasses
C. houses, glass
D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses
B. American
C. Chineses
D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer
B. Winter
C. Spring
D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank
B. post office
C. shop
D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf
B. shelfs
C. shelfes
D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years
B. months
C. days
D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher
B. doctor
C. farmer
D. writer
39. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you put on your ______?
A. watch
B. shirt
C. sweater
D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese
B. China, Chinese
C. England, English
D. American, America V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to
do.
A. excuse
B. message
C. exercise
D. news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room
B. a room
C. rooms
D. seats
3. --- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears
B. oranges
C. sugar
D. apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD
PLACE
A. food
B. money
C. clothes
D. books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star
B. five-stars
C. five star’s
D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home
B. family
C. house
D. place
7. --- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.
A. day
B. date
C. time
D. hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA
B. India
C. Japan
D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool
B. Chicken
C. Pork
D. Milk
10. Which of the following does paper burn in?
A.
co B. 2N C. 2O D. 2H 2
11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much ______ here.
A. noise
B. voice
C. noisy
D. sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool
B. Pork
C. Mutton
D. Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.
--- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground
B. floor
C. place
D. room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing
B. Shanghai
C. Guangzhou
D. Kunming
15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.
A. the ship
B. the car
C. the plane
D. the train
冠词
重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）概说
1．冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：
1）定冠词the 2）不定冠词a/an
定冠词the通常读作[]，在元音前读作[i]，特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式，读作[n]；在其他情况下则使用a，读作[]。
2．冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词单数前。
She is a nurse. He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.
定冠词the，与this同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。
That’s the book you want.
Who’s the young man over there?
但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。
Put it on the table. Shut the door, please.
3．特指和泛指
一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：
A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。（泛指）
Ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。（特指）
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：
1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如：She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。
2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some, any这类词。
These are new words. She sent me some flowers.
3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。
It’s lovely weather.
Do you want any sugar in your tea? Give us some help.
（二）不定冠词的基本用法
1．泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”）
His father is a doctor.
2．代表某一类人或事物，相当于any（+名词）（不必译为“一”，但必须用a，表示类别）
A horse is a useful animal.
3．指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”）his book was written by a worker.
4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）
Wait a moment. 等一下。
5．表示单位，相当于“每”的意思
We have three meals a day.
6．用于某此固定词组中
a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
（三）定冠词的基本用法
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
Give me the book.
2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
Where is the doctor?
3．再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物
The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前
Mr Wang teaches the first class.
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.
6．用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物
The horse is a useful animal.
7．与下列专有名词连用
1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人
The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.
8．和某些形容词连用，表示一类人
the old 老人the young年轻人the rich 富人the poor 穷人the sick 病人the dead 死人9．在一些习惯说法中
the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right) in the end go to the cinema
（四）不用冠词的几种情况
1．在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前
Have you ever been to Shanghai? We love science.
2．在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前
Girls can be scientists.
3．在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前
It is hot in summer. Have you had breakfast? It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd. 4．称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前
What’s the matter with you, Mike?He is headmaster of our school.
5．学科和球类运动的名称前
We study English . Do you like to play football?
6．名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时，不用冠词
That is her bike
Each student in his class studies hard. 7．
在某些固定词组的名词前
at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed
三、随堂监测A组
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“/”表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital? --- Go down this road and turn left on
______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth
century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择：
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习 A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact 21. 从早到晚A. from morning to the evening B. from morning to evening C. from a
morning to an evening
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. /
B. the
C. a
D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. /
B. an
C. the
D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the
B. an, the
C. a, /
D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, /
B. an, a
C. a, /
D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story.
A. an, the
B. the, a.
C. /, an
D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a
B. an, an
C. an, a
D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an
B. The, a
C. The , the
D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an
B. one
C. a
D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a
B. an
C. /
D. the
12. T his is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a
B. a, the
C. a, an
D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a
B. the, the
C. a, the
D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The
B. an, The
C. an, An
D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the
B. /, the
C. /, a
D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a
B. A, /
C. A, the
D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the
B. a, the
C. the, the
D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three
years old.
A. A, a
B. The, a
C. The, the
D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. /
B. a
C. an
D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the
B. a, a
C. an, the
D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the
B. The, a
C. A, an
D. The, /
代词
一、本周内容概述
1．代词的作用
严格地讲，代词是代替名词的，在句子中起名词的作用，可用作：
1）主语
This is our new home. Who is on the phone?
2）宾语
Take good care of yourself. We should help each other.
3）表语
That’s not mine. Who is it? —It’s me.
4）同位语
We both live in the dormitory. He ate them all.
5）呼语
Be patient, everybody. 大家都耐心点。
2．代词的分类
代词通常可分为以下八类：
1）人称代词（I, you, he , we等）
2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等）
3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）
4）相互代词（each other, one another）
5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等）
6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等）
7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose等）
8）不定代词（both, all, some, any等）
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）人称代词
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
I am studying English now. We love our country.
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式you, he and I
复数形式we, you and they
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
Can you help us? We are waiting for them. Who i s there? It’s me.
（二）物主代词
物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系，这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
2．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
My parents are both doctors.
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed.
我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语）
Let’s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语）These letters are his.（表语）（三）反身代词
反身代词用来表示反射或强调。
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
My grandmother is too old to look after herself. 我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。在这种情况下，反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后，也可以放到句末。
We ourselves will build the factory. 我们将自己建造这个工厂。
He spoke to me myself. 他对我本人说话。
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
by oneself 亲自for oneself 为自己
call oneself 称自己teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随意吃lose oneself 迷路
speak to oneself 自言自语seat oneself 就座
make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思
（四）指示代词
指示代词是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词，如：this, that, these, those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物，that和those则指较远的事物。
指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。
This is a difficult question.
That basketball isn’t ours. Do you like these?
（五）不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。
1．不定代词有以下形式：
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one
2．不定代词在句子中的作用：
1）作主语
Everyone has come. Let’s begin.
Both of his parents are doctors. One is the teacher, the others are students.
2）作宾语
This one is too small, please show me another. Please introduce me to the others.
3）作表语
That’s all for today.It’s too much for me. 这件事非我力所能及。
3．常见不定代词的用法讲解
1）some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
Some say yes and some say no.
I don’t like any of them. Does any of them know this?
b．如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答，或鼓励别人说yes时，疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。
Would you like some of the tickets?
c．在强调“任何一个”意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
You can take any of the newspapers here.
2）either和neither
either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于两个个体的情况。
You can see tall trees on either of the river banks.
Neither of them wants to see the film with me.
3）one和ones（one的复数形式）
one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词，以避免用词的重复。当one指人时，其反身代词为oneself，所有格形式是one’s。
One should follow the laws. The one in red is our monitor.
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.
4）复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数，表示“某人”或“某物”，并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。
We want somebody to help us. Have you found anything here?
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.
表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加’s构成所有格。
Somebody’s wallet has just been stolen.
复合不定代词要求后置定语。
We will have something important to do this afternoon.
（六）疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
Whose bag is that?（定语）
Who teaches you English?（主语）Whom are you talking about?（宾语）
（七）相互代词
one another意思上没有区别，它们在句中可以作宾语，其所有格可以作定语。
（互相）（彼此的）
Do you often help each other? We are interested in one another’s work.
三、随堂监测A组
I. 选择填空：
1．This dictionary is not hers. It’s _______.
A. I
B. me
C. mine
D. my
2. --- Is this ______ magazine? --- No, it isn’t. It’s ________.
A. your, her
B. hers, mine
C. yours, hers
D. your, hers
3. There are two books on the desk. One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.
A. others
B. other
C. the other
D. another
4. _______ of the girls plays tennis well.
A. Neither
B. Both
C. All
D. Some
5. Mary speaks very quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.
A. That
B. she
C. It
D. There
6. The school was built by the villagers _______.
A. us
B. ourselves
C. them
D. themselves
7. He put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it.
A. his
B. he
C. him
D. his’s
8. He is always ready to help ______.
A. another
B. others
C. the other
D. other
9. Let _______ do this exercise myself.
A. him
B. her
C. us
D. me
10. Have you _______ to tell us?
A. important something
B. something important
C. important anything
D. anything important
11. I met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home.
A. mine, my
B. my, the
C. mine, a
D. mine, the
12. ______ of the students in our class has a ticket.
A. Every
B. Both
C. Each
D. All
13. There are several books on the desk.. _____ of them is English.
A. All
B. Both
C. None
D. Neither
14. _______ live in Shanghai.
A. We
B. Our
C. Ours
D. Ourselves
15. --- Is this ______ jacket? --- Yes, it’s _______.
A. her, her
B. her, hers
C. hers, her
D. hers, hers
16. --- _______ is that boy? --- He’s my son.
A. Who
B. Whom
C. What
D. Which
17. _______ humans ______ animals can live without air.
A. Both, and
B. Neither, nor
C. Either, or
D. Not only, but also
18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, ______ are for the students.
A. the other
B. other
C. the others
D. others
19. My dictionary is in my bag. Where is _______?
A. yours
B. you
C. yourself
D. your
20. I think you can do the job ______.
A. yourself
B. myself
C. himself
D. your
21. --- Which jacket is Mary’s? --- The red one is _______.
A. she
B. her
C. hers
D. his
22. My uncle was so angry that he was no _____ when he found I was beating his dog.
A. him
B. his
C. himself
D. he
23. There are many trees on ______ side of the street.
A. all
B. both
C. every
D. each
24. _____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.
A. There
B. That
C. This
D. It
25. She can’t find ______ watch.
26. There is ______ milk in the glass.
A. many
B. little
C. few
D. a few
27. Please pass ______ the cap of tea.
A. me
B. my
C. mine
D. I
28. Have you heard from ______ recently?
A. them
B. they
C. themselves
D. their
29. There is _____water in the bottle.
A. not
B. some
C. any
D. many
30. There isn’t ______ food left on the table.
A. many
B. few
C. much
D. little
31. Sorry, I can’t answer your question. I know ______ about the news.
A. a little
B. little
C. few
D. a few
32. This is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk.
A. my
B. yours
C. your
D. you
33. We made the radio ______.
A. us
B. ourselves
C. myself
D. our
34. Would please give me ______ hot tea?
A. one
B. little
C. some
D. any
35. --- Would you like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
36. This question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
37. They have only _________ homework for Sunday.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
38. They told us about their school and we told them about_______.
A. we C. our D. ours
39. This blue suit looks better than the green ________.
A. /
B. one
C. suits
D. ones
40. _________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher?
A. How
B. Which
C. What
D. Who
四、随堂监测B组
II. 中考题集：
1．--- Whose painting is this? It’s really wonderful! --- Oh, it’s not ____. It’s __ . A. hers; your B. mine; Elsa’s C. yours; he’s D. his; my
2．_________ of the twins went to watch Peking Opera last Sunday.
They were staying at home all that day.
A. Either
B. Both
C. Neither
D. One
3．The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ________ new words in it.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
4．This ruler is mine. __________ is over there.
A. She
B. She’s
C. Her
D. Hers
5．I’ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting.
A. many
B. some
C. a few
6．All the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest.
A. all
B. neither
C. any
D. none
7．Every day Mr. Hu checks ________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.
8．--- When shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight?
--- I don’t mind. _________ time is OK.
A. Either
B. Every
C. Neither
D. Both
9．The old man has two sons. One is a worker ; ________ is a teacher.
A. another
B. other
C. others
D. the other
10．Pass _________ the knife, please. My pencil is broken.
A. I
B. me
C. my
D. mine
11．--- Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke?
--- _________, thanks. I’d like just a cup of tea.
A. Either
B. Neither
C. Both
D. None
12．Bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had _________ money with him. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
13．This is not my dictionary. It’s ________.
A. her
B. his
C. your
D. their
14．--- Oh! I came n a hurry and forgot to bring food.
--- Never mind. You can have _________ .
A. us
B. ours
C. you
D. yours
15．--- The watch is so nice! Is it for ________?
--- Yes. Happy birthday. Mary! --- Thank you very much.
A. his
B. me
C. my
D. hers
16．--- May I use your pen? --- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.
A. both
B. every
C. any
D. either
17．--- Whose book is this? --- It’s ________ .
A. my
B. mine
C. me
D. I
18．--- How many more oranges can I have ?
--- You can have one more. __________ are for Tom.
A. The others
B. Another
C. Others
D. The other
19．--- Can I talk to you for a minute, Brain? --- Sure, I have _______ time.
A. a few
B. little
C. few
D. a little
20．Their English teacher is from America, but ________ is from England.
A. ours
B. my
C. your
D. her
21．Anne has a son. _______ name is Edward.
A. Her
B. His
C. Hers
D. Him
22．This isn’t my sweater. It’s __________ , I think.
A. she
B. her
C. hers
D. mine
23．Hurry up! There’s _________ time left.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
24．--- Could I have some milk?
--- Certainly. There’s ________ in the bottle.
A. little
B. a little
C. a few
D. few
25．You can’t see many of the stars in the sky because __________ are too far away.
A. they
B. their
C. them
D. theirs
26．Lei Feng asked _________ for return when he helped others.
A. everything
B. nothing
C. anything
D. something
27．--- Is it your ticket?
--- No, _________ is in my pocket. It’s ________.
A. mine; her
B. my; his
C. mine; hers
D. my; hers
28．Can you tell me ________ she is waiting for?
A. why
B. whose
C. whom
D. which
29．Miss Brown will teach ________ English next term.
A. us
B. we
C. our
D. ours
30．There is _________ in today’s newspaper.
A. new anything
B. new something
C. anything new
D. something new
数词
一、本周内容概述
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）基数词
基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所
1．13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。2．20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。
3．其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符“-”，再加个位数构成。如：81 eighty-one。
4．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如：691 six hundred and ninety-one。
5．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。
如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。
7．多位数的读法：
1）1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号“，”。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。
2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如：
888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。
（二）、基数词的用法
1．基数词的复数形式表示大量的的数目。
在这种情况下，表单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。
two hundred students five thousand years
2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的的数目，在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词词尾加-s，要与of短语连用。
3．基数词在句中的作用
基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。Three and five is eight. 3+5=8
主语表语
How many oranges do you want? I want eight. 我要八个。
宾语
There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。
定语
（三）序数词
表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。
2．表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。
3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。
4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。
注意：
1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。
例如：
第一：(the) first=1 st
第二：(the) second=2 nd
第三：(the) third=3 rd
课题语法5课型新授具体内容介词第课时2课时 教学目标1、掌握表示时间、地点等介词的用法与区别 2、能通过自己归纳总结与介词有关的法语规则 3、能灵活按照语法规则正确使用代词 教学重点掌握表示时间、地点等介词的用法等相关知识，并能灵活使用教学难点各用法相似的介词之间的区别 教学方法引导探究法 教具准备PPT 教学过程一、导入 1．介词大家都见过，随便说出几个介词（for, about, on, in, at…） 2. 那大家知道介词都有哪些用法？比如，有些介词放在表示时间的词前面，(at nine o’clock, on Monday)有的介词放在表示地点的词前面，(on the floor, in the wall)，那么今天具体来看一下介词的使用。 二、表示时间的介词 1、in; on; at 1)指长于或短于一天的时段用in，如in the afternoon， in February， in Summer， in 1999等 2) 指某天用on，如on Monday， on the end of November，指某天的早晚用on，如on Friday morning， on the afternoon of September lst 等。 3）表示时间点用at，如at four o’clock， at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at，如at that time， at Christmas等。 口诀：in年in月；on 日子；at放在时刻前。 2、since; from; for 1) since指从某是一直延续至今，后接时间点，主句用完成时。 He has live here since 1993. 2) from说明开始的时间，谓语可用过去、现在、将来的某种时态。 From now on, I will learn English in the mornings.
初中英语语法课教案设计 初中英语语法课教案设计 一、牛津版初中英语教材与人教版教材语法内容的异同 牛津版初中英语教材在内容上更加贴近现实生活，在语法知识上也有所改变，增加了间接引语这一知识点。这就要求老师要对教材 的语法知识进行深入地分析和研究，准确把握语法重点和难点，找 到最合适学生学习的方法，提升学生的英语语法学习兴趣，使学生 扎实掌握英语语法。 二、牛津版初中英语教材与人教版教材语法的具体差异 （一）牛津版教材更强调现在时语法 牛津版初中英语教材的“现在进行时”与“一般现在时”出现的先后顺序有所调整，而且没有“过去将来时”这一语法点。这一顺 序的调整不会对学生的学习产生较大影响，“过去将来时”可以在 学生学习“过去完成时”时提出。“现在进行时”与“一般现在时”主要是让学生掌握区分助动词形式：do/does/is/are；区分动词形式：read/reads/reading。 （二）牛津版教材被动语态出现较早 被动语态出现的时间比较早，学生比较难以理解，例如学生对“Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld.”这句话的理解就 容易产生困难。因此教师在教学时就要使学生回顾过去学过的几种 基本时态，通过基本时态反过来理解被动语态，这样就可以起到融 汇贯通的作用。 （三）牛津版教材新增间接引语语法 间接引语是牛津版英语教材中新增的内容，学生之前从来没有接触过，学生在学习时就会产生障碍，不容易理解。
“HeaskedmeifIhadanypaper.”这句话是如何体现间接引语的语法 特征的以及如何将直接引语转化为间接引语学生都是第一次接触， 教师在设计教案时要抓住宾语从句作为间接引语的教学重点。从宾 语从句入手，讲解间接引语的语法特点和直接引语转化为间接引语 的方法，深入浅出，这样就会使学生更容易理解间接引语的语法特点，及时掌握间接引语的转换方式，提升学生英语语法的基础水平。 三、语法课教案设计措施 教案是教师开展教学的重要手段，教案好坏直接关系到教学质量。合格的教案能最大程度地体现教师的教学水平，能够激发学生的学 习兴趣，使学生在短时间内有效地接受新知识。 （一）教案要有针对性 教师在设计教案时要有针对性。一是要针对学生的`学习特点和 身心发展的特点，掌握学生之间学习水平的差异，这样就可以合理 安排教学环节和教学进程。教师在设计教案时，要制定有层次性的 学习目标，设置不同难度的问题，根据学生的学习特点设置提问环节，使学生都能够在课堂上有所收获，能够体会到学习过程中的成 就感，激发学生的学习兴趣，提升语法教学质量。二是要针对教学 内容准确把握各类语法的重难点，将重点知识传授给学生，如在讲 间接引语时要着重讲解宾语从句的语法特点。这样就可以事半功倍，使学生更有针对性地开展学习活动，有助于提升学生的英语成绩。 （二）教案要有创新性 教师在设计教案时，要充分调动自身的能力，对教材内容进行深入剖析，对学生心理进行深入解读。初中阶段，学生的好奇心、好 胜心较强，教师在设计教案时要充分尊重学生的这些特点。不断创 新教学形式，开展合作学习和探究式学习，引导学生进入到教师创 设的教学情境中，激发学生的想象力和创造力，充分调动学生的积 极性。在教案中最好设计小组竞技教学活动内容，打破传统灌输式 教育模式，提升学生的学习兴趣，保证良好的教学效果。 教案中还要注意提问的技巧，提问要注重知识点的迁移，促使学生能够积极思考。例如在提问被动语态的特点时，学生可能不太了
初中英语语法总结--形容词 1、形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice 2. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.
初中英语语法大全 名词 （一）概述 名词就是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词就是万物之名称。它们可以就是: 人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary 行为名称study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar (二)普通名词与专有名词 1.普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词,都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型: 1)个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物,例如: He has two aunts、她有两个姑姑。 Most classrooms have computers、多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西,例如: We’ve lived here for twenty years、我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式,如:weeks, problems;单数形式可以与a/an连用,如:a week, a problem, an old man、 2)集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,下面就是一些常见的集体名词: family(家,家庭) army(军队) company(公司;全体船员) enemy(敌人) government(政府) group(小组,团体) public(公众) team(队;组) police(警方) 集体名词有时作单数瞧待,有时作复数瞧待。一般说来,视为整体时作单数瞧待,想到它的成员时作复 有的集体名词通常用作单数,例如: Our company is sending him to work in Berlin、我们公司将派她去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数瞧待。例如: The police are looking for him、警察正在找她。 3)物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西,我们学过的常见的物质名词有: beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。 一般说来,物质名词就是不可数折,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况: a.有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”,“一杯”: Tree beers, please、请来三杯啤酒。 A chocolate ice-cream for me、给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。 b.有此物质名词可作可数名词,表示“一种”:
初中英语语法教学案例 语法是语言运动规律的概括，是语言学家对语言现象，语言运动规律的表述，它并不是语言本身。学生掌握了语法知识，并不一定就具备了语言能力。但是，语法知识可以提高学生语言实践的自觉性，减少盲目行，有利于语言能力的形成。新课程标准实施以来,广大英语教师在语法教学改革方面进行了积极尝试,对英语语法教学的认识有了明显提高。在初中阶段教学语法，学生应学习必要的基础知识，但主要是通过大量的语言实践达到正确地使用有关语言项目的目的。我们要正视初中英语语法教学现状，正确领会新课程标准精神,优化语法教学方法,树立正确的语法教学观,是当前迫切需要解决的问题。因此，教师在教学中必须尽可能创造机会让学生进行交流，通过自然交流展示语言材料，创造情景让学生多进行活动。因此，在新课程改革实施背景下，如何处理好语法教学与语用能力培养的关系就显得尤为重要。下面我就谈谈自己的一节英语语法教学案例。 一.教学背景： 本课为新目标英语教材八年级下Unit 9 语法----- 现在完成时的教学。该语法是初中阶段的重要语法，也是学生难于正确理解和掌握的一项语法。它在中考中也占了一定的比例。二二.教学思路： 本节课由教师提问一般过去时的句子学生回答，教师再通过自己的动作再现引入新的语法教学，让学生理解一般过去时与新的语法现在完成的区别。再通过图片等一些投影手段，让学生理解和练习。教师在学生使用现在完成时要提醒他们对时态的关注。让学生在机械操练中掌握现在完成时的句型结构，正确理解它的含义。为了让学生对本节课的重点内容达到熟练的程度及增强学习的趣味性，我利用多媒体的教学手段进行语法句型的各种操练。还利用听磁带录音进行听和写的练习来巩固此语法知识。这样使枯燥的语法教学也生动形象直观，提高了学生学习的趣味性，学生也易于接受和理解新的语法知识。最后，由学生再次归纳现在完成时的结构，含义以及它与一般过去时的区别。 三.教学片段： 1)以旧引新,注重语法形式。 T: Who opened the door just now ?(教师手指着门问学生) S:Li Qiang opened the door just now. 教师把该句板书在黑板上，用红色粉笔在过去时间状语下just now= a moment ago画上横线，要求学生引起注意。句子中有过去时间状语该句只能用一般过去时，它强调过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。这样先由一般过去时引入新课教学。 T：Who has opened the door ? (教师指着打开的门问学生) Ss: Li Qiang has opened the door. (引导学生回答)然后把该句也板书在黑板上，让学生比较了解这两种句型在形式上的异同,通过比较引入我们今天学习的新的语法教学——现在完成时。 2）实物对话引入。 再利用实物进行对话展现现在完成的用法，这样更生动形象，易于理解。 T: What's this in my hand ? Ss: It's a pen. T: It's a new pen,isn't it? Ss: Yes,it is. T: Right,. It's a new pen. I have just bought it. Then ask the students to make some similar dialogues,using a ruler,a watch,etc.辩识—归纳通过对两种句型的观察、对比，总结现在完成时的含义1：表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造的影响或结果。其结构：现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。
宾语从句教学设计 一、导入 1.复习什么是宾语。动词/介词后面的名词就是宾语。 I play basketball. We are talking about our homework.. 2.宾语从句就是在宾语的位置上放一个完整的句子。 3.I love that I can earn some coupons. 板书：He knows me. He knows what’s wrong with his wife. 说出2个句子的宾语。 说出2个句子的宾语是词（词组）还是句子。 第一个句子的宾语是一个词构成的，第二个句子的宾语是一个句子，我们称这种做宾语的句子叫宾语从句。在句子中充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。其中he knows 叫主句，what’s wrong with him是从句。 说出下面4个句子的主句和从句。 A．He said that he had a very good journey home. B．He asked if /whether they had come. C．He told me that the earth goes around the sun. D．He asked me how he could get to the nearest post office. 总结：。。是主句，剩下的是由that，if，how引导的宾语从句。 初步认识了宾语从句，下面我们开始了解宾语从句的三要素 引导词（连接词） 语序 时态 1)从属连词that引导陈述句宾语从句，在口语或者非正式语中可以被省略 比如上面四句话中的A,C就是that引导的陈述句的宾语从句。如果省略掉that，该如何修改。（让学生口头修改） A．He said that he had a very good journey home. C．He told me that the earth goes around the sun. 2）由从属连词whether, if 引导一般疑问句的宾语从句，表示“是否”，比如上面的B就是由if引导的宾语从
初中英语语法教学教案 教学思路: 本节课我教的是情态动词can和could作“能力”解时的区别。这节课我打算通过复习以前学过的情态动词can的用法，以及通过做游戏，让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中掌握can的用法，以及了解can和could的区别。 一、Teaching Content: Topic:Unit5Can you play the guitar? Grammar：Using “can”/“could”to talk about ability 二、Teaching Aims: https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe7227766.html,e can talk about the ability at present. https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe7227766.html,e could talk about ability in the past. 三、Teaching Key and D ifficult Points: H ow to use “can”and “could”to express ability in the present and past. 四、Teaching Methods: Task-Based Language Teaching Method 五、Teaching Procedures: Step 1：Warming up Task 1: Revision T: What can you do now? S1: I can sing. S2: I can draw S3: I can dance. T: Can you ride a bike / swim / fly a kite / play football / play chess? Ss:Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. Task 2: Playing a game T: Now let us play a game.Five students come to the front and perform fo r t h e class according to myinstructions.andgestures.Theothers answer my questio ns. T : What can she do? Ss : She can ride a bike /swim/ fly a kite/ play football / play chess . T: Can she swim/ fly a kite/play football /play chess. Ss: Yes ,She can? No, she can’t. T: Say the whole sentences: eg: Acan ride a bike. He can’t/ cannot swim. Step2:Presentation T: Can you ride a bike now? S1:Yes. I can T:Couldyou ride a bike five years ago ? Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t ( Help him answer) S1:Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t. T: we can use “could”t talk about the past .e.gI can play computer now .But, last year I couldn’t play.
第3单元数词 （一）基数词 1、1～100的构成 2、3位数构成，例如234 读作：two hundred and thirty-four 3、hundred, thousand, million表示确切数目不加 如：three hundred people,但表示不确切数字时应加s,如thousands of stars 4、千位以上的数，从个位向左数，每三位加一个“，”，第一个逗号前为thousand,第二个逗号前为million,第三个逗号前为billion,如7,543，812，应为seven million, five hundred and forty-three thousand, eight hundred and twelve.注意在百位数和十位数之间要用and连接。（二）序数词 1、序数词构成注意first, second, third, fifth, ninth, twentieth, twenty-first, etc.的特殊形式。 2、序数词用于句中，它之前需加the,但有时用不定冠词a(an)表示“再一，又一”如 When I sit down, a third man came in. （三）分数 基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。 6 ,5/9 six and five ninths （四）时刻表达法 2∶25，two twenty-five or twenty-3∶40，three forty or twenty to four （五）日期表达法 2002年5月20日 注意：带有数词的名词作定语时，一般用单数形式 a seven-year-- a five-pound note （六）倍数表示法 A. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。 『例』I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。 B. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…）of…。 『例』The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 C. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。 『例』The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
初中英语语法教学案例及分析 在英语教学中，语法教学历来就是一个难点，如何把枯燥无味的语法课上得趣味横生。这就要求英语教师要钻研语法教材,精心设计语法教法,为学生营造一种轻松愉快的英语氛围，从而轻松习得语法知识。以下案例就是通过游戏,情景,归纳,练习,活动等愉快教学方法使学生掌握语法。案例分析 一..Teaching Content: 7BUnit5 Abilities Grammar Grammar A:Using “can”/ “could” to talk about ability 二..Teaching Aims: 1. Use can to talk about the ability at present https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe7227766.html,e could to talk about ability in the past. 三..Imp ortant and Difficult Points: how to use “can” and “could” to express ability in the present and past. 四..Teaching Proced ures: Step 1. Warming up. T: What can you do now? S: I can sing. S2: I can draw S3: I can dance. T: Can you ride a bike / swim / fly a kite / play football / play chess? Ss:Yes , I can. / No, I can’t. (Show the students’ answers and Ride a bike / Swim/ Fly a kite/ Play football / Play chess on the screen .) 本部分用来复习以前学过的情态动词can的用法,以及一些动词短语ride a bike fly a kite play .football等.自然的过渡到本科的语法, 用can.谈论能力.. Stept2 Playing a game T: Now let’s play a game .Five students come to the front and perform for the class according to m y instructions.and gestures.The others answer my questions. T : What can she do? Ss : She can ride a bike /swim/ fly a kite/ play football / play chess . T: Can she / heride a bike /swi m/ fly a kite/play football /play chess. Ss: Yes ,She can? No, she can’t. T: Say the whole sentences : eg: A. can ride a bike. He can’t / cannot swim.… Step3 Work in pairs T: Ask your partner more questions like above . 本部分通过做游戏,让五位同学表演,其余的学生猜, 这些同学在干什么,他们能干什么?学生便可轻松愉快的气氛中掌握了can的用法.再者,学生的参与率较高.积极性较高. Step4 Playing a guessing game T:Now let’s play a game .Please listen carefully and guess what I am. wk_ad_begin({pid : 21});wk_ad_after(21, function(){$('.ad-hidden').hide();}, function(){$('.ad-hidden').show();}); I can fly. I can sing. I can repeat the words you say . what am I? Ss:It is a parrot. 再次用游戏把气氛推向了高潮.学生异常兴奋. Step4. Presentation. T: Can you ride a bike now? S1:Yes. Ican T:Could you ride a bike five years ago ? (Help him answer: Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t) S1:Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t. T: we can use “could” to talk about the past .e.g I can play compute now .But, last year I couldn’t play. T: Could you row a boat last year? S1: Yes I could . No, I couldn’t. T: Could she he row a boat last year?( Ask other students) Ss: Yes she he could . No she he couldn ’t T:Yes , A could ride a bike five years ago. He couldn’t swim five years ago.
一级语法教案 句子成分和基本句型 教学目标和要求 Teaching aims 一．知识要点 Master the sentence members and basic patterns 1. five sentence members ： subject( 主语 ) verb （谓语） object （宾语） predictive( 表语 ) complement( 补足语 ) adverbial （状语） attributive （定语） 2. seven basic sentence patterns ：SV （主谓） SVP （主谓表） SVO （主 谓宾） SVOO( 主谓宾宾 ) SVOC （主谓宾补） SVA （主谓状） SVOA （主谓宾状） 二．难点 句子成分的划分及七种句型的理解与区分 三．考点 句子成分的划分 四．课时设计与分配 Period one：Introduce five members Period two：the seven basic patterns Period three：exercises Period o ne 一．五种句子成分 主（ S）谓（ V）状（ A）宾（ O ）补（ C）定 1.主语：表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”，通常用名词，代词，动词不定式，或相当于名词的词，短语或从句担任。主语要放在句首。 例： The girl studies English. 这个女孩学习英语。（叙述“谁”） The post office is open. 邮局门开着。（叙述“什么”） Only five are there. 只有五个人在这里。（数次做主语） 注： it 做主语时，可以有以下作用 1). 表示时间、天气、季节、距离和自然现象。 It ’ s windy today. 今天刮风了。 2). 表示刚刚提到的事情。 What ’ s this？It ’ s a fox. 这是什么？它是一只狐狸。 3). 起指示代词的作用，表示人或事物。 Who is it outside？It’s Henry. 外面是谁？是亨利。 4). 用作形式主语或形式宾语。
名词 （一） 概述 名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字 Li Ming, Tom 地方名称 China, London 职业称呼 teacher, doctor 物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念 history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： He has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。 Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如： We’ve live d here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an 连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词： family （家，家庭） army （军队） company （公司；全体船员） enemy （敌人） government （政府） group （小组，团体） public （公众） team （队；组） police （警方） 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待： 例如： 有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如： Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 我们公司将派他去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如： The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。 3）物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有： beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool 等。 一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： a ．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”： Tree beers, please. 请来三杯啤酒。 A chocolate ice-cream for me. 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。 b ．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”： It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。 It was a delicious wine. 那是一种美味的红酒。 作单数看待 作复数看待 His family isn't large. 他家人不多。 The government is planning to build a dam here. 政府打算在这里建一座水坝。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公众支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers. 他家的人都喜欢音乐。 The government are discussing the plan. 政府在讨论这个计划。 The public were deceived by the newspaper. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
名词 （一）概述 名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary 行为名称study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： He has two aunts. Most classrooms have computers. 也可指抽象东西，例如： We’ve lived here for twenty years. I had a dream last night 个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词： family（家，家庭）army（军队）company（公司；全体船员）enemy（敌人）government（政府） group（小组，团体）public（公众）team（队；组）police（警方） 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待， 有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如： Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 有的集体名词多作复数看待。
名词 概述 名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary 行为名称study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： He has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。 Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如： We?ve lived here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词： family（家，家庭）army（军队）company（公司；全体船员）enemy（敌人）government （政府） group（小组，团体）public（公众）team（队；组）police（警方） 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待， 例如：
浅谈如何在语境中进行初中英语语法教学 现今的中学英语教学中，我们高兴地看到，教师将听说能力的培养放在了突出的位置上，初中学生在听、说能力上较以前的学生有了很大的进步。但是，不少英语教师却把语法教学放到了交际法教学的对立面。在创造课堂气氛，提供交流机会的同时，忽视了语法的提示和讲解。而掌握系统的语法知识对进行有效的语言学习和交际具有不可替代的作用。学生的母语是中文，在英语语言的习得过程中，如果不有意识地指出两种语言的区别，学生将不可避免地受到母语的干扰。而要在有限的学习时间内，对语言的应用规则产生准确的认识，没有相关语法知识的提示是很难做到的。 一、初中语法教学观念上所存在的问题 英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，强调课程从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验和认知水平出发。有些教师过于简单，片面地理解了这段关于语法教学的指导，认为二期课改的理念就是淡化语法，在课堂中不应直接讲解语法，语法教学会减弱学生学习英语的兴趣，会使学生产生厌学情绪。于是就出现了这样的现象：教师在语法教学中一味进行机械模仿操练，不引导学生观察语言结构、归纳语法规律，忽略运用语言时所需的语境，表面上学生通过操练能较流畅地表达，但学生并没有真正理解掌握语法知识，在实际交际中不能运用准确和得体的英语进行口头表达，也写不出几句完整的句子，难以实现语言高质量的输出。二、语法教学的重要地位 外语学习的最终目的是培养交际能力，而学习者所要具备的交际能力至少包括以下四方面，即语法能力、社会文化能力、语篇能力和策略能力。其中语法能力是其他诸能力的基础，对于准确表达、理解是至观重要的. 教师如仅采用机械操练，不引导学生观察语言现象，探索语法规律，在各种语境中运用语法项目，学生的掌握只能在表层，他们在实际运用中会遇到很多问题。没有必要的语法知识，学生在阅读中很难分析长句子结构，准确理解句意，这就减弱了他们的语篇理解能力。在语言输出时，学生不能正确运用语法规则表达，降低了他们语言输出的质量，甚至出现表达错误，使别人产生误解。可见，语法学习对学生克服各种困难最终自如运用英语很有帮助，在英语学习中地位重要。 1、在故事语境中切入语法主题 学习兴趣是一个人力求认识世界，渴求获得文化科学知识和不断探求真理而带有情绪色彩的意向活动。语法教学一向被认为是枯燥无味的代名词，很多学生认为语法难学，没有意义，所以语法教学一定要设法引起学生的兴趣。 新目标英语八年级上册Unit 10 I'm going to be a basketball player Section A 3a的文章作为引入，要求学生通过阅读分别找出作者的计划，学生在寻读的同时，接触到了本堂课的目标语法be going to。 2、在游戏语境中感悟语法意义 为了引导学生对所接触到的语言材料进行更进一步观察，教师鼓励学生对其余学生的其余愿望进行猜测。若能让学生在游戏活动中运用所学的语言知识，不仅可以复习和巩固所学的语言知识，而且还能提高学生的学习兴趣和调动学生学习的积极性。为了引导学生对所接触到的语言材料进行更进一步观察，鼓励学生对其他学生的愿望进行猜测。在设计接龙猜测游戏中，根据学生的实际语言水平，注意游戏难度的坡度，由易到难逐渐提升。
(the 47 period) Unit 1 The Present Perfect Tense Title: the Present Perfect Tense May 16, 2005 Tools: CAI Aims: 1. Learn the Present Perfect Tense 2. Get Ss to tell the differences between the present perfect tense and the simple past tense Keys: the Present Perfect Tense Difficulties: the usages of the tense Procedures: Step 1. Revision Have a dictation. Step 2. Presentation Talk about the pictures. Present the present Perfect tense. Get Ss to know the usage of the tense. Past Action, Present result. Get Ss to match the action and the result, make sure that the students can connect the tense with the present result. Get Ss to image the present result, make sure they know the tense is focused on the present result. Get Ss to summarize the formation of the tense and the past participle. See PP255-257 Step 3. Teach the tense Get Ss to practice the tense with a guessing game. Get Ss to practice “have you…? And say “when”. Make sure they have to use the past simple when they say “when”. Find the clues of the present perfect tense: already, just, ever, never , before , yet Show the time and the action: Get Ss to be familiar with the second usage of the present perfect tense. Get Ss to talk and boast with the present perfect tense (II).