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高中英语之独立主格结构及练习

高中英语之独立主格结构及练习
高中英语之独立主格结构及练习

独立主格结构

一、概念

“独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词(副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接,也不能由从句阴道词引导,通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。

二、独立主格的特点

【注意】

1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”,being不可以被省

略。

2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时,being不可以省略。

三、独立主格结构的用法。

放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。

四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。

“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。

1.不定式构成的独立主格结构

不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态,在句中常

作原因状语,有时做条件状语。?Lots of homework to do,I ha

veto stayhome all day.?由于很多作业要做,我只好待在家里。

?Somany children tolook after, the motherhas toquit her

job.

如此多的孩子要照顾,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。

2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构

动词-ing形式的句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语,否则就

是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在动

词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语,构成动词-ing形式的独立主格结构,

逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系,是分词的动作执行者,分词表示的动作时

逻辑主语发出的动作。?We redoubledour efforts, each man

workinglike two.

我们加倍努力,每个人就像在干两个人的活。

Thegovernorconsideringthe matter, morestrikers

gathered across his path.

总督思考这个问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。

The guide leading theway,we had notrouble getting ou

tof the forest.?在向导的带领下,我们轻松地走出了森林。

3.过去分词形式的独立主格?过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语

+过去分词”构成。逻辑主语与动词之间为动宾关系,它是分词的动作承

受者,这一结构在句中作时间状语,原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。

?This done, we wenthome.做完这个,我们就回家了。

All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.

积蓄用完后,我们都开始找工作。?More time and moneygiven, w

ecan finish thework in advance.?如果给予更多的时间和金钱,我

们能提前完成这个工作。

五、其他形式的独立主格结构

1.分词结构、独立主格结构作状语的注意事项。

(1)使用分词短语、独立主格结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意,它们与主句之间不应有从属连词(如when,if, as soon as,as, while 等)或并列连词(and, but, or等)

(2)在使用独立主格结构、分词作句子的状语时,一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。

a. 当句子主语语状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时,改状语可用分词或从句表示。?When wesee from the top floor, we can findthegarden more beautiful—>Seeing from the t op of thefloor,we can find the gardenmore beautiful.从顶楼上看,花园要漂亮得多。?b.若句子主语语状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自己的逻辑主语时,该状语不能用分词结构,只能用独立主格结构或从句。?Iftime permit, we’

dbetter have a rest at thisweekend.—>Timepermitting,

we’d better have a restatthis weekend.时间允许的话,这周末我们最好休息一下。

(3)分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致,也可能是主句的其他成分。

Lookingformy watchin the room, it had taken me alongtime.?在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。

(4) 有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。?When planting

these flowers,care must be takennot todamagethe root.

(我们)种花时必须小心不要把根弄坏了。

2.独立主格结构没有所有格形式。

Thechiefeditor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了,我们开始开会。

3.独立主格结构中,当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分

词,及物动词用过去分词。

He laythere,his teeth set,hisfistsclenched,his eyes lookingstraightup.?他躺在那里,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。

4.独立成分。

(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用

语。这些短语有:?generally speaking一般来说,franklyspeaking坦白说,strictly speaking严格来说,talkingof谈到,speaking of说到,judging from由…判断,?taking all thingsinto con sideration把一切考虑在内,considering that考虑到,allowin

g for考虑到, putting it mildly说的温和些?Danny has too muchh

omework considering thathe is young.?考虑到Danny还小,他的作业也太多了。

(2)有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:

tobe honest老实说,to be sure确实,totell you the truth说实话,tocut a longstory short长话短说,to befrank 坦率地说,to

make matter/things worse更糟糕的是?To make things worse, many of themenhave gone offto cities insea rch of higherpay,leaving women fromnearby villages tocarry on with the work.?更糟的是,许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了,留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作。

5.独立主格结构的时态问题?独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成

时,表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。?The listeners having takentheir seats, the concertbegan.?听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。?Tome h aving beenlate over and over,hisboss was very disappoi nted.?Tom总是迟到,他的老板很失望。

1.Everything___ into consideration, they ought to h aveanother chance.

A. to take B. taken C.to be taken D. taking

2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, theyare sure to work out the problem.

A.will come B,coming C.to come D. having come

3.Themeeting ___over,he went to pickup his son directly

A. to be

B.is

C. wasD.being

4.---They sat still in theroom, ___.---Why did

they dolike that?

A. drawing thecurtains

B. with the curtainsdrawn

C.with thecurtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn

5.The sun ___, they continued their way.

A. hasrisen B. having risen C. has raise

d D. having raised

6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___at theend of last March.

A. has been launched B.having beenlaunched

C.being launched D.to belaunched

7. Here are twovolumes, the third one ____ nextmonth.

A. comes out B. came out C.comingout D. to comeout

8.Withhis son___,the old manfelt unhappy.

A.todisappoint B. to be disappointing

C.disappointing D. being disappointed

9.--- Comeon,please give me some ideas about the proj ect.

---Sorry.With somuchwork___ my mind, I almostbreakdown.

A. filled B.filling C.to fill D. being filled

10. John received an invitation todinner, andwith his wor k___ , hegladly accepted it .

A. finished

B. finishingC. having finished D. was f inished

11. ??___ ,I hadto askfor twodays’ leave.

A.Mother being ill

B. Mother ill C. Asmotherwas

ill D.A, B andC

12. With so many books ???___ , I couldn’tgo to surf the Internet.

A.to read B.tobe read C. reading D. read

13.The thief stood before the policeman____admitting what he haddone.

A.with his dropping head B. dropping hishead

C. raisinghishead D.with hisheaddown

14. Winter___ , it is time to buy warm clothes.

A.has come on B. iscoming on C. comingon D.comes on

15. The old man lay onhisback atthe cornerof the street, his eyes___ and hishands ___.

A.close,tremble

B. closed, trembling

C.closing, trembling D. closed, trembled

16. With nothing __ to burn,thefire became weakand finally died out .

A. leaving

B.leave

C.left

D. toleave

17.It was apitythatthe great writer died___ his works unfinis hed.

A. for

B. with

C. of

D. from

18. Icouldn’t do my homework withthat noise ___ on.

A.to go B.went C.going D. goes

19. ___ twoexams to worry about,Ihave towork reallyhard this weekend.

A. Becauseof B. With C. As for D. Besides

20.Tomcame home, ___.

A.a dogfollowing himB. a dog followed him

C.being followed him D. a dogwasfollowed him

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