?Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.
煤，石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。
?Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.
盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。
?An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same.
人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。?These books are packed in tens. 这些书每十本装一包。
?These products are counted by hundreds. 这些产品是成百成百计数的。
?They went out by twos and threes. 他们三三两两地出去了。
?They consulted tens of magazines. 他们查阅了几十本杂志。
?Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over. 自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。
?More weight must be placed on the past history of patients. 必须更加重视患者的病史。
?The continuous process can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.
连续过程能在任何常用的压力下进行，而不必暴露在大气中。
?The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two separate carbons forming only single bond.
氧可分别与两个不直接相连的碳共用两对电子形成两个单键。
?Heats given by the boiler comes to the exchanger through pipe line.锅炉产生的热量经由管路送到换热器。
?In general, the design procedure is not straight forward and will require trial and error.
一般说来，设计不是一帆风顺的，需要反复试验。
?Steel and cast iron also differ in carbon. 钢和铸铁的含碳量也不相同。
?The return of the light into the same medium in which it has been travelling is reflection.光线返回原来传播的介质就是反射。?In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salt.反应中，酸与碱彼此中和而生成水和盐。?Americans every year swallow 15000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man.
阿司匹林是人类发明的最安全，最有效的药物，美国每年要消耗15000吨。
?Alloys belongs to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. 合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。?Industrialization and environmental degradation seem to go hand in hand. 工业化发展似乎伴随着环境的退化。?Super conductivity technology is now in its infancy.超导体技术正处于发展的初级阶段。
? A gas distributed itself uniformly through a container. 气体均匀地分布在这个器皿中。
?Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume. 液体象固体一样，都有一定的体积。
?When the solution in the tank has reached the desired temperature, it is discharged.当罐内溶液达到所要求的温度时，就卸料。?When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle, they are reflected.短波发射出后，遇到障碍就反射回来。?Friction always opposes the motion whatever its direction may be.不管运动方向怎样，摩擦总是同运动方向相反。?Then，came the development of the microcomputer. 后来，微型计算机发展起来了。
?Evidently，semiconductors have a less conducting capacity than metal.显然，半导体的导电能力比金属差。?Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystals in a saturated mother liquor.
有时蒸发能在饱和的母液内产生结晶淤浆。
?The presence of an acid stronger than nitric acid accelerates the heterolysis into NO2+ and OH-.
比硝酸更强的酸的存在可以加速生成NO2+ and OH-的异种分解。
?Tbe publication of Chemisches Zentralblatt was stopped during World War II, and the blanks were later filled.
德国化学文摘/总览》在第二次世界大战期间曾停刊过，不过随后又填补了以前的空白。
?Gasoline would have been difficult to supply in the quantities required if it had not been for improvements in refining methods and the introduction of cracking
假如当时没有对炼油方法作出改讲并引入裂解法，那么汽油供应量早就难以满足需要了。
?Even before the Second Five-year plane, China was already producing all kinds of lathes, machines, apparatus and instruments．甚至在第二个五年计划之前，中国就已经在生产着各种车床、机器、仪器和设备。
?The carbon had lost electrons and the oxygen has gained electrons in the change．
在变化中，碳失去了电子，而氧获得了电子。
?It was reported that scientist had worked at the problem of storing the sun’s heat for many years.
据报道，对于贮藏太阳能的问题，科学工作者曾经进行过多年的研究。
?The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator. 发电机可以把机械能再转变为电能。?The project is the largest public works program undertaken by a state in the history of the United States. 这是美国历史上由一个州单独承担的最大的一项公共工程
?Evaporation differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. 蒸发和结晶不同，因为蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩而不是生成和析出结晶。
?The hydrocarbons are all lighter than water，and，being almost completely insoluble, float on it.
这些烃都比水轻，再由于它们几乎完全不溶于水，所以就浮在水面上；
?Total determination of molecular is possible by means of X-ray diffraction．
用x射线衍射的方法可以全面地确定分子结构。（谓语部分省译，total转译为副词，另增译结构）
?Such operations require the transfer of a substance from the gas stream to the liquid.
这样的一些操作要求物质由气流传递到液体中去。
?He was a good calculator，so we considered the answer correct.他计算很好，因此，我们认为这个答案是正确的。?I suggested the supports should be located every five meters. He was my good supporters.
我建议每隔五米设一个支架，他很支持我的建议。
?But even this illustration does not give a picture of the importance of friction.但是，甚至这些例子并未描绘出摩擦的重要性。?Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.激光是近年来轰动一时的科技成就之一，因为它可用于各种科学领域，也适合各种实际用途。
?He found some difficulties to desigh a chemical plant without an electronic computer.
他感到没有电子计算机要设计一座化工厂是很困难的。
?Efforts to apply computer techniques have been a success in improving pyrolysis techniques
使用计算机技术的努力已经成功地促进了热解技术的发展。
?The output voltages of the control system varied in a wide range. (v.→adj.这台控制系统的输出电压变化范围很宽。?As you know that also present in solid are numbers of free electrons.正如我们所知，固体中也存在着大量的自由电子。?Figure 5 shows the rising power consumption at increasing clock frequencies.图5表明，时钟频率增高时，功耗便升高。
?He is quite familiar with the performance of this transmitter. 他非常熟悉这台发报机的性能。
?The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less spaces. 连续过程通常能节省操作空间。
?There is a large amount of energy wasted owing to friction. 由于摩擦而消耗了大量的能量。
?There was a large amount of output power wasted due to leakage. 由于漏电而损耗了大量的输出功率。
?Below 4℃,water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4℃以下不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。?In assembling color TV sets, they made full use of home-made components.在装配彩色电视机时，他们充分利用了国产元件。?But even this illustration does not give an adequate picture of the importance of friction.
但是，甚至这个例子还没有充分地描绘出摩擦的重要性。
?The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.这种通讯装置的主要特点是便于维修。?Oxygen is one of the important element in the physical world, it is very active chemically.
氧是物质世界的重要元素之一，它的化学性质很活泼。
?The reaction force to this action force pushes the rocket ship along. 这个作用力所产生的反作用力推动宇宙飞船前进。
?It is because the bounding properties of one pair of electrons in the double bond are not fully satisfied.
这是由于双键上的一对电子不具有充分饱和的键合性质。
?Water can be shown as containing admixtures. 可以证明水含有杂质。（主语→宾语）
?Use is made of this important property of carbon.人们利用碳的这种重要性质。（主语→谓语）
?Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency for water to separate their molecules into ions.
有机化合物不溶于水，因为水没有将它们的分子离解为离子的倾向。（主语→宾语）
?There are two types of heat treatment applicable to aluminum alloys.对铝合金采用了两种不同的热处理方法.主→宾?The following definitions apply to the terms used in this specification.本说明书所用的一些术语定义如下.(主语→谓语?Evaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals.
蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩，而不是生成和析出晶体。（主语→谓语）
?Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 凡具有重量和占有空间的东西都是物质。
?Methane is less than half as heavy as water. 甲烷的重量不到水的一半。（主语→定语）
?Sodium is very active chemically. 钠的化学活性很高。（主语→定语）
?An atom of oxygen weights 16 times as much as an atom of hydrogen. 一个氧原子的质量是一个氢原子质量的16倍：主—定?When a cooper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte, very few of its atoms dissolve.
当将铜板片置于硫酸电解液中时，几乎没有铜原子溶解。（主语→状语）
?The past few decades have been characterized by a prodigious expansion of the organic chemical industry.
过去数十年的特征是有机化学工业得到了惊人的发展。(谓语→主语)
?The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first, but tend to rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger.
烷烃的熔点起初很不规则，但随着分子的增大．则有些稳步上升的趋势。(谓语→宾语)
?TNT has high explosive power. TNT的爆炸力很大。（宾语→主语）
?It is asumed that there is little if any leakage through the condensers.可以设想，电容器即使漏电，也是很少的。宾→主?Light makes vision possible. 有了光，才能看见东西。（宾语→谓语）
?Matters is anything that occupies space. 凡占有空间的都是物质。
?In this sense structure analysis is common to most organic research.
从这个意义上讲，结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。
?The formula for kinetic energy is applicable to any object that is moving.动能公式适用于任何运动的物体。
?In their laboratory, few instruments are valuable. 在他们实验室里，贵重的仪器是不多的。
?There are two groups of metals: pure metals and their alloys.金属有两大类：纯金属及其合金。（定语→主语）?Many factors enter into equipment reliability.涉及设备可靠性的因素很多。（定语→谓语）
?Automatic machines having many advantages can only do the jobs they have been “told” to do.
自动化机器虽然有很多优点，但它们只能干人们“吩咐”它们要干的事。（定语→状语从句）
?Benzene can undergo the typical substitution reactions of halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reaction.
苯可以进行典型的取代反应，如卤化、硝化、磺化和傅氏反应。（定语→同位语）
?When oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid, a chemical reaction occurs.
当水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸时，就发生了化学反应。（状语—主语）
?The melting point is different for different kinds of metals.不同的金属有不同的熔点。
?The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计。
?The number of molecules in any object we can see is unimaginably large.
任何我们能看到的物体所具有的分子数都大得不可思议。
?The particles move faster in the place where the body is being heated.生物体受热的地方，粒子运动得较快。
? A six-carbon ring structure in the form of a hexagon with alternate single and double bond was assigned to benzene.
苯被指定为单键和双键交替的由六个碳组成的六角形的环形结构。
?The commonly employed forms of energy are kinetic energy and heat energy.动能和热能是通常使用的能的形式。?Non-conductors are rubber and glass.橡胶和玻璃是非导体。
?The alternate double bond arrangement in the six-carbon ring is aromatics characteristic.
芳香烃的特点是六个碳原子组成的环上双键交替排列。
?People regarded the sun as the chief source of heat and light.人们把太阳视为主要的热源和光源。
?We can transform water into two gases by passing an electric current through it.
让电流通入水中，我们就能把水变为两种气体。
?By compressing and cooling the mixture, you can separate one gas from the other by changing it to a liquid.
将该混合物压缩、冷却，使其中一种气体变为液体，就能把它与另一种气体分开。
?The figure shows the readers the relative action of reciprocating between the work and the tool.
这个图给读者显示了工件和刀具之间往复的相对运动。
?X-ray will show the doctor clearly how the lung suffers.X射线会清楚地把肺部损害的程度显示给医生。
?Two factors, force and distance, are included in the units of work.力和距离这两个因素都包括在功的单位内。（变序）?the branch of science , artificial intelligence, is developing rapidly.人工智能这门科学正在迅速地发展。
?We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving of itself.
我们都熟知这样一个事实，即：自然界中没有一件东西会自行开始或停止运动。
?The energy of steam comes from the heat produced by burning coal.蒸气能来自燃烧煤所产生的热量。?Generally speaking, the fuel available is coal. 一般说来，可用的燃料是煤。
?Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 发动机的转数不应超过所允许的最大值。
?Being alloyed with certain metals, aluminum can be strengthened.
铝和某些金属熔合后，强度会增大。（变序，状语译在主语之后）
?Many industrial operation can be carried out in either of two ways which may be called batch and continuous operations.
许多工业操作可用作间歇操作或连续操作来完成。（变序，状语译在谓语之前）
?Chemisches zentralblatt is particularly valuable for its inclusiveness of the East European and Russian literature.
《德国化学文摘》也包括东欧和俄罗斯的文献，就这一点来说是特别有价值的。
?The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.原字学说直到上个世纪才为人们所接受。（或：才被接受）?Other evaporation materials and processes will be discussed briefly.其它一些蒸发材料和蒸发过程将简单地加以讨论?Purified hydrogen is passed over a liquid metal halide.让纯化氢气通过液态金属卤化物。
?Considerable use is made of these data.这些资料得到充分的利用。
?The electromagnetic disturbances are caused by lighting discharges.电磁干扰是由雷电放电引起的。
?Now headings, sub-headings and tables of contents in English are provided.
现在提供英文的（主）标题，副标题和目录表。
?The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。?Much greater magnification can be obtained with the electron microscope.使用电子显微镜，能获得更大的放大倍数。
?The metal, iron in particular, is known to be an important material in engineering.
大家知道，金属，特别是铁，是工程方面的重要材料。
?If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged.
如果原子失去了一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。
?Potassium and sodium are seldom met in their natural state.我们很少见到自然状态的钾和钠。
?Even when the pressure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature.
即使压力不变，气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨大变化。
?Large quantities of lasers are used by optic communication in the generation of light emmitting.
光通信利用大量激光器来产生光发射。
?Borax was added to beeswax to enhance its emulsifying power.将硼砂加到蜂蜡中以增加蜂蜡的乳化力。
?The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator.发电机可以把机械能再转变为电能。?Batch operations are frequently found in experimental and pilot-plant operations.间歇操作常见于实验室操作及中试操作。
?The kinds of activities which engage the organic chemist may be grouped in the following way.
有机化学工作者所从事的活动可以按照下列方法归类。
?Attention should be paid to the study of proteins. 应该注意蛋白质的研究。
?Stress must be laid on the development of the electronics industry. 必须强调电子工业的发展。
?The integrated circuit finds wide application in electrical engineering.集成电路在电气工程方面得到了广泛的应用。? A single piece of silicon is hardly big enough to pick up. 单个的硅芯片小得捡不起来。
?We learn that sodium or any of its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that there is no such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present，but that if the smallest quantity of sodium be thrown into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears．
译文：我们注意到，如果把非常少量的钠投入到火焰或其它光源中时，立即出现一条亮黄色的双线，当钠不存在时，光谱中就没有这样的双线。由此我们知道钠或钠的任何化合物所产生的光谱都带有一条亮黄色的双线。?Normally, in evaporation the thick liquor is the valuable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded.
Mineral-bearing water is often evaporated to give a solid-free product for boiler feed, for special process requirements, or for human consumption. This technique is often called water distillation, but technically it is evaporation. In one specific situation, however, the reverse is true.
译文：通常情况下，蒸发时，粘稠液是有价值的产物，而蒸汽冷凝下来并被扔掉。但是在某一特定的情况时，恰恰相反。含有矿物质的水常被蒸发以获得不含固体的产物，以供锅炉加水用，供特殊过程的需用或供人类使用。此项技术通常称为水的蒸馏，而在技术上却是蒸发。
?Aluminium remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
由于铝总是和其他元素结合，最常见的是和有很强的亲和力的氧结合，因而在自然界任何地方都找不到处于游离状态的铝，所以，直到十九世纪，人们才知道有铝。
?The diode consists of a tungsten filament, which gives off electrons when it is heated, and a plate toward which the electrons migrate when the field is in the right direction.
译文：二极管由一根钨丝和一块极板组成：钨丝受热时便放出电子，当电场方向为正时，这些电子便向极板移动。?Our object is to draw attention to those areas responsible for the quantum jump in sophistication, improved cosmetic attributes and safety of today’s products.
译文：我们的目的是提请人们注意那些使下列方面发生跃变的领域：即当代化妆品所采用的先进技术方面、质量改进方面以及安全性方面。
?Another development, by itself not strictly scientific in nature, is the growning awareness that the energy resources at present available to human technology are limited, and that photosynthesis is the only large-scale process on earth by which a virtually inexhaustible source of energy, i.e., the radiation energy of the sun, is collected and converted into a form of energy that is not only used by plants, but by all forms of life, including man.
另一发展——就其本性而言，本身不是严格科学的——是人们正日益认识到下面这个事实，即：人类技术领域目前可以利用的能源是有限的，在地球上只有光合作用是能将那实际上是取之不尽用之不竭的能源——太阳的辐射能——聚集起来，转换为不仅植物，而且包括人在内的所有生命都可以利用的能量形式的大规模过程。
?Fire is a chemical reaction in which atoms of the gas oxygen combine with atoms of certain other elements, such as hydrogen or carbon.燃烧是一种化学反应，在这个反应中，气体氧的原子与某些其他元素的原子，如氧或碳，相化合。?Manufactureing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.
制造过程可分为单件生产和大量生产。单件生产就是生产少量的零件，大量生产就是生产大批相同的零件。
?The principles of both absorption and desorption are basically the same，and we may study both operations at the same time.
吸收和解吸这两个过程的原理基本相同，因此可以同时研究这种操作。
?Beginning from butane it is possible for the hydrocarbons to have one or more branch chains and isomerism results.
从丁烷开始这种烃就可能含有一个或更多个支链，这就产生了异构现象。
?The consequence is a severance of carbon linkage at the point of the original double bond with the formation of two oxidation fragments, and ketones, acids and aldehydes result. 其结果是在最初双键处碳键断裂，形成两个氧化碎片，结果形成酮、酸和醛。?when concentrated nitric acid is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid it ionizes and gives a nitronium ion．当浓硝酸溶于浓硫酸中时，就发生离子化而产生硝鎓离子。
?More and more companies are installing automatic process controls as means of insuring product uniformity，and thus，quality．越来越多的公司正在建立自动过程控制系统，作为保证产品稳定，进而保证产品质量的手段。
?when the solution in the tank has reached the desired temperature，it is discharged，a new batch of cool solution is added，and the process is repeated.当罐内溶液达到所需要的温度时，就卸料，装入新的一批冷溶液，于是过程再次重复。
?The size of atoms decreases from left to right across a period in the periodic table. For example, on moving from lithium to beryllium, the number of charges on the nucleus is increased by one, so that all the orbital electrons are pulled in closer to the nucleus.
在周期表中，沿着周期表从左到右原子的半径逐渐减小。例如，从锂到铍，核电荷数增加了一个，因此，轨道电子就被吸引得更靠近原子核。
?when a negative ion is formed, one or more electrons are added to an atom，the effective nuclear charge is reduced and hence the electron cloud expands. Negative ions are bigger than the corresponding atom.
原子得到一个或多个电子形成负离子，这样有效核电荷数就降低了，电子云扩大，因而负离子的半径大于相应的原子。?In their work they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice.工作中，他们很重视理论联系实际。?These operations are used only for solute recovery or solute removal.这些操作仅用于回收或去除溶质。
?Acetone is used in the manufacture of different products of industrial importance. 丙酮被用来制造多种重要的工业品
?In contrast to inorganic compounds, the molecular attraction of organic compounds is weak, so organic compounds are usually volatile and possess low melting points. 与无机化合物相比，有机化合物的分子间力较弱，因此，有机化合物通常易挥发，熔点低。?The different hydrocarbons in crude oil boil at different temperatures.原油中不同烃在不同温度下沸腾，从而彼此分离。
?The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with one carbon alone forming a double bond(>C=O), or with two separate carbons(-C-O-C-), or with one carbon and one hydrogen forming only single bonds(-C-O-H).
氧的两对电子可以和一个碳原子共用形成碳氧双键，也可以分别和两个碳原子形成碳氧碳键，或者和一个碳原子一个氢原子形成碳氧氢键。
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
Unit 2 Research and Development 研究和开发 Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。 1.Fundamental Research and Applied Research In industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the company?s position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years. 1．基础研究和应用研究 在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提高公司的利润。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间范围，从几个月到20年。 We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research. 我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的R&D活动。但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究 Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable
化学专业英语结课论文 摘要;化学科学技术发展战略更加贴近社会和经济需求, 生态环境恶化严重干扰可持续发展。化学科学技术活动总目标是:提供安全的能量、化学品和制造品, 既不会不可逆转地消耗地球上的稀有原料, 也不会产生有害物质污染地球;发现和创新新物质, 研究物质的化学和物理转化, 检测鉴定各种尺度物质的结构和性质;理论化学、计算化学和过程系统工程的创新应用, 及其与生物学、医药、电子学、信息学协同并在材料、医药、能源、信息、环境以及国家安全领域激励人心的应用。科学研究和人才培养都充满学科交叉。 关键词:化学科学技术;人与自然协调;可持续发展;创新 Chemical Science and Technology and Sustainable Development Abstract:Development strategy of chemical science and technology depends more and more on the demand of society and economic development nowadays, while the environment deterioration seriously interferes the sustainable development.So the chief objectives of chemical science and technology are:to provide safe energy, chemicals and products;not to consume the rare materials on earth irreversibly;not to produce harmful wastes to pollute the environment;to discover and innovate new compounds;to make research on the chemical and physical transformation of substances;to detect and determine the structures and the properties of materials of various sizes;and to make the innovative application of theoretical chemistry, computer chemistry and processing systematic engineering and their synergies with biology, pharmaceutics, electronic sand informatics for the application in the fields of materials, pharmaceutics, energy resources, information, environment and national security .Subject intersection always penetrates in scientific research and talent cultivation. Key words:chemical science and technology;harmony of human and nature;sustainable development; discover and innovate[1]
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的
Degradable Plastic Bags The plastic material, is a high molecular weight organic matter as main component. Over the past few years plastics inspire countless innovations that help make life better, healthier and safer every day. For example, plastic bags help keep the foods we eat and serve our families safer and fresher than ever before. But it cause the white pollution. So June 1, 2008 started the implementation of the "plastic limit order" .To protect our environment, we should use more environmental plastic bags. The production of plastic bags added in the process of degradation masterbatch plastic bags that degradable plastic bags, degradable plastic bags for 90 days can automatically decompose in accord with certain conditions. To the plastic film bag as raw material for the production of plastic bags, we used plastic bags: the bag bag, shopping bags, handbags, handbags, bags, vest belt and industrial. Some domestic "manufacturers of degradable plastic" method is mainly used in PVC, by adding a certain proportion of starch biodegradable agents, thus changing the hydrocarbon structure of PVC, by microorganisms and decomposition. Another approach is the incorporation of photosensitizer, in plastics, in the sunshine