A Combination of Romanticism and Realism in
Pride and Prejudice
I. Introduction
1.1 The introduction to the author
Jane Austen was born into a well-educated family and lived from 1775 to 1817. She didn’t go to school regularly and was educated at home. Her father was a rector and had a huge impact on her. She spent her life-long time in a small town and never married. Austen was influenced by her family and she expressed an interest in the 18th century literature, especially Dr. Samuel Johnson. She wrote six novels throughout her life; her six novels are Northanger Abbey [1], Sense and Sensibility[2], Pride and Prejudice [3], Mansfield Park [4], Emma [5], and Persuasion [6]. Her novels are highly praised not only for their light irony, humor, and depiction of contemporary English country life, but also for their potential serious qualities. She was known as a famous novelist in English Romantic period, but she indeed presented the features of realism in her novels. She was the founder of the novel that deals with insignificant middle class people and of which there are many fine examples in later English fiction. The plot of her novels, though fundamental comic, paid attention to the state of women on marriage to pursue social status and economic security. She is also good at describing the internal thoughts and emotions of male characters. For example, in Pride and Prejudice, much of Darcy's admiration for Elizabeth Bennet is expressed by means of convenient conversations with Charles Bingley.
1.2 The introduction to Pride and Prejudice
Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813. The story follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, morality, education, and marriage in the society of the landed gentry of early 19th-century England. Elizabeth is the second of five daughters of a country gentleman living near the fictional town of Meryton in Hertfordshire, near London.
Though the story is set at the turn of the 19th century, it retains a fascination for modern readers, continuing near the top of lists of most loved books such as The Big Read. It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature and receives considerable attention from literary scholars. Modern interest in the book has resulted in a number of dramatic adaptations and an abundance of novels and stories imitating Austen's memorable characters or themes. To date, the book has sold some 20 million copies worldwide.
Pride and Prejudice mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet, describing the daily life of the Bennets, in which there are five daughters and no son. According to the current law, the heritage which the daughters have no right to inherit should be inherited by a relative called Collins. Therefore Mr. and Mrs. Bennet hope that their daughters can find rich husband. The story begins with Charles Bingley’s move to the Netherfield estate with his friend Fitzwilliam Darcy. They are both rich. And in a dance ball, Bingley and the eldest daughter Jane fall in love with each other. However, there is a misunderstanding between Darcy and the second eldest daughter Elizabeth. Elizabeth thinks Darcy is very proud and holds prejudice to him. When their misunderstanding is finally clear, they fall in love and marry. And Bingley and Jane eventually marry after many separations caused by others.
II. Romanticism
2.1 The definition of romanticism
A general term to refer to a type of sensibility found in all periods of literary history and usually considered to be in opposition to the principles of classicism. In this sense, romanticism signifies any work or philosophy in which the exotic or dreamlike figure is strongly figured, or that is devoted to individualistic expression, self-analysis, or a pursuit of a realm of knowledge than can be discovered by human reason. A movement flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.
2.2 The characteristics of romanticism
It starts as s rebellion against the neoclassicism and it places more emphasis on the individual feelings. The romanticists and their works share a deep-rooted love for nature. Romanticists use everyday language spoken by the common people instead of the dully diction used by classicists.
Romanticism has some obvious characteristics. Romanticism pays much attention to personal emotion and individual personality, which are the two key characteristics of romanticism. Jane Austen expresses the two key characteristics through her novel. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom. Romanticism returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideas and literature. It is also marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of the human heart.
2.3 The reflection of romanticism in Pride and Prejudice
2.3.1 Romantic love
To some extent, Jane Austen satirizes conventional romantic novels by inverting the expectations of loving at first sight and the celebration of passion and physical attractiveness, and criticizes their want of sense. However, there are also elements of conventional romance in the novel, notably, in the success of Jane and Bingley’s love.
Bingley is good-looking and gentlemanlike. He has a pleasant countenance and easy, unaffected manners. Meanwhile he owns a good fortune, so he becomes the symbol of white horse. Jane, as a middle class maid, is inferior to Bingley. However, she is beautiful, good- natured and friendly, just as the Cinderella.
As the old saying goes that the brave deserves the beauty. Both of them fall in love when they first meet at the ball in Meryton and enjoy an immediate mutual attraction. Nevertheless, their love suffers from Darcy’s disapprobation. As the other Cinderella story, their love ends happily. Their marriage involves the purest love but no money at all, which embodies one characteristic of romanticism- emphasizing personal emotion.
2.3.2 Individual personality
Darcy does not choose Miss Bingley but Elizabeth. In the traditional view, Elizabeth is not a perfect lady. On the other hand, Elizabeth is an intelligent, stubborn, and free spirited character that the readers like. She is a breath of fresh air. It seems to me to show an abominable sort of conceited independence, a most country town in difference to decorum. Elizabeth’s most admirable characteristics and her independence are abominable because it questions decorum. Jane Austen is showing here that one of the best characteristics that a woman can have, a free will that is unconventional, gives her the reputation of conceited and ill-mannered country girl.
Regarding manners, we can also see something from an example, Elizabeth once said, “Indeed sir, I have not the least intention of dancing.”[7]By doing this she showed the character’s independence and creating her ideal woman. In the author’s eyes, Darcy is attracted deeply by Elizabeth’s unique personality. The instance shows another characteristic of romanticism, highlighting individual personality.
III. Realism
3.1 The definition of realism
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. Although realism is not limited to any one century or group of writers, it is most often associated with the literary movement in 19th-century France, specifically with the French novelists. Realism has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications. In the drama, realism is most closely associated with social plays.
The Age of Realism came into existence, when the American Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism, as Everett Carte put it. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realistic literature finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths.
3.2 The characteristics of realism
Reality shows in every detail comprehensively and closely. Selective presentation of reality puts an emphasis on fidelity, even at the expense of a well-made plot. Complex ethical choices are often the subject. Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive; they are in explicit relation to their social class, social background, to economic domination, to their reputation. Class is important; the novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of an insurgent middle class. Events will usually be plausible. Realistic novels avoid the sensational, dramatic elements of naturalistic novels and romances. Diction is natural vernacular, not heightened or poetic; tone may be comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact. Objectivity in presentation becomes increasingly important: overt writer’s comments or intrusions diminish as the century progresses.
In a word, realism recommends a truthful description of life, a close observation and investigation of life. We always said that realistic writers are like scientist; realists advocate being objective rather than idealized. Under typical circumstance, realists portray typical characters. In their opinion, life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves. Realism is concerned with social and psychological problems, such as social background, economic domination, social class and reputation, which are the main characteristics of realism.
3.3 The reflection of realism in Pride and Prejudice
3.3.1 Social background
Before dealing with the realistic factors in Pride and Prejudice, we should be aware of the women’s status in the whole society in Jane Austen’s time. At that time, Br itain was at the period of transition from the earlier stage of capitalism to Capitalist Industrialization. Jane Austin puts it Male writers have always been able to study their craft in university or coffeehouse, group themselves into movements, search out predecessors for
guidance or patronage, collaborate or fight with their contemporaries. But women through most of the nineteenth century were barred from the universities, isolated in their own homes chaperoned in travel, painfully restricted in friendship. Consequently, women share limited acquaintances, and poor capability of living. Most of them are willing to look for a suitable husband who could offer them financial security or escape an uncongenial family situation. In Pride and Prejudice the dilemma is expressed clearly by Charlotte Lucas, whose pragmatic views of marriage are voiced several times “Without thinking highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her object”. [8]When she got married her brothers are relieved from the ir apprehension of Charlotte’s dying an old maid.
3.3.2 Economic domination
In Pride and Prejudice, there is a world of struggling for existence determined by economic base. Jane Austen puts, “It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in pos session of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”.[9] Marriage is a market, and the young women are its merchandise. Many girls must be in want of a husband with a good fortune. Especially Lucas, a sensible, intelligent young girl, knowing it very clearly that Mr. Collins, was neither sensible nor agreeable. But there is no other way that can improve her position in finance except marrying a husband with a good fortune. Elizabeth goes to Parsonage to visit them by the invitation of Miss Lucas after they get married and finds that her home and housekeeping, her parish and her poultry, and all their dependent concerns, has not yet lost their charms, and that when Mr. Collins could be forgotten, there was really a great air of comfort throughout.
3.3.3 Social class
Class-consciousness is obvious in the middle and upper hierarchy, which is classified according to financial income actually. Those who have the highest income will be in the highest social position, owning large residence and parks, having the nicest furniture and the most precious paintings, and the best streams for fishing. The money earned by trading is despised, but it will be soon forgotten after generations. However, to avoid being looked down upon, the generation at present will always employ such kind of clever method: giving up business dealing or profession and going to countryside to settle down then nobody will know their past.
3.3.4 Reputation
Pride and Prejudice depicts a society in which a woman’s reputation is of the utmost importan ce. A woman is expected to behave in certain ways. Steeping outside the social norms makes her vulnerable to ostracism. This theme appears in the novel, of the Wickham—Lydia marriage. When Lydia elopes with Wickham and lives with him out of the wedlock, the author treats reputation as a very serious matter. Lydia clearly places herself outside the social pale, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family. Mr. Bennet resorted to Mr. Gardiner that it is a most unfortunate affair, and will probably be much talked of, but we must stem the tide of malice, urging them to get married, because it is a shame for all their family. Getting married is the only way to make up for that. Although at that time a lot of people believed Wickham was the wickedest young man in the world, and they had always distrusted the appearance of his goodness, yet the Bennet sisters will have little chance to marry a decent gentleman, and what’s more, they maybe lead a single life.
IV. A combination of romanticism and realism
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a complex novel mixing romance with comedy with an unprecedented quality of realism. Pride and Prejudice is centrally concerned with the ideals and necessities of marriage in the early nineteenth century. Austen used a variety of features to make the novel Pride and Prejudice seem more realistic and relevant. At the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century, that specific time determined that people at that time took money, social status and manners much more seriously, even on their marriage. In this paper, the marriage cases of most characters in the book were
taken as typical to prove the author’s opinion: it is stupid to marry for money, social position and manners, and it is also stupid to marry without them[9].
However, an ideal marriage should be based on true love. Pride and Prejudice is the most typical novel, whose plot shows a combination of romanticism and realism. It was sensible that true love played an important role in marriage, and marriage was based on it. She advocated free love, certainly it is not only the emotional impulse; the purpose of marriage will not only support life but also pursue happiness. For the most of marriages do not have true love, some of marriages were limited in this age. At the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century in England, there was some resistance in unlimited love. What’s more, Austen was born in this country and her father was an ideological conversation clergyman, this age and her family make Austen’s view on marriage restricted.
We also can see the executive concern on the money in the English society at that time. Marriage is a special relationship, also based on money. We all know that love is the basis of marriage. But at that time, in such a historical social environment, a good economic situation is necessary.
4.1 The reflection of romanticism and realism in marriage of Bingley & Jane
4.1.1 Social class
We all know that at first Mr. Darcy does not agree with Bingley and Jane's marriage is nothing less than two points, first, Jane’s low s ocial class, and second, they don’t love mutually each other. When they first meet each other Bingley shows his interest in Jane. Jane was the only girl that was invited by Bingley and they danced twice. Bingley says that with no doubt Jane is the most beautiful girl in the dancing party. After that he was so attractive when they got along with each other. He always does things thoughtfully and passionately and behaves happily and attentively. It was generally evident whenever they met, that Mr. Bingley quite admired the eldest Bennet sister. Jane felt affection for him, as well, but showed very little of what she felt, which made Mr. Darcy’s misunderstanding t hat he thought Jane had low social class and she had little interest in Mr. Darcy, would not repay his love for her and he was afraid that Bingley was hurt. When Jane shows her attention to Mr. Darcy, he proposes to her right away. After all, he is always waiting for her response to his feelings. In a word, their affection for each other and the opposition from Mr. Darcy express a combination of romanticism and realism.
4.1.2 True love
Mr. Bingley and Jane eventually marry after many separations caused by others. Their marriage is based on their true love and their separations are owing to the realistic factors- social status, which show a combination of romanticism and r ealism in their marriage. Someone deems that Bingley and Jane’s getting together is a perfect unity and their marriage is in an ideal state for the reason that Mr. Bingley is gentle and handsome and Jane is beautiful and pure .Their marriage is a mixture of reality and romance, and both are essential. A successful marriage needs sensible thought of realism, as well as the romantic factor- true love. Their marriage is due to their love for each other at their first sight and belongs to a harmonious type. At that time all of Jane’s characteristics match people's various request to the fair lady:beauty and docile, pure personality, bearing grace, the person welcomed and loved by the public. It is exactly her characteristics that lead to that she lacks definite views, not self-confident, always listen to the others and hardly has her own opinion. Although she falls in love at first sight with Mr. Bingley, she has little courage to show what she feels about him. One of the key factors why Jane has an opportunity to continue her romance with Mr. Bingley is owing to her mother, Mrs. Bennet. As for herself, from the beginning to the end, she never pursue her well-being on her own initiative. At that time Mr. Bingley matched people's various request to the gentleman
and the gold bachelor: good- looking, friendly, gentle and cultivated, tolerant and rich. But same with Jane, he has weak personality, lack of self-confidence, has no definite view. Due to the exterior factors, he chose to give up the opportunity of fighting for the love. However, under the help of Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, they get together again and their true love gets paid eventually.
Generally speaking, they separated at first because of realistic factor- social class, while they married at last owing to the romantic factor-their true love. Therefore, Bingley and Jane's marriage is a mirror of a combination of romanticism and realism.
4.2 The reflection of romanticism and realism in marriage of Darcy & Elizabeth
In Pride and Prejudice, as a kind of symbol of social class, manners were important for a marriage between Mr. Darcy and Elisabeth. At first, Darcy looked down upon Elizabeth because of her humble relatives. Later, he found that Elizabeth had good manners and fell in love with her. They knew what they should do and what they should not do. But this does not mean that all of them were from high class, manners played an important role in the marriage.
In Austen’s opinion, money was vital to a marriage while the equality in social status can increase the possibility of the marriage, but manners also can affect and ensure the good marriage. According to her, it was good manners that united the men and women. An ideal marriage should be based on true love. All these factors show a combination of realism and romanticism.
4.2.1 Manners
All the characters in Austen’s novels that she appreci ated had good manners. They knew what they should do and what they should not do. But this does not mean that all of them were from high class, but means that they were educated; they were graceful and polite with others; they had their own judgments; manners played an important role in the marriage when social status was a consideration. The equality in social status can increase the possibility of the marriage. But in my opinion, manners can affect and bring good marriage. It was the good manners that uni ted the women and men in Austen’s novels.
For instance, in Pride and Prejudice, manners were important for a marriage between Mr. Darcy and Elisabeth. At first, Darcy looked down upon Elizabeth because of her humble relatives. Later, he found that Elizabeth so polite, patient, having her own judgments and fell in love with her. Therefore, he was proud to offer his first proposal marriage. Finally Elizabeth changed her prejudice to him, and accepted Darcy’s offer of proposal because of his good manners too. Although his first proposal was refused, he behaved very well when they met again and helped Lydia to marry Wickham. Though Mrs. Bennet lacked education, his own aunt, Lady Catherine, wasn’t well behaved alike. What’s more, the scandal of Elizabeth’s young est sister Lydia’s elopement was as disgraceful as his younger sister Georgiana’s attempted elopement. Yet this is not the only reason for my opinion that Austen considered manners as the most important factor in a marriage.
This reminds me of her description of another two girls: Fanny Price in Mansfield Park and Jane Fairfax in Emma. As a daughter of a poverty family, Fanny had no money, no high status to increase her attraction, but she had received good education and had good manners. She was patient with others. When she found that Edmund loved Mary Crawford, the one she didn’t like very much, she controlled her emotion very well, instead of expressing her discontent. For the things happened around her, she had her own opinion, although seldom said to others. She was strong-willed and behaved morally. Therefore, she finally married him. Jane Fairfax’s situation was worse than Fanny’s. She was an orphan who was brought up for educating others. She had a grandmother and an aunt who considered her as the property, the charge, and the comfort.
However, both her grandmother and her aunt were poor too. Her aunt, Miss Bates was a woman who is not young, handsome, rich, and not married. It’s satisfying that because of Colonel Campbell’s kindness, she was able to receive good education. Thus, she became an all-round girl with good manners. Although she was all-round, she was very modest. She was patient when Mrs. Elton behaved rude to her. When she was in difficulty, she still tried her best to keep her self-respect, and kept her difficulty as a secret all the time. So it was natural that she gained Mr. Churchill’s love.
4.2.2 Money
The marriage based on money or benefit. Although Mrs. Bennet has been described as a comedy character in the work gaining a lot of sarcasm and derision, her universally acknowledged truth –all the wealthy man want to marry a lady, has been proved to be truth which proves another fact that it’s the wealth and the number of the wealth that decides the fate of life and marriage. Obviously, some novels were caused by the property. The development of these novels had the same clues, and all of the characters were based on money to marriage. In a word, money and status determine the success or failure of a marriage in this society, especially, with a predestined girl who has no dowry.
For instance, in Pride and Prejudice, we can see a lot of figures about money: “ Mr. Bennet owned a land that could bring in 2000 pounds every year; Mrs. Bennet brought him 4000 pounds’ dowry; the five daughters of Bennet could get 1000 pounds from their mother when they were married; Mr. Bingley had a heritage of 100000 pounds and could get 4000 or 5000 pounds a year; Miss Bingley had a 20000 pounds’ dowry; Mr. Darcy could get 10000 pounds every year and his sis ter Georgiana, had a 30000 pounds’ dowry. Darcy’s cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, as the youngest son of a count, had to marry a girl who could bring him at least 50000 pounds’ dowry.” [11]
You can see that, money is the theme in Austen’s works, but, in her view, though money was so important in marriage, it couldn’t play a decisive role. The marriage based on money can’t bring happy life. Whatever she was considered as, in my opinion, she had a sensible view on marriage. At that time, women’s social status w as very low. Living in a confined circle, they couldn’t find any job. In order to assure their daily life, they would like to become a governess. It was very important for them to marry a wealthy man. Therefore, at that time, for most unmarried girls, they want to pursue a happy marriage, and marriage was just a way to live a stable life. Money became the most essential factor in a marriage. With a keen sense of humor, Austen expressed a critical view on this money-oriented marriage. She objects the marriage for money. She advocated the marriage should be based on true love.
4.2.3 True love
The marriage also based on true love. In Pride and Prejudice, the marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy on the basis of true love and morals is a good sample. The authors also pointed out that do not marry without love, there is no doubt that Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is a typical pattern. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage achieved true happiness, a combination of these two individuals is really built on love, but she did not lose herself and pursued her true love. Elizabeth was an intelligent and smart girl. She had read many books which made her knowledgeable and perceptive. The most important aspect is that she was a lady with dignity and upbringing. Darcy was handsome, rich and powerful. So he was the ideal husband of most girls. But he had grown up in the surroundings with strong sense of power, so he is usually selfish and arrogant, and looked down upon anyone else. Therefore，when he first arrived in the village, at first he did not put an eye on Elizabeth. Finally，he had to admit that Elizabeth was beautiful, distinct and popular, although he insisted that Elizabeth did not have the same social status as him. Darcy was rational because he had a strong sense of power, whic h agreed on the reality at that time. Although he expressed his love to Elizabeth, he couldn’t help showing his arrogance, which made Elizabeth had misconception and prejudice against Darcy. Darcy loves Elizabeth, but looked down upon her social status. She rejected him, and angrily accuses his insolence.
On Jane Austen’s Point of View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Acknowledgements This thesis has finally come into being to meet critical eyes through two months of hard work. From the very beginning when I chose the topic till the completion of the thesis, I have benefited from many people . First of all I would like to show my sincere gratitude to my tutor, Shen Guozheng. Without his sincere and trustworthy guidance，valuable suggestions and critical comments，it would be difficult for me to accomplish this thesis．His loyalty to teaching and punctilious work style has profoundly impressed me. Moreover, I heartily thank all the teachers who have helped me in the past four years, who have provided me with incentives and direction for my study. Thanks are also due to my classmates and friends for their constant encouragement and their ways of assistance in the course of writing. Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family members, for their selfless support，thoughtfulness and encouragement．
傲慢与偏见婚姻观 main meaning: Marriage is the central topic in Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Emma: the plots of the novels and the actions of the characters revolve around marriage. For Austen's characters, marriage does not mean the act of ungoverned passion but a complex engagement between the marrying couple and society. Austen's characters are completely integrated into society and play out the stories within the social rules. Based on Socialist-feminism, this thesis examines social background in Austen's time and explores how social conditions influence females' psychological struggle and anxiety toward marriage. For Socialist-feminists, material factors shape women's marital consciousness in determinate ways. The discussions of male class and female status in the end of the eighteenth century are helpful for understanding why marriage is the central topic in Austen's novels. In a sense, marriage is regarded as a market place to exchange upward class mobility and financial support for Austen's characters. In order to achieve the goal of marriage, females are good at transforming themselves into commodities by displaying their appearances and accomplishments to appeal to male gazers. They realize that marriage can provide opportunities of class mobility and financial support; money and class are thus closely connected in their decision of marital partners. keywords: Plot overview ;.Analysis of the major character ;Themes ;Motifs ;Pride and Prejudice ;marriage The feeling of 《Pride And Prejudice》 Then man treat great event in one's life with punishing, Demonstrate different attitudes to the love question of the marriage of young girl of the family origin of middle class of villages and towns, Thus reflected authors oneself's marriage view: It is wrong to get married for the property, money and position; Get married and does not consider that above-mentioned factors are unwise too . So, she objects to getting married for money , objecting to regarding the marriage as a trifling matter . She emphasizes the importance of the ideal marriage , and regard men and women's emotion as the foundation stone which concludes the ideal marriage . The woman protagonist in the book Elizabeth comes from the little landlord's family, reaches the west to have deep love for for the rich and powerful people sons and younger brothers. Reach the disparity of ignoring family status and wealth of the west, propose to her, but is refused. Elizabeth's
成都理工大学英语专业 学士学位论文（设计）学术标准及基本规范 学分：8分执笔人：丁启红、李珊审订人： 一、学士学位论文（设计）的目的 英语专业学士学位论文（设计）是本专业毕业生在教师的指导下，综合运用本学科所学基础理论和专业知识，对本学科中某一学术问题，做出较全面系统的归纳、论证和分析的一个重要教学环节。该过程主要完成以下任务： 1.综合检验学生所学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能； 2.系统培养学生综合运用所学知识，对英语语言和文学以及与英语语言相关的社 会、经济、政治、文化等问题，进行独立分析和解决实际问题的能力； 3.培养学生的创新意识和创新能力，使学生获得科学研究的基础训练； 4.培养学生形成正确的设计思想、理论联系实际的工作作风和严肃认真的科学态 度； 5.进一步提高学生英语语言运用能力和计算机操作能力，以及社会调查、文献资 料查阅和文字表达等基本技能。 总之，这一环节的根本目的在于培养和检验学生四年来的科学态度、观察能力、分析思考能力和最基本的学术训练水平，以及英语的实际综合运用能力。 二、学士学位论文（设计）的选题 （一）选题原则 英语专业毕业论文选题应符合“培养知识面广、有创新思维的外向型、应用型、复合型高级英语专门人才”的目标要求，能体现人才培养水平与质量。 题目来源包括指导教师科研题目、教师拟定、学生自拟。选题范围包括英语语言学研究、英美文学研究、翻译研究、英语国家社会与文化研究、英语教学研究，以及专门用途英语研究（如经贸英语、法律英语、新闻英语、科技英语等）。 学生应结合自己的兴趣与特长选择论文题目，做到一人一题。 （二）选题类型与主要研究设计内容 本专业选题类型主要包括理论研究和应用研究两种： 理论研究类论文主要就某一理论问题充分展开正面论证，阐述自己的理论见解。论文的关键在于有论有述，述论结合，论大于述。选题方向和内容主要涉及西方文论、美学、比较文学、文学史、翻译史、翻译理论、语言哲学等方面。 应用研究类论文主要是运用所学理论和知识来分析和解决某一实际问题。论文侧重 1
Research Paper Outline The research paper outline is essential for any article or term paper. The outline may make a great difference on how your work is interpreted. Writing a research paper is as important as performing the actual research or experiment itself and can appear to be a very daunting task. It does not matter what conclusions you arrived at or how perfect your experimentation was, if you put no effort into writing a good report then your study will not be taken seriously. If you break report writing down into its constituent parts, it is not as complex as it seems and there is no reason to be worried. Scientific reports, for the vast majority of disciplines, are all structured in the same way; if you follow this structure then you cannot go far wrong. It is useful to note that every scientific discipline, every university and even supervisors can have their own preferred methods of constructing reports; with this in mind, do not be afraid to ask for advice on the best research paper format for your report. LAYOUT AND LENGTH For most assessed reports you will be told how long it should be, generally by the number of words. This is generally only a guide and is not set in stone; in most cases this limit does not include appendices and citation pages. If you plan to write for a specific journal, a good advice is to check the research paper outline of some of the articles to get a better idea on how to write your article. Here are a few outline samples. If your report is complex and strays over this limit, there should be no problem, as long as you have not repeated yourself or filled your work with irrelevant information. It is good practice to bear in mind that the appendix is there for any information that you feel could be omitted from the report without affecting the clarity. Your report can be shorter than the advised word limit if everything that needs to be included is there. This is preferable than trying to pad out the report in order to fulfill some ‘word count’ facility on the computer, risking being penalized for irrelevance.
湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文论《傲慢与偏见》留给世人的感想 准考证号：013510210640 学生姓名：李月辉 指导教师：赵红英 二○一二年九月
On the "Pride and Prejudice" for the feelings of the world Li Yuehui Tutor: Zhao Hongying September 2012
摘要 作为英国文学的经典之作，有关《傲慢与偏见》的研究几乎从未间断过。《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀脍炙人口的艺术精品,具有很高的可读性和艺术性。作者在作品的题材选择、人物塑造以及艺术表现手法三个方面都别具匠心,具有不朽的审美价值和艺术价值。同时，《傲慢与偏见》也一直是英国人心目中的经典书目，它在英国人心目中的地位仍然超过流行。我在该论文中论述的主要内容包括：对小说作者的介绍和当时18世纪末到19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人情的介绍，仔细研究小说中爱情、金钱与婚姻之间的纠葛，挖掘作品中的内在矛盾性和各个人物特征以及他们在整部小说中所起的独特作用，以夹叙夹议、不断归纳、不断总结的方式论证文章的观点。 关键词：《傲慢与偏见》；审美；女性主义；戏剧性；反讽
ABSTRACT English literature classic, The Pride and Prejudice is almost never stopped. The Pride and Prejudice is Jane Austen thrilling fine arts, has the very high readability and artistic quality. The author in the works of subject choice and characterization and artistic methods three aspects does not provide craftsmanship, has the immortality of aesthetic value and artistic value. At the same time, The Pride and Prejudice, and has also been the British seared in the minds of bibliography, it in the mind of the British position still more than popular. The paper discusses the main content including: introduction to the novel of the end of the 18th century to 19th century early in the under conservative and occlusion state of England township life and state of the world favors the introduction carefully study the novel of love, money and marriage of disputes between mining the inherent contradictions in the works and character features and the unique role they played in the entire novel, a narrative proposal and continue to be summarized, constantly sum up the view of the demonstration article. Key words：The Pride and Prejudice; aesthetic; feminism; dramatic; irony
My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1
On the Relationship between Money and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》中金钱与婚姻的关系 On the Relationship between Money and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice I.Literature Review Pride and Prejudice is a very popular novel written by Jane Austen and it is read widely all over the world. It was written in 1813. That specific history time decided that people at that time took money much more seriously, even on their marriage. From the ancient times to the present, there are many studies about Jane Austen and her major works. In 1813, Oxford World's Classics for the first time recorded and published the work Pride and Prejudice and aroused great repercussion around the world. Then, in 1826 after the work has been widely read, Sir Walter Scott analyzed Pride and Prejudice from an overall perspective. In his article “The Journal of Sir Walter Scott”, he summarized the features of Jane Austen, he said that “Jane Austen has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful that I ever met with.”The background of Pride and
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am ｘｘｘand my supervisor is prof ｘｘｘ. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper. The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the teｘts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction. The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab. This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy. OK, thats all. Thank you ! 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白（2） Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei. Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that. The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
毕业论文 毕业论文题目：On Irony in Pride and Prejudice 学生姓名： 学号： 院（系）：外国语学院英语系 专业：双学位经贸英语 班级： 指导教师姓名： 指导教师称谓：讲师 起止时间：2012年10月—2013年5月
On Irony in Pride and Prejudice A Thesis Submitted To Foreign Languages Department Of Zhongyuan University of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By Supervisor： May, 2013 ii
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES Zhongyuan University of Technology Declaration of Academic Integrity I promise that the thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institutes of higher learning and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the thesis. I understand that to do so would mean that I had committed plagiarism, and that it is my responsibility to be aware of the University’s regulations on plagiarism and their importance. Signed: Date: iii
撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ?比较和对照两个事物。 ?列出因果 ?阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ?列出单个或两者的论证 ?提供证据并得出结论 ?列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ?一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ?当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。 每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。一般它们是用英文字母标示的。（比如A、B、C 等等） ?让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米 ?还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号 7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。 如果有必要的话，你可以在中心论点上确定分论点。这么做会最大化你文章的逻辑性。再把这些分论点放在你提纲的第三层，并用阿拉伯数字标示。（1、2、3、4 等等） ?为了方便标识，你可以在下一层用小写罗马字符（i、 ii、 iii、 iv等等），接着用小写英文字母（a、b、 c、d等等），最后可以用回阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4，等等） ?在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。
"Pride and prejudice" Elizabeth characters analysis 《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白人物性格分析Keywords: Social environment Marriage is love The:"Pride and prejudice" is Jane Austen's early, but also she has made the masterpiece of writing characteristics. She is in daily life, with the female's discriminating and exquisite, humorous and witty style represents a series of vivid female images, especially for novel heroine Elizabeth successfully molded reflects the Austin in matters of marriage values. "Pride and prejudice" durable minerals-each root cause is perhaps the most interested in "best skills and create a" : people. One, Elizabeth successfully molded image 1, the heroine Elizabeth life and social environment "Pride and prejudice" described the 18th century at the beginning of the 19th century British women, regardless of in the economic and social or family status, social rank in male attachment, marriage system of equal pay. Like Elizabeth such a middle-class origins and property of low intellectual women, want to get a decent life and status, the only way is to marry a good man. Anyhow, the marriage is seeking economic security and social status. 2, Elizabeth's marriage The center is a smart Elizabeth, frank, the thought is agile, humorous and educated young lady.
Class Four Katherine Topic: Abolition of the death penalty Thesis: The Chinese government should take steps to abolish the death penalty. Ⅰ. Introduction A.Definition of the death penalty B.History of the death penalty in China C.Thesis statement Ⅱ. Necessities of abolishing the death penalty in China A.The global trend 1.Consideration of the human rights 2.Quotations from the celebrities 3.Example of abolishing the death penalty abroad B.Defectiveness of the death penalty 1.Racial inequality 2.Economic inequality 3.Erroneous judgment 4.Ineffective deterrence C.Home Requirement 1.Attitudes of the party concerned 2.The need to build a harmonious society Ⅲ. Necessities of taking steps A.The enormous population and the lack of infrastructure construction B.Economic condition C.Public order condition D.Legislative condition E.Judicial condition F.Social psychology Ⅳ. How to take steps A.Revision of the laws B.Reformation of the judicature C.Promote people’s conception of the death penalty D.Promote leaders’ conception of the death penalty Ⅴ. Conclusion A.Summary of above information B.Restate thesis in different words C.Closing remark
论文题目（英语） How To Treat Middle school Students' Errors in the Classroom ———————————————————————————————————————（以下部分用中文阐述） 一、意义简述（100字内） 古人说：“金无足赤，人无完人。”在学习过程中，每个学生多多少少都会不可避免地犯一些错误，通过学生的错误教师可以观察出他们在学习方面面临的问题和需要改进的地方。本文试图提出几条处理错误的方法，以改进教学实践。然而老师对待学生们的学习问题时所采取的措施不尽相同。基于上述情况，本文通过调查初中英语课堂上教师与学生的错误观及纠错方式。旨在提升教师的纠错方式，并促进中国教师与学生英语学习的共同进步。 二、文献综述（150字内） 本文将对以下问题作相应研究探讨： 1.研究中学生英语错误的必要性 2学生英语错误在当今的研究 3.范围界定：正确认识英语学习中”errors”和”mistakes”的区别 4.如何应对中学生英语学习中的错误 教学中只有正确对待学生的错误，才能更有效促进学生的学习和教师工作的开展，进而激发学生自主学习的欲望。 三、研究方法 1）理论基础（100字内） 错误分析法 1、罗列学生在学习过程中已发生或可能发生的错误。 2、分析发生错误的原因。
3、评价错误的后果。 2）研究问题或假设（150字内） 1. 学生们在课堂学习过程中可能出现那些错误？ 2. 教师应如何应对学生的不同错误？ 3）研究对象与研究方法、工具（如果是调查或课堂观察研究方法，注明研究工具，如自己设计还是采纳已有问卷表）（100字内） 以课堂观察的形式对中学生中英语学习者进行研究，课后对学生进行调查并及时记录 4）研究步骤（200字内） 1, 查阅相关书籍文献，收集可供参考的理论，依据，材料； 2. 联系所收集的理论，联系课堂观察中教师对学生学习错误的不同应对策略及效果，撰写教师应对学生错误的正确策略总结； 3. 指定整体论文框架，咨询导师吸收修改意见； 4. 撰写并修改论文； 5.导师终审并提交论文终稿； 6.论文开题答辩。 五、预期结论与研究局限性（150字） 预期结论：对学生英语错误的合在英语教学中具有重要地位。本文能够客观真实地指出，教师使用科学的、针对性的策略来解决学生英语学习错误能更有效地促进学生的英语学习。 研究局限性：调查范围有限，怕不够全面的反映问题。