精心整理一、元素和单质的命名
“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。
或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。
如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrous oxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide
Cu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupric oxide
２．化合物负电荷部分的读法：
２．１二元化合物：
常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，
如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide，sulfide，nitride,phosphide,carbide，hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，
非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。２）；非最低价的二元化合
物还要加前缀，如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide
举例：NaF:sodiumfluoride AlCl3:aluminiumchloride
Mg2N3:magnesiumnitride Ag2S：silversulfide
CaC2:calciumcarbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II)hydroxide
有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide
２．２非金属氢化物
除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。
举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride
HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide
CH4
H
高某酸
举例：
H
HPO3
正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。
如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate
酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。
如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonate
NaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate
复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。
如KNaCO3:potassiumsodiumcarbonate
NaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate
水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate
如AlCl3.6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrate
AlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water
三物理性质（physicalproperties）
colour:colorless,red-brown,violet-black,purple-black,paleyellow,darkbrown
smell:odorless,pungent,penetrating,offensive,choking,bitter,sour,sweet
state:solid,liquid,gas,gaseous,oily,crystalline,uncrystalline,molten,fused
solubility:soluble,insoluble,slightlysoluble,verysoluble,
density:heavy,light,lessdense,denser,greatlydenser,slightlydenser,
aboutthesamedense
hardness:hard,soft,ductile,malleable
toxicity:toxic,poisonous
meltingpoint,boilingpoint:high,low
1
；
；2
3读法：
yst.
yst.
3.3Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesa mmonia.
Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepresenceofacatalysttakesplace.
六化学计算(ChemicalCalculation)
1化学术语：
atomicmass/weight;molecularweight;amount(ofsubstance);mole;numberofmoles;molarmass;molarvolume ;concentration;molarity;excessagent;limitingagent；reactant;product;yield;
2数学术语：
＋－×÷
运算名称addition subtraction mulplication division
动词读法add substract(ed)·frommultiply(ied)·bydivide(d)·by
介词读法plus minus times over
运算结果sum difference product quotient
0.001o/zeropointooone
2/3twothirds
＝equals/isequalto
≈isapproximatelyequalto
＜lessthan
＞greaterthan
x2xsquared;x3xcubed;x-10xtotheminustenthpower
100o
（）
1
烧瓶
玻棒
石蕊
角匙
研,棒
2
3
confirmativetest;inquirytest;qualitativeanalysis;quantitativeanalysis;measurement/determinationon 4实验操作：
collectgas（overwater;upwarddisplacementofair;downwarddelivery）
bubblegasthrough;drygas;suckbac
Teaching material for scientific English 一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 1主族元素和单质： 2过渡元素和单质 Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold 二化合物的命名： 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri-tetra -penta-hexa-hepta-octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。 1．化合物正电荷部分的读法： 直呼其名，即读其元素名称。 如CO: carbon monoxide AlO: aluminium oxide 32NO ：Di nitrogen tetroxide 42对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或ferrous oxide FeO: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide 32CuO: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 2２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，-的
Toxic chemicals：有毒化学品 Chemical pollution：化学污染 Physical property ：物性 Natural changes: 自然变化 Scientific fields：科学领域 Isolate：分离 Determine：测定 Synthesize：合成 Fundamental principles：基本原理 Investigation：研究 Utilize：利用 化学式书写的基本规则 如何写化学式 命名化合物 二元化合物：氧化物，盐，酸 （1）阴离子元素加后缀–ide （2）多价态元素加前缀：mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- （3）低价氧化态后缀–ous，高价氧化态后缀–ic 氧化物 盐 酸：基础元素（前缀hydro-, 后缀-ic）+ acid 氢氧化物（碱）： 金属元素（价态）+ hydroxide 含氧酸及其盐 （1）基本元素仅有一种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 盐：阳离子元素+基础元素加后缀-ate （2）基本元素有二种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀（-ous低价态，-ic高价态）+ acid 盐：阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀（-ite低价态, -ate高价态）（3）基本元素有多种氧化态 酸：最低氧化态基础元素（前缀hypo-, 后缀-ous）+ acid 较低氧化态基础元素加后缀-ous+ acid 较高氧化态基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 最高氧化态基础元素（前缀per-, 后缀-ic）+ acid 盐：最低氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素（前缀hypo-, 后缀-ite）较低氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀-ite 较高氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀-ate 最高氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素（前缀per-, 后缀-ate） 不同水分子含量的酸 较低水含量前缀meta- 较高水含量前缀ortho-
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
Naming Inorganic Compounds Introduction：1.10 million known chemical substances.Need to establish a set of rules leading to informative, systematic name for each substance.2.Nomenclature: basic rules for naming simple compounds (organic compounds,inorganic compounds) Contents of current section：1.Preparatory materials（names of common elements in the periodic table)；2.Ionic compounds (cations, anions,compounds)；3.Acids；4.Molecular compounds Common Elements：Ac-Actinium锕, Ag-Silver, Al-Aluminum, Ar-Argon, As-Arsenic, Au-Gold, B-Boron, Ba-Barium, Be-Beryllium, Bi-Bismuth, Br-Bromine, C-Carbon, Ca-Calcium, Cd-Cadmium, Ce-Cerium铈, Cl-Chlorine, Co-Cobalt, Cr-Chromium, Cs-Cesium铯, Cu-Copper, F-Fluorine, Fe-Iron,Ga-Gallium镓, Ge-Germanium锗, H-Hydrogen, He-Helium, Hg-Mercury, I-Iodine, In-Indium, Ir-Iridium铱, K-Potassium, Kr-Krypton, La-Lanthanum镧, Li-Lithium, Mg-Magnesium, Mn-Manganese, Mo-Molybdenum钼, N-Nitrogen, Na-Sodium, Nb-Niobium铌, Nd-Neodymium钕, Ne-Neon, Ni-Nickel, O-Oxygen, Os-Osmium锇, P-Phosphorus, Pb- Lead, Pd-Palladium钯, Po-Polonium钋,Pt-Platinum, Pu-Plutonium钚, Ra-Radium, Rb-Rubidium铷, Re-Rhenium铼, Rn-Radon氡, Ru-Ruthenium钌, S-Sulfur, Sb-Antimony锑, Sc-Scandium钪, Se-Selenium硒, Si-Silicon, Sm-Samarium钐, Sn-Tin,Sr-Strontium锶, Ta-Tantalum钽, Te-Tellurium, Ti-Titanium, Tl-Thallium, U-Uranium, V-Vanadium钒，W-Tungsten, Xe-Xenon, Y-Yttrium钇, Zn-Zinc, Zr-Zirconium锆 Ionic compounds General rule :The names of ionic compounds are based on the names of the ions of which they are composed. The positive ion (cation) is always named first and listed first in writing the formula for the compound. The negative ion (anion) is named and written last. Eg.：NaCl (sodium chloride) Naming cations Monatomic ions (take the name of the element itself) Zn2+ (zinc ion), Al3+ (aluminum ion) Note: for an element (especially transition metals) with more than 1 positive ion, the positive charge of the ion is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal: Fe2+ --- iron (II) ion, Cu+ ---copper (I) ion If unsure, use the Roman numeral designation of charges as part of the name. Naming cations Note: A widely used older method to distinguish between two differently charged ions of a metal is to apply the ending –ous for the lower charged ions or -ic for the higher charged ions, respectively. They are added to the root of the Latin name of the element. Eg.：Fe2+ (ferrous ion), Cu+ (cuprous ion) Fe3+ (ferric ions), Cu2+ (cupric ion) Naming cations Polyatomic cations: Groups of atoms with a positive charge. NH4+ --- ammonium ion Hg22+ ---mercury (I) ion or mercurous ion Note: Hg2+ ---mercury (II) ion, or mercuric ion Common ions： Cations: ammonium, cesium, copper(I) or cuprous, hydrogen, lithium, potassium, silver,sodium.(+1 ions); barium, cadmium, calcium, cobalt(II) or cobaltous, copper(II) or cupric,iron(II) or ferrous, lead(II) or plumbous,magnesium, manganese(II) or
The Periodic Table As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published his periodic table of the elements. 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev，一位俄罗斯化学家，出版了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev prepared his table by taking into account both the atomic weights and the periodicity of certain properties of the elements. Mendeleev综合考虑元素的原子量和性质的相似性制成了他的元素周期表。The elements were arranged primarily in order of increasing atomic weight. 元素主要按照原子量增加的顺序排列。In a few cases, Mendeleev placed a slightly heavier element with similar chemical properties in the same row. 在一些情况里，Mendeleev把稍微重一点且性质相似的（元素）放在一列中。For example, he placed tellurium (atomic weight = 128) ahead of iodine (atomic weight = 127) because tellurium resembled sulfur and selenium in its properties, whereas iodine was similar to chlorine and bromine. 例如，他把碲(原子量= 128)排在碘(原子量= 127)前面，因为碲在它的特性方面类似硫和硒，而碘类似于氯和溴。 Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table. Mendeleev在他的元素周期表中留下了许多空格。Instead of looking upon those blank spaces as defects, he boldly predicted the existence of elements as yet undiscovered. 他没有认为这些空格的出现是周期表的缺陷，而是大胆的预言还有未被发现的元素的存在。Furthermore, he even predicted the properties of some of these missing elements. 而且，他甚至预言一些这些未发现的元素的特性。In succeeding years, many of the gaps were filled in by the discovery of new elements. 在以后的许多年中，许多空格被发现的新元素填入。The properties were often quite close to those Mendeleev had predicted. 性质经常十分接近于Mendeleev已经预言的那些性质。The predictive value of this great innovation led to the wide acceptance of Mendeleev's table. 这个伟大革新的预言价值是Mendeleev的元素周期表被广泛接受。 It is now known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 现在知道一种元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能级的电子数目。Sodium atoms have one electron in their outermost energy level (the third). 钠原子在它们的最外层能级(第3层)里有一个电子. Lithium atoms have a single electron in their outermost level (the second). 锂原子在他们的最外层能级(第2)里有一个单电子. The chemical properties of sodium and lithium are similar. 钠和锂的化学性质是相似的。The atoms of helium and neon have filled outer electron energy levels, and both elements are inert. 氦和氖的原子充满电子能级，并且两种元素都是无活动的。That is, they do not undergo chemical reactions readily. 也就是说，他们不容易经历化学反应。Apparently, not only are similar chemical properties shared by elements whose atoms have similar electron configurations (arrangements) but also certain configurations appear to be more stable (less reactive) than others. 显然，不仅是具有相似的电子构造(安排)的原子的元素具有相似的化学性质，而且某些构造看起来比其它（构造）是更稳定(更少活性)的。
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 化学专业基础英语教案 化学化工学院 第1部分基础化学讲座（Part I Chemistry Lectures） 第1章化学的本质（Chapter I The Nature of Chemistry） 下面是一封小约翰（John C. Bailar, Jr., 父子同名时用于区别；senior, adj. n. 年长的，高级的；年长者）给一个朋友的信，他（小约翰）是伊利诺斯（州）（Illinois, [ili'n?i(z)]）大学化学系部（faculty, ['f?k?lti]）一名已经（）从教56年教员。 亲爱的克丽丝（Chris, [kris]）： 这封信仅仅是关于你所提出的化学是什么和化学家在做什么这些问题的一个回答。我很高兴你问及的这个学科科目（subject）到底（all about, 关于…的一切，到处，附近）是什么的看法观点（view），对于许多人来说，对这个问题都有一个扭曲的，或者至少是肤浅（superficial）看法观点（看法观点可以认为既是asked的宾语也是distored or superficial的宾语）。正如这封信，我不确定我是否能给予你一个清晰的画面解释（picture），但是我试图这样做。 当然了，你知道化学与物理学、地质学、天文学一道，是属于物质科学自然科学（physical sciences）的一门学科。生物科学（biological sciences），诸如植物学（botany, ['b?t?ni]）、生理学（physiology）、生态学（ecology）和遗传学（genetics, [d?i'netiks]）是亲密关联的，但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类种类（倒装句：亲密关联的，但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类种类，是生物科学（biological sciences），诸如植物学（botany, ['b?t?ni]）、生理学（physiology）、生态学（ecology）和遗传学（genetics, [d?i'netiks]））。在这两个学科组（physical sciences和biological sciences）之间，或者在任何一个学科组内的学科之间，没有特别明显的（sharp），因为（for）它们相互涵盖（overlap, [?uv?'l?p]）。通常，很难确定一个具体的特定的（specific, [spi'sifik]）论题（topic）属于其中的一个或者另一个领域。许多重要的学科都列入几种不同的边缘学科（boundaries of several different disciplines, vt. n. 惩罚，纪律，训导，处分，学科）的范围（fall within, 列入…的范围）。（用粗体字标明的这些术语的定义（Definitions of terms）列在这封信的末尾）。 所有的（其它）学科都与化学（学科）广泛地（extensively, [ik'stensivli]）重叠交叉（overlap）：它们依赖于（depend upon）它（化学）并且在很大程度上（in large measure）是建立在化学基础之上的（are based upon）。据此，我的意思是认为化学是真正的所有自然科学（natural sciences）的一部分，一个人如果没有（without可以引导虚拟语气从句或者短语，can not 如果写成would not就更能说明假设条件）化学知识，他就不能在某个学科走的很远研究的很深（go very far, go far扬名，取得荣耀）。一个人如果没有足够的天文学知识或生理学知识他很有可能成为一名化学家，而一个人如果没有足够的化学知识，他就不能在天文学或者生理学（领域方面）取得很大的进展成就（这是一个由without 引导的典型的虚拟语气从句）。化学知识对于其它自然科学领域（scientific fields）也（as well）是必不可少的（essential）。 1
应用化学专业 报告 学院：理学院 专业：应用化学 学号：20100153022 姓名：浦仕瑞
Applied chemistry speciality One、applied chemistry speciality-main courses: Training target：This specialized raise has the chemical basic theory, basic knowledge in strong experimental skills,can in scientific research institutions,colleges and universities and enterprises and institutions, engaged in scientific research,teaching and management work of the senior specialized talents. Training requirements：Students of this specialty mainly study the basic knowledge of chemistry,the basic theory,basic skills and related engineering knowledge,is the basic research and applied basic research of scientific thought and scientific experiment training,has good scientific literacy,have use knowledge and experimental skills in applied research,technology development and technology management of the basic skills. Main courses: Main subject:chemical Main course:Inorganic chemistry、,analytical chemistry(including instrument analysis),organic chemistry,physical chemistry(including structural chemistry,chemical engineering foundation and chemical mapping. The main practice teaching links include production practice,graduation thesis,general arrangement and a week of twenty. Length of schooling:four years awarded degree：physical or Bachelor's Similar professional:chemical applied chemistry chemical biology molecular science and engineering chemical engineering and technology Two、Four chemistry： （Inorganic chemistry,analytical chemistry,organic chemistry,physical chemistry） Inorganic chemistry：Inorganic chemistry relative to organic chemistry, the non carbon.However,some carbon compounds,such as carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,carbon disulfide,carbonic acid compounds,
15 Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation Extractive and azeotropic distillation have the common feature that a substance not normally present in the mixture to be separated is deliberately introduced into the system in order to increase the difference in volatility of the most hard to separate components. Extractive distillation can be defined as distillation in the presence of a substance which is relatively non-volatile compared to the components to be separated, and which, therefore, is charged continuously near the top of the fractionating tower, so that an appreciable concentration is maintained on all plates in the tower below its entry. Azeotropic distillation can be defined as distillation in which the add ed substance forms an azeotrope with one or more of the components in the feed, and by virtue of this are present on most of the plates in the tower above its entry at an appreciable level of concentration. These separation methods find their principal applications in the separation of mixtures whose components boil too close together for the economical use of simple fractionating equipment. These separation methods are particularly applicable when the components to be separated differ in chemical type. The theoretical principles involved are well documented, and will not be further considered here. The processes diff er in the means used to maintain be desired solvent concentration on the plates of the tower. In extractive distillation the high concentration of solvent is maintained by virtue of its non-volatility, and by the fact that it is charged at a high point in the tower. The solvent is, necessarily, removed from the base of the principal tower. In azeotropic distillation, most of the solvent is taken off from overhead, with relatively small amounts (ideally, none) drawn off with the bottoms. Extractive distillation is generally more flexible than azeotropic distillation, a greater variety of solvents and a wider range of operation conditions are available; and the concentration of solvent may be controlled by heat and material balances rather than by the accident of azeotrope composition. Furthermore, since vaporization of the solvent is not required beat loads are usually considerably less. It has been mainly used for the separation of toluene, not benzene. But it is mentioned here for
一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质” 时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出 的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 1主族元素和单质： Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold 二化合物的命名： 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原 子个数时使用前缀：mono- di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa- hepta- octa-， nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。 1．化合物正电荷部分的读法： 直呼其名，即读其元素名称。 如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4：Di nitrogen tetroxide 对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的 氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III)oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化 物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，
☆常用： ppm: parts per million ppb: parts per billion pH: potential of hydrogen 1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称 (1)MgCl2 magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj ?m] chloride (2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite [‘naitrait] (3)KNO3 potassium[p ?’t?si ?m] nitrate [‘naitreit] (4)硝酸 nitric acid (5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate 练习： ? FeBr2 ? (NH4)2SO4 ? NH4H2PO4
?KMnO4 ?亚硫酸 ?sulfurous acid ?H2S ?NO 2 有机物命名 ?Hydrocarbon ?{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon} ?Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃) ?{Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)} ?Alcohol 醇 ?Aldehyde 醛 ?Ketone [‘ki:t?un] 酮 ?Carboxylic acid 羧酸 ?Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃) ?{benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌) 无机物中关于数字的写法 mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- 一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十 有机物中关于数字的写法 meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, 甲乙丙丁戊已 hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly- 庚辛壬葵环聚 练习 ?甲烷乙炔 ?丙酮丁醇 ?戊烷己烯 ?庚醛辛烷 ?2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇