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Auditing Quality, Auditor Tenure, Client Importance, and

Auditing Quality, Auditor Tenure, Client Importance, and
Auditing Quality, Auditor Tenure, Client Importance, and

Auditing Quality, Auditor Tenure, Client Importance, and Earnings Management: An Additional Evidence

Ahmed Ebrahim?

October, 2001

? This paper is a part of an ongoing dissertation work. Support of professor Bikki Jaggi from Rutgers University is really appreciated. The author is also related to Mansoura University – Egypt.

Abstract

This paper provides additional evidence about the effect of auditing quality on earnings management behavior. The paper used cash flows from operating activities as reported in cash flows statement to estimate the total accruals and applied a time series version of the modified Jones model to estimate the discretionary accruals. Using a sample of NASDAQ companies in addition to companies listed in NYSE and AMEX, and after controlling for the auditor’s tenure and client importance effects, the results provided an additional evidence about the negative relation between auditing quality and earnings management behavior. The results also show that the auditor’s tenure has some positive effect on the efficiency of the audit process and improves the monitoring function assumed by auditors. The results also show no evidence that the client importance may affect the auditor’s independence or that auditors allow their big client more discretion in reporting their earnings.

1. Introduction:

An increasing part of accounting research tries to examine the different factors that affect earnings management behavior of managers. Because part of the financial reporting process depends on the judgment of managers, they have the opportunity to manage reported earnings to achieve their own goals. Scott, W. (1997) defined earning management by the choice of accounting policies so as to achieve some specific managers’ objective. Because this behavior may have a significant effect on the quality of information provided to investors, the SEC recently is more concerned with earnings management behavior of firms’ managers (Healy &Wahlen, 1998).

Many of the previous accounting studies examined the different motivations of earnings management and the factors that induce managers’ incentives to manage reported earnings. Specifically, managers try to manage the reported earnings as a result of bonus plans motivations (Healy 1985), the motivations to satisfy the debt covenants (Sweeny 1994, Defond & Jiambalvo 1994), or the motivations to reduce the political costs (Cahan 1992, Jones 1991). The earning management motivations may exist also around the time of CEO change. In one hand, the CEO of a poorly performing firm may try to increase the reported earnings to prevent or postpone being fired. On the other hand, consistent with the findings of DeAngelo et al. (1994), a new CEO may take a “big bath” in the year of change to increase the probability of higher future earnings when his/her performance will be measured, especially when low earnings in the change year can be blamed on the previous CEO. Firms may also try to manage reported earnings before going public. Because these firms usually do not have an established market price, their managers may try to increase the reported earnings to receive higher price for their shares. For example, Friedlan (1994)

reported that IPO firms made income-increasing discretionary accruals in the latest period prior to IPO relative to accruals in a comparable pervious period.

On the other hand, the concern about the quality of accounting numbers and its relation with the quality of the auditing process is increasing over time following the periodical clusters of business failures, frauds, and the litigation (Tie 1999, Chambers 1999).

The main objective of this paper is to examine the relation between audit quality and earnings management behavior after considering the effect of other variables like the auditor’s tenure and the client importance. The auditing process is supposed to serve as a monitoring device (Wallace 1980) that will reduce managers’ incentives to manipulate reported earnings. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the higher the auditing quality the lower the earnings management activities by managers, C eteris Paribus.

The paper is organized as follows; section (2) discusses the insurance hypothesis in auditing in its relation to the quality of accounting information. Section (3) introduces the different arguments in auditing research for using size as a proxy for auditing quality. Section (4) discusses the prior research of the relation between earnings management behavior and the auditor quality. The hypotheses development and research design are explained in section (5). Section (6) introduces the data selection and the results, and section (7) concludes the paper.

2. The information hypothesis and quality of accounting earnings:

Although there is some controversy about the usefulness of the accounting information to investors, accounting earnings may be a major information source for investment decision making. Lev (1999) has investigated the usefulness of financial

information to investors and found that this usefulness has been deteriorating over the past years because the current reporting system adopted by the accounting profession doesn’t reflect the fast changes in firms’ operations and economic conditions. However, Greenberg (1986) has found some evidence that current earnings –rather than current cash flows- are better as an indication of future cash flows.

Wallace (1980) claimed that investors demand audited financial statements because these statements provide information that is useful in their investment decisions. This implies that the audit process adds some value to accounting information and is valued as a means of improving the quality of the financial information.

The information hypothesis in auditing was tested empirically in many papers. Fore example, Wild (1996) used the extent to which the market reacts to the release of earnings reports as a measurement of earnings informativness and compared the informativness before and after audit committee formation. He found a significant increase in earnings informativness after the formation of the audit committee indicating that the audit committee provides meaningful oversight of the financial reporting and auditing process.

Moreland (1995) examined the effect of any enforcement actions or sanctions against the auditor by SEC on the quality of audits provided by this auditor and the perceived credibility of his clients’ earnings numbers. The study compared the Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC) of the clients before and after taking such actions against the auditor by the SEC and showed a decrease in market response to client’s accounting information, indicating a reduction in the perceived precision of such information. In addition, Choi & Jeter (1992) found that the ERC declined significantly after the client received a qualified audit report.

3. Size as a proxy for auditing quality:

DeAngelo (1981) has theoretically analyzed the relation between audit quality and auditor’s size. She argued that large auditors will have more clients and their total fees will be allocated among those clients. Defining the auditor’s independence by the conditional probability that the auditor will disclose any misstatement in financial statements given that this misstatement was already discovered, DeAngelo (1981) argued that large auditors will be more independent and, therefore, will provide higher quality of audit.

The results of some empirical papers have provided additional support for the use of auditor size as a proxy for audit quality. Davidson (1993) used an indirect method to support the argument that size is a good proxy for auditing quality. He argued that managers have incentives to manipulate the reported earnings to meet the analysts’ forecasts. Therefore, if large auditing firms provide higher-quality audits than small auditing firms, we may expect the forecast errors of big auditing firms’ clients to be larger. Using data for Canadian firms, his results support that expectation indicating that the auditor size is a good proxy for auditing quality.

Lennox (1999) looked at the two explanations of the hypothesized positive relation between audit quality and auditor size: the reputation hypothesis suggested by DeAngelo (1981) who argues that large auditors have more incentives to be accurate because they have more client-specific rents to lose if their reports are not accurate, and the deep pockets hypothesis used by Dye (1993) who argued that large auditors will be more accurate because they have greater wealth that is exposed to risk in case of any litigation. Lennox (1999) examined the relation between auditor size and litigation and found greater support to the deep pocket hypothesis than reputation hypothesis. Finally, Colbert (1998) focused

on small CPA firms and the peer review activities between such firms and found some evidence that the auditor quality is positively associated with firm size. Therefore, this paper uses the auditor size –the brand name approach- to capture the auditing quality.

4. Previous studies on earnings management and audit quality:

Some prior papers have looked at the relation between earnings management and audit quality and examined the effect of auditor quality on management incentives to manipulate the reported earnings. For example, Hirst (1994) used an experimental design to test the effect of auditors’ belief that managers may have incentives to manage reported earnings on their expectation of material misstatements in financial statements. His results show that auditors’ assessed probability that material misstatements exist is higher if auditors think that managers have incentives to manage reported earnings whether upward or downward.

Defond (1993) has reported that firms that changed the auditor after a client-auditor disagreement are highly leveraged and more likely to have debt covenant violation. These firms also are more likely to have a decline in reported earnings. His results also show that if the questionable accounting procedures were applied, this would result in smoothed earnings numbers or flat earnings growth. The study used a sample of matched pairs of firms that changed auditors because of client-auditor disagreement and other firms that simply changed the auditor. These results show that auditors usually disagree on earnings management activities and lead to hypothesize that higher audit quality will be associated with less magnitude of earnings management.

Burilovich (1997) looked at specific incentives to mange reported earnings in the case of alternative minimum tax?. She used a sample of 72 regulated life insurance firms during the period 1984-1989 and found that income decreasing discretionary accruals (DA) differ significantly across the companies audited by big auditing firms. She also argued that auditing firms with the greatest market share appear to allow greater discretion to the client in determining accruals. To explain these results, she argued that auditing firms with higher market share will have more experience in the industry and, therefore, they can allow more discretion to their clients. In this study, Burilovich (1997) didn’t use any model to measure the DA but used the items that may affect the difference between taxable income and reported income in this special case of AMT considering the regulations of life insurance industry. On the other hand, it is difficult to accept the argument that big auditing firms that usually have larger market share will allow their clients more discretion in accounting reporting.

Becker et al. (1998) used the cross-sectional version of Jones model (Jones 1991) for estimating DA and found that income increasing DA for the clients of non-big auditing firms are higher than big auditing firms. Their paper also looked at the variation in DA in addition to its sign and magnitude and found that the variation was lower for big auditing firms’ clients and higher for non-big auditing firms’ clients. In their study, Becker et al. (1998) focused on the income-increasing DA and excluded firms that changed the auditor during their test period (1989-1992) from the analysis. Therefore, they didn’t examine the auditor’s tenure effect. Francis, et al. (1999) applied the cross-sectional Jones model using

?Based on this rule, half of the increase in reported income over taxable income will subject to a 20% tax rate. So, AMT case gives managers incentives to reduce reported income and, therefore, tax liability.

a sample of NASDAQ companies and found evidence that the clients of big auditing firms have lower amounts of estimated DA. In this paper, I use a time series version of the Modified Jones model and control for the effects of both the auditor’s tenure and client importance on the magnitude of earnings management using the absolute value of DA.

5. The hypotheses and research design:

In this paper, I expect that managers will be less likely to manage reported earnings (whether upward or downward) if their financial statements are audited by a high-quality auditor. Therefore, the main hypothesis to be tested in this paper is that:

“The magnitude of earnings management activities (measured by the absolute value of DA) will be negatively correlated with the auditing quality as measured by auditor’s size”.

So, I expect 1β to be negative and significantly different from zero in the following model:

it it it AUD DA εββ++=10 (1)

Where: - it DA is the absolute value of discretionary accruals of firm i in year t as measured below,

- it AUD is a measurement of audit quality for firm i in year t using auditor size as a proxy for quality. This variable is measured using a dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the auditor is one of the big auditing firms, and 0 otherwise.

The discretionary accruals will be estimated using the Modified Jones Model suggested by Dechow et al. (1995) as an improvement of the original Jones model (Jones 1991). Based on this model, the DA is the residuals of the following model:

[][][]it it it i it t i it i it i it it A PPE A REC REV A A TA εββα++???+=????121111//)(/1/ (2) Where:

-

it TA is the total accruals of firm i in year t, -

it REV ?is the change in revenues of firm i between years t and t-1, -

t REC ?is the change in receivables of firm i between years t and t-1, -

it PPE is the level of property, plant, and equipment of firm i in year t, - 1?it A is the total assets of firm i at the end of year t-1.

In this study, the total accruals (it TA ) are measured by the difference between net income (it NI ) and net cash flows from operating activities (it CFO ) as follows:

it it it CFO NI TA ?= (3)

The study uses net income instead of income before extra-ordinary or special items to avoid any abnormal accruals misclassification by Jones model. As suggested by Bernard and Skinner (1996), these special items are usually not discretionary but Jones model misclassifies them as discretionary because they are not linearly related to changes in revenues. The study also uses cash flows from operating activities (as stated in cash flow statement) to compute total accruals to eliminate any potential measurement errors when using the balance sheet items to compute the total accruals indirectly. Collins and Hribar (2000) argued that some non-articulation events such as mergers and acquisitions may break down the presumed articulation between the balance sheet and the income statement, and this may result in the total accruals estimated using the balance sheet items may contain significant measurement errors compared to the total accruals measured directly using the cash flow statement. They also argue that such measurement error will affect the

ability of Jones model residuals to capture the managerial discretion as indicated by abnormal accruals.

Dechow et al. (1995) found that the modified Jones model is relatively more powerful in detecting the discretionary accruals than the original Jones model. In addition, most of the previous research on discretionary accruals used this model including recent papers like Barton (2001) and Heninger (2001).

Some of the prior research applied the above model temporally, but Jeter & Shivokumor (1997) suggested that this model might be applied cross-sectionally by estimating the coefficients for a sample of firms in the same industry. Comparing between the temporal version and the cross-sectional version of this model in estimating abnormal accruals, we may notice that: first, the temporal model requires the sample to have at least ten observations for each firm. Second, the cross-sectional version is not a substitute for the temporal one but it provides an industry-relative measure of abnormal accruals. Finally, the cross-sectional model is less likely to detect any abnormal accruals if such accruals are correlated across several firms in the same industry. Because the discretionary accruals are firm specific more that industry-specific, the tests in this paper focus mainly on the temporal version of the modified Jones model. The original version of the modified Jones model deducts the change is receivables from the change in revenues only in the event period. Because I don’t study a specific event in this paper, I will deduct the receivables change from the revenues change in both estimation and study periods.

In estimating the model in equation (1), I will control for the other auditing factors that are expected to affect the monitoring efficiency of the auditing process and the absolute value (the magnitude) of discretionary accruals. Following Heninger (2001), I will

control for the client importance for the auditor (it IMPRT ) as measured by the ratio of the client’s sales to the sales of all clients for a given auditor, and the duration of the auditor/client relationship (it TENURE ) using a dummy variable that takes 1 if this relationship has started in year t-3 or before and 0 otherwise. Therefore, the entire model to be estimated in this study is:

it it it it it TENURE IMPRT AUD DA εββββ++++=3210 (4)

Because the dependent variable is the absolute value (the magnitude) of discretionary accruals, the explanatory variables hypothesized in the previous research to be related to a specific direction in discretionary accruals will be irrelevant for this study. Such variables include the bonus plans variable and the leverage variable.

6. Sample selection and results:

The sample includes all the U.S firms listed in NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ with data necessary to estimate the temporal version of the Modified Jones model as mentioned above that is available between 1988 and 1999. Financial institutions, utility companies, and firms that changed the fiscal year end during the test period are excluded from the sample. The reason I started with 1988 is that the cash flow data are not available from cash flow statement before this year. Because the majority of NYSE and AMEX firms are audited by big auditing firms, I only included a sample of these firms with fiscal year ends at December 31. I have included firms from NASDAQ with higher percentage of non-big auditing firms to increase the variation in the auditor quality variable. The data required to estimate the DA variable obtained from COMPUATAT files and the auditors information required to estimate the variables AUD, TENURE, and IMPRT have been obtained from Who Audits America.

For each firm, I have measured the DA for the years 1997, 1998, and 1999 using an estimation period of minimum 9 years and maximum 11 years before the measurement period depending on the data availability. Then, I pooled all the observations available over the three years. These criteria resulted in a sample of 1938 firms with 5077 firm-year observations. Because the data necessary to compute the variables TENURE and IMPRT were not available for some firm-years, the firm year observations that used in tests including these variables are 4902.

Table (1) shows the number of observations for companies audited by big firms and non-big firms and the percent of positive and negative DA for each group. As expected, 3797 (75%) of the sample audited by big firms while only 1280 (25%) audited by non-big firms. The DA sign is evenly divided in the big firms group while the negative DA observations are slightly higher in the non-big group.

Table (2) compares the means of DA for firms with big auditing firms versus those for firms with non-big auditing firms. Panel A reports this comparison for the entire sample and shows that the mean for the non-big firms is 4.805 where the mean for the big firms is only .185. The table also shows that the two means are significantly different (t-value is –2.606 and p-value is .009). The table also includes the results of means comparison for negative DA (panel B) and positive DA (panel C) and shows that the mean of negative DA is lower for non-big firms where the mean of positive DA is higher for non-big firms. The differences in means are significant for both signs of DA. These results support the hypothesis that the clients of the non-big auditing firms are more involved in earnings management than the clients of the big auditing firms.

Table (3) shows the results of estimating the equations (1) and (4) for all sample, negative DA, and positive DA. In panel A, the results of estimating equation (1) support the results in table (2) and show a significant negative relation between DA and auditing quality variable. The coefficient of AUD is – 4.620 and is significant at less that 1% level. The results of equation (4) also support the main hypothesis. The coefficient of AUD is still negative and significant although at a lower level of less than 10%. An interesting result from table (3) is the negative relation between earnings management behavior and the auditor tenure. The coefficient of TENURE is –3.045 and significant only at 11 % level. This result is consistent with the notion that auditors gain more familiarity with the client over time and this enables them to detect any opportunistic usage of accruals. Panel A also shows a negative relation between the magnitude of discretionary accruals and client importance. The coefficient of IMPRT is -4.634 but not significant at the normal levels. Panel B in table (3) supports the above results using negative DA only. In this case, the coefficient of DA is significantly positive. The coefficient of TENURE is also positive but significant only at 13% level. For positive DA in panel C, the results are almost the same although the AUD coefficient is less significant and the TENURE coefficient is more significant. In both panels B and C, the coefficient of IMPRT is not significantly different from zero.

As an additional evidence about the effect of auditor tenure and client importance on earnings management, I have divided the sample into two sub-samples based on the variables TENURE and IMPRT and compared the mean of DA for the two sub-samples. Table (4) shows this comparison using the TENURE variable. The mean of TENURE sub-sample is significantly different from (lower than) the mean of NON-TENURE sub-

sample. Table (5) shows the difference between the means of DA for two sub-samples constructed based on the IMPRT variable. The first sample of high (low) client importance includes the observations with client importance above (below) the median of the IMPRT variable. The table shows that there is no significant difference between the DA means for the two samples indicating that the client importance has no effect on the efficiency and integrity of the auditing process and the monitoring role for auditors. The results (not reported) are the same using the IMPRT mean to construct the two sub-samples instead of the median.

(7) Conclusion:

This paper examined the effect of three auditing factors on earnings management behavior: auditing quality, auditor’s tenure, and client importance. I found an additional evidence of the negative relation between auditing quality and earnings management. The auditor’s tenure also is negatively related to the magnitude of discretionary accruals indicating that auditors become more familiar with clients operations and financial reporting environment with the time and this enables them to detect and prevent any opportunistic usage of accruals. The results of the study don’t show any evidence that the client importance may affect the auditors’ integrity and independence or the efficiency of the monitoring role of the auditing process.

References

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Becker, C., 1998, The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management, Contemporary Accounting Research, spring.

Bernard , V. & D. Skinner, 1996, What Motivates Managers’ choice of Discretionary Accruals?, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 22.

Burilovich, L., 1997, Auditor’s Influence on Earnings Management: Evidence from the Alternative Minimum Tax, Journal of Applied Business Research, Spring.

Cahan, S., 1992, The Effect of Antitrust Investigation on Discretionary Accruals: A Refined Test of the Political Cost Hypothesis, The Accounting Review, January. Chambers, R., 1999, The Poverty of Accounting Disclosure, Abacus, October.

Choi, S., & Jeter, D., 1992, The Effects of Qualified Audit Opinions on Earnings Response Coefficients, Journal of Accounting and Economics, June/ September.

Colbert, G., 1998, The Association Between Auditor Quality and Auditor Size: An Analysis of Small CPA Firms, Journal of Accounting, auditing and Finance, Spring. Collins, D. & P. Hribar, 2000, Errors in Estimating Accruals: Implications For Empirical Research, Working Paper, University of Iowa and Cornell University.

Davidson, R., 1993, A Note of the Association Between Audit Firm Size and Audit Quality, Contemporary Accounting Research, Spring.

DeAngelo, H.,et al.,1994, Accounting Choice in Troubled Companies, Journal of Accounting and Economics, January.

DeAngelo, L., 1981, Auditor Size and Audit Quality, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3.

Dechow, P., et al., 1995, Detecting Earnings Management, The Accounting Review, April Defond, M.& J.Jiambalvo, 1994, Debt Covenant Violation and Manipulation of Accruals, Journal of Accounting and Economics, January.

DeFond, M., 1993, Factors Related to Auditor-Client Disagreements Over Income-Increasing Accounting Methods, Contemporary Accounting Research, Spring.

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October.

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Description of the sample observations

The DA is the absolute value of discretionary accruals as measured by the Modified Jones model and the AUD is a dummy variable that takes 1 if the firm’s auditor is one of the big auditing firms and 0 other wise.

AUD=1 n=3797 AUD=0

n=1280 Positive DA (%)

1860 (49) 580 (45) Negative DA (%)

1937 (51) 700 (55)

Table (2) Comparison of the means of DA for firms with big auditors vs. firms with non-big

auditors.

The DA is the absolute value of discretionary accruals as measured by the Modified Jones model and the AUD is a dummy variable that takes 1 if the firm’s auditor is one of the big auditing firms and 0 other wise. The audit quality

(AUD) Number Mean of DA Standard Deviation t-value for equality of means Sig. Of the Difference (2-

tailed) Panel A: all DA

BIG (1)

3797 .185 2.045 -2.606 .009 NON-BIG(0) 1280 4.805 109.193 Panel B: negative DA

BIG (1)

1937 - .158 .665 2.448 .014 NON-BIG(0) 700 - 8.367 147.586 Panel C: positive DA

BIG (1)

1860 .213 2.843 - 2.163 .031 NON-BIG(0) 580 .506 2.876

Results of regressing DA against AUD, TENURE, and IMPRT variables

AUD is a dummy variable that takes 1 if the firm’s auditor is one of the big auditing firms and 0 otherwise. TENURE is a dummy variable that takes 1 if the client-auditor relation has started at year t-3 or before and 0 otherwise. IMPRT is the client importance as measured by the client’s sales divided by the total sales of all the auditor’s clients. The dependent variable DA is the absolute value of discretionary accruals as measured by the Modified Jones model. The t-values are shown in parentheses.

Model Constant

AUD

TENURE

IMPRT Panel A: all DA

Equation (1) 4.805*

(3.134) - 4.620* (- 2.6.6)

Equation (4) 7.496*

(3.327) - 4.747**

(-2.128)

- 3.045

(- 1.573)

-4.634

(-1.215)

Panel B: negative DA

Equation (1) - 8.366*

(- 2.912) 8.208* (2.448)

Equation (4) - 13.214*

(- 3.132) 8.496**

(2.036)

5.455

(1.484)

8.31

(1.16)

Panel C: positive DA

Equation (1) .506*

(4.274) - .293** (- 2.163)

Equation (4) .526*

(3.186) - .003

(-.20)

- .333*

(- 2.385)

.005

(.179)

** Significant at less than 10%.

Comparison of the means of DA for firms with tenure auditors vs. firms with non-

tenure auditors.

The DA is the absolute value of discretionary accruals as measured by the Modified Jones model and the TENURE is a dummy variable that takes 1 if the client-auditor relation started at year t-3 or before and 0 otherwise.

The auditor tenure Number Mean of DA Standard

Deviation

t-value for

equality of

means

Sig. Of the

Difference (2-

tailed)

Tenure 3879 .230 3.380 - 2.171 .030

Non. Tenure 1025 4.301 116.645

Table (5)

Comparison of the means of DA based on client importance.

The DA is the absolute value of discretionary accruals as measured by the Modified Jones model and the IMPRT is the client importance as measured by the client’s sales divided by the total sales of all the auditor’s clients. High (low) import represents the observations above (below) the median.

The client importance Number Mean of DA Standard

Deviation

t-value for

equality of

means

Sig. Of the

Difference (2-

tailed)

High IMPRT 2652 .256 4.057 -1.174

.241 Low IMPRT 2652 2.052 78.702

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物业服务品质提升方案 安全方面 重点加强安全团队内部管理,提升客户直观感受 1、客户出入较集中的时段,将巡逻岗临时固定在明显位置,随时为客户提供便捷服务; 2、增强岗位的主动性,对认识的客户主动打招呼,面生的礼貌询问、身份核实; 3、每周末下午客户集中时段,进行安全军事训练,提高客户对安全的直观感受; 4、制作宣传画,在出入口摆放,引导住户进出小区时自觉刷卡,加强人员管控; 5、定期上门统计出租户信息,消除安全隐患; 6、定期开展安全日等活动,通过安全宣传展板或DV播放进行宣传引导; 7、编制岗位傻瓜式操作指引,强化新员工对岗位快速适应; 8、对小区地下车库梯间加装摄像头,保障人员出入受控;

9、坚持员工工作例会及保安部的周一晨会,与一线保安员分析案例,提升一线人员的服务意识。 公共设施维护 重点提升公共设施完好性和维修及时性 1、制定公共设施保养计划,实施预防性管理,在公共设施出现问题前及时整改;制定夜间巡查计划,夜间保安员、公共设施维护人员和安全主主管参与其中,重点检查夜间照明的完好性; 2、以客户直观感受以及对客户日常生活影响程度为依据,制定公共设施维护时限表,责任人在接单后必须在规定的时限内完成; 3、公共设施维护责任到人,建立日常巡查和维护机制; 4、实行辖区责任制,辖区负责人、保安人员和维修人员对所辖区公共设施负责;对各区公共设施维护状况进行评比,较好的进行鼓励,形成辖区间的良性竞争氛围; 5、对小区内实施的各项公共设施维护改造,都及时通过公示栏知会客户; 环境卫生 重点关注小区主干道、出入口和客户感受较明显的部位

1、要针对各小区的差异,提供适合本小区的管理方案,包括人员招聘、培训、作业流程、考核办法等; 2、标准化现场作业流程和礼节礼仪,制定统一的培训课件; 3、物业办公室定期评选优秀员工,给予一定奖励,提升保洁员工作积极性;让其融入到团队当中,更好的服务于小区; 4、每月定期召开保洁部工作会议,针对本月环境工作出现的问题,客户投诉等确定整改措施,共同制定下月工作重点; 5、制定客户触点区域、时间段的环境卫生管理办法,让客户感觉干净整洁的居住环境; 6、定期调整作业顺序和流程,如:楼道清洁人员定期调整清洁楼道的顺序,让每个早上定时出门的业主都能遇到现场清洁人员;每天下班前对楼道进行一次清洁巡查,确保业主晚间回家时楼道清洁干净; 7、全员片区化管理,划分责任区域,避免死角存在; 8、强调全体员工人过地净,要求安全固定岗负责方圆一百米的环境卫生,不能出现白色垃圾; 绿化养护 重点提升客户观感

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4.4.1全检。适用于来料数量少、价值高、不允许有不合格品物料或工厂指定进行 全检的物料。 4.4.2抽检。适用于平均数量较多,经常性使用的物料。(抽检比例待定) 5.相关文件 5.1质量管理部制定相关进料检测标准,由质量管理部经理批准后发放至检验人员执行。 检验和试验的规范包括材料名称、检验项目、标准、方法、记录要求。 5.2采购部根据到货日期、到货品种、规格、数量等,通知库房和质量管理部准备来验 收和检验工作。 5.3来料后,由库房人员检查来料的品种、规格、数量(重量)、包装情况,并及时通知 质量管理部检验专员到现场检验。 5.4来料专员接到检验通知后,到库房按相关进料规范进行检验,并填写《产品进厂检 验单》。相应的检验记录,和检验日报。 5.5检验完毕后,对合格的来料贴上合格标识,通知库房人员办理入库手续。 5.6如果是生产急需的来料,在来不及检验和试验时,须按相关规定的程序执行。 5.7检测中不合格的来料应根据《不合格品控制程序》的规定进行处置,不合格的来料 不允许入库。将其由来料库移入不合格品库,并进行相应标识。 5.8来料检验和试验的记录由质量管理部来料检验组按规定期限和方法保持。 5.9检验时,如来料检验专员无法判定是否合格,应立即请相关部门会同验收,来判定 是否合格。会同验收的参与人员,必须在检验记录表内签字。 5.10回馈来料检验情况,并将来料供应商的交货质量情况及检验处理情况记录,每月汇 总于供应商的交货质量月报内。 5.11来料检验专员根据来料的实际检验情况,对检验规格提出改善意见。 5.12来料检验专员定期校正检验仪器、量规,保养试验设备,以保证来料检验结构的正 确性。具体参见《监视和测量装置控制程序》。 6.质量记录 6.1来料检验专员按照相应料的检验规范要求操作。验证,不合格品个数低于限定的不 合格品个数时,则判定为该批来货允收。 6.2来料检验专员应在《产品进厂检验单》上签名,通知库房收货。 6.3拒收检验不合格

来料品质管理系统规章制度

来料检验管理制度 一.来料检验管理制度 第1章总则 第1条:目的 为检查生产用原材料、辅料的质量是否符合企业的采购要求提供准则,确保来料质量合乎标准,严格控制不合格品流程,特制定本制度。 第2条:适用围 适用于所有进厂用于生产的原、辅材料和外协加工品的检验和试验。 第3条:定义 来料检验又称进料检验,是工厂制止不合格物料进入生产环节的首要控制点。来料检验由质量管理部来料检验专员具体执行。 第4条:职责 (1)质量管理部负责进货的检验和试验工作。 (2)库房负责验收原材料的数量(重量)并检查包装情况。 (3)质量管理部制定《来料检验控制作业标准》。 第2章来料检验的规划 第5条:明确来料检测要项 (1)来料检验专员对来料进行检验之前,首先要清楚该批货物的质量检测要项,不明之处要向来料检验主管咨询,知道清楚明了为止。 (2)对于新来料,在明确该料的检测标准和方法之后,将之加入《来料检验控制作业标准》。 第6条:影响来料检验方式、方法的因素 (1)来料对产品质量的影响程度。 (2)供应商质量控制能力及以往的信誉。 (3)该类货物以往经常出现的质量异常。 (4)来料对公司运营成本的影响。

(5)客户的要求。 第7条:确定来料检验的项目及方法 (1)外观检测。一般用目视、手感、限度样品进行验证。 (2)尺寸检测。一般用卡尺、千分尺等量具验证。 (3)结构检测。一般用拉力器、扭力器、压力器验证。 (4)特性检测。如电气的、物理的、化学的、机械的特性,一般采用检测仪器和特定方法来验证。 第8条:来料检验方式的选择(见抽检方案) (1)全检。适用于来料数量少、价值高、不允许有不合格品物料或工厂指定进行全检的物料。 (2)抽检。适用于平均数量较多,经常性使用的物料。(抽检比例待定) 第3章来料检验的程序 第9条:质量管理部制定《来料检验控制标准及规程序》,由质量管理部经理批准后发放至检验人员执行。检验和试验的规包括材料名称、检验项目、标准、方法、记录要求。 第10条:采购部根据到货日期、到货品种、规格、数量等,通知库房和质量管理部准备来验收和检验工作。 第11条:来料后,由库房人员检查来料的品种、规格、数量(重量)、包装情况,并及时通知质量管理部检验专员到现场检验。 第12条:来料专员接到检验通知后,到库房按《来料检验控制标准及规程序》进行检验,并填写《产品进厂检验单》。相应的检验记录,和检验日报。 第13条:检验完毕后,对合格的来料贴上合格标识,通知库房人员办理入库手续。 第14条:如果是生产急需的来料,在来不及检验和试验时,须按《紧急放行控制制度》中规定的程序执行。 第15条:检测中不合格的来料应根据《不合格品控制程序》的规定进行处置,不合格的来料不允许入库。将其由来料库移入不合格品库,并进行相应标识。 第16条:来料检验和试验的记录由质量管理部来料检验组按规定期限和方法保持。 第17条:检验时,如来料检验专员无法判定是否合格,应立即请相关部门会同验收,来判定是否合格。会同验收的参与人员,必须在检验记录表签字。

质量技术部部门职责

质量技术部部门职责 1 市场调研、分析、预测 1.1 对国内外竞争对手进行调研、分析及预测,包括生产经营状况、营销策略和技术动向。 1.2 对替代产品的调研、分析及预测,积极寻求新的市场发展方向。 1.3 对国内现有产品成熟应用行业的调研、分析及预测。 1.4 对国内新兴应用行业的调研、分析及预测。 1.5对国家相关产业政策、经济环境、行业动态等宏观资讯的调研、分析。 1.6 探索、发现具有成长潜力的新兴产业。 2 新产品、新工艺的开发、应用 2.1 项目立项:包括市场信息的收集整理、项目立项建议书的提出、组织项目的立项评估。 2.2 项目实施:包括项目各阶段方案制定和实施、技术外购计划的制定及技术外购合同的签订、提交项目结题报告。 2.3 新产品企业标准、产品及原材料检验规程、生产配方通知单等新产品资料的制定及宣传资料的编制。 2.4 跟踪新产品的市场应用信息并提出产品改进方案。 2.5 技术成果的申报。 2.6 科研资料的管理。 2.7 掌握国内外同行业的技术发展动态,并加以引进、消化和应用推广。 3 营销战略策划 3.1根据市场拓展计划拟定营销方案,为公司制定年度经营计划提供依据。

3.2 依据公司年度营销目标计划,对产品、价格、质量进行准确的市场定位;协助销售部对营销渠道进行选择和优化。 3.3 负责企业形象和产品品牌的宣传;全年的广告及展会宣传计划的制定、实施;负责公司商标管理等工作。 3.4 与相关的应用领域的协会或组织密切联系,建立全方位的信息渠道,及时获取与企业相关的重要信息。 3.5按照各产品的外部市场分析报告、销售数据分析等内外部资讯,定期对市场总体情况及各区域市场进行综合分析,并提交分析报告,提出产品定价策略。 3.6 产品包装的设计。 3.7 调查各类用户特别是需求量较大的用户对本企业产品的使用评价,收集对产品的质量标准、性能、品种、价格等方面的要求和意见,及时反馈给相关部门。 3.8 负责新产品的营销策划工作。 3.9 对销售队伍进行专业及产品知识方面的培训。 3.10 对市场销售行为进行监控。 3.11 拟订产品组合方案,对不具备生产条件的产品做出书面说明及建议。 4 产品质量管理 4.1 各类高岭土原矿的检验分析,与制造部相关人员配合验矿。 4.2 负责生产过程质量控制。 4.3 出厂产品质量控制。 4.4 各工序质量控制点质量指标及出厂产品质量指标的制定。 4.5 各类外来样品的质量检验与分析。

第五章 老年社会工作

第五章老年社会工作 第一节老年社会工作概述 第二节老年社会工作的主要内容 第三节老年社会工作的主要方法 第一节老年社会工作概述 一、老年人与老年期 (一)年龄界定 生理年龄:生理指标与功能确定 心理年龄:心理活动程度确定 社会年龄:与他人交往的角色确定 (二)老年期的划分 低龄老年人:60-69岁 中龄老年人:70-79 高龄老年人:80岁以上 (三)划分的意义 1.三种年龄:不能仅凭日历年龄判断服务需求,而要关注不同个体在生理、心理与社会方面的差异。 2.三个时期:关注老年同期群的共性需要。 二、老年期的特点 (一)生理变化 1.生理变化的特点:九大生理系统老化 2.对开展老年社会工作的影响 (1)要特别关注老年人的身体健康状况; (2)处理好隐私的健康问题,如大小便; (3)帮助机构和家庭策划环境的调整。 (二)心理变化 1.智力、人格、记忆力的变化 智力:结晶智力强,但处理问题速度下降 人格:总结自己生命的意义 记忆力:记忆速度下降,动机决定是否学习 2.对开展老年社工的影响 (1)提供机会但尊重选择 (2)所有事放慢节奏 (3)关注身体健康对心理功能的重要性 (三)社会生活方面的变化 1.对老年社会生活变化的理论解释 (1)角色理论:丧失象征中年的社会角色 (2)活动理论:生活满足感与活动有积极联系 (3)撤离理论:接受减少与社会的交往 (4)延续理论:不能割裂看待老年阶段 (5)社会建构理论:老年是一个独特的个人过程 (6)现代化理论:现代化使老年人地位下降

2.理论在社会工作中的应用 (1)注意角色转变的重大生活事件 (2)注意老年个体的差异性,尊重其对生活意义的不同理解 (3)注意社会隔离可能对老年人造成的伤害 (4)改变总有可能 (5)关注社会变迁对老年人的影响,推动社会政策的调整 三、老年人的需要及问题 (一)老年人的需要 1.健康维护 2.经济保障 3.就业休闲 4.社会参与 5.婚姻家庭 6.居家安全 7.后事安排 8.一条龙照顾 (二)老年人的问题 1.慢性病问题与医疗问题 2.家庭照顾问题 3.宜居环境问题 4.代际隔阂问题 5.社会隔离问题 四、老年社会工作 (一)老年社会工作的对象 1.老年人自身:空巢、残疾、高龄老人,也包括健康老人 2.老年人周围的人:家庭成员、亲属、朋友、邻居等 3.宏观系统:单位与服务组织 (二)老年社会工作的目的 根本目标:老有所养、老有所医、老有所教、老有所学、老有所为、老有所乐 (三)老年社会工作的作用 1.个体层面:维持日常生活、获得社会支持 2.宏观层面:参与制定有关老年人的服务方案与政策 五、老年社会工作的特点 (一)老年歧视等社会价值观会影响社会工作者的态度与行为 (二)反移情是社会工作者的重要课题 (三)社会工作者要善于运用督导机制 (四)需要多学科合作 第二节老年社会工作的主要内容 一、身体健康方面的服务 二、认知与情绪问题的处理 三、精神问题的解决 四、社会支持网络的建立 五、老年人特殊问题的处理 一、身体健康方面的服务

技术质量部工作职责

江苏辉业集团有限公司 技 术 质 量 部 部门及岗位职责 二〇一二年二月十八日 技术质量部 部门职责: 1、编制年度施工技术工作的总结和规划,根据年度公司工作要点编制运用计划, 组织季度的技术检查工作,参与分析公司技术经济活动。提供技术咨询服务。

2、积极推广新技术,新材料,新工艺的运用。 3、在总工程师主持下,组织集团公司Ⅰ类工程的施工组织设计(质量计划)的 编写,负责对Ⅰ类工程施工组织设计(质量计划)的审核。组织并参与Ⅰ类工程的质量策划,指导分公司、项目部进行施工组织设计的编写,制定各项技术措施及作业措施;对Ⅰ、Ⅱ类工程的施工组织设计进行审核,并监督其实施情况。 4、开工前组织Ⅰ类工程的图纸熟悉、审查工作,集中相关人员认真学习、熟悉 图纸及设计提供的有关技术资料,领会设计意图,明确技术要求,负责会审后的图纸会审记录在本部门的归档工作。 5、贯彻落实国家的各项技术标准,科学的组织各项技术工作,建立正常的生产 技术秩序,充分发挥技术力量的作用。 6、积极推广应用新技术、新材料、新工艺,提高工厂化、机械化水平,保证工 程质量,提高劳动生产率,考核技术工作的效果。 7、在总工程师的领导和组织下熟悉施工图纸及设计文件。组织、参与集团公司 Ⅰ类工程的设计交底,图纸会审。 8、对特殊过程进行有效控制,审批特殊过程的施工方案,并负责监督和指导其 实施,确保工程产品满足规定要求。 9、健全计量标准和监视、测量装置管理体系,按规定配备、使用计量器具,禁 止不合格计量器具投入使用,计量器具配备率、合格率、周检率达到目标要求。 10、负责每季的技术检查工作,及时发现存在的问题并予以纠正、总结。 11、编制年度科技进步计划,落实并督促实施科技进步项目的立项和开展科研 活动;协助科协认真做好每年度的科学技术论文的编写、评审、汇编工作,并向上级组织推荐。 12、负责企业信息自动化的建设,企业内部局域网络(计算机)的布控与维护。 负责对公司员工进行计算机知识和操作技能的培训,提高公司计算机应用水平和技能。 13、执行国家、行业、地方的法律法规验收标准和企业的技术标准,对施工工程 质量负有监督检查责任。

来料品质管理规范

来料品质管理规范 WTD standardization office【WTD 5AB- WTDK 08- WTD 2C】

1.目的 为确保原材料进料品质符合规格要求,使制造单位能顺利生产出符合市场要求的产品,令客户满意。 2.范围 适用于本公司所有原材料的检验。 3.定义与缩写 IQC:来料品质控制。 可接受的质量水平(AQL):本公司根据MIL-STD-105E抽样计划表等级II进行抽样, 规定IQC 检验允收水准为(依材质不同使用不同的AQL值,具体详见来料检验报告中的规定)。 缺陷:单位产品的任一质量特征不符合规定要求即构成缺陷。 致命缺陷(CR):指有可能对人体造成伤害的、原材料成份不符合ROHS指令要求等。另外也指在进行可靠性试验中发现的产品的缺陷和不良。 严重缺陷(MA):指有可能造成产品的功能及装配不良的缺陷,如结构、尺寸、元器件电子特性不符合要求等。 轻微缺陷(MI):指对产品功能没有影响,但可能会影响产品外观的缺陷。 不合格品:不符合规定质量特征要求的单位产品。 MRB(Material Review Board) 物料/产品评估委员会:由品质部/计划部/采购部/制造工程部/生产部组成,确定来料异常物料的处理方式。 Scrap报废:来料品质有致命缺陷, UAI(Use As It)特采:对产品整机功能、装配影响不大的异常问题来料,作降级使用的一种处理方式。 RTV(Return To Vendor)退供应商:来料有严重品质问题,不能使用,须退厂商处理的一种处理方式。 Rework返工:来料有瑕疵,但经过返工修理后可正常使用的一种处理方式。 Sorting 挑选:因应急产线生产而从不良批中挑选出良品使用的一种入库处理方式。 4. 权责Responsible : IQC:对原材料来料,检验完毕后对原材料判定进行标识及填写《XXX来料检验报告》;对生产余、退料/库存超期物料等进行检验,检验OK后在退料单/报检单上签名备注检验结 果。ERP系统数据的录入和维护。MRB物料的处理跟进。

技术部长岗位职责 (2)

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来料品质控制规范

文件编号: Q/ZH 220.001—C 版 本: A/0 页 数: 共 12 页 生效日期: 2012年5 月20日 编制: 胡青 审核: 批准: 2012年5月18日 年 月 日 年 月 日 目 录

1 目的 2 适用范围 3 应用文件 4 定义 5 职责 6 建立IQC档案 7 供应商评估与管理 8 检验项目和抽样方法 9 进料品质控制流程图 10 作业流程 10.1 检验准备 10.2 进料核对 10.3 检验 10.4 判定、标识、处理 10.5 报表填写 10.6 验收入库 11 检验状态与标识管理 12 进料特采管理 13 不合格物料处理 14 来料样品的确认 15 检测数据统计分析 16 附录 1 目的

使质管部进料检验作业规范化,确保进厂物料符合标准,防止不合格物料进入仓库和生产流程。 2 适用范围 适用于材料、辅料、包装材料及外协加工物料的检验,适用于与进料检验作业相关的质管部门和作业人员。 3应用文件 3.1 供应商及物料信息 供应商调查评定表、供应商调查追踪表、来料规格书、物料样品、产品BOM表、合格供应商一览表3.2 检测标准及方法 IQC进料检验标准、抽样方法、IQC检验作业指导书、检验设备、物料编码规则。 3.3 作业表单 外来物料检验报告、IQC退料检验报告、纠正和预防措施处理单、不合格品评审表、进料送检单、不合格品处理记录表、品质异常联络单。 3.4 相关文件 采购控制程序、监视与测量控制程序、不合格品控制程序 4 定义 4.1 AQL:Acceptable Quality Level允许品质水准。 4.2 重缺陷Major Defect:不构成致命缺陷,但能造成故障或严重降低产品实用性能的缺陷。 4.3 轻缺陷Minor Defect:不构成致命缺陷,只对产品的实用性能有轻微影响或几乎没有影响的缺陷。 5 职责 5.1资材部仓库 外来物料进厂时核对物料型号、数量、包装等是否与订单相符。 5.2 质管IQC 对外来物料及外协加工物料进行检验,并同采购部与供方联系处理不合格品,供应商评审跟踪。5.3 资材部采购 进料通知及与供应商协商处理不合格品、退货作业等、供应商评估。 5.4 研发中心 负责制定原辅料检验和试验的相关标准、技术要求,提供技术支持。 6 建立IQC档案 6.1 IQC档案目录

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来料品质控制规范

文件编号: Q/ZH —C 版 本: A/0 页 数: 共 12 页 生效日期: 2012年5 月20日 编制: 胡青 审核: 批准: 2012年5月18日 年 月 日 年 月 日 目 录

1 目的 2 适用范围 3 应用文件 4 定义 5 职责 6 建立IQC档案 7 供应商评估与管理 8 检验项目和抽样方法 9 进料品质控制流程图 10 作业流程 检验准备 进料核对 检验 判定、标识、处理 报表填写 验收入库 11 检验状态与标识管理 12 进料特采管理 13 不合格物料处理 14 来料样品的确认 15 检测数据统计分析 16 附录 1 目的 使质管部进料检验作业规范化,确保进厂物料符合标准,防止不合格物料进入仓库和生产流程。

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