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Chapter 11.The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.2.The offical name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.Eire has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.4.England is the largest,most opulous and generally speaking the richest section.5.The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries thar were once colonies of Britain.6.At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonewalth.7.Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Altantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel between England and Franch is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel. "Chunnel" was open to traffic in May 1994.8.Britain covers an area of 244,100 square km.(老师说关于面积大小，只要记住前面三位数字就可以了）9.Ice covered Snowdonia, the Lake District, and the Scottish Highlands.10.England has an area of more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island.11.The highest peak of England, Scafell (978m)12.Scotland has an area of 78,760 square kilometres. It is in the north of Great Britain with many mountains, lakes and islands.13.Scotland:the highland is the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The highland are a wild, rocky, mountainous plateau. The southern uplands, a rolling moorland.14.Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m) is located Scotland.15.The western part of highlands and th islands of Hebrides are a very beautiful region.16.Lowland si the most important area in Scotland which contains most fo the industry and population.17.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.18.Wales is in the west of Great Britain. It has an area of 20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% fo the whole island. 6% fo Wales is covered with forest and 12% fo the land is arable.19.Snowdonia in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales.20.The capital of Wales is Cardiff.21.Northern Ireland takes up the northern fifth of Ireland and has an area of 14,147 square kilometres.22.Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.23.Rivers in Britain do not freeze in winter. They play a very important role in the country's economy. The great ports of London, Liverpool and Glasgow.24.The longest river is the Severn River (338km);the second larges and most important river in Britain is the Thames River (336km)25.River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. It's an important commercial waterway.26.There are many lakes in Britain especially in northern Scotland, the Lake District in north-west England and North Wales. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland which covers an area of 396 square kilometres. The Lake District is one of the popular tourist attractions in Britain. Ti is well known for its lake poeter.27.A maritime type of climate.28.It has a favourable maritime climate-winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.29.Britain's climate influenced mainly by three factors: 1) The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. 2) The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country allthe year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate. 3) The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast fo the British Isles and warms them.30.Britain's climate's characterised by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms.31.Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.32.In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, left 4,000 people dead or dying. Britain have introduced "clean air zones" whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.33.Britain has a population of 57,411,000,average of 237 people per square kilometre. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. Especially in Northern Scotland, which are almost uninhabited.34.There is a great concentration of population in England, 47million live in England, 14 million live in London and south-eastern England.35.They take on each other's way of life and this makes it more difficult for people to distinguish between people from different parts of Britain.36.The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.37.Welsh is an ancient Celtic language. It wa given equality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965.38.The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod, keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.39.Some Germanic Angles settled in the Scottish lowlands and in the borderlands between Scotland and England, but they never invaded the Highlands.40.Though the Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, today most visitors to Scotland come away with an impression that they are hospitable, generous and friendly.41.English Protestants there has been bitter fighting Catholics, who are seeking more。
Chapter I Geographical Features and Natural ResourcesCountry name:conventional long form:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandconventional short form:the United Kingdomabbreviation: UKNational capital: London1.Geographical Features:* EnglandQuestions:How do the Welsh and Scots feel when you address them the English? Why?The Welsh and Scots feel annoyed when they are addressed the English for they demand more recognition of their independent national distinctions.Why do people think the Lake District is very famous?It is famous for the various mountains, lakes, beautiful scenery. And the Lake Poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor and Robert Southey once lived in the Lake District in the 19th century and drew inspiration for much of their poetry from the scenery there.●England is in the southern part of Great Britain.●England is the largest and most southerly portion of Britain.●England is the most populous and rich section of the country.●In the north, the Pennines(奔宁山脉) is the backbone of England. The highest point of the Pennines is CrossFell.●The Lake Poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor and Robert Southey made the Lake District veryfamous for they once lived in the region in the 19th century and drew inspiration for much of their poetry from the scenery there.William Wordsworth: (1770-1850), English poet, one of the most accomplished and influential of England's romantic poets. 华兹华（1770-1850），英国诗人。
Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。
●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island（大不列颠岛）上，东濒North Sea（北海），西临Atlantic（大西洋），南与European Continent（欧洲大陆）以English Channel（英吉利海峡）、Denver Channel（多佛海峡）相隔。
由Great Britain（包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部）和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。
陆界与Republic of Ireland （爱尔兰共和国）接壤。
国土总面积共24.18万平方公里，海岸线总长1.15万公里。
Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市（英国全境第三大城市），为苏格兰地区工业重镇，著名的Clyde（克莱德河）即流经此地。
市里有University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）、St Monger（圣蒙戈）大教堂和Hampton Court Park（汉普登公园）。
Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。
城区以Princes Street（王子大街）为界，一边是New Town，一边是Old Town。
著名古迹有：Edinburgh Castle（爱丁堡城堡）、St Giles′Cathedral（圣吉尔教堂）、National Gallery of Scotland（苏格兰国立美术馆）、Scott Monument（司各特纪念碑）、Palace of Holyroodhouse（圣十字架宫）等。
英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, GreatBritain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are theydifferent?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The BritishIsles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—thenorthern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain,the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There isanother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder ofIreland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
Chapter 1第⼀章Land and People英国的国⼟与⼈民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官⽅正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛—⼤不列颠岛（较⼤的⼀个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔⼠。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部，是，⼈⼝最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠的北部。
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
