Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment
化学工业与环境
How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature.
我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。
1.Atmospheric Chemistry
Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation.
1．大气化学
燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。
During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established.
在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的
科学论据还没有完全建立。
2.Life Cycle Analysis
Every stage of a product’s life cycle has an environmental impact, starting with extraction of raw materials, continuing through processing, manufacturing, and transportation, and concluding with consumption and disposal or recovery. Technology and chemical science are challenged at every stage. Redesigning products and processes to minimize environmental impact requires a new philosophy of production and a different level of understanding of chemical transformations. Environmentally friendly products require novel materials that are reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable; properties of the materials are determined by the chemical composition and structure. To minimize waste and polluting by-products, new kinds of chemical process schemes will have to be developed. Improved chemical separation techniques are needed to enhance efficiency and to remove residual pollutants, which in turn will require new chemical treatment methods in order to render them harmless. Pollutants such as radioactive elements and toxic heavy metals that cannot be readily converted into harmless materials will need to be immobilized in inert materials so that they can be safely stored. Finally, the leftover pollution of an earlier, less environmentally aware era demands improved chemical and biological remediation techniques.
2．生命周期分析
产品生命循环周期的每一个阶段都会对环境造成影响。从原材料的提取，到加工、制造和运输的过程，最后到被消耗和丢弃或回收，每一个阶段都对工艺学和化学提出了挑战。重新设计产品和过程以减少对环境的影响需要新的生产原理和在不同的水平层面上理解化学变化，对环境友善的产品要求有新的原料，它们应是可再使用的，可循环的，或者可生物降解的。物质的性质是由其化学组成和结构决定的，要减少废品和有污染的副产品，就要开发新的化学工艺线路，已开发的化学分离技术需要有效地提高以分离出剩余的污染物，这反过来又要求新的化学处理方法使它们变得无害。而诸如放射性元素和那些不容易转化为无害物质的重金属污染物则需要把它们固定为惰性物质以便能安全地储放。还有最后一点，早期的污染残留物，对环境污染程度尚未很意识到的一些物质要求进一步用化学和生物的修复技术进行处理。
Knowledge of chemical transformations can also help in the discovery of previously unknown environmental problems. The threat to the ozone layer posed by CFCs was correctly anticipated through fundamental studies of atmospheric chemistry, eventually leading to international agreements for phasing out the production of these otherwise useful chemicals in favor of equally functional but environmentally more compatible alternatives. On the other hand, the appearance of the ozone hole over the Antarctic came as a surprise to scientists and only subsequently was traced to previously unknown chlorine reactions occurring at the surface of nitric acid crystals in the frigid Antarctic stratosphere. Thus it is critically important to improve our understanding of the chemical processes in nature, whether they occur in fresh water, saltwater, soil, subterranean environments, or the atmosphere.
了解化学反应的机理可以帮助我们发现以前不知道的环境问题，CFCs对臭氧层造成的威胁能够正确地预防要得益于大气化学的基础研究。由此导致了国际上一致同意逐步取消这些产品的生产。而代之以作用相同但对环境更为友善的其它产品。另一方面，南极上空臭氧空洞的出现使科学家们大为震惊，随后才发现了以前所不了解的南极寒冷的平流层内硝酸晶体表面所发生的氯原子的反应。这对我们进一步了解自然界中所发生的化学反应过程是非常
重要的。不管这些反应是发生在淡水中，海水中，土壤里，地下环境或是大气中。
3.Manufacturing with Minimal Environmental Impact
Discharge of waste chemicals to the air, water, or ground not only has a direct environmental impact, but also constitutes a potential waste of natural resources. Early efforts to lessen the environmental impact of chemical processes tended to focus on the removal of harmful materials from a plant’s waste stream before it was discharged into the environment. But this approach addresses only half of the problem; for an ideal chemical process, no harmful by-products would be formed in the first place. Any discharges would be at least as clean as the air and water that were originally taken into the plant, and such a process would be “environmentally benign”.
3．对环境影响最小的生产
把废物排放到空气、水或土壤中不仅对环境造成了直接的影响，还是对自然资源的一个潜在的浪费。早期减少化学过程对环境影响的工作主要集中在工厂废气排放如环境之前有害物质的分离，但这种思路只考虑了问题的一半。因为一个理想的化学过程，也就是没有有害的副产品产生的过程应在一开始就建立好，任何排放物至少应像进入到工厂内的空气和水一样干净。这样的过程才可以称是“与环境友善的”。
Increasing concern over adverse health effects has put a high priority on eliminating or reducing the amounts of potentially hazardous chemicals used in industrial processes. The best course of action is to find replacement chemicals that work as well but are less hazardous. If a substitute cannot be found for a hazardous chemical, then a promising alternative strategy is to develop a process for generating it on-site and only in the amount needed at the time.
对健康有害影响的关注逐渐升级，人们首先考虑到如何消除或减少工业过程中所用有害化学物质的数量。最好的方法是寻找替代的化学产品，它们能起到一样的作用但毒害性较小。如果不能寻找到一种有毒化学物质的替代品，那么比较好的战略思想是开发一种就地生产的工艺，而且只生产当时所需要的那么多的数量。
Innovative new chemistry has begun delivering environmentally sound processes, that use energy and raw materials more efficiently. Recent advances in catalysis, for example, permit chemical reactions to e run at lower temperatures and pressures. This change, in turn, reduces the energy demands of the processes and simplifies the selection of construction materials for the processing facility. Novel catalysts are also being uses to avoid the production of unwanted by-products.
革新的化学方法已开始设计对环境合理的工艺过程，以便更为有效的使用能量和原材料。例如，催化剂方面的近期进展使化学反应可以在较低的温度和压力下进行。反过来，这种改变又减少了这些过程的能量需求，简化了制造加工设备对构成材料的选择，新的催化剂还用于避免生产不希望的副产品。
4.Control of Power Plant Emissions
Coal-, oil-, and natural-gas-fired power generation facilities contribute to the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and a variety of other undesired by-products such as dust and traces of mercury. A rapidly increasing array of technologies are now available to reduce the emissions of unwanted species to meet national or local standards. Chemists and chemical engineers have made major contributions to the state of the art, and catalytic science is
playing a critical role in defining the leading edge.
4. 发电厂排放物的控制
通过燃煤、燃油和燃烧天然气产生能量的设备都会排放出一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物以及许多其它不受欢迎的副产物如灰尘和痕量的汞。现在可以采用一系列不断发展的技术来减少不希望有的物质的排放以适应国家和地区标准的要求。化学家和化学工程师对工业水平的进步做出了巨大的贡献。而催化科学为开辟这些前沿领域正在扮演重要的角色。
The simultaneous control of more than one pollutant is the aim of some recently developed catalyst or sorbent technologies. For example, catalytic methods allow carbon monoxide to be oxidized at the same time that nitrogen oxides are being chemically reduced in gas turbine exhaust. Other research efforts are aimed at pilot-plant evaluation of the simultaneous removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from flue gas by the action of a single sorbent and without the generation of massive volumes of waste products.
同时控制多种污染物是近年来开发先进的催化剂或吸附剂技术的目的。例如，催化方法可以使汽车尾气中CO氧化的同时，还原氮的氧化物。另一些研究工作则定位于在中试阶段通过一种吸附剂的作用同时去除烟道气中的硫和氮氧化物，而不会产生大量的废物。
5.Environmentally Friendly Products
Increased understanding of the fate of products in the environment had led scientists to design “greener” products. A significant early example comes from the detergent industry in the 1940s and 1950s, new products were introduced that were based on synthetic surfactants called branched alkylbenzene sulfonates. These detergents had higher cleaning efficiency, but it was subsequently discovered that their presence in waste water caused foaming in streams and rivers. The problem was traced to the branched alkylbenzene sulfonates; unlike the soaps used previously, these were not sufficiently biodegraded by the microbes in conventional sewage treatment plants. An extensive research effort to understand the appropriate biochemical processes permitted chemists to design and synthesize another new class of surfactants, linear alkylbenzene sulfonateas,. The similarity in molecular structure between these new compounds and the natural fatty acids of traditional soaps allowed the microorganisms to degrade the new formulations, and the similarity to the branched alkybenzene sulfonates afforded outstanding detergent performance.
1．对环境友善的产品
对产品在环境中的变化越来越了解使得科学家们开始设计“绿色”产品。一个重要的例子来自1940-1950s的洗涤剂工业。当时以支链烷基苯磺酸盐为表面活性剂的新产品被引入。这些洗涤剂洗涤效率更高。但其后发现这些物质残留在废水中在河面上形成泡沫。问题追溯到这些支链的烷基苯磺酸盐：它不像以前人们所使用的肥皂。它不能被传统污水处理厂的细菌所有效地生物降解。经过深入的研究工作了解了生物化学过程使化学家们设计和合成了另一类新型的表面活性剂，为直链烷基苯磺酸盐。这些新的化合物与传统肥皂中的脂肪酸有相似的分子结构，因而微生物可以降解这些组分，而它与支链烷基苯磺酸盐的相似性又使其具有卓越的洗涤性能。
Novel biochemistry is also helping farmers reduce the use of insecticides. Cotton plants, for example, are being genetically modified to make them resistant to the cotton bollworm. A single gene from a naturally occurring bacterium, when transferred into cotton plants, prompts the plant
to produce a protein that is ordinarily produced by the bacterium. When the bollworm begins to eat the plant, the protein kills the ins4ct by interrupting its digestive processes.
新的生物化学也正在帮助农民减少使用杀虫剂.例如,棉作物可以通过改变基因而具备对棉螟蛉的抵抗力.天然存在的细菌中一个基因当被转移到棉作物中时,能够祖师作物产生一种原来有细菌产生的蛋白质.当螟蛉虫开始吃作物时,这种蛋白质通过切断螟蛉的消化过程从而杀死害虫.
6.Recycling
Increasing problems associated with waste disposal have combined with the recognition that some raw material exist in limited supply to dramatically increase interest in recycling. Recycling of metals and most paper is technically straightforward, and these materials are now commonly recycled in many areas around the world. Recycling of plastics presents greater technical challenges. Even after they are separated from other types of waste, different plastic materials must be separated from each other. Even then, the different chemical properties of the various types of plastic will require the development of a variety of recycling processes.
6. 处理
越来越多的环境问题与废物的排放有关,而一些原材料又存在供给有限的问题.这二者的联系引起了人们对处理这一课题越来越大的兴趣.金属和大多数纸张的处理从技术上来说是简单的,这些物质在世界很多地方都已普遍进行了处理.塑料的处理则面临着较大的技术方面的挑战.即使把它们与其它类型的废品分离开来以后，不同种类的塑料还需要再彼此分离。即使如此，不同类型的塑料具有不同的化学性质，因而也需要开发不同的处理工艺.
Some plastics can be recycled by simply melting and molding them or by dissolving them in an appropriate solvent and then reformulating them into a new plastic material. Other materials require more complex treatment, such as breaking down large polymer molecules into smaller subunits that can subsequently be used as building blocks for new polymers. Indeed, a major program to recycle plastic soft drink bottles by this route is now in use.
一些塑料可以通过简单地熔化注塑或用合适的溶剂进行分解再重新塑造成新塑料的方法进行处理。比如，把大的聚合物分子裂解成较小的亚单元,再以此作为新聚合物的结构单元。确实，用这种方法处理软塑料瓶的计划正在进行中。
A great deal of research by chemists and chemical engineers will be needed to successfully develop the needed recycling technologies. In some cases, it will be necessary to develop entirely new polymers with molecular structures that are more amenable to the recycling process.
化学家和化学工程师们所做的大量的研究工作需要被成功地开发为所需要的处理技术。有时，也需要开发一些全新的聚合材料.它们具有更容易进行处理的分子结构.
7.Separation and Conversion for Waste Reduction
New processes are needed to separate waste components requiring special disposal from those that can be recycled or disposed of by normal means. Development of these processes will require extensive research to obtain a fundamental understanding of the chemical phenomena involved.
7. 通过分离和转换减少废物量
把一些需要进行特殊处理的成分从那些可用常规方法处理或处置的废物中分离出来需
要新的工艺过程。而开发这些过程则需要深入研究以从根本上了解所涉及的化学现象.
Metal-bearing spent acid waste. Several industrial processes produce acidic waste solutions in large quantities. Could this waste be separated into clean water, reusable acid, and a sludge from which the metals could be recovered? Such processes would preserve the environment, and their costs could be competitive with disposal costs and penalties.
含金属离子的酸性废水.一些工业过程产生了大量的酸性废水.这些废水可以分离成干净的水、可再利用的酸、以及可从中提取出可回收金属的淤渣吗？这样的处理过程既可以保护环境，所需费用又与处置废水所需成本及罚款相差无几。
Industrial waste treatment. The hazardous organic components in industrial wastewater could be destroyed with thermocatalytic or photocatalytic processes. A promising line of research employs “supercritical” water at high temperatures and pressures. Under these conditions, water exhibits very different chemical and physical properties. It dissolves reactions of many materials that are nearly inert under normal conditions.
工业废水处理。工业废水中的有害有机物能被热催化或光催化的过程破坏。一项前景很好的研究工作是利用高温高压下的超临界水。在这种条件下，水表现出截然不同的物理和化学性质，它可以溶解并有助于那些在常态下的水中几乎是惰性的物质发生反应。
High-level nuclear waste. Substantial savings would be achieved if the volume and complexity of nuclear waste requiring storage could be significantly reduced; this reduction would require economic separation of the radioactive components from the large volumes of other materials that accompany the nuclear waste. The hazardous chemical waste mighty then be disposed of separately. The dispose of nuclear waste will require major research and development efforts over many years.
高辐射的核废料。如果需要储藏的核废料其数量和组成能够显著地减少，就可以节省一大笔的费用。这种减少需要用经济的方法把放射性成分与大量其它与核废料共存的物质分离开来，这样有害的化学废料就可以分别地进行处置，核废料的处置仍将需要今后许多年进行大量的研究和开发工作。
Membrane technology. Separations involving semi permeable membranes offer considerable promise. These membranes, usually sheets of polymers, are impervious to some kinds of chemicals but not to others. Such membranes are used to purify water, leaving behind dissolved salts and providing clean drinking water. Membrane separations are also applicable to gases and are being used for the recovery of minor components in natural gas, to enhance the heating value of natural gas by removal of carbon dioxide, and for the recovery of nitrogen from air. Research challenges include the development of membranes that are chemically and physically more resilient, that are less expensive to manufacture, and that provide better separation efficiencies to reduce processing costs.
膜技术。应用半渗透性薄膜进行分离大有希望获得成功。这些膜通常是片状聚合物。能够让一些化学物质通过而不让另一些物质通过。这些膜常用来纯化水，阻挡住一些溶解的盐类提供干净的饮用水。膜分离技术也用来提纯制造厂出来的废水。膜分离还可以用在气体方面，用来回收天然气中的微量组分。通过清除CO提高天然气的热值，以及从空气中得到氮气。研究中的难点包括开发化学和物理学方面更有弹性的膜。这样可以使制造费用不那么贵，
并且可以提供更好的分离效率以降低分离成本。
Biotechnology. Scientists have turned to nature for help in destroying toxic substances. Some microorganisms in soil, water, and sediments can adapt their diets to a wide variety of organic chemicals; they have been used for decades in conventional waste treatment systems. Researchers are now attempting t coax even higher levels of performance from these gifted microbes by carefully determining the optimal physical, chemical, and nutritional conditions for their existence. Their efforts may lead to the design and operation of a new generation of biological waste treatment facilities. A major advance in recent years is the immobilization of such microorganisms in bioreactors, anchoring them in a reactor while they degrade waste materials. Immobilization permits high flow rates that would flush out conventional reactors, and the use of new, highly porous support materials allows a significant increase in the number of microorganisms for each reactor.
生物技术。科学家们已经向自然界寻求帮助战胜有毒物质。土壤、水和沉积物中的一些微生物能以许多有机化学物质为食。数十年来它们一直被用于传统的水处理系统。研究者们正通过仔细测量微生物生存的最佳物理、化学和营养条件致力于处理强度更高的对象。他们的工作可能导致设计和生产新一代生物废水处理设备。近年来的一个很大的进展是生物反应器内微生物的固定。即把微生物固定在反应器内降解废物。这种固定可以允许有更高的流速。传统反应器内流速过高会冲走微生物。新的多孔载体的使用也使每个反应器中微生物的数量明显提高。
必修一 Unit 1 Friendship ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the windo w had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains han ging before very dusty windows. it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Your, Anne 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢安妮弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记当作自己最好的朋友。 在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了将近25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。 1944年6月15日，星期四 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我太久不能出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神
学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈 在学士学位英语考试复习中，翻译既是重点也是难点，在此提醒考生一定要给予足够重视。外语教育网的小编为考生整理了学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈，希望考生认真阅读和学习。 翻译部分是03年增加的题型。放在试卷的最后，共有10个小题，考试时间30分钟。翻译试题由两部分组成。第一部分为英译汉，要求考生把阅读理解文章中划线的五个句子译成中文。第二部分为汉译英，要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成英文。英译汉和汉译英的句子难度均低于课文的英语文章。评分标准要求译文达意，无重大语言错误。翻译部分的目的是测试学生词汇、语法、句型方面综合运用语言的能力。 英译汉应试技巧 英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。在英译汉的过程中，有两点值得我们特别地注意： 1、汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构； 2、在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。 英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段,因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。 (一)理解 理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文，弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文，建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤： 1、通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系，因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语，往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章，其前后的意思都互相关联，具有很强的逻辑性，一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来，因此，上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分，通读全文是很重要的。但是,在通读全文的过程中应该注意，对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多，对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意，只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分,只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。 2、分析划线部分的句子结构。从一般的翻译试题来看，划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构，很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。因此正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键。 3、理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义，还要理解全句的整体意义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外，还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题： (1)句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词，如果有，应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么； (2)句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法，那么，在该句中它们的具体含义是什么； (3)按照你的理解，该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致，有无相互矛盾。 总之,在动手翻译之前，首先要读懂原文，不要一上来就急于动手翻译，这样做往往会出现一种情况:该题快要翻译完了，猛然又发现自己理解有误，马上就急忙修改，搞的卷面上一塌糊涂，而且很容易忙中出错，把本应拿到的分数丢掉了，这是非常令人可惜的。 (二)表达 表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来,理解是表达的基础，表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，平时做翻译练习时有同学反映，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点。这里介绍两种基本的翻译方法：直译和意译。 1、直译。所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中,完全可以采取直译的方法，这样可以获得一举两得之功效，既保持了原文的结构，又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译，象It is asserted that…;It is believed that…这一类的结构，如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。 2、意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系，两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时，就应采用意译法，意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式，重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如Do you see any green in my eye象这样的句子，只能采取意译的方法，把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗”当然,意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。 在具体的翻译过程中，我们应该采取灵活的方法，不论是直译还是意译，只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则，都是可取的。在翻译的过程中，我们务必注意以下几点： A、理解透彻之后再动手表达，否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙； B、切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座，逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类； C、切忌擅自增减词意，增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。 (三)校核 校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段，因此，校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段，并不是可有可无的，通过表达之后的校核，我们可以发现译文的一些问题，确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段，一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等；(2)汉语译文的词与句有无错漏；(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇；(4)有无错别字；(5)标点符号是否有误。 做汉译英时一般应经过以下步骤
Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne
U n i t3A H a n g i n g 课文翻译
Unit 3 A Hanging A HANGING George Orwell 1. It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot for drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. Detailed Reading 2. One prisoner had been brought out of his cell. He was a Hindu, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes. Six tall Indian warders were guarding him and getting him ready for the gallows. Two of them stood by with rifles and fixed bayonets, while the others handcuffed him, passed a chain through his handcuffs and fixed it to their belts, and lashed his arms tightly to his sides. They crowded very close about him, with their hands always on him in a careful, caressing grip, as though all the while feeling him to make sure he was there. But he stood quite unresisting, yielding his arms limply to the ropes, as though he hardly noticed what was happening. 3. Eight o'clock struck and a bugle call floated from the distant barracks. The superintendent of the jail, who was standing apart from the rest of us, moodily prodding the gravel with his stick, raised his head at the sound. "For God's sake hurry up, Francis," he said irritably. "The man ought to have been dead by this time. Aren't you ready yet?" 4. Francis, the head jailer, a fat Dravidian in a white drill suit and gold spectacles, waved his black hand. "Yes sir, yes sir," he bubbled. "All is satisfactorily prepared. The hangman is waiting. We shall proceed." 5. "Well, quick march, then. The prisoners can't get their breakfast till this job's over." 6. We set out for the gallows. Two warders marched on either side of the prisoner, with their rifles at the slope; two others marched close against him, gripping him by arm and shoulder, as though at once pushing and supporting him. The rest of us, magistrates and the like, followed behind.
模拟试题（三） Passage1 1. by "...challenges explanation"(line 2,para. 1) the author means that B. it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation. 通过“……挑战说明”（2号线，对。1）作者认为提供充分的解释是不容易的 2. the third paragraph is mainly about A. the development of babies' early forms of language. 第三段主要是关于婴儿早期语言形式的发展 3. the author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children D. learn to speak by listening. 作者写作的目的是为了让孩子们学会倾听 4. from the passage we learn that C. imitation plays an important role in learning to speak. 从这篇文章中我们知道模仿在学习中扮演重要的角色 5. the best title for this passage would be A. how babies learn to speak. 这篇文章的最佳标题是婴儿如何学会说话 Passage2 6. it is commonly accepted in american society that too much sleep is A. unreasonable .不合理 美国社会普遍接受过多的睡眠是不合理的 7. the research done by the dement commission shows that americans C. sleep less than is good for them 由元委员会所做的研究表明，美国人睡眠不足对他们是好的 8. the purpose of this article is to D. convince the reader of the necessity of napping. 这篇文章的目的是要说服读者午睡的必要性 9. the "american sleep debt"(line 1-2,para.3) is the result of B. the traditional misconception the americans have about sleep. “美国睡眠债”（第2行，第3段）是美国人对睡眠的传统误解的结果 10. the second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is D. natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it. 最后一段的第二句告诉我们，只要我们觉得有必要，就很自然地去睡觉了 Passage3 11. jewish parents in eastern europe longed for their children to attend music school because D. it would allow them access to a better life in the west. 东欧的犹太父母渴望他们的孩子参加音乐学校，因为这将使他们获得更好的生活在西方 12. nurturing societies as mentioned in the passage refer to societies that B. treasure talent and provide opportunities for its full development. 在这篇文章中提到的“培育社会”是指“宝”人才，为其全面发展提供机会的社会 13. japan is described in the passage as a country that attaches importance to C. strict training of children.
形象还是表象？ 罗伯特? L ?舒克 成功的形象与表象之间有明显的区别。表象是虚假的现象，要想寻求成功的形象，你必须能够识别这些表象。 有一种形象常被误解，其根源在于人们对目光接触的看法。你不知多少次听到有人说：“他直视你的眼睛,一定是个老实人”。显然，许多人一定认为，不老实的人因说谎而感到惭愧，甚至不能面对他人。但假如老实人因羞怯而不敢直视你呢？况且，骗人的老手知道，许多人根据某人打量他们的方式判断其人品，因此他会故意将目光接触纳入其行为之中。既然你不能依靠目光接触做出灵验的判断，就不该用此法评价他人是否诚实。然而，既然大多数人的确凭此标准判断他人，你务必要经常直视他们的眼睛。 根据一个人打量你的方式评价其诚信并不比根据你的猫或狗对其做出的反应判断其人品更合乎情理。然而，你不知多少次听到狗的主人说：“真有趣——索尔不常喜欢陌生人。他判断人性很在行，他对你友好使我知道你身上有某些优点。”有一次，我来到一位可能成为我客户的人的家中，他的猫“虎仔”对我如此欢喜，竟在我推销产品的整个过程中趴在我的肩上。我推销完毕之后，那人的妻子说道：“舒克先生，虎仔只对我们自家人才会这样。你一定为人忠厚，它才对你这般友好。” 其实当时我没把那只猫推开是因为担心她会撕破我的衣服或抓出我的眼珠。但我却回答道：“是呀，夫人，虎仔显然具有某种能使她能准确判断人性的本能。它的确善于判断人品。”虽然虎仔碰巧正确地判断了我的实情，但我个人却不太相信动物具有判断人类的本能。依我看，动物对人的反应更多与体味和身体动作有关。 有些人根据他人握手的方式判断其人。得体而有力度的握手姿势体现人的个性，而“死鱼”般冷淡无力则不是好兆。我也不喜欢毫无生气、缺乏力度的握手姿势，但却格外小心，并不以此作为判断人的基准。再说，骗人的老手会轻而易举做出热情握手之态。尽管握手之时你应该用力，以便即刻树立一个良好印象，然而下次有人紧握你手之时，可别太当真；这并不能告诉你关于他的具体情况。 某种整洁清秀的外表会树立诚实的形象。譬如，金发碧眼的年轻人，面带稚笑，长相是邻家男孩那种类型，这种典型的美国人的形象几乎总能激起别人的信赖。仅因外表而盲目相信一个人是不合乎逻辑的。然而，大多数人的确如此草率地做出判断。相反，皮肤油黑、黑发油腻、蓄小胡子的邋遢男人不会被人认为其面相诚实。同样，某个女人的长相可能会使人联想到街头妓女的模样，而开价很高的应召女郎可能也会看似娴静清新。自然，衣着和（对女性而言的）化装品与以上所谈的外表问题有很大关系。但不幸的是，不为人所控制的、与生俱来的外貌在大多数人的判断中起着重要的作用。我很同情勤奋老实的推销员，其天生的那幅模样使人不由自主地想到：“他那种人的二手车我可不想买！”另一方面，一个非常阴险的人也许貌似你可信赖的那种人。你怎能肯定一个看似整洁清秀的搭车人不及一个（因为其长相而）貌似危险人物的搭车人危险呢？你怎能肯定此人就一定是个危险人物呢？问题就在于我们往往毫无道理地做出如此草率的决定。 从更大的范围上讲，选民们经常仅因某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。其对手则因没有生就一副令人信任的外表而经常遭到否定的评价。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。诚然，许多选民投某位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但在势均力敌的选举中，不该当选的人会因其整洁清秀的形象而占有优势。
Unit 3 A Hanging A HANGING George Orwell 1. It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot for drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. Detailed Reading 2. One prisoner had been brought out of his cell. He was a Hindu, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes. Six tall Indian warders were guarding him and getting him ready for the gallows. Two of them stood by with rifles and fixed bayonets, while the others handcuffed him, passed a chain through his handcuffs and fixed it to their belts, and lashed his arms tightly to his sides. They crowded very close about him, with their hands always on him in a careful, caressing grip, as though all the while feeling him to make sure he was there. But he stood quite unresisting, yielding his arms limply to the ropes, as though he hardly noticed what was happening. 3. Eight o'clock struck and a bugle call floated from the distant barracks. The superintendent of the jail, who was standing apart from the rest of us, moodily prodding the gravel with his stick, raised his head at the sound. "For God's sake hurry up, Francis," he said irritably. "The man ought to have been dead by this time. Aren't you ready yet" 4. Francis, the head jailer, a fat Dravidian in a white drill suit and gold spectacles, waved his black hand. "Yes sir, yes sir," he bubbled. "All is satisfactorily prepared. The hangman is waiting. We shall proceed." 5. "Well, quick march, then. The prisoners can't get their breakfast till this job's over." 6. We set out for the gallows. Two warders marched on either side of the prisoner, with their rifles at the slope; two others marched close against him, gripping him by arm and shoulder, as though at once pushing and supporting him. The rest of us, magistrates and the like, followed behind. 7. It was about forty yards to the gallows. I watched the bare brown back of the
Unit1 Our school subjects 课文及翻译Story time 1. Welcome back to school, class. Nice to meet you, Miss Li. Nice to meet you too. 欢迎回到学校，同学们。 很高兴见到你，李老师。 见到你们我也很高兴。 2. This is our new timetable. We have English, Chinese, Maths, Art, PE, Music and Science. 这是我们的新课程表，我们有英语课、语文课、数学课、美术课、体育课、音乐课和科学课。 3. What subjects do you like, Wang Bing? I like Chinese and Maths. Me too. 你喜欢什么课程，王冰？ 我喜欢语文和数学课。 我也是。
4. What about you, Yang Ling? I like English. It’s fun. 你呢，王冰？ 我喜欢英语课，它很有趣。 5. Oh, It’s time for PE. Let’s go to the playground. 是该上体育课的时间了。 我们去操场吧。 Cartoon time 1. Hi, Billy. What lessons do we have this morning? Hi, Bobby. It’s Monday. We have Music and Maths. I like Music. 嗨，Billy,今天上午我们有什么课？ 嗨，Bobby.今天是星期一，我们有音乐课和数学课。我喜欢音乐课。 2, What lessons do we have this afternoon, Sam? We have PE and Science. I like PE. It’s fun. 我们今天下午有什么课，Sam？ 我们有体育和科学课。我喜欢体育，它很有趣。 3. Ouch! But I don’t like that. 哎哟，但是我不喜欢那个。
高一英语必修一课文原文及译文 必修一 Unit1 Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for
第一套： 九月十五日是老年节，据说是把六十五岁以上的人称之为老人但今天在日本有1550万老人。日本是老人宜居的国度吗。 电车和巴士上都设有老弱病残孕座位，那都是为老年人和身体不好的人专设的，可现在常常坐的都是年轻人和健康的人，而且还有电车拥挤的时候，连站起来让座的人都没有。 据说2000年65岁以上的人达到2100万，到那时即使把电车上的椅子全改成老弱病残孕座位也许也不够用。 如果定义快乐那就是（并不是什么有用的事，但对自己来说，是快乐的事，高兴的事，心情愉快的事），没有任何意义成了重点，我们被强迫遵从大人的旨意，一定要懂得为何而努力占了上风，（1.为考试而学习，2.为健康要摄取那丰富的营养，3.为了收入要工作，4，为了明天要早睡，5，为了获取知道要读书）有目的地去做确定很现实，但如果经常这样考虑的话，真的好累。 或许是因为日本人过度劳累这样的指责在高涨，最近一些日本的公司也设置了一周或十天的假期，利用假期远离都市，游山玩水，出国旅游的人逐年增加。 还有每年的八月，相当于旧历的盂兰盆节，很多人为了扫墓回到家乡，平时远离亲戚和家人的人好像都在期待着盂兰盆节的大聚会，被称之为民族大移动，节日前后，很多城市人一同回乡下，然后再一同返回城市。 这样一来，夏季旅行的人多了列车就混杂，旅馆也爆满，所以为了快乐旅行，有必要事先亲自制定好计划，包括交通工具和住宿地。 第二套： 人们把认为不可能的事渐渐变为可能，比如说翱翔天空，是人类很早以前的梦想，但今天借助于飞机人们比任何鸟类都飞的好。 人们到底是怎么把不可能的事变为可行的呢，我认为这得益于发明和练习，飞机发明以来，实现了飞天的梦想，但我们自己去还不能驾驶飞机，是因为我们没有受到相应的训练，当然也就不能操纵飞机了。 但练习，绝非容易的一件事，它需要不断的努力和忍耐，我们相应地举个游泳的例子就没明白了，讨厌努力和忍耐的人，是不能成功的。 最近自行车运动等环保运动很盛行，为了把我们美丽的地球留给我们的后代，我们到底能做些什么呢。一个是资源的保护，第二就是由于公害造成的环境破坏。也就是我们一般的市民在日常生活中能做的事就是节约有限的资源，以及不破坏大气和水，但那是相当难的事，我们日常生活中的一点点行为都是在破坏环境，可以说现代人的生活正在根本上发生变化，比如说，开车会带来汽油的浪费和大气的污染，聚餐的时候，使用的方便筷子和塑料制品也是在过度地浪费资源。 感谢大家今天能光临现场，这三年来我得到了课长及大家的多多关照，真的谢谢了。 我印象最深的是，刚来计划部的时候，因为资料的错误，使得营业课的田中课长非常生气，一同陪我道歉的中岛课长，以及留下来加班帮我修改资料的井上君，加藤君，在些我一并感谢诸位，经常很严厉的渡边君曾激励我【如果害怕失败，那就不能前进】这句话我至今
Toward a brighter future for all 奔向更加光明的未来 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在 我办公室的桌子上。 让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇。她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移，王薇薇2把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 在大学里，一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里，住在你隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌，令你头痛欲裂！你可能喜欢早起，而你的室友却是个夜猫子！尽管如此，你和你的室友仍然可
必修1第一单元Reading 阅读 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now r ead how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here.…For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne Using Language 语言运用 Reading and listening 读与听 1 Read the letter that Lisa wrote to Miss Wang of Radio for Teenagers and predict what Miss Wang will say. After listening, check and discuss her advice. Dear Miss Wang, I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment. I’m getting along well with a boy in my class. We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. We have become really good friends. But other students have started gossiping. They say that this boy and I have fallen in love. This has made me angry. I don’t want to end the friendship, but I hate other s gossiping. What should I do? Yours, Lisa Reading and writing 读与写 Miss Wang has received a letter from Xiaodong. He is also asking for some advice. Read the letter on the right carefully and help Miss Wang answer it.