第13课市场分析
Hong Kong is Tops at Cracking U.S.Shell Eggs
香港是美国蛋类的大市场
By Michael L.Humphrey
While most people think of Hong Kong as a small market, it is, in fact, the largest export market for U.S.shell eggs.In 1985, the United States exported over 7 million dozen shell eggs valued as $ 4 million for food use in Hong Kong.That market alone accounted for half of the volume and 40 per cent of the value of total U.S.exports of shell eggs for food use.
大多数人认为香港是一个小市场，可它实际上是美国蛋类的最大的出口市场。1985年，美国向香港出口了7百多万打食用蛋类，价值4百万美元。仅此市场就占据了美国食用蛋类出口量的一半，总价值的40％。
Hong Kong consumers enjoy a variety of shell eggs, including fresh hen and duck eggs, dyed eggs for special occasions, eggs cooked in salt or tea leaves, pigeon eggs and preserved duck eggs.Fresh hen eggs, however, are the most popular item.
香港的消费者喜欢各种蛋类，包括鲜鸡蛋，鲜鸭蛋，特殊场合下使用的彩蛋，咸鸡蛋和茶叶蛋，鸽子蛋和腌鸭蛋。可是，它们当中，还是鲜鸡蛋最受欢迎。Each consumer in Hong Kong eats an average of 215 fresh eggs and 20 preserved or dyed eggs each year.According to Hong Kong import statistics, the territory annually imports more than 1.2 billion fresh shell eggs valued at $ 52 million.In addition, Hong Kong produces 4.5 million dozen hen, duck and goose eggs and 12 million dozen quail eggs annually.
香港的每个消费者每年平均吃掉215个鲜鸡蛋，20个腌鸡蛋或彩蛋。根据香港进口统计数字，该地区每年要进口12亿多个鲜蛋，价值5200万美元。此外，香港每年还自己生产450万打鸡蛋、鸭蛋、鹅蛋以及1200万打鹌鹑蛋。Chinese eggs dominate the fresh egg market with more than an 80-per cent share.Thailand became the second largest supplier in 1984, following a nearly eightfold increase over 1983 shipments.The United States is currently the third largest supplier with a 7.5-per cent market share in 1985—up from 6.8 per cent in 1984.Egg imports from the Netherlands also showed a dramatic increase in 1985.
中国鸡蛋以80％以上的市场份额统治香港的鲜蛋市场。1984年，泰国成为香港的第二大供应商，供货量比1983年增长了近8倍。目前，美国是香港的第三大供应商，从1984年6.8％的市场占有率增长到现在的7.5％。1985年，从荷兰进口的蛋类也有了显著的增长。
Chinese Prefer Brown Eggs 中国人偏爱棕色蛋
The Chinese, who constitute 95 per cent of Hong Kong’s population, prefer brown eggs over white.In fact, 90 per cent more of the fresh eggs consumed are brown.The major outlets for white eggs are hotels, western-style restaurants and fast food shops. 和白色蛋相比，占香港总人口95％的中国人则更喜欢棕色蛋。实际上，他们消费的90％或以上的鸡蛋都是棕色的。而白色蛋的主要销路是旅馆、西式饭店和快餐店。
Chinese consumers prefer the deeper color of brown egg yolks—often considered
essential to the color of many Chinese dishes.Chinese-style restaurants also find that brown eggs are more popular with customers.
中国消费者更喜欢棕色蛋的蛋黄，因为它颜色较深，因而被认为是许多中国菜不可缺少的颜色。中国餐馆还发现棕色蛋更受顾客欢迎。
Chinese eggs have a unique odor that can be advantage or a disadvantage, depending on the consumer.
中国蛋有一种独特的气味，既可以被当成优势也可以被当成劣势，完全取决于消费者。
To the Chinese consumer, the odor is indicative of a “good egg” and is an important reason, in addition to a price advantage, for the popularity of Chinese eggs.The odor, however, is a major reason why Chinese eggs are not accepted by hotels, western-style restaurants and fast food outlets.
对中国消费者来说，这种气味是好鸡蛋的指标，是除价格优势之外，中国鸡蛋受欢迎的又一重要原因。然而，这种气味也是中国鸡蛋被旅馆、西式饭店和快餐店拒绝的一个主要原因。
U.S.Brown Eggs Fail To Compete 美国棕色蛋在竞争中失败
Virtually all eggs imported from the United States are white.This is due in part to the fact that the availability of European brown eggs at lower prices has made U.S.brown eggs uncompetitive.
但是，对等贸易并不是债务国所独有的。约非说：“即使像澳大利亚、加拿大和印度尼西亚这样外汇地位强健的国家也坚持在某些领域从事对等贸易。把进口和出口联系起来是一种对跨国公司施加权力的途径。缺乏国际营销专业知识的国家试图用对等贸易作为杠杆来推动跨国公司的内部市场网络。”
实际上从美国进口的所有鸡蛋都是白色的。部分原因是在市场上以更低的价格就可以买到欧洲的棕色蛋，这使美国棕色蛋失去了竞争力。
Packing and grading of U.S.brown eggs is also difficult because unlike U.S.white eggs, U.S.brown eggs vary markedly in size.Eggs from medium to extra large are packed in the same carton, resulting in frequent breakage of larger eggs.
而且，美国棕色蛋的包装和分级也很困难。因为不同于美国白色蛋，美国棕色蛋的大小差别显著。中等大小的鸡蛋和超大号的鸡蛋被装在同一个纸板箱中，常常造成较大鸡蛋的破裂。
Wholesalers or retailers in Hong Kong also must sort the eggs by sizes, which creates extra work.
香港的批发商和零售商还必须按蛋的大小分类，这样就增添了许多额外的工作。Importers point out that with alternative suppliers now available, U.S.brown eggs cannot compete without improvement in the method of packing.
进口商指出，因为现在有可供选择的供应商，美国棕色蛋如果不改进包装方式，是无法参与竞争的。
In the white egg market, however, U.S.eggs have enjoyed a distinct advantage.Hotels, restaurants and institutions recognize the consistent high quality of U.S.eggs.
然而，在白色蛋市场上，美国却一直享有明显的优势。宾馆、饭店和社会公共机构公认，美国蛋的质量一贯很高。
Another advantage is that U.S.eggs can be kept for a comparatively long time.The shipping time of 14 to 16 days from the U.S.West coast, compared to 30 days from
Europe, also has given U.S.white eggs a competitive edge.
美国蛋的另一个优势是保存时间相对较长。此外，从美国西海岸出发，运输时间为14到16天，与从欧洲出发，30天运到相比，美国白色蛋更具有竞争优势。However, U.S.white eggs now face growing competition from European eggs.The U.S.market share of the hotel and restaurant market dropped from 92 per cent in 1981 to 58 per cent in 1985, while the EC market share increased from zero to 28 per cent in the same period.Because of this loss of market share due to subsidized https://www.doczj.com/doc/9013265028.html,DA recently announced an Export Enhancement Program to facilitate the sale of 44 million eggs to Hong Kong.
然而，现在美国白色蛋正面临着欧洲蛋不断增长的竞争。美国对宾馆饭店的市场占有率从1981年的92％跌至1985年的58％。而同期欧共体的市场份额却从零增至28％。由于补贴性竞争导致了市场份额的损失，美国农业部最近宣布了一项《出口加强计划》以促进对香港的4千4百万个鸡蛋的销售。
Structure of Trade 贸易结构
Hong Kong has about 15 egg importers.The largest is the Hong Kong eggs and Products Company, which monopolizes the import of Chinese eggs, both fresh and preserved.Others import from different sources.
香港大约有15个蛋类进口商。最大的是香港蛋类产品公司，它垄断着中国鲜蛋和腌蛋的进口。其他公司从不同渠道进口。
There are 42 wholesalers under the Hong Kong Eggs and Products Company.Wholesalers are located in three small areas in Hong Kong: Egg Street and Saiyingpun on Hong Kong Island and Kam Lam Street in Kowloon.
香港蛋类产品公司之下有42个批发商，他们分别位于香港的三个狭小地区：香港岛上的埃格街和赛英以及九龙的橄榄界。
Retailers, hotels restaurants all buy from these wholesalers although some hotels and supermarkets buy directly from importers.
尽管一些宾馆、超市直接从进口商处进货，零售商、宾馆和饭店都从这些批发商处购买。
At the retail level, eggs are sold through the wet markets, hawkers, grocery stores and supermarkets.About 70 per cent of eggs are consumed in the home and the remaining 30 per cent goes to hotels, restaurants, fast food outlets and bakeries.
在零售方面，鸡蛋通过生肉鱼禽蛋市场、小贩、杂货店和超市售出。大约70%的蛋类用于家庭消费，．而剩余的30％则销往宾馆、饭店、快餐店和面包房。Most eggs on the retail market are not refrigerated and customers are allowed to choose each individual egg and examine the product under light.Some of the https://www.doczj.com/doc/9013265028.html,rge white eggs, however, are offered in one-dozen packs in air-conditioned supermarkets.
尽管一些宾馆、超市直接从进口商处进货，零售商、宾馆和饭店都从这些批发商处购买。
然而，美国的一些大个白色蛋被包装成一打一打的，在有空调的超市里出售。Major Suppliers Compete
Major suppliers to the Hong Kong egg market are making greater efforts to increase the competitiveness of their products in order to maintain or expand market shares.
香港蛋类市场的主要供应商们正更加努力地增强自己产品的竞争力，以维持或扩
展现有的市场份额。
To promote sales of Chinese eggs, the Chinese Eggs and Products Company recently held a “luck draw”—a popular promotional activity in Hong Kong—with prizes in solid gold for winning retailers.Attractive posters are designed to promote both fresh eggs and Preserved Chinese eggs.
为了促销中国蛋类，香港蛋类产品公司最近举行了一次“幸运抽奖”——一种在香港很受欢迎的促销活动。中奖的零售商的奖品是纯金。人们还设计了吸引人的海报，以促销鲜蛋和中国腌蛋。
The European countries apparently are trying to increase sales by maintaining low prices.
欧洲国家显然想通过保持低价来增加销售。
Although brown eggs continue to dominate the market, the rapid expansion of fast food outlets in the territory could help boost the demand for white eggs, making the prospects for shell egg imports brighter.
虽然棕色蛋继续统治市场，香港地区快餐店的迅速扩展很可能会促进对白色蛋的需求，使蛋类进口的前景更为光明。
The author is the U.S.agricultural officer in Hong Kong.
作者系驻香港的美国农业官员
--From Foreign Agriculture.October 1986
tops a.（俚）最能干的
account (for) v.（在数量、比例方面）占
item n.（商品的）品种
quail n.鹌鹑
shipment n.交运的货物量
the Netherlands 尼德兰（即荷兰Holland）
constitute v.构成
outle n.（商品的）销售网络；市场
yolk n.蛋黄
essential a.必不可少的；非常重要的
unique a.独特的；仅有的
odor n.气味
indicative a.标示的
virtually n.获得的可能性
packing n.包装
grading v.按级分类
carton n.纸（板）盒
wholesaler n.批发商
sort v.把...分类
alternative a.供选择的；供代替的
distinct a.明显的
institutions n.社会公共机构
shipping n.运输
subsidize v.给...津贴；资助
enhancement n.增加
facilitate v.使便利
monopolize v.垄断
supermaket n.超级市场
hawker n.沿街叫卖的小贩
grocery n.食品杂货
refrigerate v.冷藏
pack n.包装（容器）
competitiveness n.竞争力
promote sales 推销商品
promotional a.促销的
poster n.招贴
1.accounted for: amounted to
2.eightfold: eight times
3.outlets: markets
4.edge: advantage
1.market shave: 市场份额
2.wholesaler: 批发商
3.retailer: 零售商
4.promote sales: 促销商品
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9013265028.html,DA: 美国农业部
6.luck draw: 幸运抽奖
1.超级市场：supermarket
2.增加出口计划：Export Enhancement Program
3.快餐店：fast food shops
4.贸易结构：structure of trade
5.咸鸭蛋：preserved duck eggs
6.茶鸡蛋：eggs cooked in salt and tea leaves
1.the largest export market for U.S.shell eggs.
2.The most popular item.
3.A nearly eightfold increase
4.The United states is currently the third largest supplier with a 7.5 per cent market share in 1985-up from 6.8 per cent in 1984,
5.The major outlets for white eggs
6.Packing and grading of U.S.brown eggs
7.Wholesalers or retailers
8.… U.S.eggs have enjoyed a distinct advantage.
9.growing competition
10.The remainin g 30 per cent
11.The competitiveness of their products
1.Chinese eggs have a unique odor that can be an advantage or a disadvantage, depending on the consumer.
中国蛋有一种独特的气味，这种气味可以是优点，也可以是缺点，这要依消费者而定。
2.Wholesalers or retailers in Hong Kong also must sort the eggs by size, which creates extra work.
香港的批发商和零售商还必须按大小再分类，这又增加了额外的工作量。
3.However, U.S.white eggs now face growing competition from European eggs.The U.S.market share of the hotel and restarant market dropped from 92 percent in 1981 to 58 percent in 1985, while the EC market shave increased from zero to 28 percent in the same period.
然而，美国的白皮蛋现在面临着欧洲蛋越来越强烈的竞争。美国蛋在旅馆、饭店市场的份额从1981年的92%下降到1985年的58%，而欧盟的市场份额在同一时期却从零增长到28%。
4.Major suppliers to the Hong Kong egg market are making greater efforts to increase the competitiveness of their products in order to maintain orexpand market shaves.
香港蛋类市场的主要供货方正努力增加产品的竞争力，为的是保住或扩大市场的份额。
5.Although brown eggs continue to dominate the market, the rapid expansion of fast food outlets in the territory could help boost the demand for white eggs, making the prospects for shell egg imports brighter.
虽然红皮蛋继续统治市场，但该地区快餐行业迅速发展使得对白皮蛋的需求增长，从而使得蛋类进口的前景更加光明。
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.doczj.com/doc/9013265028.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.doczj.com/doc/9013265028.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。