2013年外销员考试外贸英语试题及答案5-
外销员考试
DES
__________________________
Bonded
warehouse__________________________
Promissory
note__________________________
Institute
Cargo
Clauses
__________________________
Certificate
of
origin
__________________________
Multilateral
trade
__________________________
Sole
agency
__________________________
Sale
by
sample
__________________________ B.
From
Chinese
into
English:
(5%)
零售价
____________________________
偿付行
____________________________
习惯包装
____________________________
大陆桥
____________________________
保函
____________________________ Ⅱ.
Choose the correct answer :( 20%, strike A
or
B
or
C
or D.)
No discount will
be granted _
you place an order for more than 1000 dozen.
A.
if
B. unless
C. whether
D.
but
for
2. When _
contract, please include the arbitration clause.
A.
draft
B. drafting
C.
to
draft
drafted
3.
We have received news
_
that
the wool market on your
is showing signs
of recovery.
A.
to
an effect B.
to
this effect
to
that
effect
D.
to
the
effect
4.
Please open
your
L/C immediately
facilitate _.
A.
our shipping arrangement
B.
for shipment
C.
to arrange shipment
D.
us
to arrange shipment
_
an order for
100 pieces or more, we allow
a special discount of
5%
for
payment by
L/C.
A.
At
B.
In
C.
On
D. From
6.
If
you can improve your price
by 3%,
we shall
be prepared to
_
for
5,000
metric tons.
A. book with you an order
B. book your order
C.
be
the market D. place a order with you
7.
We suggest that you
our representative in
Beijing
for
your requirements.
A.
will
contact
B. contacting
C.
XXXXXXX卷面考核 XXXXXXX学年第 2 学期期末 《外贸英语函电》（ B ）标准答案 专业_班级经济命题教师 一、Fill in the blanks with the right word or words (2% for each, 20%) 1～5 C D B B B 6～10 B D C B B 二、Choose the appropriate word or words in the parentheses. (2% for each, 20%) 1～5 B A A B A 6～10 B A B A A 三、Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(3% for each, 15%) 1.从中国国际贸易促进委员会获悉，你们有意购买电器用品。 2.我们还想了解各类商品的每种颜色和花样的最低出口起售量。 3.所有报价以我方最后确认为准。除非另有规定或经双方同意，所有价格都是不含佣 金的净价。 4.另行寄上我方目录若干份，以便你方作出适当选择。 5.我方所报价格是经过紧密计算的。然而，为促进业务我们准备给你方5%的折扣。 四、Translate the following sentences into English.(3% for each, 15%) 1.We are one of the leading importers dealing in electronic products in the area, and take this opportunity to approach you in the hope of establishing business relations.
{业务管理}外销员年度考试外贸综合业务试题及答 案
2000年外销员考试外贸综合业务试题及答案 一、名词解释（如系英文，先译成中文，然后就其含义作简要解释。从8题中任选6题，每小题2分，共12分，如答6题以上，按前6题计分） 1．对外贸经济效益 2．关税税则 3．对外贸易系数
4．ElectronicCommerce 5．可行性研究 6．严格责任 7．权利担保 8．出口信贷 二、单位项选择题（在下列试题的几种答案中选出一个正确答案，每小题1分，10题共10分） 1.从当前国际贸易发展和变化的趋势看，我国的出口市场要实施________战略。 ①多元化 ②突出重点市场 ③扩大与发达国家的贸易 2.自动进口许可证制与非自动进口许可证制，在限制商品进口的作用方面比较: ①自动进口许可证比非自动进口许可证的作用大; ②非自动进口许可证比自动进口许可证的作用大; ③自动进口许可证与非自动许可证有同等作用。 3.世贸组织的非歧视贸易原则，主要依靠以下内容体现: ①不断地扩大成员国之间的市场准入; ②各项贸易政策与法规要有透明度; ③成员国之间的贸易应贯彻最惠国待遇条款和国民待遇条款。 4.轻工进出口公司出口电冰箱共1000台，合同和信用证都规定不准分批装运。运输时有30台被撞，包装破裂，冰箱外观变形，不能出口。根据《UCP500》规定，只要货款不超过信用证总金额，交货数量允许有5%的增减。据此，轻工公司发货时，可以装运 ①1000台
②970台 ③950台 5.托收方式下的D/P和D/A的主要区别是_______. ①D/P是属于跟单托收;D/A是属于光票托收。 ②D/P是付款后交单;D/A是承兑后交单。 ③D/P是即期付款;D/A是远期付款。 6.借款国执行土建工程和采购业务时，世界银行认为要坚持"三E"原则，要求采用的招标方式是 ①选择性招标 ②公开招标 ③谈判招标 7.显像管价格的下降，并没有导致电视机厂购买更多的显像管，这是因为产业市场具有______的特点。 ①需求具有派生性 ②行业波动性较小 ③需求缺乏弹性 8.我国《对外贸易法》规定:对伪造、变造进出口原产地证明、进出口许可证的，依法追究其刑事责任。单位犯罪者，外经贸部可以_________ ①撤销其对外贸易经营许可 ②吊销其营业执照 ③判处罚金 9.对外贸易商业信用是指
本文档来源于实惠网外贸论坛(https://www.doczj.com/doc/c74901197.html,)你也可以加入外贸交流QQ群：你95545465交流外贸心得 免费外贸b2b平台-实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/c74901197.html,）注册轻松获得美金，机不可失。 外贸英语写作试题 Ⅰ.Translate the following: 1.From English into Chinese: CIP IMF Customs Invoice Counter Sample Voyage Charter Gross for Net Repayment Guarantee Optional port Futures Trading 2.Form Chinese into English: 1、银行汇票 2、互购 3、外汇储备 4、知识产权 5、备用信用证 Ⅱ.Choose the best answer:
1.We should be pleased to send you a sample our own expense. A.at B.in C.against D.of 2.Good harvest this year has made it possible for us to supply walnuts last year’s prices. A.at B.in C.against D.on 3.Any alteration in design would mean re-setting our machines, and the cost of this would be prohibitive you could place an order for more than 5,000. A.until B.with C.unless D.when 4.After studying our prices and our liberal terms, you will understand why we are working capacity to meet the demand. A.on B.to C.for D.of 5.Thank you for your remittance of US $ 2,150.00 the 70% freight due under Invoice No.22B/9 6. A.of paying B.pay for C.for payment for D.in payment of 6.It will be appreciated you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer you receive our L/C. A.when,wnen B.if,as soon as C.when,shich D.will,soon 7. “virtual shops” may lack see-and-feel sampling, the phenomenal growth of catalogue shopping, TV-and-phone marketing and phone-banking in recent years is proof that see-and-feel is not the only way to sell. A.While B.If that C.When D.Which 8. the goods were examined by a public surveyor upon arrival at your port,we cannot but accept your claims as tendered. A.If B.Despite C.Though D.Since 9.The discount of 5% agreed on was granted only no balance was outstanding from previous account. A.on condition B.on condition that C.that D.depends on 10.We can assure you that these suitings are very popular in the Far-East Markets, we have had some experience.
1995年外销员考试外贸英语试题及答案I. Translate the following (10%) A. From English into Chinese: (5%) VAT__________________________ PICC __________________________ DES __________________________ Bonded warehouse__________________________ Promissory note__________________________ Institute Cargo Clauses __________________________ Certificate of origin __________________________ Multilateral trade __________________________ Sole agency __________________________ Sale by sample __________________________ B. From Chinese into English: (5%) 零售价____________________________ 偿付行____________________________ 习惯包装____________________________
大陆桥____________________________ 保函____________________________ Ⅱ. Choose the correct answer:(20%, strike A or B or C or D.) 1. No discount will be granted _ you place an order for more than 1000 dozen. A. if B. unless C. whether D. but for 2. When _ the contract, please include the arbitration clause. A. draft B. drafting C. to draft D. drafted 3. We have received news _ that the wool market on your side is showing signs of recovery. A. to an effect B. to this effect C. to that effect D. to the effect 4. Please open your L/C immediately to facilitate _. A. our shipping arrangement B. for shipment C. to arrange shipment D. us to arrange shipment 5. _ an order for 100 pieces or more, we allow a special discount of 5% foresult of B. In result of C. With the result of D. As result of
外贸英语写作：进出口类商业书信写作范文外贸英语写作：进出口类商业书信写作范文 Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure. Yours faithfully 2. 提出询价 Dear Sirs, Jun.1, 2001 We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the U.S.A. Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business. We look forward to hearing from you soon.. Truly 3. 迅速提供报价 Gentlemen, June 4, 2001 Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand. We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you. 4. 如何讨价还价 Gentlemen, June 8, 2001 We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a discount of 10% for a quantity of
XXXXXXX卷面考核 XXXXXXX 学年第 2 学期期末 《外贸英语函电》（ A ）卷 专业__班级命题教师_ 10分。） 1. We would ______ very much if you send us some samples immediately. a. thank you b. appreciate it c. appreciate d. appreciate you 2. Our products enjoy _______ in the world market. a. most popular b. great popularity c. good seller d. selling fast 3. We are _______ a copy of our catalog for your reference. a. send b. covering c. closed d. enclosing 4. The letter we sent last week is an enquiry ________ color TV sets. a. about b. for c. of d. as 5. This chemical is made ________ a special formula. a. from b. according to c. of d. in 6. We ______ your terms satisfactory and now send you our order for 2 sets of 《（国际经贸函电）》试题（A卷）第1页共7页
Fill in the blanks with the suitable words (1)Establish of L/C Dear Sirs, The instructions from Browning &Sons, received through our Hong Kong office, we have opened an __________letter of credit_________$59,900 in your________, valid until 30 November next. You have authority to draw on us at 60 days ________this cr edit for the amount of you invoice upon shipment of 2000 tons of Steels to Browning & Sons. Your ________must be accompanied by the following documents, which are to be delivered to us against our acceptance of the draft, Bill of Lading _________triplicate, Commercial________, Insurance Certificate and Certificate of Origin. Provided you fulfill the terms __________the credit we will accept and pay on mat urity the draft presented to us _________this credit and if required, provided discountin g facilities _________current rates. (2) Enquiry We are ___the market ____a parcel of 5,000 pairs of Chinese Shoes and we, __ ____, request you to _____us an offer ____CIF Largos basis including 5%_______, in dicating terms of______and earliest______ We all______it if you will arrange shipment ___a direct steamer to Largos and se nd us samples and a brochure. (3) Offer We are ____ receipt of your cable dated 25 June. We are now offering you 5000 pairs of Chinese cotton shoes____RMB 3.50 per pair CIFC3% Largos ____shipment during October _______transshipment ____Hong Kong and payment ___L/C ____sight, subject ___your acceptance reaching here ____July 10, Beijing time, Samples and a brochure have been sent ___separate cover. (4) Terms of Payment We enclose an application form for documentary ________and shall be glad if you will arrange to _______credit for our account with your office in London an irrevocabl e letter of credit for $1000 in ________of Urban Trading Company, the credit to be __ _______ _________ Nov.30. The credit which evidences shipment of 2000 tons of Steel may be used _______ _presentation of the following documents: Bills of Lading in _______, one copy each o f _________Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Insurance and Certificate of Origin. The company may _________on your London office at 60 days’_________for each shipm ent. (5) Insurance Dear Sirs, In ________to your letter of September 4 _________insurance: Your customer’s _________for insurance ___________up to the inland city is acce ptable ________condition that such extra premium is for his ___________. Second, we can not __________you insurance coverage _____________150% of t he invoice value, because the contract __________that insurance is to be covered for 110% of _______value. We trust the above information serves your purpose. Meanwhile we await your rep ly. Sincerely. (6) Establish Business Relations Dear Sirs, Your name and address were______to us ____the London Trade Board ___a larg e exporter of fabrics of high quality. We are importers of quality clothing materials, and have large annual____for our
镇江高等专科学校2009—2010学年第二学期期末考试试卷 ___08___级应用英语专业外贸英语函电试卷（A卷） 命题许辉校对尹昕审核________ 审批________ 20×1ˊ=20ˊ） Directions:This part is to test your ability to use words and phrases correctly to construct meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. 1. We will forward all the necessary information of the item mentioned above ____ receipt of your reply. A. with B. upon C. in D. of 2. One of our chief lines is to supply factories ____ spare parts. A. for B. with C. to D. / 3. The company name “Sony” was ____ by combining two words “sonus” and “sonny” showing that “Sony” is a very small group of young p eople who have the energy and passion toward unlimited creation. A. create B. creating C. created D. creation 4. The medicine company ____ New Jersey and has branches in more than 50 countries all over the world. A. based in B. is based in C. based on D. is based on 5. With global sales in 2008 of 41.9 billion, the company ____ 24th in the Business Week list of “50 Best-performing Companies” A. rank B. ranking C. is ranked D. was ranked 6. We are pleased to receive your letter ____ a sample of our new products.
外贸英语函电试卷及标准答案 最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！太平洋英语，免费体验全部外教一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/c74901197.html, 外贸英语函电试卷(A卷) Ⅰ.Translation of terms 术语翻译(10%)： A.Translate the following terms into Chinese 将下列术语译成汉语(5%)： 1．mediation of dispute 2．DEQ, Delivered Ex Quay 3．acts of God 4．continental bridge 5．exclusive sales B.Translate the following terms into English in full 将下列术语译成英语（请用全称）(5%)： 1．亚洲开发银行 2．电子商务认证 3．银行密押 4．机电产品 5．内包装 Ⅱ.Make the best choice for each of the following sentences 单项选择(20%)：（提示：请在各题所提供的四个选项中选择一个，并将所选中的答案相对应的选项字母填入句中横线上。） 1.The boxes must be strong enough to withstand transport ____ very bad roads. A. along B. for C. in D. over 2.Enclosed are two copies of our Sales Confirmation No. DTE0607 ____ out against your Order KK02736. A. got B. made
外销员资格考试报考指南 申请参加外销员从业资格考试的人员，必须具备下列条件之一： 1、中专以上学历。 2、应届毕业生参加本年度考试，在报名时，尚未获得学历证书的，可持能够证明其在考试年度可毕业的有效证件（如学生证等）和学校出具的应届毕业证明申请报名。 3、已取得原对外贸易经济合作部颁发的《外销员资格证书》（在有效期内），并符合《国际商务专业人员职业资格制度暂行规定》中外销员从业资格考试报名条件的人员，可免试《外经贸外语》科目，只参加《外经贸综合业务》科目的考试。原对外贸易经济合作部组织的外销员资格考试单科合格成绩不再有效。 （外销员资格考试已从原来主要针对外经贸系统转变为面向全社会，任何有志于外经贸事业的中专学历以上人员均可报名参加。包括非外经贸行业、非外销员岗位，有志于从事外销业务的各类在职、从业、下岗、待业以及在校的大学生均可报名。） 温馨提示：各地对考试报考资格会有些许差异,请欲报考的考生详细咨询当地人事考试中心。上述报名条件中有关学历的要求是指经国家教育行政主管部门承认的正规学历和学位；有关工作年限的要求是指取得规定学历前后从事本专业工作时间的总和，其截止日期为2008年年底。 ·考试内容 外销员资格统考试笔试共考两科（全国统一命题、阅卷）：外贸综合业务（3小时题量）、外贸外语（2.5小时题量）。每科60分为及格，两格均及格后需参加外语口试，口试合格后方可取得外销员资格证书。参加考试的人员须在一个考试年度内，通过所有考试科目。 外贸综合业务：含中国对外经济贸易理论、国际经济法、中国对外贸易法、国际金融、国际营销学、国际贸易、国际贸易实务、国际经济合作八门课程。 外贸外语：英、日、俄任选一门，具体要求：外贸术语、外经经贸信函翻译、信用证的审核和修改、中外经贸短文互译等。 考试的内容及侧重点随着国际贸易方式手段日趋多样化、复杂化，外销员所从事的工作涵盖货物贸易、技术贸易和服务贸易的出口、进口、招标、谈判、承包等各个方面。外销员资格考试的内容将依据实际业务的最新发展作出调整。另外，为了区别于由人事部与外经贸部共同举办的国际商务师考试这一专业技术职称考试，外销员资格考试，作为行业资格考试，将侧重于外经贸业务所应具备的基本理论和基本技能，强调实用性和可操作性。 ·考试时间 考试两天，一天笔试，一天外语口试； 考试安排： 第一天上午8：30---11：30 考外贸综合业务； 午2：00---4：30 考外贸外语笔试； 第二天外贸外语口试（每人10分钟）； 2008年外销员考试时间：2008年11月8日、9日 ·成绩管理 按照规定，报考当年度外销员资格考试的考生，单科通过成绩可以保留两年，外贸综合业务、外贸外语笔试和口试成绩均合格者，方可颁发资格证书。
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 外贸英语写作试卷 (课程代码00097) 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题l分。共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出. 1.Proposals submitted by were considered. A.her and me B.her and I C.she and I D.she and me 2.Mr.Steward is the one we have selected as supervisor. A.whoever B.which C.whom D.who 3.The training section of this company consists ten staff. A.of B.in C.for D.with 4.The news I heard from my family quite good. A.being B.was C.were D.are 5.Did you go on many ski trips this year? No, . A.not much B.quite less C.very little D.very few 6.Around the world, there may be a million earthquakes in a single year. A.as many as B.so many as C.as much as D.so much as 7. the car seems to be his main hobby. A.Wash B.Washing C.Washed D.To wash 8.Andrew does the work than Paul. A.more slowly B.more slow C.slower D.much slow 9. you take your medicine. you will feel. A.The sooner...better B.Sooner...the better C.Sooner...better D.The sooner...the better 10.George knew he could improve the way of marketing. A.how that B.which C.how D.how to 11.All the report should be complete, concise, and . A.accurate B.accuracy C.writing accurately D.written accurate 12.You can get the loan you offer good security. A.unless B.if C.but D.and 13.Mr.Baron is anxious the big project. A.of winning B.winning C.win D.to win 14.I know he spends as much time reading books as . A.exercises B.doing exercises C.do exercises D.does exercises 15.You were supposed to stay in your seats, keep your eyes on your work, to
一到九章及一些附加内容 第一章Basic Knowledge of Business Letter Writing 1.1 Structure 构成： a.Letterhead(信头)——发件人的信息（名称、电话、地址） b. Reference and date（发文编号和日期） c. Inside Name and Address(封内名称和地址)——收件人的信息 d. attention line (注意事项) e. The Salutation(称呼) f. the Subject Line(事由标题) g. The Body of the Letter(信的正文) h. Complimentary Close(结尾敬语) i. The Signature(签名) j. enclosure (附件) k. carbon copy notation(抄送) l. postscript(附言) 1.2 Envelope 信封的写法： China National Chemicals (stamp) Import&Export Co. 寄件人地址 Beijing,China Overseas Trading Co. 153 Market street 收件人地址 London, E.C.3 Registered 挂号信 1.3 Principle 写信原则： Courtesy 礼貌 Conciseness 简洁 Clearness 清晰 第二章Establish Business Relations 建立贸易关系 2.1 Structure 第一部分说明信息来源 Commercial Counselor office商务参赞处；Embassy 大使馆；Chamber of commerce 商会；第二部分说明写信目的+自我介绍 leading importer 主要进口商/ one of the largest importers 最大的进口商之一 deal with/ specialize in 专营 competitive price 竞争价格/ enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉 for your reference 供你方参考; fall(be) within the scope of 属于…的经营范围 enter into business relations 建立贸易关系 in the market for想要购买/in the hope of doing sth. 希望 acquaint sb. with sth. 让某人了解某事/ Credit standing 商业信用
外销员考试外贸综合业务试题一 一、名词解释（如系英文，先译成中文，然后就其含义作简要解释） 1、Factoring 2、外汇风险 3、产品生命周期 4、关税同盟 5、国民待遇原则 6、Clean B/L 7、承兑交单 8、融资租赁 9、最密切联系原则 10、国有独资公司 二、单项选择题（在下列试题的几种答案中选出一个正确答案，并在括号内划上“√”） 1、改革开放以后，对外贸易在我国国民经济中。 （）①处于重要的战略地位 （）②起经济增长发动机作用 （）③处于辅助地位 2、福费廷业务中的远期汇票应得到。 （）①进口商担保 （）②进口商银行担保 （）③出口商银行担保 3、在其他条件不变的情况下，进口商应选择下列哪种货币计价。 （）①有上浮趋势的货币 （）②有下浮趋势的货币 （）③币值大幅度上下波动的货币 4、当顾客对某一产品有需求，但尚未形成偏好时，企业应选择的广告策略目标是。
（）①通知广告 （）②劝说广告 （）③提示广告 5、目前，国际技术转让中应用最为普遍的一种计价方法是。 （）①统包计价法 （）②提成计价法 （）③固定加提成结合的计价法 6、普遍优惠制的主要原因是。 （）①普遍的、非歧视的、非互惠的 （）②普遍的、非歧视的、对等的 （）③普遍的、平等的、非互惠的 7、世界贸易组织与关贸总协定的区别为。 （）①世界贸易组织的规则涉及到货物贸易、服务贸易及与贸易有关的知识产权等内容 （）②世界贸易组织是联合国的专门机构 （）③世界贸易组织是一个临时性协定 8、使用L/C、D/P、D/A三种支付方式结算货款，就卖方的收汇风险而言，从小到大依次排序为。 （）①D/P、D/A和L/C （）②D/A、D/P和L/C （）③L/C、D/P和D/A 9、根据《INCOTERMS 1990》，由买方承担出口清关责任及其费用的贸易术语是。（）①FCA EXW （）②FAS EXW （）③FOB EXW 10、我国申请发明专利的依据之一是。 （）①优先权原则 （）②最惠国待遇原则 （）③授权异议制
第一讲词(words) 一）名词的特殊用法 1、集体名词★ (1)作为整体使用时，集体名词视为单数，谓语动词相应用单数： team, army, audience, class, club, committee, company, crowd, couple, family, group, staff, government, union (2)强调个体成员时，集体名词视为复数，谓语动词相应用复数。 2、不可数名词：物质名词（paper, water, bread, milk），抽象名词（happiness, quality, information）， 专有名词（人名，地名，时间名，报刊名）。 (1)一般无单/复数形式，前面不用加a/an，谓语动词用单数。 如knowledge知识，information信息，furniture家具，equipment设备，advice建议。 (2)不过特定情况下也可作可数名词使用，但意义发生改变： ①当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示“某一种”或“某一方面”的概念时，其前可加a/an。A refrigerator is a luxury here. ②物质名词用于表示“各种不同品种”时，转化成可数名词。This is a store selling many different teas. ③某些物质名词或抽象名词用作复数时，词义往往起变化。 Paper(纸)------a paper (报纸，文件，论文) power(权利，电力)-----a power (大国，强国) Experience(经验)----experiences（各种经历）beauty(美丽)-------a beauty（美女） 3、复数形式★ (1)合成名词的复数形式 ①以不可数名词结尾时，无复数形式，如homework, moonlight。 ②以可数名词结尾时，遵循结尾的可数名词的变化规则。 ③“可数名词＋介词(短语)”时，在中心名词后加-ｓ， 如mothers-in-law岳母，editors in chief总编辑，board of directors董事会。 ④“动词/动词-ed形式＋副词”时，在词尾加-s，如grown-ups成人，trade-ins折扣物，show-offs炫耀。 ⑤“动词-ing形式＋副词”时，在动词-ing形式后加-s，如comings-in收入。 ⑥含man或woman的合成名词变复数时，前后两个名词均需变为复数， 如woman teacher—women teachers女教师，man cook---men cooks 男厨师。 (2)缩略词的复数形式 ①多数缩略词后直接加-s，特别是由大写字母组成的， 如CPA--CPAs (certified public accountant 注册会计师)；IOU--IOUs (I owe you 欠条) ②由小写字母组成并在每个字母后带“.”，在其后加-s或-’s，如c.o.f.s或c.o.d.’s (cash on delivery)交货付款 只在最后一个字母后带“.”，在“.”前加-s，如gals. (gallon加仑) ③表示度量衡单位的，往往不加-s，如in. (inch英寸)，ml. (mile英里)，oz. (ounce盎司) ④有的单/复数都可作为复数形式，如Ib.或Ibs. (pound磅)，yd或yds (码) (3)数字、符号、单个字母的复数形式 ①数字、符号、单个字母变为复数形式时，在其后加-s或-’s。1950---1950’s或1950s ②其他词类名词化后充当名词使用时，其复数形式加-s或-es。Pros and cons优缺点；yeses and noes。 二）动词的特殊用法 1、特殊系动词★ (1)系动词+形容词/介词短语，形成S＋V＋C（主语＋动词＋主补或表语）句式，用来描述主语特征或状况 (2)系动词除be以外，简单归为几类： ①表示“感官、好像”的动词，如：feel感觉，smell闻，appear看起来，seem似乎 ②表示“变化、成为”的动词，如：become成为，turn转变成为，come变成，grow变成 ③表示“保持某一状态”的动词，如：keep保持，remain保持，stay坚持，stand维持不变，continue继续 (3)有些动词也可用作行为动词（如grow），必须用副词来修饰它们 注意：“系动词＋形容词”“行为动词＋副词”(行为动词=实义动词) 2、动词与主语的一致★ (1)主语是单数时时动词必须是单数形式；主语是复数时动词必须是复数形式。