英语语法中的主谓一致问题
第二讲
英语中的一致
是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性、时等方面保持一致的协调关系。
1。人称一致：
1）主语与谓语动词之间：
除动词be有不同的人称形式以及have有特殊的单数第三人称现在时has外，其他动词只有单数第三人称现在时加-s/-es，其余的人称在动词形式上并无特殊的标记。
2）名词或代词与用以代替这个名词或代词的代词之间，如：
The boy is here and he is a pupil.
She did this herself.
2。 数的一致：
1）主语和谓语之间，如：
The girl sings.
The girls sing.
2) 名词或代词与用以代替这个名词或代词的代词之间, 如:
The boy has lost his own toy.
We love our motherland.
3)名词与它的限定词之间，如：
one boy, this boy, these boys, many boys…
4)主语与主语补足语之间，如：
He is a bright pupil.
They are Englishmen.
5)宾语与宾语补足语之间，如：
I consider my child an angel.
I consider my children angels.
3。 性的一致：
这种形式的一致主要存在于名词或代词与第三人称的人称代词或物主代词之间，如：
The boy is here. He is a student, but his father is an engineer.
4。 时的一致：
这主要是指主从复合句中主句谓语动词的时与作为宾语从句的间接引语中谓语动词的时的一致。如：
He says he understands us.
He said he understood us.
数的一致
人称、 格、性的一致比较简单，重点注意数的一致。
数的一致涉及到三个基本的指导原则：
1）语法一致
Grammatical concord，指谓语动词和主语在单复数形式上的一致。
The girl speaks English.
2）意义一致
Notional concord，即谓语动词的单数或复数要取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标记。如：
My family are well.
3）邻近原则
Principle of proximity，即指谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。
关系从句中的谓语动词
1.在“one of +名词(复数)+关系从句”中的单复数, 关系从句中的谓语动词常采用复数形式。通常依照语法一致原则
【例如】
She is one of the students who have passed Band Six.
This is one of the best books that have been published recently.
one之前有the ,only the only, merely, very等修饰时从句中谓语动词要用单数。
【例如】
She is the only one of the girls who is chosen as the member of student union.
He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.
This is the one of the books on the subject that has ever been written in Chinese.
2.[注]在“代词+定语从句”中，从句中的谓语人称，性，数要与被修饰的代词保持一致
Each one of us who are for the proposal is supported to come here tomorrow.
I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
谓语动词常用单数的情况
1)名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
【例如】
To finish the work in advance is what he wants.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health
What seems easy in theory is difficult in practice.
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
但是，what引导名词从句作主语时，其表语是复数形式时，系动词也可以是复数形式。
【例如】
What we badly need here are qualified teachers.
2)当主语是单数，后面跟着由as well as, no less than ，rather than, more than, but, except, including,besides,with, together with, along with, like, in addition to, instead of ,plus, combined with, accompanied by, as much as,等连接的短语时，谓语动词用单数。
【例如】
Mary as well as her sister likes listening to music.
Doctor Richards, together with his wife and three children, is to arrive on the afternoon flight.
My best friend rather than anyone else has got the first prize in the speech contest.
3) many a…或 many a …and…作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
【例如】
Many a student doesn't like to do their homework.
(many a student＝many students)
More than one person was involved in the case.
Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
4)##### and所连接的两个单数名词作主语，指同一人、同一件事或同一概念时，其谓语动词用单数。例如：
My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.
Bread, butter and eggs is typical American Breakfast .
If law and rule is not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.如果不能维持治安，公民和他的财产都不安全。
Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.
常用的该类短语：a cart and horse马车
a cup and saucer一套杯碟
cause and effect因果
a wheel and axle轮轴
law and order法律与秩序
the needle and thread针线
5)####and所连接的两个单数名词作主语，指不同一人、不同一件事或不同一概念时，其谓语动词用复数。例如：
The teacher and his pupils are invited to the English corner.
The bread and the butter are on sale.
6)当and连接的名词前有each ，every修饰时，谓语动词用单数
6).1当主语是each…and(each)…,every…and （every）…, no…and (no)…,结构时，谓语动词用单数。
In our country every boy and girl has right to receive education.
No teacher and no student is present.
6) .2[注]但并列主语后加each(在此处作同位语)，谓语仍用复数，
Mary and Tom each have their own bedroom.玛和汤都有各自的寝室。
7)当不定代词all (of), most (of),some (of),any (of)以及“分数+of”等做主语时，谓语动词要根据代词所表达的意思而定，如果它
们后跟名词复数谓语动词用复数形式，若跟不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式
A variety of students are busy doing their exercises in the reading room.
Three-tenths of the earthwork is moved by machinery.
Most of the information on the report is correct.
Some of the rice ______ .
[a] has been spoiled [b]were spoiled
[c]have been spoiled [d ]are spoiled
8)事件、公司机构、国名、书名、剧名、报刊名的复名词等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。带有复数词尾的学科名称等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。
【例如】The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain and it is an interesting book.
The United Nations is an organization to defend world peace.
The Daily News says it is going to rain tomorrow.
谓语动词用复数的情况
1) both, some, few, many等用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。
2)“the +形容词”作主语，在表示一类人或事物时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】 the young; the sick; the dumb; the deaf;
the blind; the weak;
The young are full of vigor.
The aged are well taken care of by the government.
The poor are often looked down upon by the rich.
[注]但当定冠词“The+形容词或分词”表示抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The good is not always beautiful.
3) a number of, a lot of, any of, most of, the rest of, some of, all of修饰复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
Most of the teachers are responsible and knowledgeable.
A number of books have been published on the subject.
the number of表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数。
【例如】
The number of books published on this subject is simply amazing.
The number of foreign visitors to China has been increasing over the last several years.
4)集合名词作主语时，当名词表示整体时，谓语动词用单数；当名词强调集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
The family is the basic unit of society.
The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vocation in Europe.
5)如果不是国名，而是群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用
6)一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的事物时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
American and Dutch beer are both lighter than British.
Social and political freedom _____ limited there.
[a] is [b]are [c]was [d]were
存在句中的主谓一致问题
1}在存在句中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于随后的“实义主语”的形式：
There are three routes you can take.
There is a note left on the desk.
2}当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时，只要第一个并列成分不是复数，谓语动词便可用单数：
There’s
more grace and less carelessness.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
Eg: In every Province of China____ found rich natural resources.
[A] have [b] has [c]are [d]is