毕业论文
毕业论文题目：On Irony in Pride and Prejudice 学生姓名：
学号：
院（系）：外国语学院英语系
专业：双学位经贸英语
班级：
指导教师姓名：
指导教师称谓：讲师
起止时间：2012年10月—2013年5月
On Irony in Pride and Prejudice
A Thesis Submitted
To Foreign Languages Department
Of Zhongyuan University of Technology
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
By
Supervisor：
May, 2013
ii
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Zhongyuan University of Technology
Declaration of Academic Integrity
I promise that the thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institutes of higher learning and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the thesis.
I understand that to do so would mean that I had committed plagiarism, and that it is my responsibility to be aware of the University’s regulations on plagiarism and their importance.
Signed:
Date:
iii
On Irony in Pride and Prejudice
Abstract: Jane Austen is a British woman novelist in the 19th century. In her masterpiece Pride and Prejudice, the use of irony is the biggest artistic feature. The thesis first introduces the definition and function of irony. Second, it analyzes the application of irony in the characterization of the novel, which not only makes the novel filled with wit and humor, but also proves the author’s thorough understanding of human nature; Third, it expounds the irony in the marriage plot, whereby the author criticizes the British marriage value that money matters most and puts forward that the happiness of marriage consists in emotional communication, independent personality and good character. Finally, the thesis concludes that Jane Austine’s irony contains her understanding of life and society and so it is the sharpest weapons used in her novels.
Key words: Jane Austen, irony, Pride and Prejudice, characterization, plot
iv
《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽
摘要：简奥斯丁是一位英国19世纪杰出的女性作家。在她的作品《傲慢与偏见》中，对于反讽的写作手法是对于文学最大的财富。本论文首先介绍了反讽的定义和功能；其次，从人物塑造方面,分析了人物刻画中反讽的运用，不但使小说充满了智慧和幽默，还体现出作者对人性的透彻的洞察力。再次，论证了小说中婚姻情节中的反讽，借此，作者批判了当时只重视金钱的婚姻观念，提出感情的沟通，独立的人格和高尚品格才是幸福婚姻的保障。最后得出反讽体现出了简·奥斯汀对生活和社会的理解，因此反讽也成为她作品中一个利器。
关键词：简奥斯汀；反讽；《傲慢与偏见》，人物塑造，情节
v
Contents
1 Introduction (1)
2 The Introduction to Irony (2)
2.1 Definition of Irony (2)
2.2 The Function of Irony (2)
2.3 Expressions of Irony in Pride and Prejudice (2)
3 The Appreciation of Irony in Characterization (3)
3.1 Elizabeth (3)
3.2 Mr. Darcy (4)
3.3 Mr. Bennet (4)
3.4 Mrs. Bennet (4)
3.5 Mr. Collins (5)
3.6 Miss. Bingley (6)
3.7 Mrs. Catherine (6)
4 Application of Irony in the Marriage Plot (7)
4.1 Mr. Collins' Proposal to Marry Elizabeth (7)
4.2 The Marriages of Lydia Bennet and Mr. Wickham (7)
4.3 The Marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas (8)
4.4 The Marriage of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth (9)
5 Conclusion (10)
References: (11)
Acknowledgments (12)
vi
On Irony in Pride and Prejudice
1 Introduction
Jane Austen is an outstanding British woman novelist in the 19th century. Her literary works have far-reaching influences not only on posterity, but also on the development of society and literature. Through analysis of the plot and the characterization of figures in Pride and Prejudice, the thesis will explore irony used by Jane Austen. Her novels are filled with snide tone and sarcastic words. More than that, Jane chose to use irony in shaping characters, arrangement of the plot and the theme. Therefore, the analysis of the irony is the key to understanding this novel.
In recent years, many domestic and foreign scholars devoted to Austin's fiction studies, in which ironical art is generally talked. Monaghan, David and Willis, Jane, they share the same idea. In their paper, the theme is to analyze expressions of irony in Pride and Prejudice. It focuses on irony in the three areas of characterization and character relationships. Jane Austen focus on the five marriages in the novel, applies irony at different aspects, and uses humorous words to show us her own progressive view on love and marriage. The opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice directly pointed out the most popular view on marriage in society “It is a truth well known to all the world that an unmarried man in possession of a large fortune must be in need of a wife.”The content of this sentence is really ridiculous and stupid while the sentence pattern is neat and formal. The sharp contrast between the content and form makes a great effect of irony. And irony is used many times in this novel. This thesis will discuss how irony is employed in terms of the characterization of the figures, the plot in Pride and Prejudice in the hope of better understanding the novel.
1
2 The Introduction to Irony
2.1 Definition of Irony
“Irony is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or situation in which there is an incongruity between the literal and the implied meaning.” (Huang, 2010) “It is a universal phenomenon of natural language used in our daily communication. Irony is a broad term referring to the recognition of a reality different from the masking appearance. It is a contrast or a difference between the way things seem and the way they really are.” (Willis, 2006)That is to say, one says a thing but means the opposite. Irony can be divided into the following several: Verbal irony, Dramatic irony.(Skehan, 2004) No written method for indicating irony exists, though an irony punctuation mark has been proposed. In the 1580s, Henry Denham introduced a rhetorical question mark or preconditions point which looks like a reversed question mark. This mark was also proposed by the French poet Marcel Bernhardt at the end of the 19th century to indicate irony or sarcasm.
2.2 The Function of Irony
The use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean, in order to be emphatic, amusing, sarcastic, etc.(Hu, 2008).Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. It can be amusing or can show annoyance. Irony have a deeper meaning and can arouse people's sympathy.
2.3 Expressions of Irony in Pride and Prejudice
In the Pride and Prejudice, there is always a gap between what she says and what she means, between the surface meaning and her real intention. Irony is the most striking feature in Jane Austen’s novels. As an ingenious work, the master piece of Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice employs the ironic technique in characterization and structure, which has made a great realistic comic work of the novel.
2
3 The Appreciation of Irony in Characterization
Irony plays a decisive part in characterization as well as in plot development. In Pride and Prejudice, both the wise (Elizabeth, Mr. Darcy, etc.) and the foolish (Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, etc. ) become the objects of Jane Austen’s irony. Irony is the marrow of this novel, in which no one is perfect.
3.1 Elizabeth
Elizabeth is our heroine. Pride and Prejudice was, for some time at least, Jane Austen’s own favorite and she wrote her sister when it appeared “I must confess that I think her ( the heroine, Elizabeth) as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print; and how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her at least I do not know.”Yet, Jane Austen spares no satire upon such a delightful creature. Elizabeth is witty, intelligent and unconventional. She “has something more of quickness than her sisters”.(Austen, 1813: 152) However, she also can’t avert herself from the influence of the “truth universally acknowledged.”(Austen, 1813: 305) Moreover, she is too hasty in judgment and too easily taken in by appearances. On the one hand, she is slighted by Mr. Darcy at a ball and then safely promises her mother never to dance with him. On the other hand, she is attracted by Mr. Wickham, whose appearance is greatly in his favor. Then she “prepared in the highest spirits for the conquest of all that remained unstudied of his heart.” (Austen, 1813: 155)The relationship between Elizabeth and Darcy is worsened by Wickham’s ill words to Darcy. Sense is overwhelmed by sensibility. On account of her prejudice against Darcy, Elizabeth tries to bring down his pride and has the satisfaction of refusing his proposal by saying that “?you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.”(Austen, 1813: 179)Of course, Elizabeth finally recognizes Wickham’s true face and reveals that it is the arrogant Darcy who saves the reputation of the Bennet family by arranging Lydia and Wickham’s marriage. Then false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved. In the end, Darcy and Elizabeth are united.
Darcy, as a wise man, is another object of satire. At first, he claims that Elizabeth is not handsome enough to tempt him and says frankly that “it must very
3
materially lessen their chance of marrying men of any consideration in the world.”(Austen, 1813: 18). However, he is the very man who marries Elizabeth.
3.2 Mr. Darcy
Like Elizabeth, Darcy is an ideal character by Austen’s writing. He was arrogant by nature. For the first time seeing Elizabeth, he treated her very picky. But then he has affection for her gradually, and asked her to marry him, but he encounters flat refusal and rage given by Elizabeth. Darcy’s proposal is arrogant, Elizabeth rejected it with great prejudice. Austen’s mockery at them has played to the extreme here. Later Darcy changes his arrogant attitude; he treats Elizabeth’s relatives courteously and makes every attempt to help Lydia. Elizabeth falls in love with him, giving him second time.
3.3 Mr. Bennet
Mr. Bennet, who is smart humorous and educated man, is odd within his words. Maybe he can always give people surprise and excitement. From his words, Mr. Bennet is a man who tries to say something by feigning uninterested or making concessions but he does not say it immediately, which makes you nervous. For examples, he says, “You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.”(Austen, 1813: 243) In the following story that Mr. Bennet notices the coming of Bingley, but he still pretends to say that he has not heard. Why he says it like this—to show humor of the old gentleman and his daughters and wife can attend him. He is a smart and educated man from the way of dealing with things and the manner of speaking. He has a high and far sight to care about his daughter’s marriage but is quiet which is very different from his wife who is unceremonious and rough. His character highlighted the rudeness of his wife. He is a smart and educated man from the way of dealing with things and the manner of speaking. He has a high and far sight to care about his daughter’s marriage but is quiet which is very different from his wife who is unceremonious and rough.
3.4 Mrs. Bennet
Mrs. Bennet is the five daughters’ mother. And she is the model of the foolish. “She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. 4
When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news”.(Austen, 1813: 93) Mrs. Bennet herself proves this comment true. She has not even seen Mr. Bingley, but she considers him as “the rightful property” for her daughters and thinks of his marrying one of them when she hears about that he has one hundred thousand pounds property. In addition, she is so ignorant and foolish that she can’t even realize her husband is mocking at her —“you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.” (Austen, 1813: 171). “My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, ?” (Austen, 1813: 127) When Mr. Bennet refers to Mr. Collins, his cousin, “Who, when I am dead, may turn you all out of this house as soon as he pleases.”(Austen, 1813: 291)Mrs. Bennet cried, “Oh, my dear, I cannot bear to hear that mentioned. Pray do not talk of that odious man.”(Austen, 1813: 149) But when Mr. Collins plans to choose one of her daughters as his wife, she “treasured up the hint, and trusted that she might soon have two daughters married; and the man whom she could not bear to speak of the day before was now high in her good graces.”. (Austen, 1813: 164)What a capricious woman she is! Although Jane Austen made few comments on her characters, the readers know the characters gradually by listening to their voice and observing their behavior.
3.5 Mr. Collins
His each word, each movement and each attempt embodies the bitter satire upon him. After he arrives at Mr. Bennet’s punctually, “he had not been long seated before he complimented Mrs. Bennet on having so fine a family of daughters; said he had heard much of their beauty, but that, in this instance, fame had fallen short of the truth; and added that he did not doubt her seeing them all in due time well disposed of in marriage”.(Austen, 1813: 256)How perfect and unrivaled gallantry. When Elizabeth refuses his proposal, he concludes “you are not serious in your rejection of me, I shall choose to attribute it to your wish of increasing my love by suspense, according to the usual practice of elegant females”.(Austen, 1813: 178) This scene fully displays Jane Austen’s talent for comedy. What’s more interesting and
5
attractive is that Jane Austen never stops ridiculing Mr. Collins even though he has got married. When Elizabeth calls at his parsonage, she “was prepared to see him in his glory; and she could not help fancying that in displaying the good proportion of the room, its aspect and its furniture, he addressed himself particularly to her, as if wishing to make her feel what she had lost in refusing him.”.(Austen, 1813: 153)Thus, Mr. Collins’hypocrisy, self - deception and foolishness are portrayed most vividly.
3.6 Miss. Bingley
Miss. Bingley has attractive appearance, but in fact is a jealous, behaved badly, arrogant person. The author portrays her character using satire. She is a self-considered person; she only considers her own interests, ruining her brother’s happiness. She writes letters for several times to provoke the relationship between Darcy and Jane. She also slanders Elizabeth in front of her bother for many times. And her interference makes the two couples almost break up. Author, in the description of this kind of characters, not only seizes the opportunity to give the sarcasm, but also lets them have a sharp contrast in appearance and heart, words and actions to expose their hypocrisy.
3.7 Mrs. Catherine
Mrs. Catherine was another person to be mocked. For fearing that Darcy would marry Elizabeth, she personally runs to the Bennets to warn Elizabeth not to marry Mr. Darcy. And after being counterattacked by Elizabeth, she goes to Darcy to persuade him not to marry Elizabeth. However, she does not achieve her purpose but contributes to the happy marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy. The contrast between plots achieves the ironic effects. And Mrs. Catherine’s folly and peremptoriness were portrayed incisively and vividly. What’s worse, Mrs. Catherine was once described as a kind, easy going and generous noblewoman by Mr. Collins. But in fact, she was arrogant, domineering and unreasonable. Mr. Collins and Mrs. Catherine only pay attention to the economic interests. The contrast achieved the goal of irony: Mr. Collins was hypocritical, pea cockish and snobbish and Mrs. Catherine was domineering, overbearing and insolent.
6
In conclusion, Austen used the most refined language to portray characters, This kind of irony is not just mocking words, it also expose people’s relationship around the reality. Therefore it plays a key role in shaping the character. It shows that the author has the most thorough understanding of human nature and makes the novel filled with wit and humor.
4 Application of Irony in the Marriage Plot
The novel’s satire is not only in some characterization, but also in many of the plot，especially about marriage. “I t is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”. (Austen, 1813:5) Jan Austin uses irony on four couples of young men and women to revealing the marriages at the time of the bourgeois society.
4.1 Mr. Collins’ Proposal to Marry Elizabeth
It is a really big irony when Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth. The proposal process is just like a farce. “Now that he had a home and a considerable income, he had decided to marry. The Bennet girls, who would lose their inheritance because of him, had a reputation fir being attractive and charming, and his idea of making amends to them was to marry one of them. He considered this an excellent plan, and thought himself extremely generous and unselfish in carrying it out.” (Austen, 1813: 193) Besides this, when Elizabeth refuses to marry him, he just thinks that why Elizabeth does so is just for getting more love from him. The result of this farce is totally different from what the overweening Mr. Collins had thought. This made an exhibition of himself.
4.2 The Marriages of Lydia Bennet and Mr. Wickham
The marriage of Lydia Bennet and Mr. Wickham is one of the most absurd and the least optimistic marriage. Their marriage is indulging in the erotic feeling. (Wang, 2002:23)
Mr. Wickham is Mr.Darcy’s old housekeeper’s son. To outward seeming, he is casual and elegant bearing, but actually he is a dandy. Lydia Bennet is the youngest
7
daughter and her behavior is always chameleonic. She doesn't know how to maintain good character and just love to dance, visit the millinery shop, chase officers. She inherited her mother's beauty, but also inherited his mother's stupidity and vanity. Although only 15 years old, she was too preoccupied with love and romance. When she meets Wickham who has a charming appearance, graceful bearing, but actually morally corrupt. She was confused by his appearance and followed him to elope. Marie who has always been considered the most stupid one of the five sisters, made a moral comment about their marriage .The irony here is self-evident.
Though Darcy help Wickham repay the high debt and bought him a position and also saved face name for Lydia, their marriage is not happy. The marriage established in lust is immoral and could not get happiness. Their marriage is for money, the beautiful appearance. they ignore the love and the economical conditions. At the end of the novel, the couple often rely on borrowing to maintain life. This can be regarded as the punishment and satire that is given by the author. The author depicts the marriages of Lydia Bennet and Mr. Wickham to satirize the ridiculous apolaustic marriage.
4.3 The Marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas
After this ridiculous proposal, Mr.Collins turns to ask Charlotte to marry him. Mr. Collins chooses Charlotte to be his wife, apparently not because of falling in love with her. It is a big irony that their marriage is only for money and society position. He has his fat her’s estate, the priest position and only wants a family's wife.
Charlotte, the eldest daughter of Sir William, is 27 years old and is not beautiful. As for the young girl like her who has a good education but less property, the only respectable way out is to get married. What she wants is only a husband who can give her stable residential and money. So when he asks her to marry him, she agrees immediately. After marrying Collins, Charlotte gets a house, a small garden and the furniture. Charlotte said: “If you forget Mr.Collins, the house is really very comfortable.”(Austen, 1813: 193) In those words, the author exposes their tragic marriage through the mouth of Charlotte herself. It can be said that the person who Charlotte married is not Collins but his estate. Their marriage is purely based on the 8
economic basis, no happiness. The description of the Charlotte marriage reflects the tragic fate of women at that time. Author expressed her great sympathy for those women who are forced by economics to marry somebody they do not love.
Charlotte and Collins’ marriage story is revealing the very true remark: “It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”(Austen, 1813:5) This very true remark is totally a sarcasm according to the marriage of Charlotte and Collins.
4.4 The Marriage of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth
Mr. Darcy thinks that Elizabeth’s social status and family background could not match his, and there was no chance for them to get married. But when he finally loves Elizabeth, all the unfavorable factors could not stop him from loving her. But to Elizabeth, when they meet first, He left arrogance impression to her. And this impression then become bias. After hearing William’s judgment to Mr. Darcy, Elizabeth;s blind prejudice become deeper .So when obtrusive Darcy said: “In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feeling will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.”(Austen, 1813:241). ,Elizabeth just feels hatred caused by prejudice. Darcy also stated his opinions on her. He felt her family low and degrading. His propose is condescending. His voice was very excited, as if he has made great sacrifices. What Darcy does and says is tally with the values of the British society at that time. The reader may feel ridiculous to such arrogant Darcy, this is not only the satire to the role, but also the irony to the absurd concept of marriage . But to Elizabeth, she feels unbelievable and she says, “You are the last man in the world whom I could ever be persuaded to marry”(Austen, 1813: 21). But later, when all the misunderstandings are cleared up, and Mr. Darcy changes his “arrogant”attitude, Elizabeth falls in love with Darcy at once. And after Darcy’s second proposal, she promises his proposal, and finally turns to be Mrs. Darcy. Darcy’s and Elizabeth’s attitudes toward each other have a deeply ironic meaning.
Their love is the main story of this novel. And the irony is filled in their contact and conversation.Vanity and pride is human weakness, but when the pride person has a noble heart, his arrogance will become sober.
9
To sum up, four marriages have four endings. That Austen arranges the ending of the story has rack her brains. “In Pride and prejudice, it can be said, Austen thinks that love and marriage get along swimmingly with each other, indivisible, love is essential to a happy marriage.”(Fan, 2010: 231). Although the beauty can give people a good impression, only an independent personality and good character can have lasting appeal. Because of the special social status of women at that time, when talking about marriage, family and money can not be ignored. Austen has a exposure. But this kind of disclosure, in this comedy of the novel, is not aggressive, sad or morally indignant, also not cynical, sarcastic. It is irony.
The authors describe four kinds of marriage mode with irony, it is a reflection of British society marriage values at that time. It also mocks at the people at that time who value money too much and ignore that the real happiness is the emotional communication in marriage.
5 Conclusion
Irony is employed in Pride and Prejudice as the lens through which society and human nature are viewed. It is well infiltrated into plots and characterization. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen’s irony has developed into an instrument of discrimination between the people who are simple reproductions of their social type and people with individuality who will between the unaware and the aware. Her irony contained her understanding of life and society. So it can be said that irony is the sharpest weapons used in Austen’s novels.
(Word count total: 4,230)
10
References:
[1]范(Fan)丽娜. 简?奥斯丁的创作生命——反讽艺术[J]. 海南：琼州学院学报，2010.
[2]黄(Huang)娟娟. 论《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽艺术[J]. 安徽：安微文学(下半月)，2010.
[3]胡(Hu)加圣. 反讽理解的语境激活和最佳可及性标准[J]. 北京：外语与外语教学，2008.
[4]徐(Xu)欣. 《傲慢与偏见》中的讽刺艺术[J]. 北京：现代语文(文学研究版)，2008.
[5]王(Wang)琦. 《傲慢与偏见》中反讽艺术初探[J]. 长春：长春理工大学学报(高教版)，
2009.
[6]王(Wang)琳. 浅析《傲慢与偏见》中简?奥斯汀的婚姻观[J]. 云南：电影文学，2002.
[7]Peter, Skehan.A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning.Ox-ford University Press,15
March 2004.
[8]Lambert, L, et al. The constructivist leader [M]. New York: Teachers College Press, 2005.
[9]Monaghan,David.Jane Austen in a Social Context[J]. Long,2008.
[10]Sergeant, S. Innovation in English Language : A Reader [M]. London: Routledge, 2001.
[11]Willis,Jane.A Framework for Task-Based Learning. London:Longman, 2006.
[12]Watt Ian(Ed).Jane Austen:A Collection of Critical Essays[C].Hampshire:Maom illan
Publishers,2009, Available: http://keywriter-org - What is Cyberculture.htm
11
Acknowledgments
I would like to give my greatest respect to my tutor---- Liu Li. Thanks for her patience, encouragement, and professional instructions during my thesis writing. Needless to say, all the remaining errors are my own responsibilities.
12
英语写作过程教学 北美英语教学大纲中认为写作是由构思、起草、修订、编辑、呈现等一系列环节所构成的严谨的过程，所谓过程写作教学法就是引导学生通过这一系列过程完成写作的方法： 1、构思Prewriting 目标(Objectives) (1) Generating and gathering ideas for writing (2) Preparing for writing (3) Identifying purpose and audience for writing (4) Identifying main ideas and supporting details 策略(Strategies) Talking and oral activities Brainstorming Clustering Questioning Reading
Keeping journals in all content area 2、起草Drafting 目标(Objectives) (1) Getting ideas down on paper quickly (2) Getting a first draft that can be evaluated according to purpose and audience for paper 策略(Strategies) Fast writing Daily writing Journals of all types Buddy journals Dialogue journals Learning logs 3、修订Revising 目标(Objectives)
英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考) Lecture 1 General introduction 1. The basic concept of academic research paper writing The concept: “Research ”---something new, something of significance, something that can promote scholarship, science and technology, productivity and human growth, for the betterment of the well-being of mankind. 2. Characteristics of academic paper A. Scientific--- based on scientific theories and objective data, and the problem is approached with a scientific attitude and methodology．The conclusion is backed up by reliable evidence, the analysis or exposition is logically sound. B. Scholarly --- more or less theoretical and concerned with academic matters．The subject under discussion or investigation and the conclusion to be drawn are academically significant. C. Original --- a new perspective or method, develops new arguments or conclusions，or even makes a breakthrough in a certain field． The graduation paper is a special form of academic paper characterized by being scholarly，scientific and original to the greatest extent possible． 3. The style of academic writing A. Formal because it is written in standard language and in formal style devoid of contractions，ellipses，slangy words，vulgarisms，etc. B. Substantial because it deals with academically important and serious issues and is of substance and length． C. Well-documented because it rigidly follows the rules of citation and documentation with all borrowed ideas or facts fully acknowledged in the notes and bibliography． 4. The requirements of an academic paper. 1) A scientific attitude，a rigorous study style, a creative mind, and a great courage to explore unknown academic areas, discovering or solving problems in the academic or scientific fields. 2)Basic knowledge of academic research--- its nature, value, and significance，essential features, techniques and methods，etc．To learn more about the academic circle and the society by searching through all sorts of reference materials originating in academic and social studies. 3) To know about scholarship, such as how to find subjects to investigate, how to collect and evaluate source materials, how to develop their own ideas. 5. Components parts of an academic paper 1) English title and Chinese title of your paper 2) Abstract both in English and in Chinese and key words 3) Key words in English and Chinese 4) Contents
On Jane Austen’s Point of View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Acknowledgements This thesis has finally come into being to meet critical eyes through two months of hard work. From the very beginning when I chose the topic till the completion of the thesis, I have benefited from many people . First of all I would like to show my sincere gratitude to my tutor, Shen Guozheng. Without his sincere and trustworthy guidance，valuable suggestions and critical comments，it would be difficult for me to accomplish this thesis．His loyalty to teaching and punctilious work style has profoundly impressed me. Moreover, I heartily thank all the teachers who have helped me in the past four years, who have provided me with incentives and direction for my study. Thanks are also due to my classmates and friends for their constant encouragement and their ways of assistance in the course of writing. Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family members, for their selfless support，thoughtfulness and encouragement．
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
英语写作教学的方法与技巧 一、潜意识写作训练法 潜意识写作训练法是帮助学生快速有效写作的一条捷径。潜意识写作就是让学生在不知不觉当中进行写作，写作前老师不明确向学生布置写作任务，只要求他们回答问题，这些问题都是老师根据写作的程序和写作的内容来设计的，学生的正确回答就是文章的基本构架和主旨内容。设计这种方法的目的就是尽量减少学生一开始对写作的神秘感和畏难情绪，将语言的两种产出——口头产出( 说) 和笔头产出( 写) 结合起来。在老师的引导之下，学生由说向写过渡，再通过学生的记忆对师生课堂说的内容进行筛选并用笔记录下来，最后通过老师的讲评，让学生从一种无意识状态下的写作过渡到有意识的模仿写作，学生在“恍然大悟”中掌握写作的基本规范和基本技巧。如论说文的写作： 第一步:老师板书，给予主题。 T ：同学们！我们今天这节英语课只需要回答几个问题，请看黑板上的一句话：Science is a Two-blade Sword ( 科学是一柄双刃剑。) 第二步:老师以提问题的方式引导学生表述自己对句子的理解。 Question One T ：How do you understand the word “two-blade ” ( 双刃)? S1 ：The first blade( 第一刃)means science can bring us happiness. T ：What about the second blade ? S2 ：The second blade means science can bring us suffering. Question Two T ：Can you give some examples to explain the two different opinions? S3 ：Since 1950's many changes have taken place because of the scientific development.Science has brought a lot of things to our life such as computer ，VCD ，TV ，radio ，etc.Our life is getting more and more colourful and interesting. Question Three T ：Who can supply examples to support the second opinion ?
Reference Keys to Exercises 该答案适用于： 《英语论文写作教程》操时尧柯军编著湖北科学技术出版社2013.5 Chapter 2 Pre-Writing Process I. Narrow down the general topic below to one specific topic that you could write about for a thesis assignment. (Possible answers) English literature American literature Ernest Hemingway’s works The Old Man and the Sea “C ode hero” or “iceberg theory” or else II. Read the following passage and answer questions 1) A topic is a subject area from which researchers can develop research questions. A question is more concrete than a topic, and thesis statement (sometimes called central argument) is a tentative answer to the question. Natural order of the three: 1) topic; 2) question; 3) thesis statement 2) Communicative language teaching approach (topic) --- Has communicative language approach affected actual classroom activities? (question) --- communicative language teaching facilitates the teaching of reading in English classroom. (thesis statement) III. Translate the following passage into Chinese. 作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为人类宝贵的资源财富，为人类的社会进步做出了重大贡献。 专业文献已被认为是全世界的“无形财产”，因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这意义上讲，所有文献都是前人宝贵的研究成果和学术成就的记载，是人类文化的结晶。 IV. Translate the following thesis titles into English. 1) Charlotte Bronte’s Female consciousness revealed in Jane Eyre 2) Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers by D. Lawrence: A mytho-archetypical criticism 3) Artistic dialogues in Pride and prejudice: A stylistic analysis 4) Id, ego and superego: “3+1” system in Jane Eyre 5) The role of Dimaggio in The Old Man and the Sea 6) Commonness and uniqueness: Learning strategies of English top achievers 7) Comments on two English translated versions of SHUI HU ZHUAN: A view from Skopos theory 8) Subtitle translation of the movie Hero: From perspective of Skopos theory 9) Chinese-English translating strategies of political neologism 10) Constructionism-based innovation of CAI models for English teaching V. Translate the following passage into English. Identifying a research topic is the first step to initiate any scientific research. The next is to narrow
傲慢与偏见婚姻观 main meaning: Marriage is the central topic in Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Emma: the plots of the novels and the actions of the characters revolve around marriage. For Austen's characters, marriage does not mean the act of ungoverned passion but a complex engagement between the marrying couple and society. Austen's characters are completely integrated into society and play out the stories within the social rules. Based on Socialist-feminism, this thesis examines social background in Austen's time and explores how social conditions influence females' psychological struggle and anxiety toward marriage. For Socialist-feminists, material factors shape women's marital consciousness in determinate ways. The discussions of male class and female status in the end of the eighteenth century are helpful for understanding why marriage is the central topic in Austen's novels. In a sense, marriage is regarded as a market place to exchange upward class mobility and financial support for Austen's characters. In order to achieve the goal of marriage, females are good at transforming themselves into commodities by displaying their appearances and accomplishments to appeal to male gazers. They realize that marriage can provide opportunities of class mobility and financial support; money and class are thus closely connected in their decision of marital partners. keywords: Plot overview ;.Analysis of the major character ;Themes ;Motifs ;Pride and Prejudice ;marriage The feeling of 《Pride And Prejudice》 Then man treat great event in one's life with punishing, Demonstrate different attitudes to the love question of the marriage of young girl of the family origin of middle class of villages and towns, Thus reflected authors oneself's marriage view: It is wrong to get married for the property, money and position; Get married and does not consider that above-mentioned factors are unwise too . So, she objects to getting married for money , objecting to regarding the marriage as a trifling matter . She emphasizes the importance of the ideal marriage , and regard men and women's emotion as the foundation stone which concludes the ideal marriage . The woman protagonist in the book Elizabeth comes from the little landlord's family, reaches the west to have deep love for for the rich and powerful people sons and younger brothers. Reach the disparity of ignoring family status and
英语教学论文的写作方法与步骤 1、确定选题 写论文，首先要有选题，这是论文写作成败与否的关键。题目是文章的眼睛，应该让读者一看题目就能洞察出文章的内容范围。感受深则写之顺，驾轻就熟，容易出成果。 （l）选题要新颖 创新是论文的生命线。尽量写别人未总结过的东西，要有创造性、新颖性，做到人无我有、人有我新，以爆“冷门”，增强发表的命中率。 （2）大题目的论文并非不能写，但题目过大，会不着边际，捉襟见肘，往往要说的东西太多，结果是什么也讲不深道不透，两、三千字无法包容其内涵。从小处着眼，把题域缩小一些，使题目变得具体、实在，有利于作者更集中、深入地搜集材料、出示论据，写起来得心应手，做到“小题大作”，从而给读者更多有益的东西。2．构思谋篇 论文写作十分辛苦，是一种复杂的脑力劳动，需要充分准备与精心构思。在写作过程中，必须要做到： （l）博采众长，兼收并蓄。（2）搜集整理资料，作读书笔记卡片。在平时教学和课外阅读中，我们要做有心人，善于观察，将英语教学实践中有益的感受记载下来，利用报刊图书，广阅博览，摘录有关资料、信息，制作成卡片，并分类归档，以备参考选用，做到厚积薄发。（3）草拟构架，自如运筹。撰写英语教学论文时拟定提纲恰似建筑施工之前的图纸设计，因为论文须有严密的逻辑性，支撑论点的大量零散材料应该组织得好，否则文章写起来就可能松散、缺乏力度。提纲通常包括论题、论点、目录、材料排列等。拟定好提纲后，可对资料卡片进行分析，重新排列组合，抽出拟撰写的论文需要的材料，为正式写作铺平道路。3．执笔行文 写英语教学论文不是将搜集到的材料进行简单的堆积，而必须注意融会贯通，把这些原材料有机地结合起来，变为自己的东西，用自己的语言阐明自己的观点。（l）初稿：写初稿时，不看卡片，根据提纲把自己的想法、体会、感受全部写出来，每段表达一个完整的意思，写好主题句。 （2）二稿：写好初稿后，我们即可借助卡片重塑初稿，将撰写初稿时可能遗漏的某些材料安插到文章的合适地方。写二稿时，要检查细节安排是否妥贴，语言是否准确，举例是否信当。 （3）定稿：写英语教学论文最好能“一气呵成”，以免打断思路，但修改时宜作“冷处理”。二稿完成后，可暂时放一段时间，因为随着时间的流逝，作者可能会有新的体验、新的发现。为了确保文章的科学性、客观性、创见性及应用性，应努力做到内容充实、材料丰富、见解新颖、论证精辟、概括恰当、用语贴切、行文流畅、逻辑严密和结构完整。还可以请行家审阅，吸取他人的见解，进而加工润色，以臻完善。 五、教育科学论文撰写的基本要求 1、论点要明确。 教育科学论文表述的是建立在前人研究的基础之上并与前人研究的观点不同的新观点、新结论。因此论文选题一定是作者有浓厚兴趣问题，大家都关注的问题，是当今教育科研的主攻方向，具有学术价值的选题。 2、论据要充分。
英语论文写作格式要求 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英语论文写作格式要求》的内容，具体内容：语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进... 语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。以下是我今天为大家精心准备的：英语论文写作相关格式要求。具体内容如下，英语论文格式要求： 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将
标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B, 以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题 居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为 该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句
浅谈初中英语写作教学的方法与技巧 陈丽娟内容摘要：英语写作是英语教学当中十分重要又容易被忽略的一个方面，本文就英语作文教学当中出现的一些问题进行了分析并提出了强化背景知识，充实取材范围，坚持基本功训练，多种方法配合和批改抓住重点，提升学生自我认识三个原则，以期促进这方面的教学水平。 关键词：写作方法批改技巧背景知识基本功自我认识 一、存在的问题 随着二起课改的深入，英语作文教学的要求不断提升，而在现实教学当中还存在着一些不如人意之处如： 1、整体写作水平不高。在整个初中英语教学中，英语写作比较考验学生词汇组织能力，语法运用能力和文学架构能力。然而，学生在整个学习过程当中真正能够学习运用掌握好的实在是少之又少，总的体现在词汇运用匮乏；文章内容缺乏紧密结构，低级语法错误较多这三个方面。 2、学生普遍缺乏信心。我在所任教的学校进行了一次问卷调查，发现50%以上的学生对于自己能否学好作文缺乏信心，超过九成的学生认为靠自己提高英语写作水平有较大困难，但是他们同时向教师提出了更高的要求，认为在教师的帮助下能够取得一定的进步。 3、批改费时费力，效果不明显。长久以来，英语教师大都在学生写作的教学和批改上花了大量的时间，而对学生写作水平的提高却收效甚微。这已经成为了英语教学当中的一个瓶颈。面对中考对作文要求的不断提升，如何突破这个瓶颈，使得英语写作成为带动教学质量的翅膀成为了摆在教师面前的难题。 经过我多年在课堂教学中的实践探索，形成了以拓展课内外阅读的创新思维为中心，提升作文批改质量为重点，达到提高学生英语写作能力为目的的教学思路。 二、写作教学遵循的原则 新《课程标准》强调：“激发和培养学生的学习兴趣，帮助学生树立学英语的自信心，养成良好的习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展学生自主学习的能力和合作能力。”在英语写作方面要达到这样的目标，学生必须依靠大量的课内外阅读。只有通过阅读，学生的原始知识积累才能形成，才能使得学生的背景知识得到强化。当学生的阅读面得到拓宽，那么无论出现怎样的命题作文或是非命题作文，只要学生看到，就能迅速反应，在潜意识当中搜寻相关的知识内容，为他的
湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文论《傲慢与偏见》留给世人的感想 准考证号：013510210640 学生姓名：李月辉 指导教师：赵红英 二○一二年九月
On the "Pride and Prejudice" for the feelings of the world Li Yuehui Tutor: Zhao Hongying September 2012
摘要 作为英国文学的经典之作，有关《傲慢与偏见》的研究几乎从未间断过。《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀脍炙人口的艺术精品,具有很高的可读性和艺术性。作者在作品的题材选择、人物塑造以及艺术表现手法三个方面都别具匠心,具有不朽的审美价值和艺术价值。同时，《傲慢与偏见》也一直是英国人心目中的经典书目，它在英国人心目中的地位仍然超过流行。我在该论文中论述的主要内容包括：对小说作者的介绍和当时18世纪末到19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人情的介绍，仔细研究小说中爱情、金钱与婚姻之间的纠葛，挖掘作品中的内在矛盾性和各个人物特征以及他们在整部小说中所起的独特作用，以夹叙夹议、不断归纳、不断总结的方式论证文章的观点。 关键词：《傲慢与偏见》；审美；女性主义；戏剧性；反讽
ABSTRACT English literature classic, The Pride and Prejudice is almost never stopped. The Pride and Prejudice is Jane Austen thrilling fine arts, has the very high readability and artistic quality. The author in the works of subject choice and characterization and artistic methods three aspects does not provide craftsmanship, has the immortality of aesthetic value and artistic value. At the same time, The Pride and Prejudice, and has also been the British seared in the minds of bibliography, it in the mind of the British position still more than popular. The paper discusses the main content including: introduction to the novel of the end of the 18th century to 19th century early in the under conservative and occlusion state of England township life and state of the world favors the introduction carefully study the novel of love, money and marriage of disputes between mining the inherent contradictions in the works and character features and the unique role they played in the entire novel, a narrative proposal and continue to be summarized, constantly sum up the view of the demonstration article. Key words：The Pride and Prejudice; aesthetic; feminism; dramatic; irony
英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。 撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。 IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题： Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？ Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？ Results（结果）：发现了什么? Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么? 按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。 英文科技论文的基本格式包括： Title-论文题目 Author(s)-作者姓名 Affiliation(s) and address(es)-联系方式 Abstract-摘要 Keywords-关键词 Body-正文 Acknowledgements-致谢，可空缺 References-参考文献 Appendix-附录，可空缺 Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定 其中正文为论文的主体部分，分为若干章节。一篇完整的科技论文的正文部分由以下内容构成： Introduction-引言/概述 Materials and Methods-材料和方法 Results-结果 Discussion-讨论 Conclusions-结论/总结 下面对科技论文主要构成部分的写法和注意事项进行详细介绍。
Teaching Plan Teaching Aims: 1. knowledge aims: Be able to master the new words and expressions in this period. Words：hero，quality，willing，active，republic，principle， nationalism，livelihood，fight，peaceful，prison，prisoner，law，advise，continue，fee，gold，passbook，ANC，youth，league，stage，vote，position，accept，violence，equal Phrases：lose heart，in trouble，worry about，out of work，Youth League，as a matter of fact，blow up，put...in prison 2．Ability aims: （1）Be able to talk about the fine quality of great people to improve the students’ speaking ability. （2）To improve the S s’ reading abilities. 3. Emotional aims: （1）Learn about some great people and qualities they have in common. （2）Develo p the students’ moral quality. Important Point: The using of the phrase patterns, such as out of work, blow up and so on.. Difficult Point: The expression of word “period” Teaching Aids: PPT, blackboard, chalk, pictures Teaching Procedures: Step 1 warm up: Let the students look at the picture and listen “I have a dream!” Step 2 pre-reading: a. Introduce the background of this story. For instance, the black people had no the same rights as white people, and they were treat unequally at before. And how did they fight for their dream, making black and white people equal.