PPT01：总述
1. Literature in the Anglo-Saxon period (450-1066) 安格鲁-撒克逊时期
poetry: Beowulf 诗歌：《贝奥武夫》
2. Literature in the Middle English period (1066-1500) 中世纪文学
romance (narrative verse or prose) 传奇
popular ballad 大众民谣
Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 乔叟---《坎特伯雷故事集》
3. The Renaissance period (16th century) 文艺复兴时期
Shakespeare: poetry and drama 莎士比亚---诗歌和戏剧
Francis Bacon: essay 培根---散文
4. The period of revolution and restoration (17th ) 革命和复辟时期
poetry: John Milton：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained
诗歌：约翰弥尔顿---《失乐园》、《复乐园》
John Donne：约翰多恩
John Bunyan：The Pilgrim’s Progress 约翰班扬---《天路历程》5. The period of Enlightenment(启蒙运动)(18th)
Alexander Pope
Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 丹尼尔笛福---《鲁滨逊漂流记》
Henry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones 菲尔丁---《汤姆琼斯历险记》
Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels 乔纳森斯威夫特---《格列佛游记》
Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School of Scandal 肖尔顿---《造谣学校》
Thomas Gray and Robert Burns 汤姆斯格雷、罗伯特伯恩斯
Old English period (450-1066)
The Song of Beowulf (Beowulf) 贝奥武夫
—National epic 民族史诗/ National hero 民族英雄·人物：
Beowulf
Hrothgar-King of Danes
Grendel—monster
Grendel’s mother
Fire-breathing dragon
·剧情：lst one: Beowulf kills Grendel
2nd one: Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother
3rd one: Beowulf kills a dragon and dies
Theme 主题:
People’s struggle with the hostile forces under a wise and heroic leader Beowulf (alliterative verse)
of men was the mildest and most beloved,
to his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.
Then the Goth’s people reared a mighty pile
With shields and armour hung, as he had asked,
And in the midst the warriors laid their lord,
Lamenting. Then the warriors on the mound
Kindled a mighty bale fire; the smoke rose
Black from the Swedish pine, the sound of flame
Mingled with sound of weeping;…
For their dead king; exalted his brave deeds,
Holding it fit men honor their liege lord
Praise him and love him when his soul is fled
Thus the (Geat’s) people, sharers of his hearth,
Mourned their chief’s fall, praised him of kings, of men
The mildest and the kindest, and to all
His people gentlest, yearning for their praise
Eg: clean and clear
Round the rocks runs the river
busy as a bee
Alliteration 头韵：The repetition of the usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.
·The Prologue (序诗) supplies a miniature(小画像) of the English society of the time
·
Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)
The Middle English Period(1066-1500)
Influence of Norman Conquest in 1066：
❖in politics: feudalist system was established in England
❖in religion: Catholic Church had a much stronger power over the country
❖in language: three languages co-existed
❖French, Latin, English
Romance:
Uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or heroic deeds
1. hero: knight
2. plot: set out—test: the meeting with the evil—accomplish one’s mission—return
most famous one: King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿色骑士》
Popular ballad(民谣)：
a narrative poem of no great length, without any known writer （anonymous）in an oral tradition then was written down
theme: romantic stories of love and friendships, of treachery and murder, supernatural tales about ghosts and spirits
e.g.: Robin Hood 《罗宾逊》
An outlaw: brave, clever, strong, loving, tender-hearted and affectionate
Rob the rich and help the poor and the distressed
Reflection of the social reality
English peasants rose against their oppressors 绿林好汉
Geoffrey Chaucer-----“father of English poetry”英国诗歌之父：乔叟
The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》
1. It has 24 stories.
2. It is the description of the pilgrims（朝圣者）who tell stories.
A pilgrim: a person who travels to a holy place for religious reasons
3. It is about the life of ordinary people.
4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.
·World of Chaucer and his Pilgrims
Pilgrimage: In religion and spirituality, pilgrimage is a long journey or search of great moral significance
·Took three days to walk sixty miles between London and Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.
·Characteristics:
1.deal with all sorts of people from all walks of society
2.a wide range of plots and ideas
3.full of humor and irony
4. Presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions
A realistic portrayal of the English society
·Chaucer’s language:
1. His language is full of humor and satire.
2. His language is vivid, exact and smooth, a master of word-pictures.
3. He is the first to use heroic couplet which he introduced from France.
4. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language, making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)
As soon /as Ap/ril pier/ces to /the root
The drought /of March/, and bathes/ each bud /and shoot
Through e/very vein /of sap /with gen/tle showers
From whose /engen/dering li/quor spring/ the flowers
When ze/phyrs have/ breathed soft/ly all /about
Inspiring every wood and field to sprout…
Two lines with the same rhymes
10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed
A couplet of two lines of iambic pentameter with the same end rhymes and forming a logical whole.
PPT02：The Renaissance English Literature（文艺复兴时期）
·Social, cultural and intellectual movement embracing the whole Western Europe ·Rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture and civilization.
It marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world
·First appeared in Italy in the 14th century, with the flowering or flourishing of painting, sculpture and literature
·前期代表人物Representatives: Dante(但丁) (The Divine Comedy);
Boccaccio（薄迦丘）(Decameron)
Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Raphael Backgrounds:
❖Economically：development of trade →enclosure movement →uprisings
❖Politically：feudalist relations →capitalism
feudal nobility →rising bourgeoisie
❖Religiously：Roman Catholic Church →Church of England;
❖Culturally：interest in God and life after death →
significance of man and enjoyment of life
·In essence, the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European progressive writers and scholars (humanists人文主义者) made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church
The essence of the Renaissance is humanism.
文艺复兴后期文学代表人物：Thomas More 托马斯莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》
Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞
Francis Bacon 培根
William Shakespeare 莎士比亚
Ben Johnon ★
◇Thomas More’s Masterpiece—Utopia(乌托邦)
Utopia first written in Latin then translated to English：“nowhere”
·Part I: social evils
“even a beast’s life is enviable”
cause of all the social evils the existence of private property
·Part2: Utopia
foundation of an ideal society is the abolishment or abolition of private property
All land is held in common. All citizens are equal.
Universal education for all children.
◇Edmund Spenser
Edmund Spenser and Philip Sidney are the two most important poets of the English Renaissance.
They were labeled “court poets”because they were of noble birth.
Spenser was known as the Poets’Poet by later generation.
PPT03：William Shakespeare 莎士比亚
◇Writing Career:
38 plays
154 sonnets
2 long narrative poems
·Four periods of his dramatic career:
·1st(1590-1594) apprenticeship
；King Richard III
tragedy: Romeo and Juliet 1594
some comedies
·2nd period(1595-1600) rapid development
Great comedies:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1595；The Merchant of Venice 1596
The Merry Wives of Windsor 1598；Much Ado About Nothing 1598
As You Like it 1599 ；Twelfth Night 1600
Mature historical plays：Richard II；Henry IV ；Henry v
·3rd period: 1601-1607
maturity, gloom and depression
4 greatest tragedie s: King Lear
Hamlet
Othello
Macbeth
·4th period(1608-1616)
peace and calm, disillusionment
·Sonnet ：a poem of 14 lines of iambic pentameter with a rigid rhyme-scheme
◇Hamlet
Hamlet: Prince of Denmark Claudius: King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle Gertrude: Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother Polonius: Lord Chamberlain under Claudius Ophelia: Polonius’daughter, Hamlet’s love Laertes: Polonius’son
Horatio: Hamlet’s schoolmate & loyal friend Rosencrantz & Guildenstern: his schoolmates Fortinbras: Prince of Norway Ghost of King Hamlet
·Plot Summary -- Act I
The ghost appears at the castle.
Hamlet grieves over father’s death and mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius.
The ghost tells Hamlet the truth about his death.
Ophelia is told by her father and brother not to fall in love with Hamlet.
·Plot Summary -- Act II
Hamlet pretends to be mad.
Polonius attributes the madness to Ophelia’s rejection of his love.
Hamlet arranges for a play to test Claudius.
·Plot Summary -- Act III
The play is performed and Hamlet finds out the truth.
Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius and is to be sent to England.
Ophelia goes mad and drowns herself.
Laertes wants to avenge his father’s death.
A plot is worked out between Claudius and Laertes.
·Plot Summary -- Act V
Hamlet and Laertes have a grapple at Ophelia’s grave.
Fencing match:
Gertrude dies
Laertes confesses and dies
Hamlet dies and names Fortinbras heir to the throne.
⊙Hamlet《哈姆雷特》is a play about murder, ghost, betrayal, revenge, madness, friendship and love.
Murder---intentional and accidental
Ghost---a bridge between reality and illusion
Betrayal---Claudius, Gertrude, R&G
Revenge---Hamlet, Laertes
Madness---real madness；pretended madness
Love---Hamlet and Ophelia
Friendship---1.）true friendship between Hamlet and Horatio
2.）false friendship between Hamlet and R&G
⊙Hamlet is a man of (knowledge, nobility, talent and brilliance, youth,energy and wisdom.)
⊙Writing devices
。。A minor play within a major play （剧中剧）
。。Soliloquy （独白）：talking to oneself alone, esp. in a play in which a character’s private thoughts are spoken to the audience
⊙The Character of Hamlet： A humanist of ideals and an idealist of disillusion ①"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties; in form and moving how express and admirable; in action like an angel, in apprehension like a god: the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals!"
Belief in the capabilities, virtues, qualities and beauty of man .
I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers Could not, with all their quantity of love,
Make up my sum!"
②"'Doubt thou the stars are fire, doubt that the sun doth move; Doubt truth to be a liar; But never doubt our love."
Belief in love and joy of secular life
⊙General comments on Shakespeare
Theme of progressive significance
Successful character-portrayal
Adroit plot construction
Dramatic irony
Skillful use of the English language
PPT04：Francis Bacon 培根
·philosopher, an essayist and a lawyer
Founder of materialism in philosophy and science
·Marx: “The real progenitor of English materialism is Bacon.”
Quotes （名言）by Francis Bacon
➢Knowledge and human power are synonymous.
➢Knowledge is power.
➢He that hath knowledge spareth his words.
➢Silence is the virtue of fools.
➢To choose time is to save time.
Of Studies 《论读书》
What do studies mainly serve for?
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring, being alone and away from company.
For ornament, it is in discourse.
For ability, it is in the judgment and disposition of business (when one forms a judgments and arranges affairs)
What are the improper ways to deal with studies?
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation, to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.
What are different people’s different attitudes to studies?
What is the proper way of reading？
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, but to weigh and consider.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, with diligence and attention.
How do studies exert influence on human character？
History makes men wise; poets, witty (brilliant in conversation); mathematics, subtle (see fine differences between things); philosophy, deep (see into the depth of
things); moral, grave (serious and dignified); logic and rhetoric, able to contend (argue well about things)
填空：Studies serve for_____, for _____, and for_____.
Crafty men____ studies, simple men ____them, and wise men _____them.
Read not to _____and _____, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to _____and _____.
Some books are to be____, others to be _____., and some few to be ____ and ____. Reading makes a____ man, conference a ____man, and writing an _____man.
PPT05：17th century：The period of revolution and restoration John Donne约翰多恩；John Milton 约翰弥尔顿；John Bunyan约翰班扬
John Donne 约翰多恩
·“a great visitor of ladies, a great frequenter of plays, and a great writer of conceited verses”.
·A new school of poetry “the metaphysical school”（玄学派）
·运用Conceit夸张的比喻，奇想
定义：“conceit”(a far-fetched or exaggerated comparison)/
An elaborate metaphor or simile between two significantly different things. ◎Early works ：The Songs and Sonnets
basic theme: love (idealism and cynicism)
“Go and catch a falling star”
“Now thou hast loved me one whole day”
He describes the futility and instability of love
◎Later works : divine/religious poems
theme: doubts and fears over the “life after death”
（后期）作品赏析：Death be not proud 《致死神》（书P.138）
John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿
·the greatest poet during the revolution (17世纪英国最伟大的作家)
·Puritan；bourgeoisie revolutionist；Renaissance humanist
⊙Milton’s Works---Three literary periods:
1. early period (1625-1640) : poems written in Cambridge and at Horton;
2. middle-aged period (1640-1660): political articles pamphlets;
3. the period of his old age (1660-1674 ): three giant works.
⊙major works：
1. Paradise Lost (masterpiece)《失乐园》
2. Paradise Regained《复乐园》
3. Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
Paradise Lost《失乐园》
·A long epic（史诗）in 12 books
·taken from the Old Testament.
·Adam and Eve；Satan ；God
·Forbidden fruit; tree of knowledge
·Theme: man’s disobedience—fall of man—loss of paradise
·a revolt against God’s authority
⊙Story of Paradise Lost：
The rebellion of Satan and his fellow angels
Their defeat and expulsion from Heaven
Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve
Satan in hell plotting against God
Satan’s temptation of Eve
Departure of Adam and Eve from Eden
What do the main characters resemble?
1. God: selfish despot暴君,cruel, unjust
2. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the_love of man_ , craving (longing) for _knowledge_.
3. God’s angels are foolish, resembling the court of an absolute monarch
or_Followers or supporters of king_ .
4. Satan is a rebel against tyranny(专制，暴行) and Satan and his followers resemble a _People fighting for freedom_.
The Image of Satan ：Who is the most striking character in the poem?
1. Satan is the real hero of the poem.
2. He is firmer than the rest of the angels.
3. He has an invincible(战无不胜的) heart.
4. Satan remains superior in nobility and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy;
5. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.
6. Milton makes Satan as his own mouthpiece(代言人).
Three Miltons：
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5619302794.html,ton as a puritan：
belief in the power of God
disobedience to god→fall of man
get rid of the absolute authority of god
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5619302794.html,ton as a renaissance humanist：
human love between Adam and Eve
human desire for knowledge
man saves man himself
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5619302794.html,ton as a bourgeois revolutionist：
rebellion against God
severe punishment of Satan and Adam and Eve
John Bunyan 约翰·班扬
·A puritan writer
·Main Work：The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
“a man clothed with rags standing in a certain place,
with his face from his own house, a book in his hand,
and a great burden upon his back. I looked,
and saw him open the book, and read therein;
and as he read, he wept and trembled;
and, not being able longer to contain,
he brake out with a lamentable cry,
saying, "What shall I do?"
一个人（基督徒Pilgrim: Christian）穿着破烂的衣服, 站在一个地方,背对着自己的房舍,受礼拿着一本书（a book: Bible）,背上负着一个沉重的包袱（a heavy burden: the worldly troubles and worries）。我正看着，只见他打开书本一边阅读，一边流泪，全身颤抖，后来情不自禁地伤心起来（crying: the coming destruction of the place）：“我应该做点什么？”
·Written in the form of allegory（寓言）and dream
Allegory: a narrative conveys a symbolic meaning beyond the literal meaning ·Themes ：
A belief in God
urge people to abide by the Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and social evils
Satire on social reality：Vanity Fair: merchandise and punishment
A predominant metaphor：Life is a journey.
PPT06：English Literature of the 18th Century
❖Political and economic background
1. Firm establishment of capitalism in England
2. Compromise between the aristocracy (Tory) and the bourgeoisie (Whig)
3. Development of Industrial Revolution
4. Rise of England as a big industrial and capitalist power
5. The oppression of people through enclosure of land
6. Conflict between the old aristocracy together with the new bourgeoisie and the masses
❖Ideological background
1. Age of Enlightenment (启蒙运动)
2. Enlightenment: a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century
3. Furtherance of the Renaissance in the 15th, 16th centuries
4. Giants of Enlightenment: Montesquieu, V oltaire, Rousseau
❖Characteristics
1. Struggle of the newly rising bourgeoisie against the class inequality, prejudices—survivals of feudalism
2. advocate universal education
3. believe in power of reason—the Age of Reason
4. man is born kind and honest
·Literature is heavily didactic and moralizing, a popular means of public education ·Literary form: ①poem；②play；③modern novel
④Gothic novels (哥特式小说)—Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto ·Literary trends
neo-classicism(新古典主义)Poetry
realism（现实主义）Novels
sentimentalism（感伤主义）in poems and novels
pre- romanticism（前浪漫主义）in poems
Neo-classicism(新古典主义)
Neo-classicism(新古典主义)---Alexander Pope “Whatever is, is right”·Literature should be modeled after the classical works of ancient Greek and Roman writers
·Order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good form, unified structure ·Emphasis upon reason
·Service to humanity
··New-classicists have fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature ··Prose—precise, direct, smooth
··Poetry—logical, lyrical
··Drama—heroic couplet, three unities (time, place and action)
Realism（现实主义）
Realism—the modern English novel
·Natural product of the social and political development
·A realistic presentation of the life of the common English people & middle class ·Pioneers: Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding
※Sentimentalism (感伤主义)
Social background of sentimentalism：
1. the Enlightenment began to decline
2. as a result of the discontent with the social reality
3. sentiment was indulged in as a sort of relief if not as a solution to the grieves and heart-aches
4. emphasis on sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice ·Literary forms in sentimentalism
·Poetry: William Cowper
·Drama: Richard Steele (the true founder of sentimental comedy “The Lying Lover”, “The Conscious Lovers”)
·Prose fiction and novel : Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield ; Lawrence Sterne
※Pre-romanticism(前浪漫主义)
·shift of interest from the classical literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual
·emphasis on personal thoughts and feelings, often triggered by observation of nature ···Literature forms of pre-romanticism：
1. Gothic novel: novels of terror which employ medieval background and certain gloomy sentiment, superstitious horror and much supernaturalism
·representative writers: Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto and Ann Radcliff’s The Mysteries of Udolpho
2. poetry: two pre-romanticists: William Blake and Robert Burns
An Overview of the 18th Literature
➢Neo-classicism: poetry--------------------------Alexandra Pope
➢Realism: modern novels-------------------------Daniel Defoe and Henry Fielding
➢Sentimentalism: Poetry, drama, novel---------William Cowper, Richard Steele,
Oliver Goldsmith, Lawrence Sterne ➢Pre-romanticism: Gothic novels, poetry-------Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliff
Robert Burns and William Blake
Daniel Defoe---Robinson Crusoe
笛福：《鲁滨逊漂流记》
·Actually 3 parts：
Part I: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
Part II: The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
Part III: The Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
·Robinson Crusoe—a sailor, a merchant, a plantation owner and a slave trader
1.Starts with Robinson’s running away from home
2.Settles down in Brazil
3.Embarks on another voyage
4.Storm gets the ship off course and gets him cast on the island
·Story of Robinson Crusoe
·After sleeping in a tree for a night he begins to manage his livelihood on the island ·1. swims back to the wrecked ship and gets some necessities
·2. creates his own environment:
1)shelters against wind and rain;
2)defends against the possible attacks of animals;
3)builds a house, grows barley and rice and domesticates animals
·3. encounters the cannibals
·4. returns to England
·5. returns to the island
·themes
1. a man struggling against nature and managing to live in a seemingly primitive environment
2. glorification of the bourgeois man who has the courage and will
3. glorification of labor, physical and mental
Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels
斯威夫特：《格列佛游记》
Jonathan Swift：prose, verse and pamphlet writer，master satirist
·Part I: Lilliput [ 'lilipʌt ] (小人国)
Lilliputians [ -'pju:ʃiən, -ʃjən ]
official posts are given according to skills
two opposing parties
civil strife (conflict) and war
vices of the English society is indirectly satirized
·Part II: Brobdingnag (大人国) Brobdingnagians
superior to men and women in Gulliver’s society
Gulliver’s account of the reality of England
satire is directly given
·Part III: Laputa [ lə'pju:tə] (飞岛国)
absent-minded philosophers: abstract and impractical
cruel methods of suppressing the rebellious people on the continent below
indirect satire on the stupid and ridiculous scientific research and academy ·Part IV: the Country of Houyhnhnms [ 'hʊihnəm ] （慧驷国）
Houyhnhnms and Yahoos
Gulliver describes the law and lawyer, wars and weapons, greed for money, exploitation of workers
direct and indirect satire on the English society
➢ A fantasy and a realistic novel：
·Lilliput
·Brobdingnag
·Laputa
·Houyhnhnms
➢ A satire on the whole English society: politics, science, philosophy, academy
➢Exposes the ugly appearances of British ruling classes
➢Criticizes the greed for money
➢Attacks the aggressive wars
➢Sympathizes with the common and the oppressed
Henry Fielding---The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
·菲尔丁：the greatest novelist of the 18th century; father of the English novel
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
➢Significance of the novel
1. successful character-portrayal
1) a striking contrast: Tom Jones and Blifil
2) vivid portrayal of Portia
2. excellent plot construction
three big divisions + stories within stories
3. third-person narration
4. third-person narration
5. language is easy, unlabored, and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous
6. a truthful picture of the English society
7. sympathy for the common people
antipathy to the wicked, especially the
aristocrats
Thomas Gray---“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”
格雷：《墓畔哀歌》
·His masterpiece “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry, especially “the Graveyard school”
Richard Brinsley Sheridan---The School for Scandal
谢丽丹：《造谣学校》
✧ 1. The only important dramatist of the 18th century
✧ 2. Greatest playwright in the 18th century
✧ 3. Links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw Sheridan’s Representative Works：
(1)The Rivals《情敌》《对手》
(2)Masterpiece：The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
·Constant theme is morality
The School for Scandal 《造谣学校》
·Best comedy since Shakespeare
scandal-mongers, tale-makers,
tale-bearers
inventing, spreading,
gossiping
·Main characters
Charles Surface
rake, gambler---kind-hearted, affectionate, pure and sincere
Joseph Surface
modest and virtuous at first sight---callous, hypocritical and selfish Sir Oliver Surface
disguised as a usurer and a poor relative
·Themes：
satire on the moral degeneracy of aristocratic-bourgeois society 讽刺贵族阶层道德败坏scandal and gossip
extramarital love affairs
hypocrisy and egoism（虚伪和自私）
ENGLISH LITERATURE Part one: early and medieval english literature the making of England Beowulf Beowulf, the national epic of the english people features of Beowulf: the use of alliteration( certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound), the use of metaphors and of understandments. feudal England Norman conquest the class nature of the romance(传奇文学):①the theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of fedual morality, without which the whole structure of fedualism would collapse.②the romance had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble. Langland The English ballads ballad: the most important department of English folk literature the Robin Hood Ballads Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer: the founder(father) of English poetry, was born 1340 the Canterbury tales, Chaucer …s masterpiece, one of the monumental works in the english literature heroic couplet( his contribution to english poetry): the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse Part two: the English renaissance Old England in transition Renaissance: the intellectual movement, sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two striking of this movement: ①a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature ② the keen interest in the activities of humanity humaniasm: the key-note of the Renaissance More Thomas More- 《Utopia》, book one and book two The flowering of English literature Edmund Spenser-《The Faerie Queene》 Drama the miracle play, the morality play, the interlude, the classical drama Marlowe Christopher Marlowe, the most gifted of the “university wits”, pioneer of English drama. social significance of his plays: 《Tamburlaine》- for ambition, 《Doctor Faustus》
英国文学 1, Periods of English Literature from 449-1965 Old english literature (449-1066) Works: The epic poem Beowulf贝尔武甫(700-750) Midieval english literature(1066-1485) Background: Norman Conquest. English Literature in Age of Chaucer (14th century) Five main writers: Langland朗格兰, Wycliffe威克里夫, Gower高尼, Mandeville曼德维尔, Chaucer乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗瑞·乔叟(1340-1400): He is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His main works: The Romance of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Folk literature:Robin Hood Ballads English Renaissance(1485-1660) Writers: William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674) John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688) Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) and Richard Steele理查德·史蒂尔(1672-1729) Neo-classicism （1660-1798） Major writers: William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827) Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731) Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754) Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) Romanticism (1798-1832) Major writers: William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834) George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱(1792-1822) John Keats约翰·济慈(1759-1821) Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆(1775-1834) William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹里特Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特(1771-1832) Victoria age (1832-1901) Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870) The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(1836-1837) Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特(1837-1838) Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯·尼克贝尔(1838-1839) David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(1949-1950) William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·马克皮斯·萨克雷(1811-1893) Anne Bronte安妮·布朗特(1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷(1848) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865) George Eliot乔治·艾略特(1819-1880) Modern period(1901-1965) George Gissing乔治·吉辛John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥(1867-1933) Bernard Shaw伯纳·肖(1856-1950) William Butler Y eats威廉·巴特拉·叶芝(1865-1939) T. S. Eliot托·斯·艾略特(1888-1965) James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) Robert Tressell罗伯特·特雷斯尔(1870-1911) Ralph Fox拉尔夫·福克斯(1900-1937)Wystan Huge Auden威·休·奥登(1907-1973) 2, English Renaissance literature(1485-1660)
英国文学史选读第一册 Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066) The literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan(异教徒文学) and Christian(基督徒文学) Form: Alliterative verse The coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant also the wealth of a new language. Caedmon(开德蒙) wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible. The great epic—The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf—one of the national heroes of the English people. Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (1066-1350) Background: the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo- Saxon. The literature: The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language. Literary work: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Term explanation: Romance(传奇): Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a
Romanticism The romantic period (1785-1830) The Romantic Period in English literature is dated as beginning in 1875 (which was one year after the death of Samuel Johnson and one year before Robert Burns’ Poem, Chiefly in Scottish Dialect.)—or alternatively in 1789 (the outbreak of the French Revolution), or in 1798 (the publication of William Wordsworth’s and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads)—and as ending either in 1830 or else in 1832, the year in which Sir Walter Scott died and the passage of the Reform Bill signed the political preoccupations of the Victorian era. 1789-1815: Revolutionary and Napoleonic period in France 1789: the Revolution begins with the assembly of the States-General in May and the storming of the Bastille on July 14. 1793: King Luis ⅩⅤⅠ executed: England joins the alliance against France. 1793-94: The Reign of Terror under Robespierre. 1804: Napoleon crowned emperor. 1815: Napoleon defeated at Waterloo. 1798：Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by William Wordsworth’s and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 1811-20: the Regency—George, Prince of Wales, acted as regent for George Ⅲ , who has been declared incurably insane. 1820-32: Accession of George Ⅳ. Literary groups 1.湖滨派(the Lake School)：华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚赛 2.伦敦土著派(the Cockney School)：李亨特、哈兹立、济慈 3.恶魔派(the Satanic School)：拜伦，雪莱及其他 “Romanticism” is not a term that was used by the writers whom we now designate as Romantic; it is a label that has been applied posthumously and with hindsight. 时代精神the spirit of the age Many of the major writers did not feel that there was something distinctive about their time—not a shared doctrine or literary quality, but a pervasive intellectual and imaginative climate, which some of them called “the spirit of the age”. In his Defence of Poetry Shelley claimed that the literature of the age “has arisen as it were from a new birth,” and that “an electric life burns” within the words of its best writers which is “less their spirit than the spirit of the age”. Shelley explained this literary spirit as an accompaniment of political and social revolution, and other writers agreed. Distinctive elements in the theory and poetry of the Romantic Period 1.The concept of poetry and the poet Poetry as limitation of human life, “a mirror held up to nature”VS “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”—poetry expresses the poet’s own
文艺复兴14th century It originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman)arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human later. Writers use foreshadowing of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 启蒙运动18th century Enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates in Europe. It stresses the power of human reason, the important of methods and discoveries in stead of God. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocates universal education. 新古典主义mid 18th to 19th Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, the theatre, musi,and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). 感伤主义t he middle and later decades of the 18th Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. It is a pejorative term to describe false or superfacial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. In literature, it denotes "pathetic indulgence". 前浪漫主义middle and later decades of the 18th It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic Novel ". The term arised from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times. 浪漫主义the end of 18th to the middle of 19th Romanticism is the artistic movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which was concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions. The movement is partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of
英国文学史复习资料 英国文学史复习资料 英国文学史是指英国国内从古代到现代的文学作品和文 学发展的历史。以下是英国文学史的复习资料。 1. 古代文学时期（公元前450年至公元1066年） 古代英国文学时期主要包括凯尔特传统和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。凯尔特传统涵盖了关于亚瑟王、魔法和传说的故事。盎格鲁- 撒克逊文学以史诗和散文的形式存在，其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《安德·狄德》。 2. 中世纪文学时期（1066年至1485年） 中世纪英国文学时期由法国诺曼人的入侵而引入众多法语和拉丁语的作品。其中最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》，它由杰弗里·乔叟写成，并包含了各种各样的故事。 3. 文艺复兴时期（1485年至1660年） 文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期，以莎士比亚为代表。莎士比亚的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。其他重要的作家还包括斯宾塞、马洛等。 4. 17世纪文学时期 17世纪文学时期是英国社会和政治变革的时期，也是宗教分 裂的时期。约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是这一时期最重要的作品之一。其他作家还包括约翰·唐纳森、詹姆斯·谢尔顿等。 5. 启蒙时期（1660年至1785年）
启蒙时期是英国文学史上的一次重要转折点，代表了对理性、科学和自由思想的追求。著名作家包括强纳森·斯威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀等。 6. 浪漫主义时期（1785年至1837年） 浪漫主义时期是对启蒙时期理性主义的反应。浪漫主义作品强调情感、个人主义和自然。威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等都是这一时期的重要作家。 7. 维多利亚时代（1837年至1901年） 维多利亚时代是英国帝国的鼎盛时期，文学作品多样化。查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、古斯塔夫·福楼拜的《名利场》等作品成为经典。 8. 现代主义时期（1901年至1945年） 现代主义时期是英国文学史上的一次革新，探索新的文学形式和主题。重要的作家包括弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯和T·S·艾略特。 9. 后现代主义时期（1945年至今） 后现代主义时期是对现代主义的再思考和反叛。重要的作家包括萨缪尔·贝克特、伊恩·麦克尤恩、朱利安·巴恩斯等。 以上就是英国文学史的复习资料，希望能对你的复习有所帮助。
英国文学简介 英国文学是指在英国境内或由英国作家创作的文学作品。英国文学源远流长，有着悠久的历史和丰富的内涵。它的发展可以追溯到中世纪，受到了古希腊罗马文化和基督教传统的影响。 英国文学的黄金时期可以追溯到16世纪的文艺复兴时期。在这个时期，伟大的作家如莎士比亚、培根和斯宾塞等纷纷涌现。莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演出和研究。培根是一位重要的哲学家和文学评论家，他的作品深刻地揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的问题。斯宾塞以其叙事诗《仙后》而闻名，被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的叙事诗之一。 17世纪是英国文学史上的重要时期，这一时期被称为“启蒙时代”。英国文学在这个时期经历了繁荣和变革。约翰·米尔顿是这个时期最杰出的作家之一，他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一。另外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》和丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》也是这一时期的重要作品。 18世纪是英国文学的黄金时代之一，这个时期被称为“浪漫主义时代”。浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和想象力的表达，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等。他们的作品追求真实的自然描写和人类内心的探索，对后世文学产生了深远的影
响。 19世纪是英国文学的高峰时期，也被称为“维多利亚时代”。维多利亚时代的文学作品丰富多样，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、奥斯卡·王尔德等。狄更斯的作品描写了维多利亚时代社会的贫困与不公，他的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》至今仍然广受欢迎。勃朗特姐妹的作品《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》也成为经典之作。王尔德则以其幽默和机智的作品闻名，他的戏剧作品《温莎的风格》和《道林·格雷的画像》都具有独特的魅力。 20世纪是英国文学的现代时期，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、J·R·R·托尔金等。伍尔夫的小说《至灵》和《钟楼》以其流畅的笔触和独特的意识流技巧而闻名。奥威尔的小说《1984》和《动物农庄》揭示了现代社会的政治和社会问题。托尔金则以其奇幻小说《魔戒》系列而享誉全球。 英国文学以其丰富多样的作品和深刻的思想内容在世界范围内产生了广泛的影响。它不仅是文学艺术的瑰宝，也是人类文明进步的见证。无论是古老的经典作品还是现代的创新作品，英国文学都展示了英国人民的智慧和才华，为人类文化的发展做出了重要贡献。
英国文学（一） 一、课程说明 课程编号：180164Z10 课程名称：英国文学（一）/British Literature (I) 课程类别：专业教育（必修）课 学时/学分：32学时/ 2学分 先修课程：英语文学导论 适用专业：英语专业 教材： 自备之课程讲义。 Peck, John and Martin Coyle. A Brief History of English Literature（《英国文学简史》）. 北京：高等教育出版社，2010. 王守仁.《英国文学选读》（第四版）（Selected Readings in British Literature）.北京：高等教育出版社，2014. 教学参考书： Greenblatt, Stephen and M. H. Abrams, eds. The Norton Anthology of English Literature(in two volumes). New York: Norton, 2006. Sanders, Andrew. The Short History of English Literature(Second Edition). Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. 二、课程设置的目的意义 英国文学（一）是为英语专业、用英语开设的一门专业教育课程，旨在以英格兰民族和英语的由来与形成为切入点，以英国文学和英语的历史背景为重要参照，简要和系统地讲授、讨论、评述英国（包括爱尔兰、苏格兰）各个历史时期的主要作家作品、文学流派、文学与文化思潮、文学风格、文学体裁和文学样式，以及它们之间存在的相关性和内在联系。本课程的目的与意义在于能够使学生系统、深入了解英国文学的发生、发展、演进和流变的历史脉络，基本掌握英国文学作品的阅读、欣赏、批评方法，拓宽他们的阅读知识面，增强他们的英语语感，强化他们的英语表达能力和英语思辨能力，提高他们的文学鉴赏、批评水平，培养他们文学趣味和审美情趣，塑造他们的人文素养、世界观与价值观。 三、课程的基本要求 本课程的基本要求包括以下三个方面： 1．知识要求：①通晓英国社会、历史概况；②通晓英国文化、文明发展史； ③了解英语的发生、发展和演变史；④把握英国文学发生、发展、演变的基本概貌。 2．能力要求：①具备熟练的英语阅读和英语表达能力；②具备较高的文学
What is the French influence over English literature? The French influence is most marked in the drama. Rimed couplets instead of blank verse, the unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual —these were some of the French requirements which the English dramatists had more or less in mind. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest. What is the main theme of Sonnet 18? This poem asserts the power of literature to combat the ravages of time and declare the greatness of man and his immortality. Shakespeare expresses that as long as there are breaths in mankind, his poetry will also live on, and ensures the immortality of his thought. What are the features of Dickens’s works? Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society. Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society. Almost all his novels have happy endings. His novels tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.
英国文学史复习资料 一、早期文学 1、凯尔特文学：凯尔特人是英国最早的民族，他们有自己的语言和神话传说。他们的文学作品包括《德鲁伊特教义》和《芬尼亚传奇》。 2、盎格鲁-撒克逊文学：随着罗马帝国的衰落，日耳曼部落开始在英国定居。盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，讲述了一位英勇的武士贝奥武夫的故事。 二、中世纪文学 1、英雄史诗：中世纪时期，英国出现了许多描写骑士和英雄事迹的史诗，如《罗兰之歌》、《希尔德布兰德之歌》等。 2、骑士文学：随着封建制度的发展，骑士成为英国社会的一个重要阶层。骑士文学主要描写骑士的冒险经历和爱情故事，如《亚瑟王传奇》等。 3、宗教文学：中世纪时期，英国的宗教文学也很发达。最有名的作品是《神曲》和《圣经》的英译本。 三、文艺复兴时期文学
1、伊丽莎白时代文学：伊丽莎白一世时期，英国进入了文艺复兴时期。这个时期的文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。 2、斯图亚特王朝复辟时期文学：斯图亚特王朝复辟后，英国文学开始向古典主义转变。这个时期的文学作品包括弥尔顿的《失乐园》和约翰·德莱顿的诗歌等。 四、启蒙时期文学 1、启蒙运动：启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一个思想解放运动，旨在推翻封建制度，建立资产阶级民主制度。英国的启蒙运动以洛克和休谟为代表。 2、现实主义小说：随着工业革命的兴起，英国的现实主义小说开始兴起。这个时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等。他们的作品主要描写社会底层人民的生活和资产阶级的虚伪与贪婪。 3、浪漫主义诗歌：19世纪初，英国的浪漫主义诗歌开始兴起。这个时期的代表诗人包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦等。他们的作品主要表达个人情感和对自然的向往。 五、维多利亚时期文学
一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-1066 1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒 2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法 例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved; To his kin the kindest; keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350 Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed 押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England; representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人;代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner; thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事;无形中表明了各自的观点;展示了各自的性格.. 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运. 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来.. 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记
Pre-Renaissance period Beowulf : the first English national epic I. The position of the Beowulf: the first English national epic II.The story: (to simply narrate it ) Beowulf←→ Grendel and his mother Beowulf←→ Fire dragon III. Its artistic features 1. I t’s a 3183-line verse written in true epic style and in Old English; 2. the most evident feature: the use of alliteration; (refer to the history of literature By Liu Bingshan,) 3. to use compound-words to serve as metaphors; 4. the use of understatements: the impression and a color of humor. △5. the mixing of pagan elements with Christian colouring. Geoffrey Chaucer I. life : 1. He was born in a wine merchant family in 1340; 2. His early life as a page and his marriage acquainted him with knowledge about upper class; 3.he was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”. II. His Work: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales The General Prologue ...
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料） English literature in the 20th century 20世纪的英国文学 1. Historical Background Historically： Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature. Economically: The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisis. Frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment sharpened the contradictions between the rich and the poor. Ideologically: The rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (Scientific Socialism, Social Darwinism) 2. Artistic features of modern period Realism Realism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s. In the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some modernist techniques. However, the realist novels of this period were more or less touched by a