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独立主格结构
一、概念
“独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
二、独立主格的特点
【注意】
1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。
2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。
三、独立主格结构的用法。
一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。
“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。
1.不定式构成的独立主格结构
不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常
作原因状语，有时做条件状语。
Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.
由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。
So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.
如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。
2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构
动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就
是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在
动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，
逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作
时逻辑主语发出的动作。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。
The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.
总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。
The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。
3.过去分词形式的独立主格
过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主
语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作
时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。
This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.
积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。
More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance.
如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。
五、其他形式的独立主格结构
1.分词结构、独立主格结构作状语的注意事项。
(1) 使用分词短语、独立主格结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意，它们
与主句之间不应有从属连词(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列连词(and, but, or等)
(2) 在使用独立主格结构、分词作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同
这些结构的逻辑关系。
a. 当句子主语语状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，改状
语可用分词或从句表示。
When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more
beautiful—>Seeing from the top of the floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园要漂亮得多。
b. 若句子主语语状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状
语内有自己的逻辑主语时，该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构或从句。
If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.—>Time permitting, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.时间允许的话，这周末我们最好休息一下。
(3) 分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，也可能是主句的其
他成分。
Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.
在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。
(4) 有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。
When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.
(我们)种花时必须小心不要把根弄坏了。
2.独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The chief editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。
3.独立主格结构中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在
分词，及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his fists clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4.独立成分。
(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯
用语。这些短语有：
generally speaking一般来说，frankly speaking坦白说，strictly speaking严格来说，talking of谈到，speaking of说到，judging from由…判断，
taking all things into consideration把一切考虑在内，considering that考虑到，allowing for考虑到, putting it mildly说的温和些
Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.
考虑到Danny还小，他的作业也太多了。
(2) 有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中
作独立成分。这些短语有：
to be honest老实说，to be sure确实，to tell you the truth说实话，to cut
a long story short长话短说，to be frank 坦率地说，to make matter/things
worse更糟糕的是
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
更糟的是，许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了，留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作。
5.独立主格结构的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tome having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
Tom总是迟到，他的老板很失望。
1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take
B. taken
C. to be taken
D. taking
2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.
A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come
3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directly
A. to be
B. is
C. was
D. being
4. --- They sat still in the room, ___. --- Why did they do like that?
A. drawing the curtains
B. with the curtains drawn
C. with the curtains drawing
D. having the curtains drawn
5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.
A. has risen
B. having risen
C. has raised
D. having raised
6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.
A. comes out
B. came out
C. coming out
D. to come out
8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.
A. to disappoint
B. to be disappointing
C. disappointing
D. being disappointed
9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.
A. filled
B. filling
C. to fill
D. being filled
10．John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .
A. finished
B. finishing
C. having finished
D. was finished
11. ??___ , I had to ask for two days’ leave.
A. Mother being ill
B. Mother ill
C. As mother was ill
D. A, B and C
12. With so many books ???___ , I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.
A. to read
B. to be read
C. reading
D. read
13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done .
A. with his dropping head
B. dropping his head
C. raising his head
D. with his head down
14. Winter ___ , it is time to buy warm clothes .
A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on
15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.
A. close, tremble
B. closed, trembling
C. closing, trembling
D. closed, trembled
16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .
A. leaving
B. leave
C. left
D. to leave
17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .
A. for
B. with
C. of
D. from
18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.
A. to go
B. went
C. going
D. goes
19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A. Because of
B. With
C. As for
D. Besides
20. Tom came home, ___ .
A. a dog following him
B. a dog followed him
C. being followed him
D. a dog was followed him
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
一、选择题 1、With time ____ by , they got to know each other better. A. passes B. passing C. passed D. to be passed 2、 the economic crisis getting more and more serious, the government is searching for ways to improve people’s life. A. As B. With C. When D. If 3John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ____, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 4、With all flights___, they had to come by bus. A. had canceled B.canceled C.have been canceled D. having canceled 5、With a large number of people _______ camping, it has now become one of the most popular activities in the UK. A. take part in B. took part in C. taking part in D. to be taking part in 6、None of us had expected that the middle﹣aged engineer died with his design _________（） A．.to uncomplete B．.uncompleted C．uncompleting．D．.uncomplete 7、______，we managed to get out of the forest．（） A．The guide led the way B．The guide leading the way C．With the guide to lead the way D．Having led the way 8、Will all his work ,he could have a good rest. A.to do B.doing C.did D.done 9、 ______, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 10、With the kind boy ________ the way, we found the park soon. A. leads B. to lead C. led D. leading 11、 She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 12、 While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 13、The murderer was brought in, with his hands______ behind his back. A. be tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 14、 With a lot of difficult problem _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
高一英语非谓语，独立主格专练 2018年3月 一，独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的现在分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是逻辑主谓关系；名词或代词与后面的过去分词是逻辑动宾关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开；修饰整个句子，在句中位置灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末，常用作状语。二，注意事项：（1）独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 （2）不能省略being (having been)的情形： 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。 There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
（3）在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with 的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 1.There's a note （pin）to the door (say)when the shop will open again. 2.Once again I found myself standing at the crossroads, two paths (lie)ahead of me. 3..-- Where is Tom I have something important to tell him. ―I last saw him (seat)in the library reading. 4.A terrible air crash accident happened over the Atlantic Ocean (kill)150 passengers. 5.Life is like riding a bicycle. (keep)your balance, you must keep moving. 6.Everyone in this country should work hard and do what they
英语（必修4）Unit4语法导学：独立主格结构 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。 （such an able man和to help you是主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. A.不定式“独立主格结构” 1.动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing...) B.-ing形式“独立主格结构” 动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） 1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready) 2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way） 3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits) 4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）C．-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. 【比较】动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. （事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. （事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） 二、动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。 A．逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）【注意】独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 B．逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. C．逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. （school和over之间省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home. D．逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。 （= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.） 三、 with, without 引导的独立主格结构 介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A.with+名词代词+形容词
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
【注意】 1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.
由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构， 逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
独立主格结构 1. The thief stood before the policeman，_______ admitting what he had done． A. with his dropping head B. dropped his head C. raising his head D. with his head down 2. _______，he can't go out for a walk as usual． A. With so much work to do B. With so much work doing C. With so much work done D. Without so much work to do 3. It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _______ and his eyes _____． A. closed；open B. closed；opened ; C. closing；open D. closing；opening 4. All things _______，the plan trip will have to be called off． A. be considered B. considered C. considering D. having considering 5. _______, we have to get down to business right away． A. As there was no time left B. There is no time left C. There being no time left D. There to be no time left 6. _______ yesterday，we went out for a walk． A. As a fine day B. It was a fine day C. It being a fine day D. For it was a fine day ^ 7. The old man stood there, _______． A. with back against the wall B. with his back against the wall C. and back against wall D. his back was against the wall 8. All flights _______ because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train． A. were canceled B. having been canceled C. had been canceled D. have been canceled 9. _______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There is 10. _______, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. * A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 11. _______, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 12. _______, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 13. _______, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
1 The children went home from grammar school, their lesson _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 2 The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ________ at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 3 I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 4 The growing speed of a plants is influenced by a number of factors, _________ are beyond our control. A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that 5 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _________, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 6 --Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. --Sorry. With so much work __________ my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled 7 With a lot of difficult problems __________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. setting C. to settle D. being settled 8 ______________ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked 9 ___________, the more expensive the camera, the better is quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking General C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally 10 _____________, the play isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary C. In particular D. To be honest 1解：B 题干前后两部分被逗号隔开，且没有连词连接，说明这句话既不是复合句，也不是并列句，而是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句。动词finish与其逻辑主语their lesson 存在逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词。 ⑶现在分词的完成式 2解：B 本题中的逗号隔开，说明其考查的是一个含有独立结构的简单句。根据题干的意思可知，分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式表示。 3解：C 首先根据题干中的逗号以及分局前后没有连词可以判断该题考查的是独立主格结构。根据句意“剩下的钱将一年内付清”，可知follow尚未发生，故用独立不定式结构。进
英语独立主格结构说明 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的用法 它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相 当于一个状语从句或并列句
(1)作时间状语 The work don e(二After the work had bee n done) , we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。 (2) 作条件状语 Weather permitt ing( = If weather permits) , they will go on an out ing to the beach tomorrow. 女口果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 (3) 作原因状语 An importa nt lecture to be give n tomorrow(二As an importa nt lecture will be give n tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 (4) 作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed un der his head(二a nd his hands were crossed un der his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 (5) 表补充说明 A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。 注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状 语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 独立主格结构(the absolute structure )是由名词或代词加上分词或 分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结
独立主格结构、with的复合结构专项练习测试40题 一、选择题 1、With time ____ by , they got to know each other better. A. passes B. passing C. passed D. to be passed 2、the economic crisis getting more and more serious, the government is searching for ways to improve people’s life. A. As B. With C. When D. If 3、John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ____, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 4、With all flights___, they had to come by bus. A. had canceled B.canceled C.have been canceled D. having canceled 5、With a large number of people _______ camping, it has now become one of the most popular activities in the UK. A. take part in B. took part in C. taking part in D. to be taking part in 6、None of us had expected that the middle﹣aged engineer died with his design _________（） A．.to uncomplete B．.uncompleted C．uncompleting． D．.uncomplete 7、______，we managed to get out of the forest．（） A．The guide led the way B．The guide leading the way C．With the guide to lead the way D．Having led the way 8、Will all his work ,he could have a good rest. A.to do B.doing C.did D.done 9、______, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 10、With the kind boy ________ the way, we found the park soon. A. leads B. to lead C. led D. leading 11、She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 12、While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 13、The murderer was brought in, with his hands______ behind his back. A. be tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 14、With a lot of difficult problem _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 15、______, the conference began. A. The candidates having taken their seats B. The candidates had taken their seats C. Taken their seats D. Taking their seats 16、With her attention ____ to the lonely children, she didn’t notice what was going on around her A. paid B. concentrated C. focused D. fixed 17、With so many people _______at her, she felt nervous. A look B to look C looking D looked 弟1页（共6页）弟2页（共6页）