一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立
结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）
1. 名词（代词）+现在分词
例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day
The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语
=Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day
由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止）
例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.
Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语
=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder.
冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语
=改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________
造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say.
独立主格作：时间状语
=改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say.
2.名词（代词）+过去分词
例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the
blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
例句：The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home
earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
造句：工作完成后，他回家了。
The work done, he went back home.
=Whe n the work was done, he went back home.
3. 名词（代词）+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
例句：The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter
of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
例句：Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
造句：还有很多作业要做，我不能和你走。
A lot of home work to do, I can ' t go with you.
4. 名词（代词）+形容词
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
he stood sile nt in the noon sun light, its door ope n.
5. 名词（代词）+副词
The meeti ng over, our headmaster soon left the meeti ng room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
造句：The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
6. 名词（代词）+名词
His first shot failure ，he fired again
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hun dred people died in the accide nt, many of them childre n.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词（代词）+介词短语
The hun tsma n en tered the forest, gun in hand.
那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
三、with ，without 引导的独立主格结构
with （ without）+ 宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当, 但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
（without + 名词/代词+动词的-ing 形式）
Without a word more spoke n, she left the meeti ng room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+ 名词/代词+动词的-ed 形式）
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
The boy was walk ing, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
With his son so disappo inting, the old man felt un happy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
在with （without）的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。造句：老师走进教室，胳膊下面夹了一本书。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book un der his arm.
造句：老师坐在椅子上，周围一群学生围着他。
The teacher is sitti ng in the chair, with a group of stude nts around him
造句：工作完成了，他回家了。
With the work done, he went back home.
造句：由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
My shoes removed ，I entered a low-ceilinged room ，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matt ing
我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter ，more strikers gathered across his path .
总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow .
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case , you have no grounds for dismissing him 如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
3. 作原因状语
The boy lead ing the way, we had no trouble finding the stra nge
cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further bus in ess to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket ，and marched proudly up the platform ，with my
cheeses ，the people falling back respectfully on either side ．
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy
of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12 岁的男孩。
五、独立主格结构的特殊用法
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在, 在句子中没有逻辑上的主语, 实际上已经变成了习惯用
法。这些短语有:
Generally speaking 总的说来, Frankly speaking 坦率地说,
Judging from 从....... 判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
①Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来, 这条规则很容易懂。
②Judgi ng from what he said, he must be an hon est man.
由他所说的来判断, 他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带to 的不定式, 表明说话人的立场或态度, 在句中作独立成分。这些
短语有：to be honest 老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut
a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是, 等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话, 我犯了一个拼写错误。
1．The lecture__c___ ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that
his leaving disturbed the speaker ．
A．began B ．beginning C．having begun D ．being beginning
2．Such__a___the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints ．A．being B ．is C．was D．to be
3．With all factors__c___ ，we think this program may excel （胜出）all the others in achieving the goal ．
A．being considered B．considering C ．considered D．are considered
4．A new technique ___d__ ，the yields （产量）as a whole increased by 20 percent ．
A．to have been worked out B ．having worked out C．working out D．having been 精品文档，超值下载
worked out
英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
独立主格结构 一、概述 独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点： （1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。 （4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行） 名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 ①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件) ②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间) 注意： （1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。 例如： The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。 （2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。 2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成） 名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。 ①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间) ②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因) ③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式） 注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。 3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义） (1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用 主动形式。 ①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义） ②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets). 他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them
D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.
独立主格结构 (要点精讲) 一、总述 1．什么是独立主格结构？ 短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。当句子的主语不能够作这些短语的逻辑主语时就需要给它们加上一个逻辑主语（名词或代词），这种“名词、代词＋短语”的结构就叫做独立主格结构。如： The rain beginning to fall, we took a taxi.雨开始下了，我们坐出租车。 She ran to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬。 2．功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、方式或补充说明等。这类结构多用于书面语中。如： (1)作时间状语 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. =When everyone was ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。 (2)作条件状语 Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow. =If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天会去游泳。 (3)作原因状语 The boy being late, his teacher was very angry. =As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry. 因为这个男孩迟到了，他的老师非常生气。 (4)作伴随状语 The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. =The boy lay on the grass, and his eyes were looking at the sky. 那个男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。 (5)表补充说明 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. =All this time, they were fast asleep, and all of them knew nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 3．特点 (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)此结构中没有谓语动词，而前面的名词或代词在意思上是后面部分的主语（逻辑主语），后面部分在意思上是前面的名词或代词的谓语（逻辑谓语）。 如： He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） =When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练 I. 独立主格结构的基本概念 由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。 II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能 独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。 1、名词或代词主格+ 分词 ①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。 ②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。 2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词 ①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 ② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧! 3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式 The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。 4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语 ① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 ② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 5、名词或代词主格+ 副词 ① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 ② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。 ① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。 ②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。 2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。
独立主格结构精讲精练 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without)的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中， 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词） + 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态
一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立 结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语 =Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止） 例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________ 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 2.名词（代词）+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句：The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 造句：工作完成后，他回家了。 The work done, he went back home.
必修 4 unit 4语法精讲-----分词作定语和状语 一、作定语。单个的分词作定语时放在所修饰词的前面，但是如果修饰some/any/no/ every+thing/body/one 或者指示代词those时，分词应在其后。分词短语作定语时应放在所修饰词的后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。 The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.) 注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。 例如：I have no teeth left. Anyone swimming will be punished. The question being discussed in the meeting is very important. There are a lot of fallen leaves on the ground. 二、作状语。分词在句中作状语时表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果或让步等，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于go doing结构中作目的状语。分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与句子主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构形式来表达。 ①时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表 示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。 Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there. Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine. Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we are ready for an examination. Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed. After finishing his homework, he went to bed. Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful. Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world. When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.当请他作演讲时 Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.一旦康复 ②原因状语：分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。 Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium. There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted. 由于没有钱Having (=Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away. Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears. ③条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。 Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office. United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall. Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better. ④结果状语从句：现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。 I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath. The man died young, leaving nothing but debt. ⑤让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。