中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试试题
Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)
(略）
客观题部分
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Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)
Part A (5 points)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.
Example:
She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.
A. previously
B. virtually
C. primarily
D. domestically
T he sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”
Therefore, you should choose D.
Sample Answer
［A］［B］［C］［D］
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.
A. obsolete
B. aggressive
C. harmonious
D. amiable
2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.
A. dilemmas
B. countenances
C. concessions
D. junctions
3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.
A. strive
B. ascertain
C. justify
D. adhere
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.
A. conservation
B. maintenance
C. storage
D. reserve
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.
A. soared
B. mutated
C. plummeted
D. fluctuated
6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.
A. genius
B. virus
C. disease
D. bacteria
7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.
A. negligent
B. edible
C. fabulous
D. disproportionate
8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.
A. reconciled
B. consolidated
C. deteriorated
D. attributed
9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.
A. passed on
B. passed up
C. passed by
D. passed out
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.
A. paradoxes
B. legacies
C. platitudes
D. analogies
Part B (5 points )
Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.
Example:
The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.
A. careful
B. industrious
C. clever
D. capable
In this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.
Sample Answer
［A］［B］［C］［D］
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.
A. depict
B. advocate
C. criticize
D. analyze
12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.
A. confirm
B. achieve
C. match
D. exaggerate
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminent
B. recyclable
C. smelly
D. poisonous
14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.
A. allies
B. delegates
C. voters
D. juries
15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.
A. frightening
B. promising
C. freezing
D. revealing
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.
A. secret plan
B. bold attack
C. clever design
D. joint effort
17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.
A. trustworthy
B. intelligent
C. diligent
D. meticulous
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or
wanton violence against civilians in the region.
A. intriguing
B. exasperating
C. demonstrative
D. unprovoked
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.
A. illegal
B. night-time
C. brutal
D. abusive
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight.
A. mercurial
B. gallant
C. ardent
D. frugal
ⅢCloze (10 points )
Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Y ahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Y ahoo, David Filo and Jerry Y ang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Y ahoo.
During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Y ahoo is __33__ to stand for “Y et Another Hierarchical Officious Ora le”, but Filo and Y ang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Y ahoo itself first __35__ on Y ang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.
In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Y ang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Y ahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.
21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend
22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned
23. A. in B. on C. about D. for
24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record
25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported
26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable
27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted
28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate
29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly
30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted
31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually
32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored
33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed
34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand
35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched
36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked
37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath
38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden
39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal
40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. contains
ⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)
Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.
Passage 1
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.
One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Y oung children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.
The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.
Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.
The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the
students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.
41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. inform
B. persuade
C. debate
D. narrate
42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.
A. educating students
B. altering bad habits
C. avoiding undesired action
D. forming good hobbies
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?
A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?
A. The threshold method.
B. The fatigue method.
C. The incompatible response method.
D. The punishment method.
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted
B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneously
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response
Passage 2
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into
foreign markets with embarrassing results.
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.
General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.
When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wond er customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.
Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.
When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.
For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.
Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.
The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to re duce the possibility of blunders.
The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.
In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.
46. The best title of this passage might be ______.
A. Culture Is V ery Important in Advertising
B. A void Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations
C. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different Countries
D. Advertisements Reflect V arious Life Styles
47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?
A. hesitation
B. mistake
C. stutter
D. default
48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?
A. Cultural shocks
B. Faulty translations
C. A void cultural oversights
D. Prevent blunders
49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.
A. an animal used in perfume for its smell
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals
D. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals
50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target language
B. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders
C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes
D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries
Passage 3
It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.
Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.
The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an inte llectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.
These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.
Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industr y. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.
51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.
A. promotion depends on amiability
B. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to level
C. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinates
D. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry
52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.
A. hallucination exercise
B. physical exercise
C. meditation exercise
D. entertainment
53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.
A. there are too many aggressive executives
B. individual talent is not essential for a company
C. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-hunting
D. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks
54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.
A. they can conduct their business
B. they can indulge themselves
C. they can cultivate their mind
D. they can exercise as well as socialize
55. What is NOT true according to the article?
A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.
B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.
C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.
D. Executives are careful of what they eat.
Passage 4
In November 1970 Y ukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his word s, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.
In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of sepp uku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays,
many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.
Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.
56. The article implies that ______.
A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was young
B. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer
C. Mishima is a person who is hard to define
D. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer
57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.
A. to capture the commanding general
B. to urge the government to declare a war against America
C. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional government
D. to force the Emperor to give up the throne
58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.
A. was well received by the soldiers
B. was laughed at by the soldiers
C. impressed the commanding general
D. left a deep impression to the soldiers
59. What is true according to article
A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.
B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt.
C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.
D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.
60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.
A. written “Patriotism,” one of hi s most powerful stories
B. written eighty short stories
C. published “A Forest in Flower”
D. published “Confession of a Mask”
主观题部分
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ⅤT ranslation (20 points)
Part A. (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.
One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action
could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.
Part B. (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.
中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。
ⅥWriting (20 points)
Directions: Writ e an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “My Understanding of Globalization”. Y our essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.
参考答案
Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)
(略)
Ⅱ V ocabulary (10 points)
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. B 10. B
11. A12. C 13. D 14. C 15. A16. A17. D 18. D 19. B 20. C
ⅢCloze (10 points)
21. B 22. D 23. A24. C 25. B 26. A27. D 28. B 29. B 30. C
31. B 32. D 33. D 34. C 35. B 36. B 37. A38. A39. B 40. A
ⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)
Passage 1 41. A42. B43. D 44. C 45. C
Passage 2 46. A47. B 48. B 49. C 50. C
Passage 3 51. D 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. C
Passage 4 56. C 57. C 58. B 59. B 60. D
ⅤTranslation (20 points)
参考译文
既然投机有很大的带来损失的风险，我们可能要问为什么还会允许进行投机呢。根本原因在于投机能在经济发展中发挥有益的功能。由于相信价格会上涨从而买商品或期货加快了市场均衡，并能鼓励更多的供应商更快地进入市场。如果价格变化滞后到商品短缺真正出现时才发生，那么价格波动很可能更为剧烈、突然。采取补救措施增加供应将刻不容缓。类似的，如果投机者预见到某商品将过剩，他们就会卖出期货，这样做有助于在过剩真正发生之前在一定程度上降低价格。而当投机者预见到将会出现短缺的时候，就会哄抬物价，这样做也有助于保存当前的供给。物价上涨时，商品购买量就会变少，因为价格上涨将促使消费者节约。同样的，物价下跌将促使消费者增加购买，这样就有助于将正在增加的过剩商品出售出去。
参考译文
China has developed into a big, extremely attractive and realistic market in the global context. Many farsighted entrepreneurs from countries and regions all over the world have pa id their attention to China and got generous profits in return from their investment activities. I believe that, after China's entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investment activities in China and lager space for their own development. The investment activities in China will surely serve as a bridge connecting entrepreneurs from all the countries and regions in the world and the Chinese market, and promote the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world.
ⅥWriting (20 points)
2016人大经济学院国民经济学专业考博真题参考书 一、人大经济学院国民经济学专业考博真题（育明考博课程中心独家） 2012年人大国民经济学专业考博专业一“经济理论”真题 一、宏观经济学部分 1、什么是资本黄金水平？如何判断一国资本处在大于或小于资本黄金水平？中国资本积累过高，我国采取哪些来影响资本积累过高？ 2、“流动性陷阱”约束下的货币扩张性影响？ 3、新古典经济学（NEC）怎样说明政策的无效性？ 二、政治经济学部分 1.资本论中的经济危机理论 2.为什么说资本主义生产过程是劳动过程和价值增值过程的统一 3.什么是平均利润。其形成机制是什么，对超额利润的影响 三、微观经济学部分 1.根据效用函数求支出函数和希克斯需求曲线 2.一个实证分析关于酒精饮料的需求价格弹性对它征税相关的酒精饮料为什么理论上需求弹性低。为什么库克的回归结果弹性是-1.8。对它征税有没有用应该用什么政策。 人大经济学院历年考博真题、考试信息、辅导课程咨询育明考博陈老师扣扣：547063862 2013年人大国民经济学专业考博专业一“经济理论”真题 一、宏观经济学部分（30分） 1、从哈罗德多马模型到索罗模型到新增长理论的现代经济增长理论的发展，现代经济增长理论的发展趋向是什么？ 2、货币和通货膨胀的关系，凯恩斯和货币主义有什么不同，为什么有这样的不同 二、政治经济学部分（40分） 1、如何理解资本主义生产是劳动过程和价值增值的统一 2、什么是平均利润，平均利润的形成机制对超额利润的影响 3、（略） 三、微观经济学部分（30分） 1、给出一个效用函数(柯布-道格拉斯型)，求希克斯需求函数和支出函数， 2、需求价格弹性，学者们原来以为酒精饮料的需求价格弹性低，但调查发现，酒精饮料的需求价格弹性为-1.8，1、问酒精的价格弹性为什么高，其属于什么产品。2、如果酒精的需求价格弹性低，
我的2019人大经济学考博经验，人大初试复试难度详解！ 2018-2019年的考博之路已经告一段落，自己成功考上了中国人民大学经济学院政治经济学专业的博士。记得自己是从2018年十一长假之后正式开始了我的复习考博历程，现总结人大考博札记，供日后考博人大的学弟学妹们参考。 首先说明一点，人大很公平。自己没有老师推荐，是自行联系导师，没有人脉没有关系，完全靠自己考上了人大的博士。因为本人参加了不止人大这一个学校的考试，相比其他省市的其他学校而言，人大是比较公平的。如果你的初试是第一名，人大是一定会要你的（除非有很明显的缺陷），人大非常重视初试排名，所以你的一切努力重点都应该放在初试上。 一、关于联系导师及注意事项 每个博士生导师手里的名额很有限，所以报考博士前必须先跟你要报考的老师联系，看他手里是否还有名额，一般来说导师不想要你他是不会让你报名的，事先给导师打个电话或发个E-mail（网站上一般都会有联系地址），介绍一下你
的情况。特别是你硕士阶段研究的方向和取得的成绩，并表示你愿意成为他的学生并努力学术。 首先，建议第一封e-mail主要内容是关于个人介绍：年龄、求学经历、学术成果、工作经历等，主要目的就是让导师通过这封e-mail对一个陌生的同学能够有个全面的认识和了解。 把第一印象做好，为以后的进一步联系作准备。其次，关于信的内容可以简要的谈谈自己对未来所报考导师，实验室和课题的了解和理解，让导师能够真实的感受到你的诚心、信心和决心。再次，主要是表达一下自己报考的强烈愿望，因为大家也知道好多同学联系了很多的导师和学校，最后报考的也是其中的很少几个。 联系博导需注意以下几点： 1.要了解他的基本学术观点和学术著作。以免导师提起他的著作时，我们一无所知。尽量多了解他的论著，也为以后的考试做打算。 2.多种联系方式并用。比如说第一次打电话老师记住你的名字了，第二次很可能就忘了。那我觉得还可以写e-mail，还可以写写信，传统的联系方式或许更能打动导师
2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 客观题部分 请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！ II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria 7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools. A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived. A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.
经济学全（共67题）经济学：（2003） 简答题： 1.需求弹性的种类与特征 2.从理论上阐述菲利普曲线的形状 3.劳动供给曲线向后弯曲的原因 4.交易费用假说关于企业成因的解释 论述题： 1.从收益成本角度分析厂商盈亏平衡点与停止生产点的决定 2.哈罗德多马模型的基础、内容、主要贡献以及不足 3.公平与效率之间的关系以及如何看待我国的实际情况 经济学：（2004） 简答题： 1.影响长期成本曲线的因素 理论 3.理性预期学派的理论价值 4.评论博弈论中的合作博弈和非合作博弈 论述题： 1.外部性的产生与对策 种消费理论的述评 3.用新贸易理论解释产业内贸易问题 经济学：（2005） 简答题： 1.用拐折的需求曲线分析价格刚性 2.举例说明公共物品的特征 3.什么是企业的收支相抵点和停止营业点 4.成本推动型通货膨胀与需求拉动型通货膨胀有何区别 论述题： 1.论述AS-AD模型的内容及其政策含义
2.完全垄断、完全竞争与垄断竞争市场的长期均衡有哪些异同点，为什么说完全竞争市场能实现资源的有效配置，而完全垄断造成资源的损失 3.论述新制度经济学的贡献及其对当代中国的政策含义 2006年 简答 1.试述马克思失业理论的主要内容 2.作图说明垄断企业的产品价格和产量决定 3.实际利率变动如何影响消费者决策 4.外部性为什么会导致竞争市场上的资源配置效率偏离帕累托最优状态 论述 1.试用AD-AS分析说明人民币升值对我国宏观经济影响 2.厂商最佳要素组合及其条件 3.论马歇尔新古典经济学主要内容 2007年 简答： 1．按照凯恩斯主义的观点，经济能否自动实现均衡请说出理由。 2．简述国际收支的吸收分析法。 3．图形分析垄断造成的效率损失。 4．图形分析商品价格变化的收入效应和替代效应。 论述： 1．图形说明财政政策“挤出效应”，并分析其政策含义。 2．有哪些原因导致市场在实现帕累托最优上的缺陷。 3．论述制度与经济增长的关系。 经济学：2008年考博试题： 一、简答题 1．序数效用论和基数效用论的区别； 2．最佳排污点，用图形说明； 3．流动性陷阱及其理论意义； 4．经济剩余包括哪些内容； 5．简述替代效应和收入效应。
中国人民大学考博英语真题常见名词单复数名词(Noun)： 博士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 一、名词的单复数 (一)不可数名词 a little/some/much/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of (lots of)/plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词 例句：The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in15th century. (1995年第14题) 分析：该句是复合句，其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构，进一步解释说明one man;who lived...是非限制性定语从句，解释说明Prince Henry。 译文：葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉，此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。 例句：If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through
清华大学考博历年真题常用词汇集锦 EM-,EN-,IM-,IN-in,upon 进入,在上 字首em,en,im,in是英文重要的构词成分.共有四种拼法,em与en 源自希腊文的副词与介系词,im与in来自拉丁文的介系词,有in,within,upon之意.所接的字根第一个音,若是p,b,m三个双唇音之一,则拼作em或im,以双唇音接双唇音,方便发音,如embargo n.[禁止入港],empirical a.[经验上的],impart v.[传授,告知]等字均是.字根的第一个音若不在双唇音之列,则拼成en或in,如enamor v.[迷住],incise v.[切开,雕]等等. embargo禁止入港,禁止,阻碍 embark乘船;从事,著手 embarrass使困窘,使局促不安 embed嵌入,深植 embellish美化,装饰 emblem象徵,徽章 embody具体表现,编入 embrace拥抱,包含,接受 embroil使混乱 empathy共感,神入 emphasize强调 empirical实验上的 employ雇用,利用,使用 empower授权与 enact演出 enamor迷住 encase纳入套内,纳入箱内 enchant使迷住,迷惑 enclave被包领土 enclose围绕 encompass包围 encounter邂逅,遭遇 encourage鼓励,激励 encroach侵占,侵入 endeavor努力 endemic某地特有的
endorse背书;赞同 endow赋与 endure忍受,忍耐,持久 energy精力,活力 enfold围绕,笼罩,包封 enforce加强,力劝,迫使 engage从事,忙於 engender酿成,产生 engrave刻,铭记(於心) enhance增加,提高 enjoin命令,禁止 enjoy欢喜,享受 enlist服役,从军 enrage激怒,使暴怒 enrapture使狂喜 enrich使丰富,充实,装饰 enroll入学,登记,入伍 enshrine奉祀於庙堂中,奉为神圣enshroud覆盖,遮蔽 enslave奴役 ensnare诱入陷阱 ensure保证 entangle使困惑,使陷入 enthrall迷住 entice吸引,引诱 entitle给与名称,使有资格,使有权利entrance使出神,使神魂颠倒 entreat恳求 entrench挖壕沟以保护,确立 entrust交托 envelop包围,围绕 environment环境 environs周围,郊外 envisage想像,设想 envision拟想(未来) envoy使者
中国人民大学博士入学考试考博试题真题 II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages
patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately ____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking < 9 in level lowest its to month, .last points 15> < D. plummeted C. mutated B. soared A.> < computers files destroyed that computer___ a is Melissa> < the around users of thousands frustrated> < disease vires genius < competition> < fabulous edible negligent >
人大考博英语汉译英专项练习（1-10，含详解） 专项练习1 科技是人类文明进步的动力源泉。古老的中国，曾在世界科技史上占有重要地位。今天的中国人民，不仅与全世界共享科技文明的成果，也在各个领域推动世界科技的进步。科技奥运将反映科技最新进展，集成全国科技创新成果，推出一届高科技含量的体育盛会；提高北京科技创新能力，推进高新技术成果的产业化及其在人民生活中的广泛应用，使北京奥运会成为展示高新技术成果和创新实力的窗口。 【参考译文】 Science and technology is the source power which can drive civilization of Human being. China, an old-line country, has had a high position in the world’s technology history. Today, Chinese people are not only sharing the harvest of technology and civilization with people from rest of the world, but promoting the science and technology in all kinds of field as well. High-tech Olympics means that we will closely follow the latest high-tech developments home and abroad and integrate the high-tech achievements nationwide so as to host a magnificent sports event in high-tech achievement. In doing so, Beijing’s capacity in high-tech innovation will be improved and the application of high-tech achievements in production and people’s life promoted. Beijing Olympic Games will be a window to showcase our high-tech achievements and innovative capacity. 专项练习2 去年，美国联邦航空管理局把用来计算飞机载荷的乘客平均体重提高了10磅。因为当时原油价格创下了历史新记录，作为应对措施，很多公司不得不提高机票价格中的燃料费用。 美国人和欧洲人不断发胖的趋势促使政府发动健康运动，同时人们严厉谴责许多食品公司。麦当劳连锁店在谴责声中受到冲击，因而不得不在最近几个月里修改菜单，增加了一些更有利于健康的食物。这一举动促使麦当劳的盈利增加。然而，据专家预测，人类注定会越来越胖，会对航空公司的利润空间形成不断增加的压力。 【参考译文】 Last year, the Federal Aviation Administration increased by ten pounds the average passenger weight they use to calculate aircraft loads. Since then crude oil prices have hit record levels, with many firms responding by raising the fuel surcharge they add to ticket prices. The rising level of obesity in the US and in Europe has prompted government health campaigns and harsh criticism of a number of food firms. Restaurant chain McDonald’s has taken the brunt of the attack and has in recent months reworked its menu to include healthier options. The move has helped lift profits. The prediction by experts, however, is that humans are set to become bigger, putting increasing pressure on airline profit. 专项练习3 据最新估计，雅典奥运会的开支已达到100亿美元，这对于希腊这样的小国来说可是一笔不小的数目，何况它曾经是欧盟中最贫穷的国家。 希腊对这次奥运会可能带来的美好前景寄予厚望，并想借此机会（向世界）展示一个“焕然一新”的希腊，以吸引新的投资者和游客。但是，本国运动员的兴奋剂丑闻和旅游业的低靡破坏了希腊的形象，这使希腊政府十分恼火。希腊财政部的一位重要官员告诉记者，希腊只有正确处理好公众关系，才能使雅典奥运会的开销变成投资。
清华大学日语语言文学专业考博复习资料参考书-育明考博 一、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心) 专业方向招生人数初试内容 复试内容050200外国语言文学日语语言文学 约1人①101英语、102俄语、104德 语、105法语 ②848日语语言文学501综合考试育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈） 2、本专业有两位导师：隽雪艳、王成 3、同等学力考生在初试合格后须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和自然辩证法。 4、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。 5、清华大学考博初试外语中不含听力。 6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。 育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。 （清华大学人文学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：772678537） 二、清华大学人文学院外国语言文学专业历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心） 育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、人文学院外国语言文学专业共有6个研究方向，各研究方向之间报录比差别还是比较大的。 2、根据最新的信息，学院将会逐步增加硕博连读的名额，减少在职定向读博的名额。 3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。年份 录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数2014年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分 12人/9人（不包括骨干计划）2015年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分15人/11人（不包括骨干计划）
暨南大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production capital.The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring1profits,as well as economic and political power.Some recent theorists,2,have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of3that they call“post Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi industrial” society.One important change in such a society is that the ownership of4amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 5of profits and influence;knowledge as well as6capital brings profits and influence. There are many7with the thesis above,not the least of8is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they needed to keep their profits and influence.But this does not9the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society,as the10of some new industrial indicates.11,genetic engineering and the new computer technology have12many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In13with criticism of the post industrial society thesis,however,
人大考博英语真题之作文范文 1.Public Transportation As part of domestic modernization,public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples. There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee10263117.html,muters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes. Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near,there is much greater–ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home. And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word,public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy. To solve the above-mentioned problems,the departments concerned should carry out the following steps:to build more roads,highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public. There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used
宏观经济学部分 国民收入核算 1. 国民经济核算，流量、存量。（2011 简） 答：（一）核算GDP可用生产法、支出法和收入法。常用的是后两种方法。 （1）支出法核算GDP 用支出法核算GDP就是通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出即最终产品的总卖价来计量GDP谁是最终产品的购买者呢，只要看谁是产品和劳务的最后使用者。在现实生活中，产品和劳务的最后使用，除了居民消费，还有企业投资、政府购买及出口。因此，用支出法核算GDP就是核算经 济社会（指一个国家或一个地区）在一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及出口这几方面支出的总和。 消费（指居民个人消费）支出包括购买耐用消费品、非耐用消费品和劳务的支出。建造住宅的支出不 包括在内。 投资指增加或更换资本资产（包括厂房、住宅、机械设备及存货）的支出。投资包括固定资产投资和 存货投资两大类。固定资产投资指新厂房、新设备、新商业用房以及新住宅的增加。存货投资是企业掌握 的存货价值的增加。 政府对物品和劳务的购买指各级政府购买物品和劳务的支出。政府购买只是政府支出的一部分，政府支出的另一些部分如转移支付、公债利息等都不计入GDP理由是转移支付只是简单地把收入从一些人或 一些组织转移到另一些人或另一些组织，没有响应的物品或劳务的交换发生。 净出口指进出口的差异，即出口-进口。表示老外对中国产品的购买。 把上述四个项目加总，用支出法计算GDP的公式可写成：GDP=C+I+G+（X-M） （2）收入法核算GDP 收入法即用要素收入即企业生产成本核算国内生产总值。严格来说，最终产品市场价值除了生产要素 收入构成的成本，还有间接税、折旧、公司未分配利润等内容，因此用收入法核算的GDP应包括以下一些项目：①工资、利息和租金等这些生产要素的报酬。工资包括所有对工作的酬金、津贴和福利费，也包括工资收入者必须缴纳的所得税及社会保险税。利息在这里指人们给企业所提供的货币资金所得的利息收入如银行存款利息、企业债券利息等，但政府公债利息及消费信贷利息不包括在内。租金包括出租土地、房屋等租赁收入及专利、版权等收入。（2）非公司企业主收入，如医生、律师、农民和小店铺主的收入。他们使用自己的资金，自我雇佣，其工资、利息、利润、租金常混在一起作为非公司企业主收入。（3）公司 税前利润，包括公司所得税、社会保险税、股东红利及公司未分配利润等。（4）企业转移支付及企业间接税。这些虽不是生产要素创造的收入，但要通过产品价格转嫁给购买者，故也应视为成本。企业转移支付包括对非营利组织的社会慈善捐款和消费者呆账，企业间接税包括货物税或销售税、周转税。（5）资本折旧。它虽不是要素收入，但包括在应回收的投资成本中，故也应计入GDP。 这样，按收入法计得的国民总收入=工资+利息+租金+利润+折旧+间接税+企业转移支付。 （3）生产法是从生产过程中创造的货物和服务价值入手，剔除生产过程中投入的中间货物和服务价值，得到增加价值的一种方法。国民经济各产业部门增加值计算公式：增加值=总产出-中间投入。将国民经济各产业部 门按生产法计算的增加值相加，得到国内生产总值。 生产法用公司表示为：GDP艺各产业部门的总产出-工各产业部门的中间消耗。 （二）流量与存量流量指变量在一个时间段内积累的数量；存量是指变量在一个时间点上测量出来的数量。给出一个流量必须指出相应的时段，给出一个存量必须指出相应的时点。流量与存量有着密切的关系。两个不同时点上的存量之差就是相应时段内的流量。 某国的总财富是一个存量，在年初这个时点上度量则为年初总财富，在年末这个时点上度量则为年末 总财富。这个量是不能在时段上度量的，因为它在任一时段内的每一时点上通常都有不同的值。新生产的财富是一个
中国人民大学2001 Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points) Part A (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET. 1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and of youth. A. vague B. vigor C. vogue D. vulgar 2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully the risks and benefits. A. valuing B. evaluating C. estimating D. weighing 3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly, of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand. A. oblivious B. patent C. obvious D. pernicious 4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would prefer the word . A. ideological B. idyllic C. idiotic D. idiomatic 5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car has Germany’s Touring Car Championship. A. conquered B. contested C. dominated D. determined 6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many families find that ownership of two cars is indispensable. A. fashion B. necessity C. proclivity D. nuisance 7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested. A. alterations B. alternatives C. alternations D. altercations 8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedom of speech. A. censership B. censureship C. sensorship D. censorship 9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body. A. connotation B. denomination C. donation D. denotation 10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good sense and hit the boy back. A. got the feel of B. got the hang of C. got the better of D. got the worst of Part B (5 points) Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ. 11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many of the incidents are imaginary.