名词
（一） 概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字 Li Ming, Tom 地方名称 China, London 职业称呼 teacher, doctor 物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念 history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： He has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。
Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如：
We’ve live d here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。
个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an 连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词
集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：
family （家，家庭） army （军队） company （公司；全体船员） enemy （敌人） government （政府） group （小组，团体） public （公众） team （队；组） police （警方）
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待：
例如：
有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 我们公司将派他去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：
The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。 3）物质名词
物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool 等。
一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： a ．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”： Tree beers, please. 请来三杯啤酒。
A chocolate ice-cream for me. 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。 b ．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。 It was a delicious wine. 那是一种美味的红酒。
作单数看待 作复数看待 His family isn't large. 他家人不多。
The government is planning to build a dam here. 政府打算在这里建一座水坝。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公众支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers. 他家的人都喜欢音乐。
The government are discussing the plan. 政府在讨论这个计划。 The public were deceived by the newspaper. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：
It was now the time of the spring rains. 现在是春天雨季的时候。
Here are the snows of last year. 这是去看的积雪。
d．抽象名词
抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：
safety first! 安全第一！I t’s wonde rful weather. 天气好极了。
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.
例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake. 我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。
There’s a beauty in simplicity. 朴实之中有一种美。
2．专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua 2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians 4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter 6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind 7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。
例如
一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况构成方法例词读音
一般情况在词尾加-s desk→desks
map→maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音
单数复数
a country a class
a sheep a tomato countries classes sheep tomatoes
作不可数名词作可数名词
glass 玻璃paper 纸张time 时间work 消息玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜报纸；文件；考卷次数；时代
单词；话语
-s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
day→days
girl→girls
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es bus →buses
es发[iz]音
box→boxes
watch→watches
fish→fishes
-ies发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为I再加-es family→families
factory→factories
party→parties
-s发[z]音
以元音字母y结尾的词在词尾加-s day→days
boy→boys
key→keys
以f或fe 结尾的词变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives
-ves发[vz]音
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves
以辅音字母加o结尾的词在词尾加-es potato→potatoes
-es发[z]音
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes
-s发[z]音
以元音字母加o结尾的词在词尾加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos
少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos 等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
1．名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加’s。
例如：the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加’（在s的右上角）即可
如：the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室the students’ classroom 学生们的教室
3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加’s
如：Women’s Day 妇女节the People’s Park 人民公园
2．名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：
1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
例如：He is Mary’s younger brother. 他是玛丽的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries. 他们在读雷锋的日记。
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
例如：Our school is half an hour’s walk from here. 我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。
Beijing is China’s capital. 北京是中国的首都。
3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
例如：The front door of the house was painted red. 那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom
我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。
例如：My sister often goes to my uncle’s. 我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill. You’d better go to the doctor’s. 你脸色不好，最好去看看病。
5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。
例如：I am using my dictiona ry. You can use Tom’s. 我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick’s. 我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多，
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如：Please give me some paper. 请给我一些纸。
I don’t want to borrow any magazines. 我不想借什么杂志。
2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如：You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition. 你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man. 几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。例如：I want a piece of red chalk. 我想要一支红粉笔。
Please give her a bit of bread. 请给她一点面包。
（七）名词的用法
1．作主语例如：The radio says that it may stop raining later. 广播说一会儿雨可能会停。2．作表语例Class 3 were the winners. 三班获胜了
3．作宾语例如：I told him a story. 我给他讲了个故事。
4．作宾语补足语例如：He named her Jenny. 他给她取名詹妮。
5．作定语例如：We are discussing the population problem. 我们正在讨论人口问题。
6．作状语例如：He sat here a long time. 他坐在这儿很久了。
7．与介词组成词组例如：I am working hard on my Chinese. 我正在努力学习汉语。
8．作介词宾语例如：Give the money to your sister. 把钱给你姐
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________
2. village ___________
3. map __________
4. orange _________
5. bag ___________
6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子
2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜
4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶
6、五块肉
7、多种植物8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭14、七袋米
15、八块木头16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________
2. teach _________
3. sing ________
4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________
6. invent ________
7. wait ________
8. woolen __________
9. win ____________ 10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________ 18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________
25. help _________ 26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink
B. two bottle of ink
C. two bottle of inks
D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework
B. many homeworks
C. many homework
D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice
B. noise
C. sound
D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool
B. these wood
C. wools
D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps
B. cows, sheep
C. cow, sheep
D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day
B. children’s Day
C. Children’s Day
D. Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s
B. Kate’s and Joan
C. Kate and Joan’s
D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s
B. Mary’s mother
C. Mary mother’s
D. mother’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend
B. a friend
C. mine friend
D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are
B. are, is
C. is, is
D. are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads
B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread
D. two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street
B. road
C. way
D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman
B. women
C. girl
D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe
D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child
B. children
C. childs
D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys
B. city
C. cityes
D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202
B. Room 202
C. the Room 202
D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places
B. homes
C. rooms
D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks
B. 20 minute’s walk
C. 20-minutes walk
D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows
B. sheep, cow
C. sheeps, cow
D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish
B. fruit
C. eggs
D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming
B. Li Ming’s
C. Li Mings
D. Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos
B. some potatoes
C. three tomatos
D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish
B. hope
C. wishes
D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop
B. park
C. zoo
D. garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军
B. 中华人民共和国
C. 联合国
D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books
B. inventions
C. instructions
D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey
B. elephant
C. panda
D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily
B. Lucy and Lily’s
C. Lucy’s and Lily
D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March
B. January
C. February
D. April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Pleas e give me ________.
A. two orange
B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange
D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass
B. house, glasses
C. houses, glass
D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses
B. American
C. Chineses
D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer
B. Winter
C. Spring
D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank
B. post office
C. shop
D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf
B. shelfs
C. shelfes
D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years
B. months
C. days
D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher
B. doctor
C. farmer
D. writer
39. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you put on your ______?
A. watch
B. shirt
C. sweater
D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m fro m ________.
A. Japan, Japanese
B. China, Chinese
C. England, English
D. American, America
V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse
B. message
C. exercise
D. news 2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room
B. a room
C. rooms
D. seats 3. --- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears
B. oranges
C. sugar
D. apples 4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food
B. money
C. clothes
D. books 5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star
B. five-stars
C. five star’s
D. five stars 6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home
B. family
C. house
D. place 7. --- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.
A. day
B. date
C. time
D. hour 8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA
B. India
C. Japan
D. China 9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool
B. Chicken
C. Pork
D. Milk 10. Which of the following does paper burn in?
A. 2c o
B. 2N
C. 2O
D. 2H 11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much ______ here.
A. noise
B. voice
C. noisy
D. sounds 12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool
B. Pork
C. Mutton
D. Milk 13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift. --- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground
B. floor
C. place
D. room 14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing
B. Shanghai
C. Guangzhou
D. Kunming 15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.
A. the ship
B. the car
C. the plane
D. the train
冠词
重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）概说
1．冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词： 1）定冠词the 2）不定冠词a/an
定冠词the 通常读作[]，在元音前读作[i]，特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an 这个形式，读作[n]；在其他情况下则使用a ，读作[]。 2．冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an 与数词one 同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词单数前。 例如：She is a nurse. 她是个护士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife. 他是一位英国人，有一个爱尔兰妻子。
定冠词the ，与this 同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。
例如： That’s the book you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 Who’s the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁？ 但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。 例如： Put it on the table. 把它放在桌上。 Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。 3．特指和泛指
一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：
A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。（泛指）
Ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。（特指）
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：
1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如：She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。
2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some, any这类词。
例如：These are new words. 这些是生词。
She sent me some flowers. 她送给我一些花。
3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。
例如：It’s lovely weather. 天气真好。
Do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗？
Give us some help. 给我们一些帮助。
（二）不定冠词的基本用法
1．泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”）
例如：His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。
2．代表某一类人或事物，相当于any（+名词）（不必译为“一”，但必须用a，表示类别）
例如：A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
3．指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”）
例如：This book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。
4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）
例如：Wait a moment. 等一下。
5．表示单位，相当于“每”的意思
例如：We have three meals a day. 我们每日吃三餐。
6．用于某此固定词组中
例如： a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
（三）定冠词的基本用法
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
例如：Give me the book. 把那本书给我。
2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
例如：Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿？
3．再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
例如：I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home. 昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物
例如：The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前
例如：Mr Wang teaches the first class. 王先生上第一节课。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星中，太阳离地球最近。
6．用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物
例如：The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
7．与下列专有名词连用
1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
例如：the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人
例如：The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table. 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8．和某些形容词连用，表示一类人
例如：the old 老人the young 年轻人the rich 富人the poor 穷人the sick 病人the dead 死人9．在一些习惯说法中
the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right)
in the end go to the cinema
（四）不用冠词的几种情况
1．在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前
例如：Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你到过上海吗？We love science. 我们爱好科学。
2．在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前
例如：Girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。
3．在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前
例如：It is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有？
It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd. 今天是八月二十二日，星期三。
4．称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前
例如：What’s the matter with you, Mike? 怎么啦，迈克？He is headmaster of our school. 他是我们学校的校长。5．学科和球类运动的名称前
例如：We study English. 我们学习英语。Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗？
6．名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时，不用冠词
例如：That is her bike。那是她的自行车
Each student in his class studies hard. 这个班的每个学生都努力学习。
7．在某些固定词组的名词前
例如：at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“/”表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital? --- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择：
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习 A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 从早到晚A. from morning to the evening B. from morning to evening C. from a morning to an evening
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. /
B. the
C. a
D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. /
B. an
C. the
D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the
B. an, the
C. a, /
D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, /
B. an, a
C. a, /
D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story.
A. an, the
B. the, a.
C. /, an
D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a
B. an, an
C. an, a
D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an
B. The, a
C. The , the
D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an
B. one
C. a
D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a
B. an
C. /
D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a
B. a, the
C. a, an
D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a
B. the, the
C. a, the
D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The
B. an, The
C. an, An
D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the
B. /, the
C. /, a
D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a
B. A, /
C. A, the
D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the
B. a, the
C. the, the
D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a
B. The, a
C. The, the
D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. /
B. a
C. an
D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the
B. a, a
C. an, the
D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the
B. The, a
C. A, an
D. The, /
代词
一、本周内容概述
1．代词的作用
严格地讲，代词是代替名词的，在句子中起名词的作用，可用作：
1）主语
例如：
This is our new home.
这是我们的新家。
Who is on the phone?
谁在打电话？
2）宾语
例如：
Take good care of yourself.
多多保重。
We should help each other.
我们应互相帮助。
3）表语
例如：
That’s not mine.
那不是我的。
Who is it? —It’s me.
谁呀？—是我。
4）同位语
例如：
We both live in the dormitory.
我们两人都住宿舍。
He ate them all.
他把它们全吃了。
5）呼语
例如：
Be patient, everybody.
大家都耐心点。
2．代词的分类
代词通常可分为以下八类：
1）人称代词（I, you, he , we等）
2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等）
3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）4）相互代词（each other, one another）
5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等）
6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等）
7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose等）
8）不定代词（both, all, some, any等）
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）人称代词
1．人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格
数
格人称单数复数
主格宾语主格宾格
第一人称I 我me we 我们us 第二人称you 你you you 你们you
第三人称he 他
she 她
it 它
him
her
it
他们
they 她们
它们
them
2．人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
例如：
I am studying English now.
我现在正在学英语。
We love our country.
我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式you, he and I
复数形式we, you and they
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如：
Can you help us?
你能帮助我们吗？
We are waiting for them.
我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It’s me.
是谁呀？是我。
（二）物主代词
物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系，这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
2．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
例如：
My parents are both doctors.
我的父母都是医生。
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed.
我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语）
这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。
Let’s clean their room fi rst, and then clean ours. （宾语）
咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。
These letters are his.（表语）
这些信是他的。
（三）反身代词
反身代词用来表示反射或强调。
1．反身代词的形式
人称一二三
单数myself yourself himself herself itself
复数ourselves yourselves themselves
2．反身代词的用法
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如：
My grandmother is too old to look after herself.
我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。在这种情况下，反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后，也可以放到句末。
例如：
We ourselves will build the factory.
我们将自己建造这个工厂。
He spoke to me myself.
他对我本人说话。
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如：
by oneself 亲自for oneself 为自己
call oneself 称自己teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随意吃lose oneself 迷路
speak to oneself 自言自语seat oneself 就座
make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思
（四）指示代词
指示代词是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词，如：this, that, these, those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物，that和those则指较远的事物。
指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。
例如：
This is a difficult question.
这是个难题。
That basketball isn’t ours.
那个篮球不是我们的。
Do you like these?
你喜欢这些吗？
（五）不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。
1．不定代词有以下形式：
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one
2．不定代词在句子中的作用：
1）作主语
例如：
Everyone has come. Let’s begin.
大家都到了，我们开始吧。
Both of his parents are doctors.
他的父母都是医生。
One is the teacher, the others are students.
一人是老师，其余的是学生。
2）作宾语
例如：
This one is too small, please show me another.
这个太小，请另外拿一个给我看看。
Please introduce me to the others.
请把我介绍给所有其他的人。
3）作表语
例如：
That’s all for today.
今天就到这儿吧。
It’s too much for me.
这件事非我力所能及。
3．常见不定代词的用法讲解
1）some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如：
Some say yes and some say no.
有的人说是，有的人说不是。
I don’t like any of them.
我对他们一个也不喜欢。
Does any of them know this?
他们当中有谁知道吗？
b．如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答，或鼓励别人说yes时，疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。
例如：
Would you like some of the tickets?
你想要些票吗？
c．在强调“任何一个”意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如：
You can take any of the newspapers here.
你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。
2）either和neither
either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于两个个体的情况。
例如：
You can see tall trees on either of the river banks.
在河的两岸你们能看到高大的树。
Neither of them wants to see the film with me.
他们两个谁也不想和我去看电影。
3）one和ones（one的复数形式）
one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词，以避免用词的重复。当one指人时，其反身代词为oneself，所有格形式是one’s。
例如：
One should follow the laws.
人人应该遵守法律。
The one in red is our monitor.
穿红衣服的那位是我们的班长。
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.
上海有很多新的建筑物，也有不少老的建筑物。
4）复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数，表示“某人”或“某物”，并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。
例如：
We want somebody to help us.
我们想要有人来帮助我们。
Have you found anything here?
你们在这儿发现什么了吗？
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.
如果有人来访，就告诉他我们去电影院了。
表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加’s构成所有格。
例如：
Somebody’s wallet has just been stolen.
有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。
复合不定代词要求后置定语。
例如：
We will have something important to do this afternoon.
今天下午我们有些重要事情要做。
（六）疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
例如：
Who is your maths teacher?（表语）
谁是你们的数学老师？
Whose bag is that?（定语）
那是谁的书包？
Who teaches you English?（主语）
谁教你们英语？
Whom are you talking about?（宾语）
你们在谈论谁？
（七）相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，其形式如下表。
主格和宾格所有格
each other one another each other’s one another’s
在当代英语中，each other和one another意思上没有区别，它们在句中可以作宾语，其所有格可以作定语。（互相）
（彼此的）
例如：
Do you often help each other?
你们经常互相帮助吗？
We are interested in one another’s work.
我们对彼此的工作感兴趣。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 选择填空：
1．This dictionary is not hers. It’s _______.
A. I
B. me
C. mine
D. my
2. --- Is this ______ magazine? --- No, it isn’t. It’s ________.
A. your, her
B. hers, mine
C. yours, hers
D. your, hers
3. There are two books on the desk. One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.
A. others
B. other
C. the other
D. another
4. _______ of the girls plays tennis well.
A. Neither
B. Both
C. All
D. Some
5. Mary speaks very quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.
A. That
B. she
C. It
D. There
6. The school was built by the villagers _______.
A. us
B. ourselves
C. them
D. themselves
7. He put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it.
A. his
B. he
C. him
D. his’s
8. He is always ready to help ______.
A. another
B. others
C. the other
D. other
9. Let _______ do this exercise myself.
A. him
B. her
C. us
D. me
10. Have you _______ to tell us?
A. important something
B. something important
C. important anything
D. anything important
11. I met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home.
A. mine, my
B. my, the
C. mine, a
D. mine, the
12. ______ of the students in our class has a ticket.
A. Every
B. Both
C. Each
D. All
13. There are several books on the desk.. _____ of them is English.
A. All
B. Both
C. None
D. Neither
14. _______ live in Shanghai.
A. We
B. Our
C. Ours
D. Ourselves
15. --- Is this ______ jacket? --- Yes, it’s _______.
A. her, her
B. her, hers
C. hers, her
D. hers, hers
16. --- _______ is that boy? --- He’s my son.
A. Who
B. Whom
C. What
D. Which
17. _______ humans ______ animals can live without air.
A. Both, and
B. Neither, nor
C. Either, or
D. Not only, but also
18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, ______ are for the students.
A. the other
B. other
C. the others
D. others
19. My dictionary is in my bag. Where is _______?
A. yours
B. you
C. yourself
D. your
20. I think you can do the job ______.
A. yourself
B. myself
C. himself
D. your
21. --- Which jacket is Mary’s? --- The red one is _______.
A. she
B. her
C. hers
D. his
22. My uncle was so angry that he was no ______ when he found I was beating his dog.
A. him
B. his
C. himself
D. he
23. There are many trees on ______ side of the street.
A. all
B. both
C. every
D. each
24. _____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.
A. There
B. That
C. This
D. It
25. She can’t find ______ watch.
A. hers
B. it
C. her
D. it’s
26. There is ______ milk in the glass.
A. many
B. little
C. few
D. a few
27. Please pass ______ the cap of tea.
A. me
B. my
C. mine
D. I
28. Have you heard from ______ recently?
A. them
B. they
C. themselves
D. their
29. There is _____water in the bottle.
A. not
B. some
C. any
D. many
30. There isn’t ______ food left on the table.
A. many
B. few
C. much
D. little
31. Sorry, I can’t an swer your question. I know ______ about the news.
A. a little
B. little
C. few
D. a few
32. This is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk.
A. my
B. yours
C. your
D. you
33. We made the radio ______.
A. us
B. ourselves
C. myself
D. our
34. Would please give me ______ hot tea?
A. one
B. little
C. some
D. any
35. --- Would you like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
36. This question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
37. They have only _________ homework for Sunday.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
38. They told us about their school and we told them about_______.
A. we
https://www.doczj.com/doc/354476420.html,
C. our
D. ours
39. This blue suit looks better than the green ________.
A. /
B. one
C. suits
D. ones
40. _________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher?
A. How
B. Which
C. What
D. Who
四、随堂监测B组
II. 中考题集：
1．--- Whose painting is this? It’s really wonderfu l!
--- Oh, it’s not ________ . It’s _________ .
A. hers; your
B. mine; Elsa’s
C. yours; he’s
D. his; my
2．_________ of the twins went to watch Peking Opera last Sunday.
They were staying at home all that day.
A. Either
B. Both
C. Neither
D. One
3．The English novel is quite easy for you. There are __________ new words in it.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
4．This ruler is mine. __________ is over there.
A. She
B. She’s
C. Her
D. Hers
5．I’ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting.
A. many
B. some
C. a few
6．All the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest.
A. all
B. neither
C. any
D. none
7．Every day Mr. Hu checks _________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.
A. his
B. her
C. our
D. its
8．--- When shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight?
--- I don’t mind. _________ time is OK.
A. Either
B. Every
C. Neither
D. Both
9．The old man has two sons. One is a worker ; ________ is a teacher.
A. another
B. other
C. others
D. the other
10．Pass _________ the knife, please. My pencil is broken.
A. I
B. me
C. my
D. mine
11．--- Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke?
--- _________, thanks. I’d like just a cup of tea.
A. Either
B. Neither
C. Both
D. None
12．Bob couldn’t buy the dictiona ry because he had _________ money with him.
A. a few
B. few
C. a little
D. little
13．This is not my dictionary. It’s ________.
A. her
B. his
C. your
D. their
14．--- Oh! I came n a hurry and forgot to bring food.
--- Never mind. You can have _________ .
A. us
B. ours
C. you
D. yours
15．--- The watch is so nice! Is it for ________?
--- Yes. Happy birthday. Mary!
--- Thank you very much.
A. his
B. me
C. my
D. hers
16．--- May I use your pen?
--- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.
A. both
B. every
C. any
D. either
17．--- Whose book is this?
--- It’s ________ .
A. my
B. mine
C. me
D. I
18．--- How many more oranges can I have ?
--- You can have one more. __________ are for Tom.
A. The others
B. Another
C. Others
D. The other
19．--- Can I talk to you for a minute, Brain?
--- Sure, I have _______ time.
A. a few
B. little
C. few
D. a little
20．Their English teacher is from America, but ________ is from England.
A. ours
B. my
C. your
D. her
21．Anne has a son. _______ name is Edward.
A. Her
B. His
C. Hers
D. Him
22．This isn’t my sweater. It’s __________ , I think.
A. she
B. her
C. hers
D. mine
23．Hurry up! There’s _________ time left.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
24．--- Could I have some milk?
--- Certainly. There’s ________ in the bottle.
A. little
B. a little
C. a few
D. few
25．You can’t see many of the stars in the sky because __________ are too far away.
A. they
B. their
C. them
D. theirs
26．Lei Feng asked _________ for return when he helped others.
A. everything
B. nothing
C. anything
D. something
27．--- Is it your ticket?
--- No, _________ is in my pocket. It’s ________.
A. mine; her
B. my; his
C. mine; hers
D. my; hers
28．Can you tell me ________ she is waiting for?
A. why
B. whose
C. whom
D. which
29．Miss Brown will teach ________ English next term.
A. us
B. we
C. our
D. ours
30．There is _________ in today’s newspaper.
A. new anything
B. new something
C. anything new
D. something new
数词
一、本周内容概述
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）基数词
基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。
1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred
2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1，000，000 a million
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10，000，000 ten million
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100，000，000 a hundred million
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1，000，000，000 a billion
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten
说明：
1．13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。
2．20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。3．其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符“-”，再加个位数构成。如：81 eighty-one。4．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如：691 six hundred and ninety-one。5．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。
如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。
7．多位数的读法：
1）1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号“，”。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million 或a billion(十亿)。
2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如：
888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。
（二）、基数词的用法
1．基数词的复数形式表示大量的的数目。
在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。
例如：
two hundred students 二百个学生
five thousand years 五千年
2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的的数目，在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词词尾加-s，要与of短语连用。
3．基数词在句中的作用
基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。
例如：
Three and five is eight. 3+5=8
主语表语
How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？
I want eight. 我要八个。
宾语
There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。
定语
（三）序数词
表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。
请见下表：
第一到第十第十一到第十九第二十以上
first eleventh twentieth
second twelfth thirtieth
third thirteenth fortieth
fourth fourteenth fiftieth
fifth fifteenth sixtieth
sixth sixteenth seventieth
seventh seventeenth eightieth
eighth eighteenth ninetieth
ninth nineteenth hundredth
tenth thousandth
说明：
1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。
2．表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。
3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。
4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。
注意：
1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。
例如：
第一：(the) first=1 st
第二：(the) second=2 nd
第三：(the) third=3 rd
第五：(the) fifth=5th
第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th
第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st
2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。
课题语法5课型新授具体内容介词第课时2课时 教学目标1、掌握表示时间、地点等介词的用法与区别 2、能通过自己归纳总结与介词有关的法语规则 3、能灵活按照语法规则正确使用代词 教学重点掌握表示时间、地点等介词的用法等相关知识，并能灵活使用教学难点各用法相似的介词之间的区别 教学方法引导探究法 教具准备PPT 教学过程一、导入 1．介词大家都见过，随便说出几个介词（for, about, on, in, at…） 2. 那大家知道介词都有哪些用法？比如，有些介词放在表示时间的词前面，(at nine o’clock, on Monday)有的介词放在表示地点的词前面，(on the floor, in the wall)，那么今天具体来看一下介词的使用。 二、表示时间的介词 1、in; on; at 1)指长于或短于一天的时段用in，如in the afternoon， in February， in Summer， in 1999等 2) 指某天用on，如on Monday， on the end of November，指某天的早晚用on，如on Friday morning， on the afternoon of September lst 等。 3）表示时间点用at，如at four o’clock， at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at，如at that time， at Christmas等。 口诀：in年in月；on 日子；at放在时刻前。 2、since; from; for 1) since指从某是一直延续至今，后接时间点，主句用完成时。 He has live here since 1993. 2) from说明开始的时间，谓语可用过去、现在、将来的某种时态。 From now on, I will learn English in the mornings.
初中英语语法课教案设计 初中英语语法课教案设计 一、牛津版初中英语教材与人教版教材语法内容的异同 牛津版初中英语教材在内容上更加贴近现实生活，在语法知识上也有所改变，增加了间接引语这一知识点。这就要求老师要对教材 的语法知识进行深入地分析和研究，准确把握语法重点和难点，找 到最合适学生学习的方法，提升学生的英语语法学习兴趣，使学生 扎实掌握英语语法。 二、牛津版初中英语教材与人教版教材语法的具体差异 （一）牛津版教材更强调现在时语法 牛津版初中英语教材的“现在进行时”与“一般现在时”出现的先后顺序有所调整，而且没有“过去将来时”这一语法点。这一顺 序的调整不会对学生的学习产生较大影响，“过去将来时”可以在 学生学习“过去完成时”时提出。“现在进行时”与“一般现在时”主要是让学生掌握区分助动词形式：do/does/is/are；区分动词形式：read/reads/reading。 （二）牛津版教材被动语态出现较早 被动语态出现的时间比较早，学生比较难以理解，例如学生对“Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld.”这句话的理解就 容易产生困难。因此教师在教学时就要使学生回顾过去学过的几种 基本时态，通过基本时态反过来理解被动语态，这样就可以起到融 汇贯通的作用。 （三）牛津版教材新增间接引语语法 间接引语是牛津版英语教材中新增的内容，学生之前从来没有接触过，学生在学习时就会产生障碍，不容易理解。
“HeaskedmeifIhadanypaper.”这句话是如何体现间接引语的语法 特征的以及如何将直接引语转化为间接引语学生都是第一次接触， 教师在设计教案时要抓住宾语从句作为间接引语的教学重点。从宾 语从句入手，讲解间接引语的语法特点和直接引语转化为间接引语 的方法，深入浅出，这样就会使学生更容易理解间接引语的语法特点，及时掌握间接引语的转换方式，提升学生英语语法的基础水平。 三、语法课教案设计措施 教案是教师开展教学的重要手段，教案好坏直接关系到教学质量。合格的教案能最大程度地体现教师的教学水平，能够激发学生的学 习兴趣，使学生在短时间内有效地接受新知识。 （一）教案要有针对性 教师在设计教案时要有针对性。一是要针对学生的`学习特点和 身心发展的特点，掌握学生之间学习水平的差异，这样就可以合理 安排教学环节和教学进程。教师在设计教案时，要制定有层次性的 学习目标，设置不同难度的问题，根据学生的学习特点设置提问环节，使学生都能够在课堂上有所收获，能够体会到学习过程中的成 就感，激发学生的学习兴趣，提升语法教学质量。二是要针对教学 内容准确把握各类语法的重难点，将重点知识传授给学生，如在讲 间接引语时要着重讲解宾语从句的语法特点。这样就可以事半功倍，使学生更有针对性地开展学习活动，有助于提升学生的英语成绩。 （二）教案要有创新性 教师在设计教案时，要充分调动自身的能力，对教材内容进行深入剖析，对学生心理进行深入解读。初中阶段，学生的好奇心、好 胜心较强，教师在设计教案时要充分尊重学生的这些特点。不断创 新教学形式，开展合作学习和探究式学习，引导学生进入到教师创 设的教学情境中，激发学生的想象力和创造力，充分调动学生的积 极性。在教案中最好设计小组竞技教学活动内容，打破传统灌输式 教育模式，提升学生的学习兴趣，保证良好的教学效果。 教案中还要注意提问的技巧，提问要注重知识点的迁移，促使学生能够积极思考。例如在提问被动语态的特点时，学生可能不太了
初中英语语法练习12 牛津版 I、 Choose the best answer. (共26分) 1. Be careful when you go out. The streets ______ snow now. A. are made of B. are covered with C. are made up of D. are full of 2. ----I’m sorry I’ve broken your vase. -----: ______ A. with pleasure B. d on’t mind C. never mind D. don’t be sorry 3. The English story is quite easy for you. There are only ______ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 4. I’ll show you ______ our new housing estate when you finish your project. A. in B. to C. at D. around 5. They have to go over their lessons before nine o’clock, ______ ? A. haven’t they B. do they C. have they D. don’t they 6. A talk on science ______ in our school last Monday. A. gave B. gives C. was given D. is given 7. You will succeed in your work ______ you give up hope. A. unless B. if C. after D. until 8. He ______ from his newspaper as I entered the room. A. looked up B. looked at C. looked for D. looked out 9. Don’t talk to Simon like that. After all, he is only ______ o ne-year-old boy. A. a B. an C. the D. / 10. In my class, some students love music, ______ are fond of drawing. A. another B. the other C. the others D. others 11. My sister doesn’t like her new sweater. It makes her look rather ______ . A. fat B. nice C. fatter D. nicer 12. Unluckily, Mr. Brown drove so ______ that his car crashed into a tree yesterday evening. A. careful B. carefully C. careless D. carelessly 13. These days Sally ______ on a diet. She only eats two meals a day. A. was going B. has gone C. goes D. is going 14. Amy has no idea ______ spend her summer holidays. A. what she should B. when should she C. where she should D. that she should 15. ______ fun it is to have a picnic on such a sunny day! A. what a B. what an C. what D. how 16. ______ Peter finished his homework, he jumped onto his bike and rode to the beach. A. though B. until C. as soon as D. if 17．I’m afraid you have made _____mistakes in the test. Please be careful next time. A. a few B. much C. a little D. few 18．Since you are very tired, you ____finish the work today. A. don’t B. needn’t to C. not need D. needn’t 19. Usually children ____ good care of by their parents when they are at home. A. take B. are taking C. have taken D. are taken 20. This isn’t ____ Chinese textbook. I think it is ____.
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/354476420.html, 初中英语动词的过去式教学体会 作者：江文华 来源：《读与写·教师版》2018年第06期 摘要：本文主要以初中英语动词的过去式教学为重点进行分析，从增强课堂趣味性、采用小组合作教学法、合理布设问题、拓宽教学内容这四方面进行深入探索，其目的在于加强初中英语动词的过去式教学质量，为初中生日后学生更加深层次的英语知识点莫定基础。 关键词：学生参与；初中英语；语法课堂；动词的过去式 中图分类号：G634.41 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-1578（2018）06-0165-01 引言：受课程改革影响，为了确保初中英语动词过去式教学质量，需转变传统的教学方法，打破传统的教学模式，给予学生课堂主体地位，使学生从被动学习转变为主动学习，进而提升学生英语学习质量。因时代的不断进步，使社会发展对人才的需求发生了变化，从最初的专业型人才转变为了当前应用创新型人才，为了满足社会发展所需，初中英语教师需加大对学生创新能力与实践能力培养力度，以便促进学生日后全面发展。 1.增强课堂趣味性.吸引学生眼球 基于素质教育下，各学科教学需以学生为主，当然初中英语也不例外，初中英语教师需打破传统的教学理念与模式，使自身转变为课堂教学活动的主要引导者，对学生进行适当调拨，引导学生朝着正确的学习方向走。在英语语法知识进行讲解时，英语教师需将学生的主力军作用充分的发挥，有效引导学生参与到课堂教学活动中。教师可以采用竞赛的方式，来活跃课堂氛围，增强英语课堂的趣味性，激发学生学习兴趣。反之，若是英语教师将语法知识点直接灌输给学生，不但不会调动学生的学习兴趣，还会导致他们的思维得不到有效发散。当然，为了确保英语知识讲解的丰富性，博取学生眼球，初中英语教师需要同自身实际教学经验总结出多样性的趣味教学法。例如，在教授苏教版动词过去式这一语法知识时，在具体教学中，初中英语教师可以引导学生以一条龙为主要学习形式。应用一句话来阐述自己上周日所做的事情。初中英语教师可以如此引导同学：Students，you use a word to describe what you did last Sunday，besure to apply the past tense.此外，当同学们在阐述过程中，应用教师需要将学生所阐述的句子写到黑板上，为学生后期总结奠定基础。若是学生在描述过程中存在语法错误，教师需要及时纠正，如学生所说的I go skiing with my mom and dad last Sunday，教师需要告诉学生应将go换成went，因为是过去式。 2.采用小组合作教学法，加强学生学习兴趣 初中阶段的英语主要以基础知识为主，需要记忆的东西比较多，所含有的知识体系较繁杂，所以在整体教学中，英语教师需注重培养学生学习兴趣，以激发学生探究与学习的欲望。
初中英语语法大全 名词 （一）概述 名词就是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词就是万物之名称。它们可以就是: 人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary 行为名称study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar (二)普通名词与专有名词 1.普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词,都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型: 1)个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物,例如: He has two aunts、她有两个姑姑。 Most classrooms have computers、多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西,例如: We’ve lived here for twenty years、我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式,如:weeks, problems;单数形式可以与a/an连用,如:a week, a problem, an old man、 2)集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,下面就是一些常见的集体名词: family(家,家庭) army(军队) company(公司;全体船员) enemy(敌人) government(政府) group(小组,团体) public(公众) team(队;组) police(警方) 集体名词有时作单数瞧待,有时作复数瞧待。一般说来,视为整体时作单数瞧待,想到它的成员时作复 有的集体名词通常用作单数,例如: Our company is sending him to work in Berlin、我们公司将派她去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数瞧待。例如: The police are looking for him、警察正在找她。 3)物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西,我们学过的常见的物质名词有: beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。 一般说来,物质名词就是不可数折,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况: a.有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”,“一杯”: Tree beers, please、请来三杯啤酒。 A chocolate ice-cream for me、给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。 b.有此物质名词可作可数名词,表示“一种”:
补充： 1.句子的构成 初中一年级上语法 1.in,on,at表示时间的应用 in +parts of day(evening,morning,etc) /month/season/year on + day (Sunday, etc)/date(1 July,etc)/parts of a special day( Sunday morning)/special holidays(Children’s Day) at + time of day (seven o’clock)/ age(6 years old) 2.频率副词 never, seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always 3.疑问副词的用法 what,which,who,whose,when,why,how 4.可数名词与不可数名词 5.some和any的用法 6.There be句型 7.现在进行时及动词+ing的用法 初中一年级下语法 1.序数词与基数词 2.一般将来时：will与shall、be going to 3.名词所有格 名字+’s，mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its 4.冠词a,an, the的用法 5.表示方位的介词 In front of, behind,inside,outside,above,below,over,under 6.一般过去式及过去分词+ed的用法 7.can,could,may的用法 8.What 和How开头的感叹句 9形容词的用法，在句子中的位置 10.不定代词的用法 Somebody, someone, something Anybody, anyone, anything Nobody, no one, nothing Everybody, everyone, everthing 初中二年级上语法 1.比较级、最高级的用法 than作为比较级、the+最高级的用法 +er 及+est 的用法，most+形容词表示最高级 2. more…than, fewer….than,less..than, the most, the fewest, the least的用法 3. as…as的用法 4.反身代词的用法 Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 5.祈使句的用法
1 / 4 初中英语语法练习（十二） I、Choose the best answer. (共26分) 1. Be careful when you go out. The streets ______ snow now. A. are made of B. are covered with C. are made up ofD. are full of 2. ----I'm sorry I've broken your vase.-----: ______ A. with pleasure B. don't mind C. never mind D. don't be sorry 3. The English story is quite easy for you. There are only ______ new words in it. A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few 4. I'll show you ______ our new housing estate when you finish your project. A. inB. toC. atD. around 5. They have to go over their lessons before nine o'clock, ______ ? A. haven't they B. do they C. have they D. don't they 6. A talk on science ______ in our school last Monday. A. gave B. givesC. was givenD. is given 7. You will succeed in your work ______ you give up hope. A. unlessB. ifC. afterD. until 8. He ______ from his newspaper as I entered the room. A. looked upB. looked atC. looked forD. looked out 9. Don't talk to Simon like that. After all, he is only ______ one-year-old boy.A. aB. anC. theD. / 10. In my class, some students love music, ______ are fond of
苏教版初中英语语法 (2012-10-05 10:03:32) 转载▼ 标签： 杂谈 中考复习系列一词汇 一、中考对词汇的考查主要集中在以下几个方面： 1、能正确拼写大纲词汇表中的常用单词； 2、掌握大纲词汇表中所列全部单词的词文，并了解其词类（词性）； 3、了解构词法的基本知识，并根据此知识判断常用词的合成词与派生词的词义和词类，例如：drive – driver, use – useful； 4、正确理解现行教材课文中出现过的短语与习语；正确使用及辨析其中比较常见的短语和习语； 5、理解词类转化，例如：water (n.) – water (v.) 二、词汇考查点分项说明： 1、掌握大纲词汇表，了解词类 1）大纲词汇表中所列的词汇基本上为1至6册课本中所列的四会单词（即书后单词表中不带任何符号的单词）。要求同学们把所列单词的词义完全掌握。在此基础上，了解其词类（词性）。尤其注意要在情景中运用该词，而不是孤立地去记忆某个单词。 2）针对大纲词汇表中的常用单词，一定要能做到正确拼写。该项知识常以单词拼写的形式来考查学生，但一般无难题，基本属于送分题。出题范围主要是大纲中的一、二级词汇，也有可能出现非大纲词汇，但一般为常用词汇，尽管不在大纲中出现，却通常在课文中出现过。 请看以下几道例题： 1. Shanghai is a large c t in China. 2. Adam often helps me a lot. He is my best f nd. 3. I can’t carry the box. It’s too h v . 4. The man is very poor. He had no m n to buy food. 5. ---How often do you play football? --- Tw a week. 6. My grandparents like growing flowers. They w t the flowers everyday. 7. Summer is the hottest s son in the year. 8. --- Can you sp the word? --- Yes. T-A-B-L-E, table. 9. He was so excited that he coul dn’t f l asleep last night. 10. Everyone had a good time at the party. It was a p_ _ _ s _ _ _ evening. ( Key 1. city 2. friend 3. heavy 4. money 5. twice 6. water 7. season 8. spell 9. fall 10. pleasant ) 3）了解英文的词类： 英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。共有十类：名词、代词、数词、冠词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词、感叹词。 词类英语名称（简称）意义例词
宾语从句教学设计 一、导入 1.复习什么是宾语。动词/介词后面的名词就是宾语。 I play basketball. We are talking about our homework.. 2.宾语从句就是在宾语的位置上放一个完整的句子。 3.I love that I can earn some coupons. 板书：He knows me. He knows what’s wrong with his wife. 说出2个句子的宾语。 说出2个句子的宾语是词（词组）还是句子。 第一个句子的宾语是一个词构成的，第二个句子的宾语是一个句子，我们称这种做宾语的句子叫宾语从句。在句子中充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。其中he knows 叫主句，what’s wrong with him是从句。 说出下面4个句子的主句和从句。 A．He said that he had a very good journey home. B．He asked if /whether they had come. C．He told me that the earth goes around the sun. D．He asked me how he could get to the nearest post office. 总结：。。是主句，剩下的是由that，if，how引导的宾语从句。 初步认识了宾语从句，下面我们开始了解宾语从句的三要素 引导词（连接词） 语序 时态 1)从属连词that引导陈述句宾语从句，在口语或者非正式语中可以被省略 比如上面四句话中的A,C就是that引导的陈述句的宾语从句。如果省略掉that，该如何修改。（让学生口头修改） A．He said that he had a very good journey home. C．He told me that the earth goes around the sun. 2）由从属连词whether, if 引导一般疑问句的宾语从句，表示“是否”，比如上面的B就是由if引导的宾语从
第3单元数词 （一）基数词 1、1～100的构成 2、3位数构成，例如234 读作：two hundred and thirty-four 3、hundred, thousand, million表示确切数目不加 如：three hundred people,但表示不确切数字时应加s,如thousands of stars 4、千位以上的数，从个位向左数，每三位加一个“，”，第一个逗号前为thousand,第二个逗号前为million,第三个逗号前为billion,如7,543，812，应为seven million, five hundred and forty-three thousand, eight hundred and twelve.注意在百位数和十位数之间要用and连接。（二）序数词 1、序数词构成注意first, second, third, fifth, ninth, twentieth, twenty-first, etc.的特殊形式。 2、序数词用于句中，它之前需加the,但有时用不定冠词a(an)表示“再一，又一”如 When I sit down, a third man came in. （三）分数 基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。 6 ,5/9 six and five ninths （四）时刻表达法 2∶25，two twenty-five or twenty-3∶40，three forty or twenty to four （五）日期表达法 2002年5月20日 注意：带有数词的名词作定语时，一般用单数形式 a seven-year-- a five-pound note （六）倍数表示法 A. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。 『例』I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。 B. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…）of…。 『例』The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 C. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。 『例』The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
补充：1.句子的构成 初中一年级上语法 ,on,at表示时间的应用 in +parts of day(evening,morning,etc) /month/season/year on + day (Sunday, etc)/date(1 July,etc)/parts of a special day( Sunday morning)/special holidays(Children’s Day) at + time of day (seven o’clock)/ age(6 years old) 2.频率副词 never, seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always 3.疑问副词的用法 what,which,who,whose,when,why,how 4.可数名词与不可数名词 和any的用法 be句型 7.现在进行时及动词+ing的用法 初中一年级下语法 1.序数词与基数词 2.一般将来时：will与shall、be going to 3.名词所有格 名字+’s，mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its 4.冠词a,an, the的用法 5.表示方位的介词 In front of, behind,inside,outside,above,below,over,under 6.一般过去式及过去分词+ed的用法 ,could,may的用法 和How开头的感叹句 9形容词的用法，在句子中的位置 10.不定代词的用法 Somebody, someone, something Anybody, anyone, anything Nobody, no one, nothing Everybody, everyone, everthing 初中二年级上语法 1.比较级、最高级的用法 than作为比较级、the+最高级的用法 +er 及+est 的用法，most+形容词表示最高级 2. more…than, fewer….than,less..than, the most, the fewest, the least的用法 3. as…as的用法 4.反身代词的用法 Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 5.祈使句的用法 肯定：Open the door.
初中英语语法教学教案 教学思路: 本节课我教的是情态动词can和could作“能力”解时的区别。这节课我打算通过复习以前学过的情态动词can的用法，以及通过做游戏，让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中掌握can的用法，以及了解can和could的区别。 一、Teaching Content: Topic:Unit5Can you play the guitar? Grammar：Using “can”/“could”to talk about ability 二、Teaching Aims: https://www.doczj.com/doc/354476420.html,e can talk about the ability at present. https://www.doczj.com/doc/354476420.html,e could talk about ability in the past. 三、Teaching Key and D ifficult Points: H ow to use “can”and “could”to express ability in the present and past. 四、Teaching Methods: Task-Based Language Teaching Method 五、Teaching Procedures: Step 1：Warming up Task 1: Revision T: What can you do now? S1: I can sing. S2: I can draw S3: I can dance. T: Can you ride a bike / swim / fly a kite / play football / play chess? Ss:Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. Task 2: Playing a game T: Now let us play a game.Five students come to the front and perform fo r t h e class according to myinstructions.andgestures.Theothers answer my questio ns. T : What can she do? Ss : She can ride a bike /swim/ fly a kite/ play football / play chess . T: Can she swim/ fly a kite/play football /play chess. Ss: Yes ,She can? No, she can’t. T: Say the whole sentences: eg: Acan ride a bike. He can’t/ cannot swim. Step2:Presentation T: Can you ride a bike now? S1:Yes. I can T:Couldyou ride a bike five years ago ? Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t ( Help him answer) S1:Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t. T: we can use “could”t talk about the past .e.gI can play computer now .But, last year I couldn’t play.
名词 （一） 概述 名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字 Li Ming, Tom 地方名称 China, London 职业称呼 teacher, doctor 物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念 history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： He has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。 Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如： We’ve live d here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an 连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词： family （家，家庭） army （军队） company （公司；全体船员） enemy （敌人） government （政府） group （小组，团体） public （公众） team （队；组） police （警方） 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待： 例如： 有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如： Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 我们公司将派他去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如： The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。 3）物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有： beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool 等。 一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： a ．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”： Tree beers, please. 请来三杯啤酒。 A chocolate ice-cream for me. 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。 b ．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”： It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。 It was a delicious wine. 那是一种美味的红酒。 作单数看待 作复数看待 His family isn't large. 他家人不多。 The government is planning to build a dam here. 政府打算在这里建一座水坝。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公众支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers. 他家的人都喜欢音乐。 The government are discussing the plan. 政府在讨论这个计划。 The public were deceived by the newspaper. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
《体育基本理论教程》复习范围 名词解释 1、人文体育观其核心就是要主动表现体育对人类生存意义及价值的终极关切，回到以人为本的体育世界。P62 2、科学体育观，就是对于体育的科学精神、科学认识、科学思维和科学态度的总称P73健康：不但没有身体的缺陷和疾病，还要有完整的生理、心理状态和社会适应能力。P78 3、体育的本质：第一，从人与自然、人与社会之间的关系看，体育不过是人们为适应自然环境和社会需要而自觉改造自我身心的行为；第二，从主体与客体、动机与效果的关系来看，体育的主体与客体（对象）、动机与效果都统一于人的自身；第三，从内容和形式来看，体育的基本内容和基本形式都统一于称作身体练习的人的自身运动。P34体育是人类为适应自然和社会，以身体练习为基本手段而自觉的改善自我身心和开发自身潜能的社会实践活动，其本质的特点就是以身体练为手段，增强体质、促进人的全面发展，为社会发展服务：它在社会发展过程中，受一定的政治、经济制约，并为一定的政治、经济服务。 4、体育活动，举凡各种体育的实践形式、实施方式，以及体育过程中的各种相关活动，均可统称为体育活动。P36 5、体育事业是指一个国家或一定地域内各种体育实践、体育工作和体育资源的总和P36 6、体育文化：大而言之它可指体育运动本身所蕴涵的，围绕体育运动所形成的一切物质文明与精神文明的总和；小而言之它又可指体育运动某一方面的文明因素。P37 7、体育理念是在体育价值观的基础上，对体育理论化系统化综合化的认识或观念P54 8、体育精神是体育的整体面貌、水平、特色及凝聚力、感染力和号召力的反映，是体育的理念、信念、情操及体育知识、体育道德、体育审美水平的标志，是体育的支柱和灵魂。P56 9、体育教育即狭义的体育，俗称“小体育”它是教育的组成部分，是通过身体活动和其他一些辅助性手段进行的有目的、有计划、有组织的教育过程。P86 10、学校体育是教育的组成部分,是全面发展身体,增强体质,传授体育知识、技能,提高运动技术水平,培养道德和意志品质的有目的、有计划、有组织的教育
苏教版译林牛津初中英语语法总结(初一初二) 1、句子的构成初中一年级上语法 1、in,on,at表示时间的应用in +parts of day(evening,morning,etc) /month/season/yearon + day (Sunday, etc)/date(1 July,etc)/parts of a special day( Sunday morning)/special holidays(Children’s Day)at + time of day (seven o’clock)/ age(6 years old) 2、频率副词never, seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always 3、疑问副词的用法what,which,who,whose,when,why,how 4、可数名词与不可数名词 5、some和any的用法 6、There be句型 7、现在进行时及动词+ing的用法初中一年级下语法 1、序数词与基数词 2、一般将来时：will与shall、be going to 3、名词所有格名字+’s， mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its 4、冠词 a,an, the的用法
5、表示方位的介词In front of, behind,inside,outside,above,below,over,under 6、一般过去式及过去分词+ed的用法 7、can,could,may的用法 8、What 和 How开头的感叹句9形容词的用法，在句子中的 位置 10、不定代词的用法Somebody, someone, somethingAnybody, anyone, anythingNobody, no one, nothingEverybody, everyone, everthing初中二年级上语法 1、比较级、最高级的用法than作为比较级、the+最高级的 用法+er 及+est 的用法，most+形容词表示最高级 2、more…than, fewer…、than,less、、than, the most, the fewest, the least的用法 3、as…as的用法 4、反身代词的用法Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 5、祈使句的用法肯定：Open the door、否定：Don’t close the window、礼貌些：Please…、6、表示建议 should和had better的用法 7、may来表示可能性的用法（区别初一下7，may作为询问语气的用法） 8、不定式用法