Chapter 1 Land and People
第01讲Geographical Features & Climate Part I the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Chapter 1 Land and People
Names
【译文】
第一编英国
第一章国土与人民
名称
?different names for 英国
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
the United Kingdom
the UK
Great Britain （GB）
Britain
England
the total population: 63 million.
the third-largest in the European Union （behind Germany and France） and the 22nd-largest in the world.
【译文】
“英国”不同的名称：
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
联合王国
联合王国
大不列颠（GB）
不列颠
英格兰
总人口：6300 0000
英国是欧洲第三人口大国（排在德国和法国后面），是世界第二十二人口大国。
?The UK is a developed country.
the sixth-largest national economy in the world （and third-largest in Europe）measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world （and second-largest in Europe） measured by purchasing power parity （PPP）.
It was the world’s first industrialized country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
【译文】
英国是一个发达国家。
英国的名义GDP居世界国民经济的第六位（欧洲第三位），购买力平价居世界第八位（欧洲第二位）。
它是世界上第一个工化的国家，是19世纪到20世纪早期世界上最重要的力量。
?I Geographical Features
1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size
English Channel: The UK is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across.
▲Chunnel: In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could
be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work, this channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel,” was open to traffic in May 1994.
【译文】
I.地理特征
1.英国的地理位置和面积
英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海块，只有33公里宽。
▲查诺尔：1985年，英法两国政府决定在多佛尔海峡底部修建一个隧道，把两个国家连接起来。经过八年努力，这条名为“查诺尔“的海底隧道于1994年5月通车。
?The UK covers a total area of 244,110 sq km. （24万平方公里）England is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest division of the UK. It makes up 130,400 sq km of the UK’s total area. The area of Scotland is 78,800 sq km, the area of Wales is 20,800 sq km, and the area of Northern Ireland is 14,100 sq km. This means that England makes up 53.4% of the area of the UK, Scotland 32.3%, Wales 8.5%, and Northern Ireland 5.8%.
【译文】
英国的总面积为244,110平方公里。
英格兰是英国最大、人口最多、最富裕的行政区。它占英国总面积中的130,400平方公里。苏格兰的面积是78,800平方公里。威尔士的面积是20,800平方公里。北爱尔兰的面积是14,100平方公里。这意味着英格兰占据英国总面积的53.4% ，苏格兰占据32.3%，威尔士占据8.5%，北爱尔兰占据5.85%。
? 2. Rivers and Lakes
Rivers
a. Basic Information:
The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea. Rivers and streams moving westward down from the Highlands tend to be swift and turbulent; rivers flowing eastward tend to be long and gentle, with slowly moving waters.
b. Rivers:
Rivers in England
1）Severn River （354km）: longest river;
2）Thames River （338km）: second largest and most important （water transportation, Oxford site）;
3）Other important rivers in England are the Mersey, the River Humber, the Trent River and the Tyne River.
【译文】
河流和湖泊
河流
a.基础信息：
高地扮演着分水岭的角色，决定着河流向西流入爱尔兰海，还是向东流入北海。从高地流向西部的河流和小溪是迅猛的，而流向东部的河流是漫长且平缓的，水流比较慢。
b.河流
英国的河流
1）塞文河（354千米）：最长的河流；
2）泰晤士河（338千米）：第二长河和最重要的河流（水路运输，坐落着牛津）；
3）英格兰其他重要的河是默塞河，亨伯河，特伦特河泰恩河。
?Rivers in Scotland
the important rivers are the Clyde and the Forth, which are joined by a canal.
Rivers in Northern Ireland
the Lagan, the Bann, and the Foyle.
【译文】
苏格兰的河流
最重要的河流是克莱德河和福斯河。这两条河被一条运河连接起来。
北爱尔兰的河流
拉甘河、班恩河和福伊尔河。
?★The Thames River
The Thames, 338 km long, is the most important river in Britain. It flows eastward out of the Cotswold Hills and weaves through the metropolis of London. The Thames provides water to the city of London and is used to carry commercial freight.
【译文】
泰晤士河长338千米，是英国最重要的河流。它从科夏沃尔德山向东而波，横贯首都伦敦。泰晤士河为伦敦城提供用水，并被用于水路运输。
?Lakes
1）Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.
2）Loch Lomond, on the southwestern edge of the Highlands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.
3）Lake Windermere is the largest of the 15 major lakes in the famous.
【译文】
湖泊
1）北爱尔兰的洛尼格湖是英国最大的湖；
2）位于苏格兰高地西南边缘的洛蒙德湖，是大大不列颠岛上最大的湖；
3）温德米尔湖是15个著名湖泊中最大的一个。
?Lake District
① One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain;
② It is in Northwestern England. It is about 1.6 km wide and more than 16 km
long.
③ 15 lakes, Windermere is one of the largest ones.
④ The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and
Southey.
【译文】
英国湖区
①英国最引人的旅游热点之一；
②在英格兰西北部，它大概宽1.6千米，长超过16千米；
③15个湖泊，温德米尔湖是最大的湖之一；
④19世纪湖畔诗人聚居的地方：华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。
?II. Climate
1. Maritime Climate
a. Favorable one, winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too
hot;
b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;
c. Small range of temperature. （average temperature in winter in the north is
4-6°C and in summer in the south is 12-17°C）
【译文】
II.气候
1.海洋性气候
a.相当宜人，冬季温和不太冷、夏季凉爽不太热；
b.全年的降雨量稳定；
c.气温变化小。（北方冬季平均气温是4-6摄氏度，南方夏季为12-17摄氏度。）
? 2.Factors Which Influence the Climate （moderate climate）（1） The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. As the sea heats up and cools off relatively slowly it brings warm air in winter and cool air in summer.
（2） The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies （winds which come from the west） blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate.
（3） The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
Uncertainty of the Weather
It changes from day to day, and this makes it difficult to forecast. It is so changeable that sometimes one can experience four seasons in the course of a single day. It has been said that the uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman’s character. It tends to make him cautious, for example.
【译文】
2.影响英国气候的因素
（1）四周的海水使季节差异平衡，冬暖夏凉。这是因为海洋的加热和降温作用是相对缓慢的，冬季带来暖气，夏季带来凉气。
（2）全年盛行的西南风吹遍全国，为冬季带来温暖和湿润的空气，使气温适中。
（3）北大西洋暖流流经大不列颠群岛西海岸并使其温度保持温和。
天气的不确定性
天气每天都在变，很难预测。有时甚至同一个人在同一天可以经历四季。据说天气的不确定对英国人的性格有很大影响，例如使他们僅慎行事。
? 3. Rainfall
a. The UK has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average
annual rainfall in the UK is over 1,000 mm.
b. Character:
① Water surplus in north and west;
② Water deficit in south and east.
c. Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake
District and the Scottish Highlands.
【译文】
3.降雨量
a. 英国全年有稳定的降雨量。平均年降雨量为1000多毫米。
b.特点：
①北部和西部雨量过多；
②南部和东部雨量缺乏。
c.在像威尔士中部、湖泊区、苏格兰高地这样的山区就需修建水库储水。
? 4. Natural calamities
a. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy
atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying.
So most cities in Britain have introduce “Clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allow to burn smokeless fuel.
b. Many areas are subjected to severe gales, which cause flooding, shipwrecks
and loss of life, especially in winter.
【译文】
a.1952年持续四天的由烟雾、灰尘混合而成的伦敦烟雾所含的二氧化硫，引起4,000
人死亡或生命垂危。因此，英国大多数城市实行了“清洁空气区”政策，根据此规定，工厂和家庭只许燃烧无烟燃料。
b.许多地区也易遭受强风的袭击，强风会导致洪水, 海难和生命损失，特别是在冬天。
?第02讲Plant and Animal Life & People
III. Plant and Animal Life
1. Plant Life
The mild climate, ample rain, and long growing season in the UK support a great variety of plants, which grow exceptionally well. Most of the UK was once covered with thick, deciduous forests in which oak trees （橡树）predominated. The impact of centuries of dense human population has massively altered the flora of the UK, and only tiny remnants of these forests remain today.
【译文】Ⅲ.动植物
1.植物
适宜的气候、充足的降雨和漫长的生长季节，造成了英国植物的多样性，并且长势特别好。英国的大部分地区曾经覆盖着厚厚的以橡树为主的落叶林。受几个世纪以来人口密度的影响，英国大量的植物群被改变，现在只有极少的幸存者。
? 2. Animal Life
The only surviving large mammals are red deer（红鹿）, which live in the Scottish Highlands and in Exmoor in southwestern England, and roe deer（獐鹿，麝）,found in the woodlands of Scotland and southern England.
Bird-watching is a popular national pastime.
Saltwater fish were once important to Britain’s economy. Cod（鳕鱼）, herring （鲱鱼）and mackerel （鲭鱼）are still caught off the coasts of Britain, although quotas are now imposed.
【译文】2.动物
现在幸存的较大的哺乳动物，是生长在苏格兰高地和英格兰南部的埃克斯穆尔的红鹿，以及在苏格兰林地和英格兰南部林地发现的獐鹿。
观鸟是英国的一项流行的国民消遣。
咸水鱼曾经在英国经济中是非常重要的，尽管实施了限制捕捞的政策，但鳕鱼、鲱鱼和鲭鱼依然在远离英国海岸线的地方被捕捞。
?IV. People
1. Ethnic Groups
For centuries people have migrated to the British Isles from many parts of the world, some to avoid political or religious persecution, others to find a better way of life or to escape poverty. In historic times migrants from the European mainland joined the indigenous population of Britain during the Roman Empire and during the invasions of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Normans. The Irish have long made homes in Great Britain. Many Jews arrived in Britain toward the end of the 19th century and in the 1930s. After 1945 large numbers of other European refugees settled in the country. The large immigrant communities from the West Indies and South Asia date from the 1950s and 1960s.
People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin account for more than half of the total ethnic minority population, and people of West Indian origin are the next largest group.
The foreign-born element of the population is concentrated in inner-city areas, and more than half live in Greater London.
【译文】Ⅳ. 人民
1.族群
几个世纪以来，世界各地的人们移民到不列颠群岛，一些人是为了政治避难或宗教保护，另外一部分人是为了逃离贫穷，找到更好的生活。历史上，从欧洲大陆过来的移民，在罗马帝国时和安格鲁-撒克逊人、朱特人、丹麦人及诺曼人入侵时，加入了英国的贫困人群。爱尔兰人在英国定居已经有很长一段历史。19世纪末至20世纪30年代，很多犹太人来到英国。1945年以后，很多欧洲难民也到英国定居。20世纪50年代至60年代，西印度群岛和南亚的众多人口也迁徙至此。
在英国，超过一半的少数民族人口是印度人、巴基斯坦人以及孟加拉国人，第二大少数民族群体是西印度人。外国移民大多群居于内城地区，一半以上生活在大伦敦市。
? 2. Languages
1）Celtic: Of the surviving languages the earliest to arrive in Britain were the two forms of Celtic（凯尔特语）:the Goidelic （from which Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic derive）and Brythonic （from which the old Cornish language and modem Welsh have developed）. Among the contemporary Celtic languages Welsh is the strongest: about one-fifth of the total population of Wales are able to speak it.
【译文】2.语言
1）凯尔特语：英国现存语言中，最早出现的是凯尔特语，有两种形式：戈伊德尔语（发展为爱尔兰语、马恩岛语、苏格兰盖尔语）和布立吞语（发展为古康沃尔语、现代威尔士语）。
在当代凯尔特语中，威尔士语普及率最广，威尔士总人口的五分之一可以用威尔士语交流。?2）English: The second link with Indo-European is through the ancient Germanic language group, two branches of which, the North Germanic and the West Germanic, were destined to make contributions to the English language. Modem English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes（安格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人）（who all arrived in Britain in the 5th century AD） and heavily influenced by the language of the Danes（Vikings维
京人）, who began raiding the British Isles in about 790 and later colonized parts of northern and eastern England.
Many additions to the English language have been made since the 14th century, but the Normans were the last important linguistic group to enter Britain.
【译文】2）英语：与印欧语系相关的还有古日耳曼语，它有两条分支，分别是北日耳曼语支和西日耳曼语支，均对英语有所贡献。现代英语主要源自安格鲁人、撒克逊人以及朱特人所讲的日耳曼语方言，他们都是在公元5世纪来到英国，现代英语还主要受到丹麦人（斯堪的纳维亚人）语言的影响，大约在公元790年，他们开始劫掠英国岛屿，后来，英格兰北部和东部的很多地区成为其殖民地。
自14世纪以来，英语又有了很多新内容，但是在重要的语言群体中，诺曼人是最后来到英国的。
? 3. Religion
Christian denominations
The various Christian denominations in the UK have emerged from schisms that divided the church over the centuries.
1）Protestantism（新教）（Reformation宗教改革）:
The greatest of these occurred in England in the 16th century, when Henry VIII rejected the supremacy of the Pope. This break with Rome facilitated the adoption of some Protestant tenets（a principle or belief held by a person） and the founding of the Church of England,still the state church in England, although Roman Catholicism has retained adherents （supporters）. In Scotland
the Reformation gave rise to the Church of Scotland, which was governed by presbyteries（长老会）— local bodies composed of ministers and elders —rather than by bishops, as was the case in England.
2）Roman Catholicism （罗马天主教）in Ireland as a whole was almost undisturbed by these events, but in what became Northern Ireland the Anglican and Scottish （Presbyterian） churches had many adherents.
【译文】3.宗教
基督教派
在英国，教会分立后，宗教也进行划分，开始出现各种各样的基督教派，这种情况长达数个世纪。
1）新教（宗教改革）：
在16世纪，亨利八世反对教皇至高无上的地位后，这种情况达到顶峰。与罗马的这种决裂，促成对一些清教教义（个人信条或信仰）的采纳，也促成英格兰教的成立，至今仍是英国的国教，即使罗马天主教的信徒（拥护者）也一直存在。苏格兰改革导致苏格兰教形成，苏格兰教由长老会统治——地区教会由牧师和长者构成——而不是由主教统治，英格兰也是如此。
2）从爱尔兰整体来看，那里的罗马天主教几乎未受到这些事件的影响，但是北爱尔兰地区的圣公会和苏格兰教（长老会）有很多信徒。
?3）Other religions: The British tradition of religious tolerance has been particularly important since the 1950s, when immigrants began to introduce a great variety of religious beliefs. There are large and growing communities that
practice Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism （伊斯兰教，印度教，锡兰教）. The largest number of Muslims came from Pakistan and Bangladesh. The large Sikh and Hindu
communities originated in India. There are also many Buddhist groups.（Buddhism）【译文】3）其他宗教：自20世纪50年代以后，各地移民涌入英国，带来各种宗教信仰，这时英国宗教信仰自由的传统显得尤为重要。很多群体信奉伊斯兰教、印度教以及锡克教，且信奉这些宗教的人数越来越多。信奉穆斯林教的人中，来自巴基斯坦和孟加拉国的最多。人数众多的锡克教和印度教团体均源于印度。这里同样还有很多佛教组织。
? 4. Urbanization
By any standard the UK is among the most urbanized of countries. The greatest overall change that accompanied Britain’s early industrial development was, in fact, the large- scale urbanization.
Of every 10 people in the UK, nine live in towns and more than three of them in one of the country’s 10 largest metropolitan areas. The Greater London
metropolitan area（大伦敦都会区）— the greatest port, the largest center of industry, the most important center of office employment, and the capital city — is by far the largestof these.
【译文】4.城市化
无论从何种角度衡量，英国仍处于高城市化水平国家行列。伴随着英国早期工业发展，从整体来看，最大的变化是大规模的城市化。
在英国，每10个人中，有9人生活在城镇地区，其中有3人以上生活在国家排名前10的大都市。大伦敦市是最繁华的港口、最大的工业中心、最重要的办公室就业中心，也是首都，迄今为止，仍是最大的城市。
?Other metropolitan areas:
Birmingham dominates the extensive built-up area of the West Midlands metropolitan area.
In Greater Manchester, with a similar number of inhabitants, urbanization accompanied the mechanization of the cotton textile industry.
Across the Pennines similar mechanization of wool textiles created the West Yorkshire metropolitan area, with Leeds and Bradford as its twin centers.
The metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear（centered on Newcastle upon Tyne）and the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area are also located on coalfields. Greater Glasgow has about one-third of Scotland’s people.
Other large metropolitan areas in Great Britain include South Yorkshire （centered on Sheffield）, Nottingham, and Bristol. About one-fifth of Northern Ireland’s people live in Belfast.
【译文】其他大都市：
在西米德兰兹郡广阔的建成区，伯明翰占主导地位。
大曼彻斯特市人口数与伯明翰相同，随着棉花纺织业的机械化，城市化得以发展。
在横跨奔宁山脉的地区，羊毛纺织的机械化成就了西约克郡，利兹市和布拉德福镇是它的两个双子中心。
泰恩-威尔市（以纽卡斯尔为中心，依傍泰恩河）和大格拉斯哥市同样建于煤场之上，大格拉斯哥人口大约占苏格兰总人口的三分之一。
大不列颠的大都市还包括南约克郡（以谢菲尔德市为中心）、诺丁汉和布里斯托尔。北爱尔兰约五分之一的人口生活在贝尔法斯特市。
? 5. Population Growth
From the 18th century until well into the 19th century, Britain’s population
soared as the death rate dropped and the birth rate remained high. During this period the total population increased from about 6 million in the 1760s to 26 million in the 1870s.
Toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century the birth rate stabilized and the death rate remained low.
Compared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people, with more than 20% over the age of 60; those under the age of 15 make up only 13% of the population. Britain’s population has been growing slowly, slower than the average for countries in the European Union （EU）.
【译文】5.人口增长
18世纪到19世纪中后期，英国死亡率降低，出生率仍保持在较高水平，人口剧增。在这一时期，人口总数从18世纪60年代的600万增长到19世纪70年代的2600万，19世纪末到20世纪，出生率较为稳定，死亡率一直处于较低水平。
与世界其他地方相比，英国年轻人的比重较小，老人比重较大，60岁以上的老人占全国总人口的20%，而15岁以下的仅占13%。与欧盟相比，英国人口增长较为缓慢，低于欧盟众国平均增速。
? 6. Migration Patterns
Beginning in the 1950s, the immigration of nonwhite （“New Commonwealth”）people from such developing nations as India, Pakistan, and the countries of the West Indies became significant, and from 1957 until 1962 there was a net migration gain.
Migration within the UK has at times been sizable.
1） Until 1700 the relatively small population was sparsely distributed and largely rural and agricultural, much as it had been in medieval times.
【译文】6. 移民模式
20世纪50年代开始，有色人种（“英联邦”）移民英国，他们有的来自发展中国家如印度和巴基斯坦，有的来自西印度群岛上的国家，他们的移居具有重要意义。1957至1962年间，净迁移增长。
有时英国内部的流动也是很大的。
1）在1700年以前，英国人口较少，零星分布，大多生活在农村地区，从事农业劳动，与中古时期的情况类似。
?2） From the mid-18th century, scientific and technological innovations created the first modem industrial state. At the same time, agriculture underwent technical and tenurial changes that allowed increased production with a smaller workforce, and revolutionary improvements in transport made the movement of materials and people easier. As a result, by the late 19th century a mainly rural population had largely become a nation of industrial workers and town dwellers.
【译文】2）从18世纪中期开始，科学技术创新开创了第一批现代工业国家。与此同时，农业经历着技术和土地占有的变化，这种变化使得小工厂产量增加，交通运输上革命性的改进也使得物质和人口转移更加容易。因此，到19世纪后期，农村主要人口大多成为工人和乡镇居民。
?Industry, as well as the urban centers that inevitably grew up around it, concentrated near the coalfields, while the railway network, which grew rapidly
after 1830, enhanced the commercial importance of many towns. The migration of people, especially young people, from the country to industrialized towns took place at an unprecedented rate in the early railway age, and such movements were relatively confined geographically. Migration from agricultural Ireland was an exception, for, when the disastrous potato disease of 1845 -1849led to widespread famine, large numbers moved to Great Britain to become urban workers in Lancashire, Clydeside （the Glasgow region）, and London. The rural exodus （a lot of people leaving a place at the same time） went on, but on a greatly reduced scale, after 1901.
【译文】在工业发展地区必然发展起来的城市，以及工业都集中在煤场附近，而在1830年以后快速发展起来的铁路网增加了众多乡镇的商业重要性。在铁路年代初期，人们都从乡村迁徙至工业城镇，年轻人尤为如此，迁徙人数之多史无前例，但相对来说，他们的移动还是受到了地理限制。而人们从农业为主的爱尔兰迁徙出来是个例外，因为从1845年到1849年，马铃薯受到病害，损失惨重，到处都是饥荒，很多人都移至大不列颠，成为兰开夏郡、克莱德赛德（格拉斯哥地区）和伦敦市的工人。1901年以后，虽然农村外迁者（很多人同时离开一个地方）仍然存在，但规模大大减小。
?3）Soon after World War I, new interregional migration flows began when the formerly booming 19th-century industrial and mining districts lost much of their economic momentum.
4）Declining heavy industry in Clydeside, northeastern England, South Wales, and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire caused a lot of people to lose jobs, and many migrated to the relatively more prosperous Midlands and southern England. This movement of people continued until it was checked by the relatively full employment conditions that occurred soon after the start of World War II.
5）In the 1950s job opportunities in the UK improved with government sponsored diversification of industry, reducing the volume of migration to the south.
【译文】3）一战后不久，19世纪繁荣发展的工业和采矿区失去了大部分的经济势头，跨区流动开始出现。
4）克莱德赛德、英格兰东北部、威尔士南部、兰开夏郡和约克郡的部分地区的重工业衰败，致使很多人失去工作，他们又迁移至相对繁荣的内陆地区和英格兰南部。这种人口流动一直持续到二战开始后不久，相对充分的就业条件开始审查此流动。
5）20世纪50年代，英国政府提倡工业多样性，减少向南流动的人口，就业机会增加了。
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?6）The decline of certain northern industries — coal mining, shipbuilding, and cotton textiles in particular — had nevertheless reached a critical level by the late 1960s, and the emergence of new growth points in the West Midlands and southeastern England made the drift to the south a continuing feature of British economic life.
7）During the 1980s the government largely abandoned subsidies for industry and adopted a program of rationalization and privatization. This resulted in the collapse of coal mining and heavy industry in the north and the West Midlands of
England and in the Lowlands of Scotland and a similar loss of heavy industry in Northern Ireland, thus creating a wave of migration from these regions to the more prosperous south of England, especially East Anglia, the East Midlands, and the South West.
【译文】6）20世纪60年代以后，北部地区一些工业的下滑，达到了临界水平，西米德兰兹郡和英格兰南部出现新的增长点，并扩展到南部地区，成为英国经济生活的持续特点。
7）20世纪80年代，政府很大程度上放弃对工业进行补贴，采取合理化和私有化的政策。这导致英格兰北部和西米德兰兹郡，以及苏格兰低地的采煤业和重工业崩溃，爱尔兰北部的重工业也受到了重创，因此掀起了新一波的人口流动，人们从这些地区迁至更为繁荣的英格兰南部地区，尤其是东安格利亚、东米德兰兹郡以及英格兰西南部。
8）As the economy became stable during the 1990s, migration from Scotland, Northern Ireland, and northern England decreased. While the South East （including Greater London） was the chief destination of external immigrants into Britain, this region, along with the West Midlands, produced a growing internal migration to surrounding regions of England during the 1990s. This pattern reflected a larger trend of migration out of older urban centers throughout Britain to surrounding rural areas and small towns at the end of the 20th century.
8）90年代，经济趋于稳定，苏格兰、北爱尔兰和北英格兰的人口流动减少。英格兰东南部（包括大伦敦）是外来移民至英国的主要目的地，而这个地区和西米德兰兹郡内部人口流动数上升，都迁移至英格兰周边地区。这一模式反映出一大流动趋势，那就是在20世纪末，人们从旧城市中心迁移至英国周边农村地区和小乡镇。
Chapter1 Land and People Great Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland. This is the full name of the country which constitutes all these places. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom, is “the UK" for short. However,most people call the UK ”Britain" or “Great Britain,” and some people simply say “England," which is incorrect and particularly annoys the Scots. According to the 2011 census, the total population of the UK was around 63 million. It is the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France) and the 22nd-largest in the world. The UK is a developed country. According to 2013 statistics it has the sixth-largest national economy in the world (and third-largest in Europe) measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world (and second-largest in Europe) measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). It was the world's first industrialized country and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power because it still has considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally. The capital of the UK is London, which is among the world's leading commercial, financial,and cultural centers. Other major cities include Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and Cardiff in Wales. I.Geographical Features 1. The UK's Geographical Location and Its Size The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel. It is bordered on the east by the North Sea, and on the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The UK's only land border with another nation is between Northern Ireland and Ireland. The UK is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Suraits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work this channel tunnel, which is called"Chunnel,” was open to traffic in May 1994. The UK covers a total area of 244,110 sq km. lt runs 1,000 km from north to south and extends,at the widest part, about 500 km. So no part of the UK is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbors. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation. England is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest division of the UK. It makes up 130,400 sq km of the UK's total area.The area of Scotland is 78,800 sq km, the area of Wales is
英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island：England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).
《英语国家概况》课程习题集西南科技大学成人、网络教育学院版权所有 习题 【说明】：本课程《英语国家概况》（编号为12010）共有单选题,名词解释题,简答题,填空题2等多种试题类型，其中，本习题集中有[简答题]等试题类型未进入。 一、单选题 1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________ A. France B. Denmark C. Ireland D. Germany 2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC? A. Emperor Claudius B. Julius Caesar C. King Alfred D. King Ethelred 3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral? A. Christopher Marlowe B. T. S. Eliot C. Ben Johnson D. Thomas Becket 4.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse. A. Henry B. Hamilton C. Richard D. Charles 5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________. A. Jethro Tull B. Thomas Coke C. George III D. Robert Bakewell 6. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal? A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland) B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties C. senior bishops of the Church of England D. all other life peers 7. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years’ War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, ________. A. the War of the Celts
《英语国家概况》 一、课程性质、目的和要求 （一）课程性质 随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。 （二）课程目的 该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。 （三）课程要求 该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。二、教学重点和难点 （一）教学重点 英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。 美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。 （二）教学难点 英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。 美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
三、教学内容 第一章英国 第一课：英国的国土和人民 教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。 第二课：英国历史 教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。 第三课：英国的经济制度和政策 教学内容：了解第二次世界大战后英国经济地位衰落的原因，经济发展的三个阶段的特点以及英国工业、农业等发展的概况。二战后，英国的经济政策经历了一系列的调节。从五六十年代的稳步发展，七十年代的经济衰退，到八十年代的撒切尔夫人的经济政策，英国从战前的日不落帝国变成一个二流强国。英国的工业，农业，外贸政策也将予以详细的说明。 第四课：英国的政治制度和政府机构 教学内容：英国君主立宪政体，由上院与下院组成的英国议会，英国的政党制度，中央政府机构以及地方政府机构。英国君主立宪制的构成，运行，英国的政党制度，行政机构等将在这一章予以详细介绍。 第五课：英国的社会福利制度 教学内容：英国社会的医疗保健制度、社会保障、宗教和节假日的概况。英国是一个福利国家，这一章介绍英国国民保健制度，和各种社会保险。 第六课：英国的社会文化 教学内容：介绍英国的社会文化；了解英国的教育制度、传播媒介、体育、艺术的概况。介绍英国的宗教信仰，节日庆典，文化教育，广播媒体，体育，文艺及娱乐活动。 第二章美国
英语国家概况课程标准 课程代码： 适用专业：商务英语 一、课程概述 1．课程性质 语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的基础。英语语言学习和英国国家文化相互依存、密不可分。一个优秀的英语语言学习者，若不了解该语言背后所承载的民族文化，其交际能力也会受到限制。该课程能使学生了解和掌握英美两国政治，历史，经济，社会，文化和教育等基本知识，了解英美国家社会发展、现状和影响这两个国家社会发展的因素，拓展学生的知识面，培养学生文化意识，启发学生了解西方社会，了解交际规则，增强学生的英语语言学习能力，为后续专业课程的学习打下一定的基础，进而为培养高技能应用型复合人才打下基础。 2．课程设计思路 本课程在设计上围绕合作学习法—任务型教学法、比较教学法、线索梳理法、启发式等教学法。 合作学习法—任务型教学法 合作学习法又称协作学习，是以合作学习小组为基本形式，系统利用教学中动态因素之间的互动，促进学生的学习，以团体成绩作为评价标准，共同完成教学活动。任务型教学法是一种以任务或活动为核心单位计划组织语言教学的途径,一种强调“在做中学”的语言教学方法。合作学习法与任务型教学法结合是指教师设计学习任务，指导并帮助学生以小组为单位通过合作、协商完成学习任务的教学过程。主要采用组织演示、演讲、讨论等形式。 2）比较教学法 比较教学法是在教学过程中，利用教学内容的相互联系和区别，促进学生掌握和巩固教学内容、达到教学目标的一种逻辑思维方法。例如，在学习美国的政体时，我们可以和英国政体、甚至是我国的政体进行比较，异中求同，同中求异。从而对“Parliament”、“Congress”和我国的NPC （The National People’s Congress）形成更深刻的理解。运用这种教学法不仅有利于学生掌握基本知识与技能，而且有利于提高学生的创造性思维能力。3）线索梳理法 线索梳理法，尤其是历史年代轴线表示法是表达历史线索最清晰的一种方式，这种方式的特点是易于梳理，可操作性强，非常直接，便于记忆。比如说，英国历史很长，如果不进行梳理，很难记忆，如果整理成一条线索，效果却不能同日而语： Early settlers——Roman invasions——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invasions——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorious Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——the two World Wars 同样，美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索： The war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietnam War 二、课程培养目标 1．知识目标 了解主要英语国家的地理，历史，经济和政治等方面的概况；了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。 2．技能目标 扩大知识面，有效弥补英语专业学生知识面窄的不足；提高英语阅读的能力和语言应用能力。 3．素质目标
《英语国家概况》模拟试卷（二） (考试时间150分钟) (英语专业) I. Direction: Read the following unfinished statements of questions carefully. For each unfinished statement of question four suggested answers A; B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on your answer sheet (25%) 1. There are ______ political divisions on the island of Great Britain. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses of which the most important matters could be seen in three of the following except _______. A. no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; B. no serf should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of his property except by the law of the land C. London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges D. There should be the same weights and measures through - out the country. 3. The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor ________ modified and improved the design in 1765. A. Abraham Darby B. James Watt C. John Kay D. Richard Arkwright 4. In some areas factory farming methods are used, particularly for ________. A. growing crop B. producing milk C. catching fish D. rearing poultry 5. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed ______ by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom. A. Prime Minister B. Member of Parliament C. Lord of Appeal D. Speaker of the House 6. Under the Anglo - Irish Treaty, Britain established _______ with dominion status in Ireland in 1921. A. the Anglican Church of Ireland B. the Irish Free State C. the Irish Republican Army
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋.（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）
Unit 1 UK 著名景点 Big Ben 大本钟2、Tower Bridge(crosses the River Thames; close to the Tower of London; symbol of London ) 3、Westminster Abbey ( Gothic church in the City of Westminster,London; Coronation and burial site for British monarchs.) 4、Red Double Decker Bus (mass transit) 英国基本知识 1、constituent parts ? England/ Scotland/ Northern Ireland/ Wales(国旗) 2、the national anthem(国歌)? God save the queen 3、The national Emblem? 4、National flower? Rose (Wars of the Roses - civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster ( red rose) and the royal house of York (white rose).) 5、地理位置 6、Full name?The "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".（The British Isles不列颠岛; Great Britain; UK ; Commonwealth） 7、Three political divisions（行政区域）: England, Scotland, and Wales. 8、Commonwealth? A free association of sovereign states comprising Great Britain and a number of its former dependencies ; united as ?free and equal members‘. 9、Capital England(London); Scotland(Edinburgh); Wales(Cardiff); Northern Ireland(Belfast) 10、Backbone of England? Pennine 11、Ben Nevis? the highest mountain in UK. 1343m 12、North Ireland? National flower: Irish clover (三叶草)；Lough Neagh (the largest lake in UK) ; industrious; agricultural 13、Rivers and lakes?1. The Severn River(longest river; from the mountain of Wales to the Bristol Channel) 2. The Thames River (Main source of London‘s water supply;Second longest river in Britain; Costwold Hills--North Sea)3. The Clyde River (The most important river in Scotland)4. Lake District 5. Lough Neagh（The largest lake in Britain (396 square kilometers), Northern Ireland.） 14、The climate in Britain?pea souper 超级浓雾 Unit2 UK 1、the first settler? The Iberian(伊比利亚人) 2、Stonehenge(巨石阵)?was a place of healing center；The most important monument left by Iberian；There are about 80 stones, and each is five meters tall. 3、The Celtic language? the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic(盖尔语) (Irish,Scotish). 4、Hadrian ‘s Wall 5、7th century Heptarchy（七国联盟）?(Wessex; Sussex; Kent; Essex; East Anglia; Mercia; Northumbria) 6、Viking pirates(维京海盗) ? Vikings from Denmark；established some small kingdoms；Northern and eastern England 7、The Norman Conquest(1066)? The Normans that invaded England in 1066 came from Normandy in Northern France.
Introduction to English-speaking Countries 第一章英国 ●Full Name The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。 ●Geography 位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island（大不列颠岛）上，东濒North Sea（北海），西临Atlantic（大西洋），南与European Continent（欧洲大陆）以English Channel（英吉利海峡）、Denver Channel（多佛海峡）相隔。由Great Britain（包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部）和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。陆界与Republic of Ireland （爱尔兰共和国）接壤。国土总面积共24.18万平方公里，海岸线总长1.15万公里。 Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区） Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市（英国全境第三大城市），为苏格兰地区工业重镇，著名的Clyde（克莱德河）即流经此地。市里有University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）、St Monger（圣蒙戈）大教堂和Hampton Court Park（汉普登公园）。 Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。城区以Princes Street（王子大街）为界，一边是New Town，一边是Old Town。著名古迹有： Edinburgh Castle（爱丁堡城堡）、St Giles′Cathedral（圣吉尔教堂）、National Gallery of Scotland（苏格兰国立美术馆）、Scott Monument（司各特纪念碑）、Palace of Holyroodhouse（圣十字架宫）等。 著名学府有Edinburgh University（爱丁堡大学）和Heriot-Watt University（海里奥特-瓦特大学）等。 著名节日有Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama（爱丁堡国际音乐戏剧节，每年8月最后两周和9月第一周举行）、Film Festival（电影节）、Jazz and Blues Festival（爵士与蓝调音乐节）和Book Festival（图书节）等。 Nevis（尼维斯山）——英国最高山，海拔1343米。 Hadrian’s Wall（哈德良城墙）——位于苏格兰南部，公元2世纪初由Ancient Roman Emperor Hadrian为防御北方Celt（克尔特人）各部落的入侵而建，该土墙从东部的Tyne （泰恩河）到西部的Soleway Firth（索尔维海湾）横跨73英里，为苏格兰和南部的英格兰地区分界。 Lake District（湖泊区）——位于英格兰西北海岸，靠近苏格兰，边界方圆2300平方公里。湖区拥有英格兰最高峰Scafell Pike（斯科菲峰）和英格兰最大的湖Lake Windermere（温德米尔湖）。Cadbury（坎伯里山脉）横贯湖区，把湖区分为南、北、西三区，湖区北部最大的城镇是Keswick（凯斯维克）。 Ⅱ、England（英格兰地区） 英国四个行政区中最大的一个，位于大不列颠岛东南部，地是比较平坦，Pennies（奔宁山脉）纵贯其间，是英格兰的“Chine（脊骨）”。 London(伦敦)——英国首都，欧洲的经济文化中心，位于英格兰东南部平原上，横跨The Thames River（泰晤士河），距离The Thames River入海口88公里。 伦敦是全国政治中心。Palace of Westminster（威斯敏斯特宫）是The British Parliament （英国议会）的House of Lords and House of Commons（上、下两院）的活动场所，故又称为“Parliament Assembly（议会大厅）”。Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特大教堂）内有
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack （英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗） 2. The basic information of each country: Count ry Capital Area Memo Englan d London 最大 1.最不会把自己的 “英格兰文化区 别于其他文化” 2.一个高度城市化
3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland
surrounding isles ●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland ●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English. PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,
广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育 《英语国家概况》第一套复习题 I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for True and F for False . ( 1.5 points each , 30 points in total ) 1.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. 2.People from different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. 3.In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom. 4.Because of political troubles, Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. 5.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons. 6.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. 7.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century. 8.The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. 9.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. 10.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe – the Britons. 11.The Anglo –Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century. 12.The Vikings began to attack the English coasts in the 8th century. 13.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France. 14.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople. 15.The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory. 16.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation. 17.In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers. 18.British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations. 19.The members in the House of Commons in Britain are appointed rather than elected. 20.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world. Answer keys: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T 11.T 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. F 16. T 17. F 18. F 19. F 20. T II. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. (2 points each, 40 points in total) 1. ___B_____ is the capitall city of Scotland. A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff 2. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, ____D_____ is the smallest. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 3. Almost a quarter of the British population lives in ____B_______ England. A. northeastern B.southeastern C. northwestern D. southwestern