古邳中学2019届高三英语
非谓语动词导学案（7）
教学目标；非谓语动词
教学方法：讲练结合，幻动片展示
课时安排：7课时
教学过程：
第一课时：非谓语作状语
第二课时：非谓语作宾语补足语
第三课时;非谓语作定语
第四课时：不定式
第五课时：动名词
第六课时：分词
第七课时：非谓语总结
【自主学习】
【交流展示】
【知识点复习】
动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词．
(一)不定式
不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“ not to do”．不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语．不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格”构成．
1．不定式的用法：
l)作主语．不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语．例如：
To see is to believe．
It is right to give up smoking．
2)作宾语．不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语．例如：
He wanted to go．
I find it interesting to study work with him.
3)作宾语补足语．例如：
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to．但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to．例如
I often hear him sing the song．
He is often heard to sing the song．
注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to．如：
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go．
4)作定语．例如：
I have some books for you to read．注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词．例如：
He is looking for a room to live in．
There is nothing to worry about．
Please give me a knife to cut with．
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去．例如：
He had no money and no place to live.
注②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同．试比较：
A) Have you anything to send?
你有什么东西要寄吗?
(不走式to send的动作执行者是you)
B) Have you anything to be sent?
你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
5)作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件．例如：
I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there．(结果)
To look at him, you would like him．(条件)
目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示．如：
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard．
We ran all the way so as not to be late．
不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语．例如：
I am very glad to hear it．
The question is difficult to answer．
“ too十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语．例如：
He is too old to do that．
另外句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语．例如：
The room is big enough to hold us．
6)作表语．例如：
My job is to help the patient．
7)作独立成分．例如：
To tell the truth，I don’t agr ee with you.
8)不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等．例如：
He didn’t know what to say.(宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important．(主语)
My question is when to start. (表语)
注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to.例如:
Why not have a rest?
9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以-下几点：
A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
(A key unlocks the door．)
B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式．
I have got a letter to write．( I write letter．)
He needs a room to live in．( He lives in a room．)
I know what to do．( I do what．)但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done.
这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象
C)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后者去了for one或for people．例如：
He is hard to talk to．( to talk to him．)
The book is difficult to understand.( to understand the book.)
但如果强调句中的受事者时，亦可用不定式被动式，例如：
The handwriting is very difficult to be read.
The box is too heavy to be lifted．
D)在there十be的结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式．
There is a lot of work to do.( Somebody has to do the work．)
There is a lot of work to be done．( The work has to be done.)
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：
There is nothing to do.意为无事可做，感到十分乏味．
There is nothing to be done．意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常．
2．不定式的时态
l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生．例如：
I saw him go out．
2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式．例如：
I am very glad to be working with you．
3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式．例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3．不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。例如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．It is possible for our hopes to be realized．
(二)动名词
1．动名词由动词十ing构成;具有动词和名词的性质;在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语．
1)作主语．例如:
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full- time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作．例如：
Playing with fire is dangerous．(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous．(指一具体动作)
但在It is no use／good，not any use／good，useless等后必需用动名词。
2)作表语．例如：
Her job is teaching.
3)作宾语．例如：
He is fond of playing football．
I like swimming.
注①admit，appreciate，avoid，consider, delay, dislike，enjoy，escape, excuse，face，feel. like，finish，forgive，give up, ima gine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist, risk，suggest，can’t help，can’t stand(无法忍受)等动词后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式．
注②forget，go on，like，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。
I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习．)
I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事．)
I tried not to go there．(我没法不去那里．)
I tried doing it again. (我试着又干了一次．)
Stop speaking. (不要讲话。)
He stopped to talk. (他停下来讲话．)
I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些来．)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour．
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时．)
注③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式．例如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don' t allow students to smoke.
注④动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用动名词，或不定式的被动式．这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义．例如：
The window needs( requires，wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)
注⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be( kept) busy，be worth，have difficulty／trouble／problem (in)，have a good／wonderful／hard time(in)，there’s no use／good／need，f eel／look／seem／like／get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式．例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
注⑥在love，hate，prefer等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。
但说话人有所指的时候，通常用不定式。
注⑦start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。
注⑧在should(would) like／love等后须用不定式。
4)作定语．例如：
He has a reading room.
2．动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格，名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成．在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词．例如:
His coming made me very happy．
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying．
Is there any hope fo Xiao Wang’s winning．
3．动名词的时态和语态．
l)动名词的时态
动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作以前发生，用动名词的一般式．例如:
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us．
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。例如:
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
但是在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的．例如：主语是这个动名词表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态．被动语态由“ being十过去分词”或“ having been十过去分词”构成。后一种一般避免使用．例如：
He likes being helped.
He was afraid of being left at home.
注：在to be worth doing句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动意义．例如：
The book is worth reading．
(三)现在分词
1．分词的时态和语态
l)分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式．一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式(havi ng十过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作．例如：
Being a student，he was interested in books．
Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very
well．
2)现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态，当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态，如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式．例如：
The question being discussed is important：
Having been criticized by the teacher，Li Ming gave up smoking．
过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式没有完成式．
2.分词的用法
l)作定语
分词短语做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前．例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
The excited people rushed into the building．
注意：现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window．
现在分词作定语的差异：
现在分词在句中作定语时，不仅存在前置与后置的区别，而且存在状态、时间与形式上的差异。为了帮助大家分清这些差异，更好地掌握现在分词的用法，现在分别论述如下。
一、状态差异
现在分词作定语明显存在状态差异。一般来讲，前置的现在分词静感强。而后置现在分词动感强。学习时要注意体会这一点。
例1：The labouring people are the wisest.
例2：The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes．
能前置的现在分词为数不太多，常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词。这一点主要表现在有些现在分词前常有程度副词，有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。
例3: I have brought very exciting news to you．
例4：This is the most exciting story that I have ever read．
二、时间差异
时间差异指现在分词表示的动作发生的时间差异。有些现在分词作定语时表示正在的动作。这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。
例5：Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any
noise?
例6：The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.
有些现在分词作定语时则表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态。若译成汉语也应注意体现这一点。
例7：They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.
例8：The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.
三、形式差异
从形式来看，前置现在分词多为单个分词，而后置现在分词多为短语。换句话说，若用现在分词作定语，单个分词要前置，分词短语要后置。但也不能绝对如此，要视情况而定。要是强调动感，即使是单个分词也应后置。
例9：Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary．
从内容来讲，前置现在分词多为不及物动词，没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语或状语。有时前置现在分词也可有自己的宾语或状语，不过要置于分词前，且中间要有连词符号。当然，带比较级时除外。
例10：Barking dogs seldom bite．
例11：The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
例12：England and America are English-speaking countries．
值得说明的是，现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应慎重。
例13：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here．
2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如：
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time．(时间)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students．(方式)
注：①分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致．
注：②表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出．
注：③有时“with( without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构，表示伴随状况．例如：
He lay half dead，with all his ribs broken．
注：④当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：分词必须有自己的主语．例如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson．
3)作表语．例如：
The news is inspiring.
The glass is broken．
4)作宾语补足语．例如：We saw the teacher making the experiement. 注意：在see，hear，watch，feel，observe，have，liste n to，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生，(即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束)，用不定式表示动作发生了，(即动作全过程结束了)。例如：
I saw the girl getting on the tractor．
I saw the gril get on the tractor and drive off．
He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服)
We had the fire burning all day．
(我们使火燃烧了一整天)。
注意：“ have十宾语十现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“ have十宾语十过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关．
（四）过去分词
动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
2. 过去分词的语法作用：
过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
2) 过去分词做定语：
单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。
We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。
3) 过去分词做状语：
过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。
4) 过去分词作补足语：
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。
当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。
二、特别提醒
1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。
2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。
②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。
3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：
the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥（表示将来的动作）
the bridge being built 正在建造的桥（表示正在进行的动作）
the bridge built 造好的桥（表示完成的动作）
4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：
过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶
The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。
英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzl ed; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：
过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：
boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水
developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家
fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况
由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。
【质疑拓展】
1.____from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city.
A. To see
B. Seen
C. Seeing
D. See
2. All things _____, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. be considered
B. considering
C. having considered
D. considered
3. ______ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of her life.
A. Saw; frightened
B. Seen; frightened
C. To see; frightening
D. Seeing; frightened
4. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. When taking
B. when taken
C. when to take
D. when to be taken
5. The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins
B. begun
C. beginning
D. having begun
6. _____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated.
A. being founded
B. Founded
C. It was founded
D. Founding
7.If you go to Xi’an, you will find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly___A. supposed B. supposing C. to suppose D. suppose
8. _____ more attention, the tree could have grown better.
A. Given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Having given
9. In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours _____in my study.
A. locking
B. to lock
C. locked
D. being locked
10. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at aA. When compared B. Compare C. While comparing D. Comparing
11. Mrs. Bush stood ____for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.
A. surprised
B. surprising
C. being surprised
D. to be surprised
12. ____ alone in the dark room, the little boy was so frightened as to cry.
A. Leaving
B. Left
C. To be left
D. Having left
13. _____ to complete the job on time, they set out to work immediately.
A. Being determined
B. On having determined
C. Determined
D. To be determined
14. ______ in a friendly way, their quarrel came to an end.
A. Being settled
B. Having settled
C. Settled
D. Settling
15. If law-breaker ____, the society will be in disorder.
A. made unpunished
B. came unpunished
C. not punished
D. went unpunished
16. He must be angry, for we heard the glass ____ on the floor.
A, being broken B. break C. to be break D. broken
17. _____ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.
A. To look
B. Looking at
C. Looked at
D. To be looked at
18. _____ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded
scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars.
A. To be judged the best
B. Judged the best
C. Having judged the best
D. Judging the best
19.A cool rain was falling, _____ with snow.
A. mixed
B. mixing
C. to mix
D. having mixed
20. Most of the photographers _____ to the conference were from north Europe.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. having invited
21. The assistant worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to have prepared
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. having prepared
22. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing
B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed
D. and angrily pointing
23. The missing singer was last seen _____ the voice close to the bridge.
A. exercising
B. to be exercising
C. exercise
D. to exercise
24. The directors discussed the project that they would like to see___the next year.
A. carry out
B. carrying out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
25. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he
had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added
B. to add
C. adding
D. added
26. The speaker raised his voice bu t couldn’t make himself _____.
A. hear
B. to hear
C. hearing
D. heard
27. A cook will be fired immediately if he is found _____ in the kitchen.
A. smoke
B. smoking
C. to smoke
D. smoked
【检测反馈】
1. I’m going to have my car ________ .
A. to be fixed
B. to fix
C. fixed
D. to fix
2. What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. be spoken
D. to speak
3. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
B. Followed by
C. Being followed
D. having been followed by
4. He had his leg _______ in the match yesterday.
A. to break
B. broken
C. break
D. breaking
5. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. inviting
6. ________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Having given
7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________ behind his back.
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
8. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open
B. opening
C. having opened
D. opened
9. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing
B. Having lost
C. Lost
D. To lose
10. The Olympic Games, _________ in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first played
B. to be first played
C. first playing
D. to be first played
11. Don’t get _________ in the rain.
A. to be caught
B. catching
C. to catch
D. caught
12. I found a car _________ in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck
B. stuck
C. sticking
D. stick
13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom _______ ? ---Last week.
A. to paint
B. painted
C. painting
D. to be painted
14. The children were found _________ in the cave.
A. trapping
B. trapped
C. to be trapped
D. be trapped
15. They found a ______ old woman _______ on the ground when the door was broken down.
A. dying, lying
B. dead, lied
C. death, laying
D. died, lain
16. On a _____ morning the little girl was found _______ at the corner of the street.
A. freezing, freezing
B. freezing, frozen
C. frozen, frozen
D. frozen, freezing
17. No one enjoys ______ fun of in public.
A. making
B. being made
C. to be made
D. to make
18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _____.
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. to be spoken
D. speak
19. ____from space, the earth, with water __ seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.
A. Seen, covered
B. Seen, covering
C. Seeing, covering
D. Seeing, covered
20. An _________ crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.
A. excited
B. exciting
C. excite
D. excitedly
【教学反思】
非谓语动词( 2015届高三. 咏华) 非谓语动词就是在句中不作谓语的动词, 有动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed分词。 一.非谓语动词的形式变化(结合前面的“时态和语态”专题，推测非谓语动词的各种时态和语态相结合的 二．分析下列各组句子，划出非谓语部分，判断非谓语在句中充当的成分，总结非谓语动词在句中充当同一种成分时的用法及区别。 1．①Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 ②To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 ③To obey the law is important. = It is important to obey the law. ④It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 归纳：作主语 ●通常，v-ing表抽象的或习惯性的动作，不定式表具体的或一次性的将来动作。 ●不定式和v-ing作主语常放在句末，主语位置用形式主语it，即 It + is/was +adj./n.（如：easy/difficult/(im)possible/likely/good/a good idea等）+ to do sth. 但It + is/was + 某些adj./n. (worth/useless/no use/no good/of little use/ of little good) + v-ing. 2．①The story is interesting. ②My job is teaching. (= Teaching is my job.) ③I am deeply devoted to education. ④The window is broken. ⑤My dream is to be admitted into an ideal university. 归纳：作表语 ●v-ing 表主语（物）的性质（令人…….的）或内容； ●v-ed 表主语（人）的情感（感到…….的）或所处的状态； ●不定式表将来动作，在表“目的aim/goal/purpose、愿望wish/hope、梦想dream、 需求demand”等的名词作主语时其表语用不定式。 3.①Shall we go to the swimming pool ? ②This is an interesting story. ③The excited fans are shouting and waving to the film star. ④China is a developing country while America is a developed country. ⑤I have a lot of papers to type. ⑥She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.
非谓语动词（1） 1.形式：动词不定时（doing）, 动名词（doing）,分词（doing 和done ） 2.导入： 练：1.）Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library. A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing 2.）With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money o ut of the bank ________ presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought 3.）I have a lot of readings ______ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed 4.）The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 5.）It rained heavily in the south, ______ serious flooding in several provinces. A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 6.）I had great difficulty _______ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. A. find B. found C. to find D. finding 7. ）Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues ______ with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused 8. _______ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height. A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 9. That is the only way we can imagine ______ the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 10. ______ at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked 一．动词不定式的用法 判断下面不定式在句中的成分 1.To finish the work in ten minutes is difficult. （） 2. He wants to go abroad. （） 3. My dream is to become a singer. （） 4. Mother got me to go to the shop and buy some salt. （） 5. I have some clothes to wash. （） 6.He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. （） 结论：不定式在句中可以充当__________________________________________. I．不定式做主语： 不定式做主语可直接放于句首，但很多情况下，用______做形式主语（尤其在疑问句和感叹句中）常见句型：1.）1）It is + adj. +for sb /of sb+to do sth. 常用介词for 的词_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 常用介词of 的词有_______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2.)It is + n + to do sth.意思是_______________________________ 常见名词_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (3) It takes/needs/requires+ sometime/sth. +to do意思是：_______________ ⅱ做宾语 1.(2005天津卷) I don’t want _________like I’m speaking ill of
高考复习之非谓语动词（一） Task 1 ? Listen and fill in the blanks 1.When I was young, I’d listen to the radio, __________ for my favorite song. When they played, I’d sing along. It made me _________. ?Yesterday once more 2.Sorry I never told you all I wanted __________. Now it’s too late _________. Cause you’ve flown away, so far away. Never had I imagined __________ without your smile. _________ and _________ you hear me, it keeps me alive. ?A sweet day Task 2 做题 Task 3 总结解题技巧 一、___________________________________________ 1.They included digging up the road, __________(lay) the track and then building a roof over the top. 2.What makes Qigong special is that it can be done ___________(lie), sitting, or standing. 二、___________________________________________ 3.First, __________(talk) to someone you trust is a good way of letting your anger out without hurting others or yourself. 4._____________(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes. 三、___________________________________________ 5.___________(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. 6.Reaching the destination, he suddenly found his __________(lose) shoe in a basket. 7.To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d lik e you to look at a study ____________(conduct) in Australia in 2012. 四、___________________________________________ 8.Today there are more airplanes _________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies. 9.There’s a note ___________(attach) to the door saying when the shop will open again. 10.There are always lots of people in the street, and there is always something _________(see) or do. 五、___________________________________________ 11.Children, when _____________(accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 12.After school, I went back home on time to help my parents do some housework while ___________ (enjoy) some light music. 六、____________________________________________ 13.With all the porridge _________ (eat) up, he picked out a shoe and boiled it to eat. 14.I stood before her with my heart ___________ (beat) fast. 15.Much time _________(spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by
非谓语动词高三复习导学案 Activity1 真题回顾 1. For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something __________(eat)!（2016，四川） 2. My ambassadorial duties will include ________________(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu. (2016，全国1) 3. If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely ________________(bring) your work home.（2016，全国2） 4. A study of travelers_____________ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.（2015，全国1） 5．Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people_______________ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. (2015·全国卷1) 6．In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without _____ (use) electric equipment. (2015·全国卷2) 7. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused _________ (stop) until we reached the next stop. （2014，全国2） _________________________________________________________________________________ Step1 分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语” 1.______many times, but he still couldn't understand it . 2 ______many times, he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told B. Being told C. He had been told D. Though he was told 3. It ______ a hot day, we’d better go swimming. 4. It ______ a rainy day ; we decide not to go there. A.is B. to be C. being D. been Step2找逻辑主语 1. Seen from the top of the hill, our school is very beautiful. 2. Seeing from the top of the hill, I find our school very beautiful. 3. She is reading a book found on the way. 4. With my homework done, I went out to play.
非谓语动词学案 授课班级______ 应到学生______ 实到学生_____课型_____ 教学目标：1. 熟悉非谓语动词的构成； 2. 能够熟练使用非谓语动词。 教学过程： 一、非谓语动词的概念 动词的基本用法是作谓语,而非谓语动词在句中不能作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。 二、非谓语动词的形式和基本用法： 1、动词不定式：to do 表示目的和将来; I have a meeting to attend. The child has nothing to worry about. He worked day and night to get the money. 2、动词的ing : doing 表示主动和进行； Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? He kept the car waiting at the gate. (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 3、动词的过去分词：done表示被动和完成。 The window was broken by the boy. Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. I heard the song sung several times last week. 三、非谓语动词的时态和语态 四、非谓语动词的否定形式 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即not / never to do, not / never doing/ not/ never done 五、非谓语动词的做题步骤 1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了 2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
非谓语动词基本概念及用法 一、动词不定式to do 现在分词v-ing 过去分词v-ed Thinking about these examples: the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥 二、谓语与非谓语的比较 非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。 例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time. A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand 分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。 Exercise：找出“非谓语动词”，并判断作何成分 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. It is not an easy thing to master a language. My suggestion is to start work at once. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. Have you anything to declare? He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. The meeting being held is very important. The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 被动 sth.
语法复习专题非谓语动词 概念：在句中不充当谓语角色的动词形式，它的划分有两种标准（一）：不定式；分词（过去 分词与现在分词）；动名词（二）：不定式；v-ing.形式；过去分词. 一、考点聚焦 1、非谓语动词的句法功能 2、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题 （1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。 His job is to guard.(说明内容) The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,＿＿＿＿＿it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事，或必将发生的，或表示命令等口吻) 翻译: 这项计划得提前三天完成. （2）带不定式作宾语的词语，构成v.+ to do 形式。 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire 等。 We agreed here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D .to have met I don’t know whether you happen , but I’m going to study in the this September . (2004高考辽宁卷) A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard
非谓语动词 动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。 高考重点要求： 1、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式 2、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式 一、理论知识（《全优课堂》P302-304页 请找出以下句子的谓语动词和非谓语动词 The dinosaur was forced to adapt and evolved into a smaller animal needing less space and food. 谓语动词____________________ 非谓语动词___________________ 非谓语动词的三种基本形式 表主动，将来_____________ 表主动，进行_____________ 表被动，完成_____________ 分析一下不定式的形式及意义 1/ We all expect the boy to win the match. ( to do 表______________) 2/ The problem to be discussed tomorrow is of great importance. ( to be done 表_____________)
3/ Tom was considered to have broken the cup. ( to have done 表_________________) 4/ The cup was considered to have been broke n by Tom. ( to have been done 表______________) 5/ The boy is pretending to be listening carefully. ( to be doing 表___________________ ) 分析一下动词ing的形式及意义 1/ The girl standing over there is my sister. ( doing 表__________________) 2/ The road being repaired now is called Binjiang Road. ( being done表_______________ ) 3/ Having finished her homework, Lily went out to play table tennis. ( having done 表_______) 4/ Having been told the bad news, he couldn’t help crying. (having been done 表___________) 分析一下动词ed的形式及意义 The photo taken by the photographer is quite eye-catching. ( done 表_____________________) 非谓语动词的否定式：not 放在该非谓语动词之前 如：not to be done, not having been done, not done Any difference between “done” and “having been done”? 被告知了这令人兴奋的消息，他感到兴奋。
非谓语动词 不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句，不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。 1．不定式用来作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了，想要”。 (2009·辽宁卷)To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。 2．不定式用于so...as to ...，such...as to；enough to；too...to；only to等结构中作结果状语。Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 你能不能行行好，借给我你的自行车？ He is such a fool as to think that his strange behaviour can inflect others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人。 He hurried to the booking office only to have been told all the tickets had been sold out. 他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告诉所有的票已经卖完了。 专家提醒：“only＋to do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell 和主语He 之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 His parents died，leaving him an orphan. 他的父母去世了，使他成为孤儿。 1.(2010·江西卷)There were many talented actors out there just waiting________. A．to discover B．to be discovered D ．being discovered C．discovered 解析：句意为：很多有天赋的演员就在那里等待被发现。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。此题空格处用不定式来表示目的，而且actors与discover之间为被动关系，所以B项为答案。 答案： B 2．(2010·合肥第二次教学检测)—Why are the students working so hard these days. —________ready for the ing entrance examination. A．To get B．Get D ．Got ．CGetting 可知，此句是省略句，”为了即将来临的入学考试准备“考查非谓语动词。根据答语解析： 不定式作状语，表示目的。 答案： A 3．(2010·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)With Father's Day around the corner，I have taken some money out of the bank________presents for my dad. A．buy B．to buy D．to have bought C．buying 解析：句意为：父亲节就要到了，我已经从银行取了些钱出来准备给爸爸买些礼物。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。从语境看，本空在句中作目的状语，用不定式，因此A的动词原形、C的现在分词、D的不定式完成式都不符合题意。 答案： B
语法复习专题七——非谓语动词 一、 非谓语动词的分类 二、 非谓语动词的语法功能及时态、语态 三、非谓语动词的使用条件 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）, 又没有连词的情况下, 还有别 的动词出现时，这些动词就充当了非谓语动词。 v-ed 过去分词
Ex. 1: 找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）。 1. Tom returned from the manager’s office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once. 2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters. 3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom. 4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang. 5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。) 四、非谓语动词的用法 ★非谓语三种基本形式表达的意义 ?Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park is beautiful. 主动,进行 ?Please keep quiet in the reading room. 性质 ?Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the US. 被动,完成 ?We see fallen leaves on the ground. 完成 ?Dressed in red, she looks more beautiful. 状态 ?We are invited to a party to be held next Friday. 将来 ?We plant many trees to make our city green. 目的 表达意义： 动词-ing ：主动, 进行, 性质； 动词-ed ：被动, 完成, 状态； to do：将来, 目的。 1、v-ing作非谓语动词 （1）作主语 Eg: Seeing is believing. Sending e-mail is increasingly popular. Ex. 2: 请用v-ing作主语，把以下句子翻译成英文。 1）说太多会给你带来麻烦。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2) 散步对老年人和年轻人来说都是一种好的运动形式。 _____________________________________________________________________ （2）作宾语 Eg: I couldn’t help crying when I heard the bad news. ★mind, suggest, delay, keep on, look forward to, enjoy, appreciate, imagine, practice, finish, succeed in, consider, can’t help, miss等动词用v-ing作宾语。 ★在表示“需要” 的need, want和require等后用v-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义, 也可用不定式的被动式。 Eg: This car needs repairing. Or: This car needs to be repaired. Ex. 3: 请把以下句子翻译成英文。 1）你介意独处吗？________________________________________________________
高考英语非谓语动词教学案 在做单选题，如果遇到非谓语动词，可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度，从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。 第一步：根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式，看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。 非谓语动词在句中可作成分一览表 注：1).the 分词也可用作主语和宾语； 2).现在分词完成式不作定语。 1．非谓语形式作主语或宾语时，除“the 分词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。其中不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词 不定式”结构。 例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us. 2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment . 4).Please show us how to do that. 2．作状语时，不定式表示目的以及so/as to do和(only)to do中的结果状语，其它状语都用分词来表示。 例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock. （“非谓语 主句”模式中，非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开，此句中的不定式只作目的状语；此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语，有时分词前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though 等连词，如：①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.） 2).He came here only to say good-bye to us. （不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号） 3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic. （不定式在主句之后，又有逗号与主句隔开时常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主语意料的结果） 第二步：在第一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。 1．非谓语用作主语或状语时，一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用；若无逻辑主语，则以主句主语为判断对象。
非谓语动词学案 I.V-ing (现在分词/动名词) 注意： 1. V-ing的否定形式是由not 加V-ing构成。如： _______________________ his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 ________________________ made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. V-ing的一般式和完成式： V-ing的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he is interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. V-ing的被动式： V-ing的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是V-ing动作的承受者。根据V-ing动作发生的时间，V-ing的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。 如： The question _________________________ is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 ___________________________ (criticize) by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 二、V-ing的语法作用 V-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 （一）V-ing（短语）作主语： _______________ is easier than doing. 说比做容易。注意：在下面两种结构中，V-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time _______________________________. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用V-ing分词。如： There is no ____________________ about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 2. V -ing作宾语： ①V–ing作动词宾语。如： I suggest _______________________________. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。 ②V-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如： I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。 Do you consider ___________________________? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？ ③V-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如： I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。 He went to London in the hope of ______________________________. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。 此类短语还有很多：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（对……负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from （防止，阻止）, s top…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thank…for（因……而道谢）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对……厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（对……感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对……感到羞愧）等等。 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如： I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。 What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？ 另外，V-ing可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如： He left ahead of time ____________________________.他一句话也没说就提前离开了。_________________________________, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫(sew)以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。 只能用V-ing作宾语的动词及动词短语 1). advise, allow, avoid, admit, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, dislike, appreciate