Unit 1
单元目标
1. 复习-ing分词和-ed分词的各种用法
2. 运用现在分词和过去分词进行描述
3. 学习描述性文章的写作
要点精讲
1．关键词
remove…from, lose grasp on, make a mess, do damage to, clean up, yell at, a pool of, come to do, be afraid to do, make a breakthrough, sort of, up to now, put a price o n, heart and soul, close one’s ears to, have faith in
2．功能
1) Talking about past events
Did you go/see…? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. I went to the aquarium/saw…
Were there any…? Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t any…
I used to take a walk in the early morning.
He used to live in my neighborhood.
Did you use to go fishing with friends?
We have known each other for 6 years.
We used to go to the movies about once a week.
It has been a long time since last came here.
……
2) Talking about similarities and differences
be similar to
likewise
the same as
like (prep.)
similarly
be different from
contrary to
on the contrary
by contrast (to)
3．现在分词和过去分词
现在分词：（1）-ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。
（2）-ing分词的一般式和完成式：.
-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books.
作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the
examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
（3）-ing分词的被动式：.
-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
They are talking about his having been criticizing by the teacher.
他们正在谈论他被老师批评的事。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.
被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned.
你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。
（4）-ing分词的语法作用.
-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
1)–ing分词（短语）作主语：
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。
①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2) -ing分词（短语）作表语：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
3) -ing分词作宾语：
①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。
②--ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。
They don’t feel like walking that much.他们不喜欢走那么多路。
注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？
4) -ing分词作定语：
①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：
reading room阅览室swimming pool 游泳池dining car餐车
sleeping car卧车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子the exciting news令人振奋的消息
a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran
to her with joy.
当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。
5) -ing分词做状语：
-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，可由连词when, while引出。While reading the book,
he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。
②-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Not knowing hi s address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it
into pieces.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
They stood there for half an hour ，watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。.
⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself
very small.
一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
6) -ing分词作补语：
①--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to,
observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch,
find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。
②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。
7) -ing分词的复合结构：.
-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door.他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。
过去分词：1．过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we 是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中
是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
2．-ing形式与过去分词的区别：
（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
典型例题
【例1】--What are you doing this weekend?
--I haven't decided yet. ____________?
--Well, I thought we could have another family party.
A. What
B. All right
C. Why
D. Pardon
【答案】C
【解析】本题是交际用语的考查。关键是认真读题，理解第一个说话人的回答：“我想我们可以再开一个家庭聚会”。只有c项符合题意。
【例2】After her son gave his life for the country, Sally was well provided____________.
A. with
B. for
C. on
D. /
【答案】B
【解析】本题是介词的考查。provide后面可以接with和for，但意思有所不同。Provide…with是指“为……提供……”；而provide for是指“供养”，在此题中符合题意。
针对训练
1．What he has done is far from___________.
A. satisfactory
B. satisfied
C. satisfaction
D. satisfy
2．The fire started in the basement and quickly____________ to the first floor where it destroyed all the______________ in the language lab.
A. was spreaded;furniture and equipments
B. was spreaded ;furniture and equipment
C. spread;furnitures and equipments
D. spread ;furniture and equipment
3．My pain ___________ obvious the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked me pitifully:" Are you feeling all right?"
A. must be
B. must have been
C. could be
D. could have been
4．I just don't understand_______ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect.
A. why it does
B. what it does
C. what it is
D. why it is
5．--Can I help you?
--I'd like to buy a present for my father's birthday, ___________ at a proper price but of great use.
A. one
B. anyone
C. that
D. everything
6．The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talk,__________ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added
B. to add
C. adding
D. added
7．I've visited a lot of different places and stayed in lots of different hotels, but none of them____________ this one.
A. makes
B. beats
C. compares
D. matches
8．___________ you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that
B. After
C. Although
D. As soon as
9．I told him what I was surprised____________ his attitude towards his study.
A. is
B. was
C. at is
D. at was
10．What he lacks is more patience,___________?
A. isn't it
B. is it
C. doesn't he
D. does he
高考链接
1．（2010全国卷一）Mrs. White showed her student some old maps _________from the library.
A. to borrow
B. to be borrowed
C. borrowed
D. borrowing
【答案】C
【解析】根据选项此题考察非谓语动词，题干中空格划在名词maps后，空格后部分是对maps解释说明，因此此题考察非谓语动词做定语。非谓语动词做定语，首先判断动词与所修饰名词的主动还是被动关系，borrow和maps是被动关系，被动关系时非谓语动词形式有三种：to be done表示动作将要发生，being done表示动作正在发生，done表示动作已经完成，根据句意borrow的动作已经完成，因此选择C。
2．（2010全国卷一）With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank______ presents
for my dad.
A. buy
B. to buy
C. buying
D. to have bought
【答案】B
【解析】动词不定式的一般式作目的状语。“买礼物”发生在“从银行取了一些钱”后，所以D不可以选。句意：父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。3．（2010全国卷二）Though ______ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome。
A. surprise B was surprised C. surprised D. being surprised
【答案】C
【解析】省略结构和非谓语动词考查。补完整为：Though he was surprised，跟后面句子的主语一致，可以省略主语和系动词。
4．（2010安徽卷）He had wonderful childhood, _____with his mother to all corners of the word A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling
【答案】D
【解析】主语（he）与动词travel之间存在主动关系，故用traveling作伴随状语。5．（2010北京卷）at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking
B. Look
C. To look
D. Looked
【答案】A
【解析】look与其逻辑主语I为主动关系，因此用looking
单元检测
1．These students are quick at learning. We'll have them __________ with new methods.
A. training
B. to train
C. to be trained
D. trained
2．This coat will lose its color ___________ it's washed.
A. as
B. after
C. until
D. while
3．They gave us so warm a welcome that we were moved very much. It was a sight__________
we__________.
A. what;have never forgotten
B. which; wre never forgotten
C. as ;will never forget
D. that; would never forget
4．Mr. White, who___________ moved to the south of France, still lives in London.
A. think to have
B. think had
C. though have
D. thought had
5．—I am feeling cold.
—Yes, ____________ books are stolen.
A. become warm
B. more
C. some
D. none
6．It’s clear__________ that a hard working student has___________ a great interest in science.
A. 不填; discovered
B. 不填; developed
C. that; invented
D. that; developed
7．Nobody believes him ____________ what he said.
A. even enough
B. in spite of
C. no matter
D. contrary to
8．I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have___________.
A. one
B. 不填
C. them
D. to
9．Even on holidays, he preferred doing something
A. without
B. than
C. rather than
D. Caught
10．--Do you mind if I smoke here?. --____________.
A. Having caught
B. Be caught
C. Being caught
D. Caught
A. Sure. Go ahead
B. No. Go ahead
C. Yes. Please
11．There was less food for birds and also for the Prairie dog, an holes in the ground. A. livs B. is living C. living D. lived
12．Mary is short__________ her brother is very tall.
A. still
B. nor
C. while
D. when
13．Mr. Alcott, headmaster of the school, refused to accept made by the Students' Union.
A. either
B. neither
C. any
D. none
14．Mary is one of the brightest students who_________ from New York University.
A. is graduated
B. have graduated
C. has graduated
D. are graduated 15．I was really too busy with my homework and I couldn't help ____________ housework. A. doing B. do C. did D. done
16．He must have attended the meeting yesterday,___________ he?
A. didn't
B. mustn't
C. needn't
D. hasn't
17．—I put him down for a well-educated man.
—___________ ?
—I mean that he's a well-educated man.
A. I beg your pardon
B. Speak louder, will you
C. What's that
D. Will you repeat word for word
18．He__________ he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to took difficult. A.hopes B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped
19．—ou___________ stop me.
—Even if you __________it, I won't allow you to swim across the river.
A.mustn't; dare not do
B. may ; dare not do
C.can; dare to do
D. needn't; dare do 20．___________she was invited to the ball made her very happy.
A.If
B. That
C. When
D. Because
Unit 2
单元目标
1. 掌握动词不定式的用法，并能在实际中正确熟练地运用。
2. 练习阅读技巧，并学习欣赏散文式的文章。
3. 掌握记叙文的写作。
要点精讲
1．关键词：
语言知识类
Experience, shelter, decline, fashion, puzzle, deed, endure, dim, attempt, apologize, guilt, confess, Let go, hold fast to, marvel at, a progression of, be bound to, live on, add to, be lighted with, tear from, a pile of, invest sth. with, ，waste time doing ,of enduring worth, in the process, go beyond. On condition that, lose track of time , reflect on, show up
交际功能类
（1）对人生的描绘性词：beauty, goodness, truth, love, fairness, justice, imperfection, glorious colors of hope, wisdom, meaning, golden sunshine, golden minute, the art of living, a timeless pattern
（2）表达不同建议的表达方式：
Look at the facts.
It seems an exaggeration, to say the least.
I don’t deny that ….but …..
Oh, I just can’t accept that ….
Perhaps you’d let me finish.
Aren’t you going a bit too far when you say that…
2．功能
1）It teaches us to hold fast to its many gifts while it also orders us to give them up.
Don’t waste your lives accumulating objects.
Pray not for the material but for wisdom.
Put them all together, go beyond their present imperfections, and you have a future lighted with the glorious colours of hope.
3．动词不定式
一.动词不定式的构成和在句中表示的形式：
不定式一般由“to+动词原形”构成。它具有原动词的搭配关系（如宾语、状语等）。在科
1. Heat is required to change ice to water. （一般式主动态）把冰变为水，就需要热。
2. This is a work to be tested. （一般式被动态）这是一个待实验的工件。
3. This machine is said to be rotating normally.（进行式主动态）据说这台机器在正常运转。
完成式的动词不定式一般表示行为发生在句中谓语动词所表示的行为之前，表示已实现的行为。但是，如果在plan（计划），hope（希望），expect（期待）等动词过去时的后边用完成式的不定式动词，则表示没有实现的行为。此外，在带有非真实条件从句的主句内，完成式的动词不定式和should，would，might，could等动词连用时，也表示没有实现的行为。Ⅰ.已实现的行为：
1. If a body moves from one position to another, it is said to have had displacement. （完成式主动态）如果物体从一个位置向另一个位置移动，我们就说这个物体已有了位移。
2. This machine is said to have been tested. （完成式被动态）据说已经对这台机器进行了实验。（原文直译为：据说这台机器已被试验了。）
3. It was the first book to have appeared on the system engineering. （完成式主动态）这是系统工程出的第一本书。
4. The test was known to have been going on for three years. 据悉这项实验已进行了三年。
Ⅱ. 没有实现的行为：
1. We planed to have made this experiment yesterday. （完成式主动态）我们本来计划昨天做这个实验。（实际上昨天没有做这个实验。）
2. We were to have taken these machines apart. 我们本来计划拆开这些机器。
3. He was to have got out of bed (或got up)at five. 他本来打算五点起床。
二、动词不定式在句中的用法
Ⅰ. 作主语：
1. To develop our industry and agriculture rapidly is necessary. 迅速发展我们的工农业是必要的。
上句也可改用形式主语it的句子结构表示，即：
It is necessary to develop our industry and agriculture rapidly. （译文同上）2. It takes a definite amount of heat to change a liquid to its gaseous state. （句中it是先行代词，作形式主语。）将液体变为气体需要一定的热量。
3. It became necessary to build new plants for products never before produced. （it 为形式主语）建立新工厂生产过去从未生产过的产品，显得很有必要了。
4. It is general practice to use a pump to transport liquids. （it为形式主语）使用泵输送液体是常见的做法。
Ⅱ. 不定式作谓语的组成部分（包括“系词be等+表语”的名词性复合谓语在内）：
A. “主语+ought（或have，is going， is able等）+不定式”：
1. This laboratory ought to be re-equipped with modern apparatuses. 这个实验室应该用现代化设备重新装备。
2. We are going to guarantee the machines against loss. 我们将保证机器不受损失。
3. We have to take part in this work. 我们必须参加这项工作。
4. We are able to wholly manufacture new products. 我们能够全部地制造新产品。注：英语中有时把副词放在to和不定式动词中间，这时副词必然是修饰不定式动词的。
B. “主语+is（或seem好像，appear似乎，happen碰巧，等）+不定式或其短语”：
1. Our task is to build socialism. 我们的任务是建设社会主义。
2. Our purpose in life is to serve the people. 我们生活的目的是为人民服务。
3. To know everything is to know nothing. 样样皆通，样样稀松。
4. This seemed to have given account of the problem. 看来这已对问题作了解释。
5. This appeared to be the only exception to the rule. 这似乎是这条规则的唯一例外。
6. We happened to be only two miles short of the plant. 当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。
7. We are to improve the method. 我们要改进这个方法。
8. The method is to be described in detail. 这个方法将予以详细说明。
9. It seems to be going to rain again. 天好像又要下雨。（句中谓语为现在时，后面“to be going+不定式”仍表示将发生的动作。）
C. 注意“主语+be的相应形式+不定式”的三种用法：（以主语能产生后面不定式所表示的动作为前提。）
1. They are to hand in their homework. 他们打算交上课外作业。（相当于将来时，兼有计划，打算含义。）
2. If she were to give consideration to all kinds of situation, she would cast a new light upon this problem. 假如她将考虑各种各样的情况，她对这个问题就会有新的认识了。（用于对将来事实可能相反的假设从句内。）
3. He was to have talked of going on a visit, but he forgot it. 他本来要谈及出访问题，但他忘了。（was，were后不定式动词完成式，表示过去未实现的动作。）
D. 在“主语+be的相应形式+certain必然（或likely像要……的，unlikely不像要……的，sure必定）+不定式”中，不定式只修饰作表语用的形容词，即说明“在什么方面体现了形容词所指出的特征或性质”。例如；
1. They are sure to succeed. 他们一定成功。
2. The above-mentioned reactions are certain (或bound) to proceed smoothly. 上述反应一定会进行得很顺利。
3. This experiment is likely (或unlikely) to produce good results. 这项实验可能（或不可能）给出良好的结果。
4. This question is sure to be asked. 这个问题一定会（被）问到。
5. She is not likely to have made a long distance call. 她多半还没打长途电话。（=It is not likely that she has made a long distance call.）
Ⅲ.作宾语：
A. 作动词的宾语：
1. We decided to begin the experiment in the evening. 我们决定晚上开始那个实验。
2. We think it necessary to begin with the experiment. （it为形式宾语，不定式短语为真正宾语。）我们认为先做这个实验是必要的。
3. A suitable lever makes it possible to exert a large force by the application (或use) of a small force. （同上）一个合适的杠杆能够用一个很小的力使之产生很大的力成为可能。
B. 作介词about， but等的宾语：（参阅第11页二第4句和四以及第89页十三第4句）
1. We are about to start. 我们快要出发了。（也可把about分析为副词，而谓语are to start表示将来时。）
2. The enemy had no choice but lay down their arms. 敌人除了放下武器之外别无其他选择。
3. One of the more serious problems is that of how to get more water for man to use. 较为严重的问题之一是如何获得更多的水供人使用。
4. We are researching on what measures to take in the production. 我们正在研究生产中采取什么措施。
5. He did not think of when to hold the meeting. 他没有考虑何时开会。
Ⅳ. 作宾语补语（即动词的直接宾语和不定式在意义上有“主谓”关系）：
1. Two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后，我们证明了那些事实是正确的。
2. We consider all bodies to possess weight. 我们认为所有物体都有重量。
注1：在某些动词（think想，consider认为，find觉得）后面，当宾语补语是to be…时，to be可省略，直接跟上形容词等作宾语补语用：
They found the answers (to be) correct. 他们觉得答案正确。
注2：在make（使得），have（使），let（让）和表示感觉的动词see（看），notice（注意），watch（注视），observe（观察），hear（听），feel（觉得）等后面用不定式作宾语补语时，往往不用不定式前面的to。例如：
1. Electricity makes a motor run. 电使电机运转。
2. Let F represent force. 让（或译“设”）F表示力。
3. I saw the truck stop. 我看见那辆卡车停下来了。
4. We felt the atmosphere grow tense. 我们感到气氛紧张起来。
5. I did not notice him do it in very much the same way. 我未注意他用完全相同的方法做这件事。
注3：有时不及物动词加上一个介词，当作一个及物动词来使用，后面也可以用一个“宾语+不定式（作宾语补语用）”的结构。例如：
1. We rely upon you to be careful in doing experiments. 我们相信你们在做实验时是小心谨慎的。
2. We cannot count on another country to help us. 我们不能指望另外一个国家来援助我们。
具有这种用法的多半为成语动词，如call on（号召），long for（渴望），vote for（投票赞成），prevail upon（说服），wait for（等待）等。又如：
3. We are waiting for him to arrive. 我们正等着他来。
注意在listen to 和look at后的“宾语+不定式（作宾补）”结构中，不定式常不带to。例如：
1. I listened to the engine make a noise. 我倾听发动机发出闹声。
2. I like to look at children swim. 我喜欢看小孩游泳。
注意有时介词后单独接“介词宾语+不定式”，以构成复合宾语。例如：
The weeds grow without people to help. 杂草是在无人照料情况下生长的。
Ⅴ. 作主语补语：
现举两个例子来说明宾语补语和主语补语之间的联系：
1. We know this chemical change to be under way. （主动态）
直接宾语宾语补语
我们知道这一化学变化正在进行中。
2. This chemical change is known to be under way. （被动态）
主语主语补语
大家知道，这一化学变化正在进行中。
上面第一句中的主动态不定式是句中直接宾语change的宾语补语。在第二句被动态中change变为主语，但不定式仍说明change，故叫做“主语补语”。再举几个包含主语补语的例子：
1. This material was proved to be extremely stable. 这种材料曾被证实是极其稳定的。
2. These reactions were thought to proceed smoothly. 当时曾认为这些反应进行得顺利。
必须注意，在本情况下，当不定式是to be时，有时就可省略不用。例如：
3. These machines are considered (to be) very important. 人们认为这些机器很重要。
4. He can be depended on to solve this problem. 可以依靠他来解决这个问题。（句子未按原文结构翻译。其相应的主动句为：We can depend on him to solve this problem.这里不定式短语作宾语补语。）
Ⅵ.作定语：
1. The capacity (或ability) to do work is called energy. 作功的本领叫做能。
2. This is the work to be done. 这是要做的工作。
3. It is difficult question t answer. 这是一个要给予回答的难题。
4. This is a fine room to work in. 这是一间适于（在其内）工作的好房间。
注：注意上两句中不定式作定语的特点：不定式中缺位的宾语或介词宾语正好是所修饰的前面名词。
5. There is no key with which to open the door. （或…no key to open the door with.）没有能打开这扇门的钥匙。
注：不定式动词如带有介词，则作定语时，仍可保留它的介词，甚至还用上关系代词。详见上述最后两句。
Ⅶ. 作状语，一般有三种情况：
A. 表示结果：
1. This metal acts on water to set hydrogen free. 这种金属作用于水，就放出氢。
2. That tool is too heavy to lift directly. 那件工具太重，不能直接举起。
3. The temperatures is high enough to change water into steam. 温度高得足以使水变为蒸汽。
注：too…和enough后面的不定式，一般表示结果程度含义。
4. This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题难于回答。
5. The room is comfortable to live in. 这房间住起来很舒服。
注：上两句内不定式动词缺位的宾语和介词宾语，正好是居中主语。注意这种不定式作形容词（在句中作表语）的状语的用法。甚至当该形容词作宾语补语或主语补语时，这种用法照样保留。例如：
1. We consider the question (to be) difficult to answer. （宾语补语）我们认为这问题难于回答。
2. The question is considered (to be) difficult to answer. （主语补语）这问题被认为是难于回答的。
3. We found the room comfortable to live in. （宾语补语）（当时）我们发现这很见住起来舒服。
4. The room was found comfortable to live in. （主语补语）当时发现这房间住起来舒服。
B. 表示目的：常采用“in order+不定式”表示之，或直接用不定式表示之。例如：
C. 用“such或so+as+不定式”表示目的或结果状语（判别见第171页ⅥB.）：
1. We do that so as to save time. （目的状语）我们那么做是为了省时间。
2. We shall work so hard as to overcome our difficulties. （目的状语）我们将努力工作，以克服我们的困难。
3. Water is reacted (或united) with many of the oxides so readily as to form（或yield）important compounds. （结果状语）水易于和许多氧化物其反应（或化合），并形成许多重要的化合物。
4. These two compounds react in such a way as to liberate oxygen. （结果状语）这两个化合物按这种方式起反应，就能放出氧气。
D. 不定式短语作原因状语：
1. He jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到这消息，他高兴得跳了起来。
2. They were delighted to learn of the arrival of our teacher. 他们听说我们的老师抵达大为高兴。
E. 不定式短语作条件状语：
1. To look at her, you could never guess she was a professor. （如果）看她样子，你决想不到她是一位教授。
2. To hear him sing, you might take him for a girl. （如果）听他唱，你也许会认为他是女孩。
F. 不定式短语作让步状语：
To do his best, he could not fulfill his task in time. 即使他竭尽全力，他仍不能按时完成任务。
Ⅷ. 不定式短语作同位语：
1. Our task, to do that work in one day, could be accomplished. 我们的任务是用一天时间做完那项工作，那时可能完成的。
2. Their purpose, to produce more good machines for the country, is worthy of praise (或…worthy to be praised 或…worthy of being praised.)他们的目的是要为国家生产更多的好机器，这是值得表扬的。
3. The question whether to go or not is still undecided. 去不去的问题仍未决定。Ⅸ. 不定式短语作插入语：
1. By energy, to be exact, we mean the capacity to do work. 准确地说，我们指能量是做功的本领。
2. To conclude, his coming here is a great help to us. 总之，他来到这里对我们帮助很大。
3. It is not a very good idea, to say the least of it. 至少可以说这不是一个很好的想法。
4. His English is poor, to begin with. 首先是他的英语差。
Ⅹ. 注意“疑问词+不定式”在句中的功用：
1. How to do it is a difficult question. （主语）如何做这件事是一个难题。
2. The question is when to star. （表语）问题是何时出发。
3. We do not know where to stop. （宾语）我们不知道在哪停下来。
4. They did not tell us whether to go on or to stop. （宾语）他们没有告诉我们继续走还是停下来。
5. We had a useful discussion on the question of how to repair this machine. （介词宾语）我们曾对如何修理这台机器的问题进行了有益的讨论。
6. He was at a loss as to how to get rid of trouble. （介词宾语）他惊慌失措，不知如何摆脱窘境。
三、关于“for+名词（或代词）+不定式”结构和不定式动词的主动态及被动态表达方法Ⅰ. 用for+名词（或代词）来表示不定式的逻辑主语：
1. This is the right place for a plant to grow. （定语）这正是一种植物生长的好地方。
2. The electronic computer is not only an ideal machine for us to solve complicated problems with but （also）a good device for us to store facts and information in. （定语）电子计算机不仅是我们用以解难题的一种理性机器，而且也是我们存储资料和数据的良好装置。
3. It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. （主语）有必要将这些货物包装在结实的箱子内。
4. The best solution is for them to make an investment of 100,000 yuan in the project. （表语）最好的解决办法让他们在这个项目投资100,000元。
5. The Party had made it possible for us to be living a happy life. （it为形式宾语，带for…的不定式短语为其真正的宾语）党使我们能过着幸福的生活。
6. The valve opened for air to enter. （结果状语）阀门打开，使空气进入。
7. In order for any process to take place it is necessary for the system to pass through an active state. （第一个带for的不定式短语作目的状语，而第二个作真正主语。）为了使任何过程发生，就需要使该系统通过一个活化状态。
Ⅱ. 动词不定式的主动态和被动态表达方法：
当不定式所说明的人或物是不定式所表示的动作的对象（即是一种“动词和宾语”的关系）时，不定式一般可用被动态。例如：
1. Some molecules are large enough to be seen in the electronic microscope. 有些分子大得足以能够用电子显微镜看见它们。
2. The book seems to have been translated into many languages already. 这本书看来已译成了好多种语言。
3. We wanted the letter to be typed at once. （当时）我们希望信件马上打好字。
4. Let us show you the engine to be tested. 让我们给你看看要检验的那台发动机。但是问题在于某些句子结构中，不定式虽然和所说明的人或物是“动词和宾语”的关系，但仍用主动态的不定式。阅读时必须正确对待。例如：
1. They gave me some books to read. 他们给了我几本书阅读。
2. We found the report hard to understand. 我们觉得这个报告难于理解。
上面两句中不定式所表示的动作，从意义上看，分别是me（我）和we（我们）产生的。因此，没有用被动态不定式，看来与不定式动词的逻辑主语在句中已出现有关。
但是也有句中不定式逻辑主体没有出现而仍用主动态不定式的。例如：
1. There is a lot of work to do. （但用 to be done也可，都作定语。）有许多工作要做。
2. It is an easy question to answer. （但用to be answered也可，都作定语。）这是个易于回答的问题。
3. This question is easy to answer. （但用to be answered也可，都作状语。）这个问题容易回答。
4. This weather is not fit to make the experiment in. (= It is not fit to make the experiment in this answer.)（不定式短语作状语，修饰前面的形容词。但在括号内的句子中，不定式短语则作真正主语。）这种天气不适于做那个实验。
上面四个例句中的不定式没有用被动态，可以理解为泛指不定式的逻辑主语或省略“for+不定式的逻辑主语”结构。如果强调不定式的逻辑主语，上述四个句子中都可以在不定式主动态前加用“for+不定式的逻辑主语”结构。
但是在“I have much work to do”中，就不能用不定式被动态to be done代替。句中已出现发生动作的“I”是一个理由。其次不能再在不定式动词前面使用“for+逻辑主语”结构。
典型例题
【例1】She had golden hair when she was a child, but_________ she got older and older, her hair went darker and darker.
A.while
B. when
C. after
D. as
【答案】D
【解析】本题是连词的辨析使用。as表示“随着”，通常表示前后动作发生的时间为一致的。when强调在一个动作发生过程中另一个事情突然发生。while表示两个同时进行的持续性动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间。
【例2】I often have conversations with John over telephone, while keep in touch with Tom by__________ letter.
A.不填;;the
B. 不填;a
C. the;不填
D. the; a
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查冠词的用法。前一个空over the telephone表示“通过电话”；by letter 表示“通过写信”，by表示方式后直接接一个名词。
针对训练
1．The most favorite room is the tidy study with a fireplace, we can watch TV and enjoy the nice scenery outside.
A.where
B. when
C. that
D. which
2．—You don't seem to be quite yourself today. What's wrong?
—Oh, I'm suffering from a cold. Nothing serious,
A.yet
B. indeed
C. though
D. anyway
3．__________lessons were not difficult.
A. Our few first short English
B. Our first few short English
C. Our few first English short
D. Few our first English short
4．Mr. Smith sold that magnificent cottage of his on the sea 2,000,000 dollars.
A.at
B. for
C. to
D. by
5．—Which one can I take?
—-You can take__________ of them; I'll keep none.
A.both
B. any
C. either
D. all
6．What a pity! He____________ the only chance of success.
A.threw away
B. put down
C. gave in
D. broke off
7．_________ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.
A. To save
B. Saved
C. Saving
D. Having saved
8．—How much is the T-shirt ___________?
—65 dollars.
A. worth
B. cost C worthy D. paid
9．—Glad to meet you.
—____________
A. So do I.
B. How are you?
C. How do you do?
D. The same to you
10．—Can I drive on the free way, Mr. Green?
—You can when you____________ a bit more skilled.
A. will get
B. are getting
C. will have got
D. get
高考链接
1．（2010全国卷一）The workers _____ the glasses and marked on each box “this side up”
A. carried
B. delivered
C. pressed
D. packed
【答案】D
【解析】选项为四个意思上毫无关联的动词，此题考察动词的词义辨析。carry 译为搬运，deliver译为递送，press译为按，压，pack译为打包。
句意：工人们把玻璃制品包装好并且每个盒子上标记上“此面向上”。
2．（2010全国卷二）My mother opened the drawer to _________ the knives and spoons.
A. put away
B. put up
C. put on
D. put together
【答案】A
【解析】put away 放好，收拾起来；put up举起，搭建，张贴，挂起；put on 穿上，戴上；put together 组装，装配，把…凑合起来
3．（2010安徽卷）Nother matter how low you consider yourself ,there is always someone _________you wishing
They were that high.
A. getting rid of
B. getting along with
C. looking up to
D. looking down upon
【答案】C
【解析】getting rid of意为“摆脱；去除”；getting along with意为“与……相处；进展”；looking up to意为“尊敬；敬仰”；looking down upon意为“看不起；轻视”。
句意：你无论认为自己怎样低下，总希望有个高尚的人来尊敬你。
4．（2010安徽卷）——How did you like Nick’s performance last night ?
——To be honest ,his singing did n’t ________to be much?
A. appeal
B. belong
C. refer
D. occur
【答案】A
【解析】appeal to 意为“吸引”；belong to意为“属于”；refer to意为“提到；涉及”；occur to意为“突然想到”。
句意：她的演唱并不怎么吸引我。
5．（2010福建卷）We`ve just moved into a bigger house and there`s a lot to do. Let`s it.
A. keep up with
B. do away with
C. get down to
D. look forward to
【答案】C
【解析】A. keep up with 保持B. do away with废除，去掉；
C. get down to着手处理
D. look forward to盼望，期待。
句意：我们刚刚搬进大一点的房子，因此有许多事情要做。让我们开始做吧。
单元检测
1．It is generally considered unwise to give a child___________ he or she wants.
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. whenever
2．For many Beijingers, dreams of living in ___________ green area are becoming___________ reality.
A. a; a
B. the; the
C. 不填;不填
D. 不填;a
3．My money ___________ . I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings o ut before I’ve none in hand.
A. has run out
B. is running out
C. has been run out
D. is being run out
4．For quite____________ students, their teacher’s advice is more important than___________ of their parents’.
A. few ; one
B. a few; that
C. a little ; some
D. a lot; many
5．__________ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report.
A. He hardly had
B. Had he hardly
C. Hardly had he
D. Hardly he had
6．On the long journey, Peter ________ a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time. A. practiced B. behaved C. proved D. conducted
7．--Do you live____________ near Jim?
--No, he lives in another part of the town.
A. somewhere
B. nowhere
C. anywhere
D. everywhere
8．This photo of mine was taken__________ stood the famous high tower.
A. which
B. in which
C. where
D. there
9．Some of the suspects(嫌疑犯) refused to answer and kept their mouths shut.
A. questioning
B. being questioned
C. questioned
D. to be questioned
10．He had little idea that it was getting so late, ___________ ?
A. didn't he
B. wasn't it
C. did he
D. was it
11．Peter won't drive us to the station. He has___________ to take us all.
A. a very small car
B. too small a car
C. a too small car
D. such a small car
12．You____________ television. Why not do something more active?
A. always watch
B. too small a car
C. have always watched
D. have always been watching
13．.— You must be excited about going to Japan for schooling.
—__________ , but I'm afraid I can't do well because Japanese is poor.
A. Never mind
B. Well, I ought to
C. I don’t know yet
D. Certainly not
14．—What do you think of your nephew?
—He__________ be very naughty but at the same time you poor.
A. will ; will
B. won't; can't
C. may ; may
D. can; can't
15．Exercise is__________ as any other to lose unwanted weight.
A. so useful a way
B. as a useful way
C. as useful a way
D. such a useful way
16．—____________ you_________ the editor at the airport?
—No, he__________ away before my arrival.
A. Have... met; has driven
B. Had... met; was driven
C. Did... meet; had been driven
D. Have... met; had driven
17．—Why didn't you answer my phone when I phoned you at about 11 p. m. yesterday?
—I ___________and failed to hear the phone.
A. might have slept
B. must be sleeping
C. might be sleeping
D. must have been sleeping
18．His parents meant him_____________ scientific research, but he showed no interest and turned poet.
A. going in for
B. to have gone in for
C. to go in for
D. having gone in for
19．—What would you wish to do if you were a college student again?
—That's very hard to say, but I wish I when I was a college student.
A. has not studied biology
B. did study biology
C. had studied biology
D. studied biology
20．He___________ when the bus came to a sudden stop.
A. was almost hurt
B. was to hurt himself
C. was hurt himself
D. was hurting himself
Unit 3
单元目标
1. 复习名词性从句，弄清各名词从句性并能熟练运用。
2. 定语从句与同位语从句、宾语从句与同位语从句的区别。
3. 学习和掌握天文方面的一些词汇及知识。
要点精讲
1．关键词：
语言知识类
constantly, headline, squeeze, twist，conclusion, deadly, accurately, historical, battle, occur, obscure, date, convince, exist, range, intention, process, respond, spot, shadow, location
专业术语类
Mars, mariner, probe, transmit, close-up，planet，volcano, spacecraft, surface, soil，organism, technical, finances, the Mariner Four（Nine）,space probe, heavenly, lunar, solar, disc, phase, eclipse, astronomy.
2．功能：
The Moon is a satellite of the Earth.
The Sun，which is the centre of the solar system，is really a star.
The Moon is much smaller than the Earth
All of the light in the solar system comes from the Sun.
The nine planets orbit, or move around the Sun.
The nine planets are: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Earth, Uranus and Venus. One complete rotation of the Earth takes 24 hours.
Our Sun is big and bright—but many other stars are much , much bigger and brighter.
3．语法点：名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It i s an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been prov ed that… 已证实…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is w rong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语
例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
Unit1 Occupations教学素材Vocabulary 1.introduction n. 介绍，入门指导 a letter of introduction 介绍信 make an introduction of sth./sb. to sb. 向某人介绍某事/人 eg. She made the introductions at the party. 她在聚会上介绍大家认识。 eg. He was shaking her hand before I could finish the introduction. 未等我介绍完,他就在握她的手了。 introduce vt. （与to连用）介绍；（与into / to连用）采用，引进 introduce oneself自我介绍 introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 eg. He introduced his friend to me. 他把朋友介绍给我。 eg. Let me introduce myself; my name is Simpson. 让我作自我介绍吧,我名叫辛普森。 introduce … into / to … 把…引入/插入… eg. Coffee was introduced into England from Europe. 咖啡是从欧洲大陆传入英国的。 eg. New Paris fashions are introduced into Shanghai every year. 巴黎的新流行式样每年都被引进上海。 2.professional n. 专业人员adj. 专业的，职业的 opp. Amateur n. 业余爱好者，业余艺术家，外行adj. 业余的，非职业的 a golf professional 高尔夫球职业运动员 eg. Nurses, doctors and social workers are all professionals. 护士、医生和社会工作者都是专业人士。 professional knowledge专业知识 a professional baseball player 职业棒球选手eg. I’d like some professional advice. 我想要听听一些专业意见。 profession n. 专业，职业（尤指受过专门训练的，如律师、教师、建筑师等）eg. Teaching is a profession. 教书是一种职业。 eg. He is a lawyer by profession. 他的职业是律师。
Module 2 Unit4 A Cushion or a Kiss? 一、单元分析（Unit Analysis） （一）单元地位（Unit Position） 1．本课讲述了几位外国游客在买靠垫时，由于对当地语言的不了解而引发的尴尬事。由此告诉我们语言学习和发音的重要性。 2．围绕本课主题“语言语音”，教师可设计活动让学生参与找一找同音词近音词，体会读音的重要性。 3．本课中所出现的语法现象——it作形式主语和形式宾语。本单元主要学习以下句型和带有形式宾语的动词，It is + adj.+ to do; It is + adj. + that clause 和动词+ it + adj. + that clause (or: + to do)。对于本课语法现象教师有必要在课堂教学中加以一定的句型操练，并将可带有形式宾语的动词加以归纳。 4．设计对话，小品等形式，让学生在任务型教学模拟情境中反复操练本单元出现的？定语从句语法现象。 （二）单元目标（Unit Target） 1 了解形式主语和形式宾语语法现象，并能熟练运用这一语法结构。 2 能对本人所经历的事件进行简单描述。（人物、场地、时间、经过……） 3能够叙述自己一次有趣的购物经历或一次与外国人交往的经历。 4掌握it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法，并学会此类句子的翻译。 （三）单元重点（Unit Points） 1关键词： ◆语言知识类 go round to, return empty-handed, in plain figures, make oneself understood, with a little effort, stare at, as if, make sure, put a question to sb, at this point,, get behind, stand up on tiptoe, bury one’s face in her apron, in one’s confusion, his sort of thing, on exhibit ◆交际功能类 1）旅游购物：go round to that shop, exhibit sth in the window, for sale, ask for a feather-bed, be labeled in plain figures, 2）人体动作：look across at, look admiringly at, come up to, stare at, giggle, be steady to move, push sb. towards sb., put one’s hand on one’s shoulder, stand up on tiptoe, burry one’s face in …, 2 功能： 1）start an interview, end an interview and make a report（开始和结束“一 次调查”或作一次调查报告）参考课本第71页Useful Language
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组 上海新世纪英语高二全部（包括Additinal Reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17 rds and their stries 18 English prverbs 19 Tips n aing a publi speeh 20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s sae 21 aing friends 22 hat des friendship ean t esterners? 23 Ad 24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh run 2 The father f dern phsis 26 The survival f the fittest 27 irale in the rie field 28 Netn’s three iprtant las 29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens) 30 En the lassis 31 Is she guilt? (Adapted fr The Prine and the Pauper ar Tain) 32 ar Tain 高二第二学期 17 rds and their stries EAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a persn h is alas illing t d and is
exited abut ding hat is expeted f hi Suppse, fr exaple, that a teaher tells his students the eah ust slve ne hundred ath prbles befre ing t shl the next da The hildren plain abut s uh her But ne student des nt prtest at all That student is an eager beaver He lves t d ath prbles, and des nt ind all the her The expressin is said t have e fr the nae f a hard-ring anial---the beaver Beavers are strange-ling reatures The spend a lt f tie in the ater, building das t reate little laes r pnds The use their huge teeth and r hard t ut dn trees, reve branhes and put the arss streas The use their tails t pa ud n the branhes t ae the das slid Fe ther anials r s hard Histrians sa the beaver had an iprtant part in the settleent f Nrth Aeria There ere hundreds f illins f beavers hen Eurpean settlers first arrived The settlers put great value n the fur f beavers In fat, fr t hundred ears r re, beavers prvided the st valuable fur in Nrth Aeria Beaver sins ften used as ne ung en ling fr adventure headed est arss the untr t searh fr beavers In their searh, the explred uh f the estern territries The trading psts, here the exhanged beaver sins fr the gds the needed, beae villages, and later tns and ities IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---ne f the siplest and st useful things in ever an r an’s life---has given the rld an strange expressins that are nt ver siple A nuber f these expressins are idel used in the United States tda Se ere
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括additional reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17. words and their stories 18. english proverbs 19. tips on making a public speech 20. keep it short for the audience’s sake 21. making friends 22. what does friendship mean to westerners? 23. adjo 24. ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch run 25. the father of modern physics 26. the survival of the fittest 27. miracle in the rice field 28. newton’s three important laws 29. oliver wants more (adapted from oliver twist charles dickens)
30. enjoy the classics 31. is she guilty? (adapted from the prince and the pauper mark twain) 32. mark twain 高二第二学期 17. words and their stories eager beaver an eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him. suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. the children complain about so much homework. but one student does not protest at all. that student is an eager beaver. he loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework. the expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver. beavers are strange-looking creatures. they spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. they use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. they use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make
高一第一学期 Unit 1 Text People from All Walks of Life 1.people from all walks of life 来自各行各业的人们 2.sb. grow up 某人长大= sb. mature (vi.) 3.sb. take up sth. 某人从事某事 ★sth. take up spl. 某物占据某地=sth. occupy spl. sth. take up some time 某物占据时间=sth. occupy some time occupation (v.)①占据②职业4.various sth. 多种多样的某物 ★various (adj.) 多种多样的variety (n.) 种类 vary (vi.) sth. vary 某物变化(vi.) sth. vary with sth. 某物随着某物变化 5.sth. be made up of sth. 某物由某物组成 =sth. be composed of sth. =sth. consist of sth. 6.the following sth. 下列的、下述的某物 ★following (adj.) 接下来的 in the following years 在接下来的几年中=in the years that followed follow (vt.) sb. follow sb. 某人跟随某人 sb. be followed by sb. 某人被某人跟随 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b810908326.html,cational institutions 教育机构 8.sb. try one’s best to do sth. 某人尽全力做某事 ★sb. make an effort to do sth. 某人尽力做某事 =sb. spare no effort to do sth, =sb. go all out to do sth. =sb. strive to do sth. =sb. do what sb. can to do sth. =sb. devote oneself to doing sth. =sb. be devoted to doing sth. =sb. do sth. with all one’s energy =sb. do sth. with all one’s strength 9.sb. gain sth. 某人得到某物 ★gain=botain=get 10.in society 在社会上 ★society 不加冠词：社会，加冠词：the society 一个社会团体social (adj.) society (n.) socialism (n.) 社会主义socialist (n.) 社会学家socialize (v.) 社会化 11.sb. be involved in sth. 某人参与某事 ★=sb. get involved in sth. 某人参与某事 sth. involve sth. 某物涉及某物 sth. involve doing sth. 某物涉及做某事 sb. be involved in sth 某人被卷入某物 sth. involve sb. in sth. 某事使某人介入/卷入某事 12. sb. correct papers 某人批改试卷
高中英语教材xx新世纪版单元标题高一上册 Unit 1 occupations Unit 2 Success stories Unit 3 English manners Unit 4 Holidays and festivals Unit 5 Animal friends Unit 6 Cartoons and comic strips Unit 7 Metropolises Unit 8 Hacking Unit 9 Personal hygiene Unit 10 School education Moudle 1综合 Moudle 2综合 Moudle 3综合 高一下册 Unit 1 travelling around China Unit 2 travelling around the world Module 1综合 Unit 3 English is changing Unit 4 A cushion or a kiss
Moudle 2综合 Unit 5 Classical and popular music Unit 6 Going to the Cinema Module 3综合 Unit 7 Newspapers Unit 8 Magazine Module 4综合 高二上册 Unit 1 Eating Around the World Unit 2 Global Drinks Unit 3 Sports Heroes Unit 4 Sports Around the World Unit 5 Animals Unit 6 The Environment Unit 7 Shopping Experiences Unit 8 Advertising Moudle 1综合 Moudle 2综合 Moudle 3综合 高二下册 Unit 1 Words and their stories
高一下词组整理UNIT 1 Generally speaking On national holiday s Depend on A number of sea routes Pass through the famous Three Gorges The first choice for Limited time The time-saving advantage Popular tourist destinations/attractions On schedule Speaking of Be pressed for time Offer fairly good services In brief A round-trip ticket A travel brochure The permanent habitat Be surrounded by Within arm’s reach A master of ceremonies Sort out A tour guide UNIT 2 There’s no feeling like Take a special class Change into Receive instructions from the guide Be afraid of heights Lead up to 向上通向 Speed by Come into view Bird’s eye view of the city Extend in all directions ▲Feel proud of / take pride in / pride oneself on Be ready to do乐于做某事 in an instant 一会儿 tourists at home and abroad without doubt
新世纪研究生公共英语教材 听说（下）第二版 听力全文 主编：李玉璞 上海外语教育出版社
Table of Contents LESSON ONE Resources and Energy (5) PART A (5) PART B (6) Passage I: (6) Passage II: (7) Part D (8) Lesson Two Crime and Punishment (8) Part A (8) Part B (9) Passage I (9) Passage II (10) Passage III. (11) Part D (12) Lesson Three Computers and the Internet (12) Part A (12) Part B (13) Passage I (13) Passage II (14) Passage III (15) Part D (16) LESSON FOUR Finance (16) PART A (16) Part B (17) Passage I (17) Passage II. Functions of Money (18) Passage III Credit Cards (19) Part D (20) LESSON FIVE Places to See in Britain (20) Part A (20) Part B (21) Passage I: (21) Passage Ⅱ: (22) Part D (23) LESSON SIX Education (23) Part A (23) Part B (24) Passage I SAT Examination (24) PART II Medical Education (25) LESSON SEVEN Business (26) Part A (26) Part B (28) Passage I How to Increase Business Profits (28)
上海新世纪英语高一年级第一单元重点归纳 本讲义包括：1）每一课文翻译，粗体及划线部分是重要词组（必考点），绿色及 句前有@是重点句子，翻译和写作时用到。 2）重点词组例题讲解 3）基础语法：（初三衔接高中） 4）重点语法 5）Additional Reading的讲解词汇 1. People from all walks of life @When a person grows up, he will take up different occupations in various work places. A society is thus made up of all walks of life. What kind of person do you want to be in the future? The following introductions may give you some idea. TEACHER Teachers are professionals. They work in schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions. They try their best to help students gain（get）new knowledge and become useful people in society. @Teachers are involved in many tasks, such as explaining lessons, giving homework and correcting papers.At the end of every term, they mark test papers and give grades to their students. Actually teachers do more. Often their impact on students stays all through their lives. SURGEON Surgeons, like teachers, are also professionals. As a special group of doctors, surgeons operate on sick people and repair the organs that no longer work properly. Hospitals are their work places. After an operation, a surgeon takes care of the patient’s medical treatment until he gets well. The skills of a surgeon sometimes mean the differences between life and death. SECRETARY A secretary works in an office. The job of a secretary often involves writing letters, answering telephone calls, and receiving people. A secretary stores information on a computer and puts papers in good order in file cabinets. As a link between the boss and the visitors, a secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables. @Traditionally, more girls than boys work as secretaries. FASHION MODEL Fashion models wear the latest styles of clothes and show them to us through television, newspapers and magazines. Fashion show programmes usually have a large audience. @The clothes and hairstyles of fashion models may seem strange to the elderly, but a large number of young people enjoy following trends and want to be dressed like the models. They collect fashion pictures and admire those superstars of the catwalk. @Would you like to be one of the people introduced here? What do you want to do in the future? Word study: 1. occupation ( n. ) 职业；占领 e.g. What is your occupation? e.g. The country is under enemy’s occupation．这个国家被敌人所占领。
上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文 （包括Additional Reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17. Words and their stories EAGER BEAVER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him. Suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework. The expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver. Beavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard. Historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America. There were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two
一、Unit 1新单词 1. rule n. 规则，纪律 school rules 校纪，校规class rules 班规 Our class rules are written on the wall. 2. finish v. 结束，完成 e.g. You must finish your computer games before 7 o’clock. 你必须在七点前结束你的电脑游戏。 翻译：When did you finish your homework? 3.keeep v. 保持，遵守 e.g. Students must keep the school rules.学生必须遵守学校规定。 Keep quiet. 保持安静。 Students must keep books clean. 4. also ad. 也，也是 e.g. He is also an American.他也是个美国人。 5. maths n. 数学 e.g.Which subject do you like best? Maths. 你最喜欢什么科目？数学 6.welcome 感叹词欢迎 常用搭配：Welcome to…欢迎来某地。 e.g. Welcome to Shanghai. 7.borrow v. 借 borrow强调的是“借入” e.g. May I borrow your umbrella? 我可以借一下你的伞吗？ 反义词：lend 借出 e.g. Will you lend your umbrella to me?能把你的伞借给我吗？ 8.get to 到达… e.g. Please get to the airport on time. 请准时到达机场。 二、Unit1重要知识点 1.Welcome to our school. You must be Lily. “must be”表示“一定是，肯定是”，后常加形容词或人名。如Your answer must be right. right为形容词，“对的正确的”。“welcome to”欢迎， e.g:欢迎来中国。 2. Students must get to school on time. “get to school”到达学校，“go to school”去学校； must 是情态动词，must do sth；一般疑问句直接将must提前，否定句在
LESSON ONE Music 1. M: By the way, Jane, did you talk to the consultant顾问about our new health program? W: I contacted联系his office but his secretary said he would （be out for）试图得到lunch until two. Q: What does the woman mean? 2. W: We need to let everyone know about the charity [?t??riti] n. 慈爱concert, but we don't have much money for advertising. M: How about using the school radio station? They broadcast free public service 服务announcements.通告 Q: What does the man suggest they do? 3. W: I don't understand why this self-study自学book doesn't have answers to the questions. M: But it does. You can find them at the back of the book. Q: What does the man say about the self-study book? 4. M: The new sales manager says he has never met you before. W: We've been introduced about three times. He seems a little forgetful. Q: What do we learn about the new sales manager? 5. M: Have you had the brakes[breik] n制动器; 闸; 刹车. and tires checked? And do you have enough money? W: I have taken care of everything. And I'm sure it's going to be a wonderful极好的, 精彩的, 绝妙的trip. Q: What's the woman going to do? g. M: I've had my new stereo立体声for a whole week, but I haven't yet figured out 想到how to record music.
上海八年级英语上册新世纪版知识点汇总 The document was prepared on January 2, 2021
U n i t O n e M o d e r n T e c h n o l o g y LessonOneComputers 【词形变换】mouse---mice（复数）main---mainly electronic---electrical---electricityrelax---relaxedable---enable invent（发明V）---inventor（发明家）---invention（发明物）【重要短语】typein输入，键入 ought（not）to=should（not）应该get/befamiliarwith熟悉andsoon等等 What’stheuseof………的用途是什么attheageof在……岁时learnfrom…向……学习 beworriedabout=worryabout担心…….允许某人做某事Wouldyouplease+V.原形 stop/prevent/.阻止某人做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停下来做某事payattentionto（介词）注意agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 .=helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事spend…onsth.=spend…(in)doingsth.花费……做某事keepintouchwith与……保持联系millionsof数百万的use…todosth.用…...做某事 all/different/manykindsof各种各样的inbrief简言之 neither…nor…既不……,也不…… beconnectedto与……连接在一起 beableto的用法：（可用于各种时态，而can不能）现在：am/is/are(not)ableto过去：was/were(not)ableto将来：will(not)beableto LessonTwoRobots 【词形变换】 different（形）---difference（名）---differently（副）danger---dangerousoperate---operationmemory---memorizeindustry---industrialmedicine---medical please---pleasure（名）---pleased（形人）---pleasant（形物）【重要短语】tidyup整理，收拾makethebed铺床 perform/doanoperationonsb.给某人做手术 perform/dooperationsonsb.=operateonsb. bedifferentfrom与……不同bethesameas与……相同knownothingabout对……一无所知withpleasure高兴地，快乐地；乐意地 whatelse=whatotherthings（else常放在不定代词和疑问词的后面）decidetodosth.决定做某事practisedoingsth.练习做某事 notonly…butalso…不但……而且……not…anymore/longer=nomore/longer不再keepdoingsth.一直不停地做某事 beafraidofsth./doingsth.害怕某物/做某事beafraidtodosth.害怕做某事 with/withoutthehelpof在……的帮助下/没有……的帮助 不定代词的用法： something常用于肯定句中，也可用于希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中anything常用于否定句或疑问句中nothing常用于否定句中（what）everything 上述不定代词都指物，不能和of连用，都是单数。 someone=somebody常用于肯定句中anyone=anybody常用于否定或疑问句中 noone=nobody常用于否定句中（who）everyone=everybody
上海高中《牛津英语》教材与《新世纪英语》教材的对 比分析 摘要教材在英语教学中起着重要作用, 是英语课程资源的核心部分。进入新世纪, 我国启动了新一轮的课程改革, 课程改革的关键是教材。随着新课程标准的颁布, 教材由“一纲一本”向“一纲多本”转变, 越来越多的教材涌入市场。面对不同 品种的教材,如何评价和分析各种教材的优劣就成为当今教师面临的一个挑战。上海高中普遍使用的两套英语教材 ?? 《英语》 (牛津上海版) 和《英语》(新 世纪版) 就是为了满足新一轮课改的要求而改编和编写的。本论文以《普通高中 英语课程标准》为依据, 参照国内外教材评价的理论, 旨在对上海高中使用的两 套英语教材本身和使用效果进行对比和分析, 从而发现两套教材各自的优势和不 足之处,以便上海高中英语教师在使用教材的过程中可以对两套教材进行整合,
扬长避短,让教材更好地为教学服务,最终达到提高英语教学质量的目的。本论文共分为五个部分。第一章“引论”部分主要介绍了研究背景、研究目的与意义、研究内容与方 法以及本论文的框架结构。第二章“理论框架与文献综述”部分阐述了教材的定义和作用、教学大纲、 国内外外语教材评价的理论和国内外教材对比的研究现状。第三章“两套教材的对比研究”主要是对两套教材进行宏观和微观对比分析。 宏观对比分析了教材编写的宏观设计指导原则、教材编写的主框架结构和单元课 程设置模式。微观对比分析主要从语言知识、语言技能、学习策略和文化意识四 方面来对比,重点对比分析了两套教材的词汇、语法、听、说、读、写等方面。第四章“两套教材的效果对比分析”主要从教师调查、学生调查和两套教材 使用效率对比分析来看两套教材的使用效果。第五章“研究结果与思考”通过前面几章对两套教材的对比分析、调查和实 验总结出两套教材的优势和不足之处, 并提出一些建议, 供教材编写者和使用两 套教材的教师参考。 关键词 : 牛津教材,新世纪教材,对比分析vi ABSTRACTAs a core of curriculum resources, English teaching materials play an important