1 What are they general characteristics of English academic writing style?
2. Compare the stylistic features of the following two passages . (15%) (课本P3-练习2)
3. What are the linguistic features of the titles of English academic papers? (5%)
4. What are the typical features of papers of experimental nature? (5%)
5. Analyze the following "Introduction" of an academic paper and find out the
following parts: (10%)
1) The part stating the research background.
2) The part pointing to the existing problem.
3) The part focusing on the present research.
Introduction
According to Hannagan (1995: 18), "Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes, in a rapidly changing environment." This seems especially important for a British Airways office set in a different culture, which is largely due to the fact that given the variety of cultural inheritance people under different cultures may behave in diverging ways. The human behaviors affect the performance of people at work, as shown by the Hawthorne effect, and a careful analysis of such behavior under a multicultural context, will be beneficial to the overall performance of the department as well as that of each individual.
In this paper, I shall undertake an analysis of an issue. The department where I work is British Agency China, based in Beijing. In this place a British manager has to deal with over 20 Chinese employees. During the time that we have worked together, it has seemed to me (and the Manager) that there exists such a cultural difference and in many cases the communication between the employer and the employee cannot get through, thereby influencing the overall performance of the department. I shall analyze the issue in this context and attempt to formulate certain possible procedures to tackle the task.
6.List the structural elements of a literature reviews (5%)
7.What way(deduction, induction, analogy, cause and effect or quotation) is used in the following excerpt to develop the argument? What does the author want to show with the method? (15%)
A London policeman gave a woman a ticket for making an illegal turn. When the woman protested that there was no sign prohibiting the turn, the policeman pointed to one that was bent out of shape and difficult to see from Ac road. Furious, the woman decided to appeal by going to court. Finally, the day of her hearing arrived! And she could hardly wait to speak her piece. But she had just begun to tell her side of the story when the magistrate stopped her and summarily ruled in her favor.
How did the woman feel? Vindicated? Victorious? Satisfied?
No, she was frustrated and deeply unhappy. 'I came for justice," she complained, "but the magistrate never let me explain what happened.' In other words, although she liked the outcome, she didn't like the process that had created it. So are misers of utility, an ven mainly by rational calculations of their own
self-interest. That is, economists assume people focus solely on outcomes. That assumption has migrated into much of management theory and practice. It has, for instance, become embedded in the tools managers traditionally use to control and motivate employees' behavior —from incentive systems to organizational structures. But it is an assumption that managers would do well to reexamine because we all know that in real life it doesn't always hold true. People do care about outcomes, but like the woman in London, they also care about the processes that produce those outcomes. They want to know that they had their say that their point of view was considered even if it was rejected. Outcomes matter, but no more than the fairness of the processes that produce them. (Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy)
8. Try to change the following subjective descriptions into objective ones. (10%)
（课本P19-6.2.1）
9-Rewritc the following, making them more coherent by either adding transitional words or changing the sentence order. (15%)
Looking forward to the year 2012, one wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success. Possibly the four most essential qualities are flexibility, honesty creativity, and perseverance. Our rapidly changing society requires flexibility--the ability to adapt oneself to new ideas and practices. Honest}', the capacity both to tell and face the truth courageously, will be important in all aspects of personal and public relations. Creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us. Perseverance, the ability to hold on at all costs will be required in a society where competition for space, food, and shelter will increase with a growing population.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e215718782.html,ment on the following two quotations. (10%)
Quotation one: John P. Parker praised the "conscience and courage" of the Abolitionists of Ripley, Ohio, who continued their work after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law (127).
Quotation two: The Ripley Abolitionists' work went on just the same, or more aggressively than ever, after the Fugitive Slave Law was passed (Parks 127).
The above quotations are written according to page 127 of His Promised Land: The Autobiography of John P. Parker, Former Slave and Conductor on the Underground Railroad (New York: Norton, 1996):
When the Fugitive Slave Law agitation was at its highest, and active prosecutions began its enforcement, everyone engaged with the work destroyed all existing evidence of his connection with it. My little memorandum book 1 dropped quietly in the cupola of my own iron foundry, so no one knew its existence, especially its damaging contents. But the work went on just the same, in fact, more aggressively than ever, which speaks well for the conscience and courage of the Ripley group.
二卷模拟答案 Section A Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. Discoveries in science and technology are thought by many to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents: Sir Isaac Newton noticed the falling apple in his garden and came forth with the gravitation law. This notion is obviously not true. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. In fact, he had experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation, as well as inventions, is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. Section B Directions:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. 自然界开始了一次新的实验。人类不再只是能适应某一特定的环境，而是获得了能适应 任何环境的能力。他们分散到世界各地，在迁移中不断变化，直到成为在地球上分布最广的 物种。人类在身体和文化方面都适应于他们迁入的新环境。居住在赤道附近的人为了在强烈 日光下保护自己，渐渐地有了黑色皮肤。迁移到寒冷地带的人为了利用阳光合成维生素D， 渐渐地有了较为白皙的皮肤。住在寒冷而干燥地区的人们长得矮胖，以便保存热量；住在干 燥而炎热地区的人们长得高瘦，以便使热量容易散发。 答案： Section A 很多人认为科技发现是灵光一闪，或戏剧化事件的产物：艾萨克·牛顿爵士在花园中注意到了苹果落地，从而发现了万有引力定律。很显然，这一观点并不正确。弗莱明爵士并不如传闻所言那样，看到一片奶酪上的霉菌，在当时当地就想到（发明）了抗生素盘尼西林。事实上，他做了九年之久的抗细菌物质的实验，终于才有了他的发现。发现和革新总是来自于勤勉的“试误”实验。革新和发明就像是足球赛，即使是最好的选手也会射不进球，他们射门受阻的次数远远大于射门得分的次数。 Section B Nature began a new experiment. Instead of adapting to a specific environment, man has the capacity to adapt himself to any specific environment. They spread throughout the globe, changing as they moved, until they became the most widely distributed species on the earth. Man adapted physically as well as culturally to the new surroundings into which he moved. People who lived near equator developed dark skin to protect themselves from strong sunlight; people who moved to colder climates developed light skin to take advantage of the sunlight for the synthesis of vitamin D; people in cold dry climates became stocky to conserve heat. People in hot dry climates tended to become tall and thin to dissipate heat.
附件3： 江苏大学毕业生离校系统简明操作步骤（本科生） 教务处教材科： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，审核学生是否还有欠费或者教学仪器未归还情况。 财务处收费管理科、核算科： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，对学生财务情况进行核算，以确定该学生是否可以离校。后勤集团公寓管理中心： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将办理完退宿手续的学生该环节的办理状态置为通过。信息化中心： 从信息门户登入离校系统对上网费用进行结算，注销学生一卡通。 图书馆： 从信息门户登入离校系统对图书借阅、上机欠费情况进行核查。 学工处： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将学生证注销过的学生该环节办理状态置为通过。 学院： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，导出所有离校手续已办理完成的学生名单，作为学生签收毕业证、学位证、报到证等证件的材料。 学生： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，查看自己的离校状态，如果有相应环节没有通过，只需要将该环节相关事宜办理完成即可。 江苏大学毕业生离校系统简明操作步骤（硕士研究生） 导师： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，批准学生离校。 财务处收费管理科、核算科： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，对学生财务情况进行核算，以确定该学生是否可以离校。后勤集团公寓管理中心： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将办理完退宿手续的学生该环节的办理状态置为通过。信息化中心： 从信息门户登入离校系统对上网费用进行结算，注销学生一卡通。 图书馆： 从信息门户登入离校系统对论文提交、图书借阅、上机欠费情况进行核查。
学工处： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将学生证注销过的学生该环节办理状态置为通过。 学院： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，导出所有离校手续已办理完成的学生名单，作为学生签收毕业证、学位证、报到证等证件的材料。 学生： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，查看自己的离校状态，如果有相应环节没有通过，只需要将该环节相关事宜办理完成即可。
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section II Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One da y at a time. 42industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 44its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee. 41. [A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip 42. [A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since 43. [A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by 44. [A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that 45. [A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable
Unit 1. General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. The author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence. 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources. Its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest. Research papers are or can be the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all other documentary works. 3) Course Paper Different from the report paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. So its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor. Since this type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term , it is also called ―term paper‖. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation论述) A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.Unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. Writing a thesis paper requires the writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. 2.General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions（扯开，离题）or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than entertain. Accordingly, academic writing is structured, formal and objective. Its language is often abstract and complex.
2017年在职研究生考研英语二真题及答案解析 考研教育英语教研室 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land... When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. 2. Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. 2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply. 3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order. 5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. 6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature 1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing. 2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. 3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. 4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. 4. Discussion 1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea? As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.” 2. What is translation? Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Why or why not? If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces
考研操作系统-13 (总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：13.00) 1.死锁与安全状态的关系是______。 （分数：2.00） A.死锁状态有可能是安全状态 B.安全状态有可能成为死锁状态 C.不安全状态就是死锁状态 D.死锁状态一定是不安全状态√ 解析：[解析] 概念题。死锁一定不安全，不安全未必会死锁，安全一定不会死锁。 2.订购机票系统处理来自各个终端的服务请求，处理后通过终端回答用户，所以它是一个______。 （分数：5.00） A.分时系统 B.多道批处理系统 C.计算机网络 D.实时信息处理系统√ 解析：[解析] 分时系统是多个用户通过终端机器同时使用一台主机，这些终端机器连接在主机上，用户同时与主机进行交互操作而互不干扰。该系统的主要特点是：交互性、及时性、独立性和多路性。 多道批处理系统允许多个程序同时装入到主存储器中，使一个中央处理器轮流地执行多个作业，各个作业同时使用各自的外围设备，提高了计算机系统的资源使用效率。该系统具有以下特征：多道性、无序性和调度性。 计算机网络是指把多个计算机有机地结合起来，提供一种统一、经济而又有效地使用各台计算机的方法，可实现各个计算机之间相互传送数据。计算机网络最主要的特点是数据通信和资源共享。 实时信息处理系统：根据用户提出的查询要求进行信息检索和处理，并在较短的时间内对用户作出正确的响应。例如，把计算机用于民航飞机票的预定、查询、售票及情报检索系统等。 3.下面的叙述中，正确的是 ____ 。 （分数：2.00） A.同一进程内的线程可并发执行，不同进程的线程只能串行执行 B.同一进程内的线程只能串行执行，不同进程的线程可并发执行 C.同一进程或不同进程内的线程都只能串行执行 D.同一进程或不同进程内的线程都可以并发执行√ 解析：同一进程内的多个线程可以并发执行，不同进程内的多个线程也可以并发执行。 4.以下关于计算机操作系统类型说法错误的是 ____ 。 （分数：2.00） A.网络操作系统和分布式操作系统都可以配置到计算机网络上 B.实时操作系统是实现实时控制的系统，它由外部信号触发而工作 C.基本操作系统包括批处理系统、分时系统、实时系统 D.按照配置操作系统的计算机规模大小，可以将操作系统分类为批处理系统、分时系统、实时系统、网络系统和分布式系统√ 解析： 5.单处理器系统中，可并行的是 ____ 。 Ⅰ．进程与进程Ⅱ．处理器与设备Ⅲ．处理器与通道Ⅳ．设备与设备 （分数：2.00） A.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ B.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ C.Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ
考试题型： 一．回答问题 二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的) 三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy 四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了 There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally, /furthermore, …/what is more, Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1.1 Classification of professional paper A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文 3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文 1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Generally, English Academic writing is: 1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language 2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang. 3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. 4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explic it about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. 5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎) 7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each. Answer: Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles, passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖ While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等） (subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords 2.1 Titles 2.1.1. General functions 1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)
2019年在职研究生英语统考作文必背模板 写作模板1. (单一话题议论文) 第一段概述（大约40字）： When it comes to the topic of______（作文的话题及某种社会现象，一般是作文标题）.Some people hold the idea that ______ （人们的看法，观点）. As far as I’m concerned, I think______ （我的看法，观点）. So I firmly support (object to) the______（观点）. 第二段正文（大约70字）： There are several reasons for this______（这种现象或某种观点）, but in general, they come down to three major ones , which listed as follows. To start with _____(第一个原因) .That is to say_____ (扩展介绍).What's more _____ (带来的影响).Secondly, ______(第二个原因).Besides_____ (扩展介绍).As a result of_____(带来的影响). And finally_________(第三个原因或者影响).Even more_________(扩展介绍).Not only _________ but also _________ (带来的影响). Obviously, it is high time that we_________( 本段小结). 第三段总结（大约40字）： To sum up, I insist that______ （我的看法，观点）.It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to solve the problem. On one hand,________ (给出建议). And on the other hand,_______( 给出建议).I believe all these measures will certainly help to ______（改变某种现象，进一步完善）. 写作模板2. （辩证对比话题) 第一段概述（大约40字）： Nowadays, when it comes to the _______（作文的话题及某种社会现象，一般是作文标题）, the answers may vary from person to person. Some people hold the idea that_______（第一种看法，观点），but others argue that_______（第二种看法，观点）. As for as I’m concerned, both_______（上述观点一）and_______（上述观点二）. I will_______（陈述我的观点）for the following reasons. 第二段正文：（大约70字）： In my opinion, __________（第一种看法，观点）can bring____ to________ (优势或者劣势). For one thing________ (阐述理由一). And it is usually ____（阐述理由一).What's more _____ (阐述理由一). Despite many obvious advantages ofthe first opinion, we can still find the second one also has some advantages when compared with the first. First of all ______（阐述理由一）. Because of_______（阐述理由二）. Even more _____ (阐述理由三，及带来的后果及影响). 第三段总结（大约40字）： From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion. It is undoubted that _______（第一种看法，观点）is as important as_______（第二种看法，观点）. So as for me, I agree to take the middle road. They both should be play extremely important role in our modern society. Only in this way can we become_______（总结，展望，呼吁） 各种文体写作要求 1.议论文 1.1．写作技巧，布局结构。 第一段：开头句指出某种社会现象，扩展介绍，所产生的影响和后果，大约30-40字。 第二段：出现这种现象的原因和后果，大约50-60字。