高考：英语独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）。
其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。
注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
（分词的独立主格结构的用法与理解
根据英语习惯，分词用作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，否则就应改用其他句型。如：
他生病了，我们把他送到了医院。
误：Being ill, we took him to the hospital.
正：Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.
句中的“误”句之所以有误，不仅仅是因为这句话与相应的中文不吻合，而且该句本身的意思也是很荒唐的——句中的分词短语being ill为原因状语，按理说它的逻辑主语应该是“我们”，所以该句的实际意思就是：由于我们生病了，所以我们把他送到了医院。如果真是这样，那“我们”得的就是精神病了。因为自己生病，还要把别人送到医院，够荒唐的吧！如果改用上面的“正”句，意思就通顺了——因为他生病了，所以他被我们送到了医院。
除了以上办法之外，还有其他的办法可以解决分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题吗？有！我们还可以在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，所以我们称这类结构为独立主格结构，如上面一句也可改写为：
He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 为了帮助大家理解，我们对这个含有独立主格的句子分析如下：
首先，它是一个简单句，不是复合句，也不是并列句，因为句中的he being ill只是一个用作状语的分词短语，句子只有一个主谓结构，所以它是简单句。
其次，这个句子不能改为：He was ill, we took him to the hospital. 因为这样一来，它就成了两个句子，但句子间却没有相应的衔接方式，所以就错了！
为什么会错了呢？因为，英语句子从结构上看，只有三种类型，即要么是简单句(只有一个主谓结构)，要么是并列句(句子之间应有并列连词)，要么就是复合句(有相应的主句和从句)，除此之外，不存在其他的句子类型。He was ill, we took him to the hospital.这个句子的错误就在于，它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为句子间没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(句子没有体现出主句和从句)。所以如果我们将这个句子改成以下形式则是完全正确的：
正：He was ill, and we took him to the hospital.
正：He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.
正：Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital.
正：He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.
正：Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.
为了帮助大家理解，我们再举几个例子来看看：
That day being Sunday, we had no classes. 那天是星期天，我们没有课。
that day being Sunday为独立主格结构，其中的that day为现在分词being Sunday的逻辑主语。如果要将being改为was也可以，那句子就必须处理成并列句或复合句。比较：
That day was Sunday, and we had no classes. 那天是星期天，我们没有课。
That day was Sunday, so we had no classes. 那天是星期天，所以我们没有课。
As that day was Sunday, we had no classes. 由于那天是星期天，所以我们没有课。
在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。如：
误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.
正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。
解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。如：
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。
He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。）
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4. 名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．
特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
在“名词或代词+副词”这类独立主格结构中，其中的副词主要是over, on, off, up, down等这类小品词，一般不用-ly这类方式副词。
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
(在“名词或代词+介词短语”这类独立主格结构中，当其中的介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。如：
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。如：
We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。)
三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式） Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．
我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．
总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
3. 作原因状语
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
五、独立主格结构注意事项
1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)
劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing （假设），等等。
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long
story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
【巩固练习】
1．The weather___fine, they decided to go out for a walk.
A. were
B. was
C. is
D. being
2.The composition given by the teacher___ , Alice went to watch TV.
A. being done well
B. has been done well
C. having done well
D. done well
3. The last plane___ , they had to stay in the hotel for another night.
A. left
B. having left
C. having been left
D. be leaving
4. It is a beautiful village with a mountain____ it.
A. Surrounded
B. surrounding
C. having surrounded
D. having been surrounded
5. Everything___ into consideration, his work is well done.
A. taking
B. taken
C. has been taken
D. being taken
6. All his work___, he left his office at ease.
A. finished
B. had been finished
C. finishing
D. to finish
7．The power station was built on the river with our village and some others___ with electricity.
A. to supply
B. supplied
C. supplying
D. having supplied
8. ____five minutes____ before the last train left,we arrived atthe station.
A. There being; to go
B. It was; left
C. It had; left
D. There was; to go
9. Christmas____, the family was full of excitement.
A. was then only days away
B. were then only days away
C. then only days away
D. having been then only days away
10. They first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details____later.
A. to work it out
B. having been worked out
C. to be worked out
D. being worked out
11. The purse_____, they went to the police.
A. not yet found
B. has’t been found
C. being not found
D. not having yet found
12. They sat in the room with the curtains_____.
A. drawing
B. having been drawn
C. drawn
D. being drawn
13. Cars_____, they were punished by the police.
A. parking illegally
B. parked illegally
C. being parked illegally
D. having parked illegally
14. Mr. Smith stood beside the window, his attention ____ the car outside.
A. focus on
B. focusing upon
C. focused on
D. been focused on
15. There____, we left.
A. being nothing else to do
B. is nothing else to do
C. was nothing else to do
D. having nothing else to do
key
1-5 DDBBB6-10 ABACC
11-15 ACBCA
2007年的山东高考卷中有这样一道高考题：
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.(2007年山东卷)
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
此题答案为B。考查独立主格结构的用法。由于句子中没有连词，所以不能选A。又因为动作于去年的三月底就已经发生，所以不能选表示未来动作的D 和表示进行动作的C。
英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。下面谈谈英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式。
1. 名词或代词+现在分词
名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如：
She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。
All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。
2. 名词或代词+过去分词
名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如：
This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间)
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况) Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。(表条件)
As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。(表除外)
3. 名词或代词+不定式
名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末。如：
We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。(表伴随)
He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。
4. 名词或代词+形容词或副词
形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
The people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports. 现在人民生活有了保障，就有时间参加体育活动了
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
5.名词或代词+介词短语
介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪
痕。
使用独立主格结构的几点注意
1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2) 在There being＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词
在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法
独立主格结构的基本形式是“名词或代词+形容词（副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）”。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。
1. 名词或代词+不定式
其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。
2. 名词或代词+现在分词
其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。如：
She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。
We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如：
Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
3. 名词或代词+过去分词
其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：
Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。
This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。
【现学现用】
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.
A. follows
B. followed
C. to follow
D. being followed
2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.
A. considered
B. considering
C. to consider
D. being considered
3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.
A. to rise
B. rose
C. having risen
D. being risen
4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.
A. to give
B. give
C. being given
D. given
5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.
A. permets
B. permitting
C. to permit
D. permitted
6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meet ing off.
A. being
B. to be
C. been
D. to have been
7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.
A. to be
B. being
C. been
D. to have been
8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.
A. to cross
B. crossed
C. crossing
D. to be crossing
9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
A. having been
B. been
C. to be
D. to being
10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.
A. being
B. to be
C. been
D. having been
【参考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA
独立主格结构用法归纳
英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。