Tetanus
A man who was struck from behind by a sharp dart a little below the neck had a wound which did not look serious because it did not go deep. But sometime later when the point had been extracted the patient was seized with backward-bending convulsions like those of opisthotonus. His jaws were locked, and any liquid that he attempted to swallow was returned through his nostrils. He died on the second day.
As of 2010 it caused about 61,000 deaths down from 272,000 in 1990. Tetanus –in particular, the neonatal form –remains a significant public health problem in non-industrialized countries with 59,000 newborns worldwide dying in 2008 as a result of neonatal tetanus.[19] In the United States, from 2000 through 2007 an average of 31 cases were reported per year.[3] Nearly all of the cases in the United States occur in unimmunized individuals or individuals who have allowed
their inoculations to lapse. Tetanus is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is infectious but is not contagious.[ Lancet(柳叶刀)380 (9859): 2095–128]
Tetanus is a common disease, with the progress of medicine, death caused by it has become less and less, but it does not go away. Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by
the Gram-positive,rod-shaped,obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetanus.
Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw (thus the name lockjaw) and elsewhere in the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization or post-exposure prophylaxis.
Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails. Objects that accumulate rust are often found outdoors, or in places that harbor anaerobic bacteria, but the rust itself does not cause tetanus nor does it contain more C. titanic bacteria. The rough surface of rusty metal merely provides a prime habitat for C. tetani endosperms to reside in, and the nail affords a means to puncture skin and deliver endosperms deep within the body at the site of the wound.[医学微生物学]
Tetanus Ab le tt classification:
Mild: mild - moderate lockjaw; General spasticity; without difficulty breathing; without convulsions; no or mild dysphagia.
Moderate: Moderate lockjaw; obvious spasm; mild - moderate but short convulsions; moderate difficulty breathing and respiratory rate> 30 beats / min; mild dysphagia. Severe: severe lockjaw; generalized spasticity; reflecting sustained convulsions; respiratory rate> 40 beats / min; severe difficulty breathing; severe dysphagia; tachycardia> 120 beats / min.
Very serious: three self-discipline and a strong cardiovascular system instability; severe hypertension and tachycardia and hypotension and bradycardia alternately; any form persistent.[医学微生物学]
The clinical manifestations are usually classified into three forms:
1. Localized tetanus presents with spasm near the site of the injury, usually in an extremity. The fatality rate is 1 percent or less.
2. Generalized tetanus, the more common form, is marked by the classic truisms (lockjaw), fixed grin(risus sardonicus), and backward arching of the trunk (opisthotonos). Tonic seizures of the muscle groups occur in spasms, lead to rigidity, and are very painful. They may be precipitated by any stimulus. Pneumonia may follow respiratory muscle involvement or laryngeal spasm with aspiration. Cardiovascular disturbances are common,especially vasoconstriction and a labile blood pressure. Severe spasms may cause vertebral fractures.The course of this form, in survivors, is from1 to 2 weeks.[ The Cambridge World History of Human Disease]
3. Cephalic tetanus, an uncommon form of the disease,follows facial wounds, involves the facialnerves, and may be followed by generalized tetanus.
4. Neonatal tetanus following infection of the umbilical cord (discussed in the next chapter) usually begins by the third to tenth day after birth, and then progresses to generalized tetanus.
It is report ed that mortality of severe tetanus is 15% ~40% . In recent years; along with foreign in severe injury Wind the progress on the treatment, the mortality rate is at the moment gradually declining. Should be carried out to the patients with severe tetanus into the intensive care unit and therefore shall require the surgeon must have good SICU basis and relevant theory. Its treatment is various, in addition to the well-known wound treatment, antibiotics, prevent tetanic convulsion toxin absorption. Besides, it still need to correct the self-discipline which is not stable, trachea cut open, no depolarizing agent application, mechanical ventilation, enterable nutrition support. Hold, maintain water and electrolyte acid-base balance, control of lung Dye and prevention of thromboembolism, and also need to strengthen the sputum suction And the skin and oral care, prevent bedsore and regurgitation Critical onset of the severe tetanus, easy out early Respiratory complications, such as choking, atelectasis and pulmonary feeling Dye, has a high mortality rate if not handled in time, so the comprehensive protection Richard also plays a key role in the treatment.[ 临床外科杂志 2008年 7月第 16卷第 7期JClinSurg, July 2008,Vo.l 16, No. 7]
Unlike many infectious diseases, recovery from naturally acquired tetanus does not usually result in immunity to tetanus. This is due to the extreme potency of the tetanospasmin toxin; even a lethal dose of tetanospasmin is insufficient to provoke an immune response.
Tetanus can be prevented by vaccination with tetanustoxoid.The CDC recommends that adults receive a booster vaccine every ten years,[ "CDC Features - Tetanus: Make Sure You and Your Child Are Fully Immunized". Retrieved 2010-08-30]and standard care practice in many places is to give the booster to any patient with a puncture wound who is uncertain of when he or she was last vaccinated, or if he or she has had fewer than three lifetime doses of the vaccine. The booster may not prevent a potentially fatal case of tetanus from the current wound, however, as it can take up to two weeks for tetanus antibodies to form.
In children under the age of seven, the tetanus vaccine is often administered as a combined vaccine, DPT/DTaP vaccine, which also includes vaccines againstdiphtheria and pertussis. For adults and children over seven, the Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis) is commonly used.[ Uganda: Nation Free of Maternal And Neonatal Tetanus, Unicef Reports". Retrieved 2011-07-14.]
The World Health Organisation certifies countries as having eliminated maternal or neonatal tetanus. Certification requires at least two years of rates of less than 1 case per 1000 live births. In 1998 in Uganda, 3,433 tetanus cases were recorded in newborn babies; of these, 2,403 died. After a major public health effort, Uganda in 2011 was certified as having eliminated tetanus.
徐老师您辛苦了，非常谢谢您！《医学基础英语文献阅读技巧》对于医学生来说是大有裨益的，上完本课之后相信大部分同学都受益良多，它不仅仅是一门英语课程，更是一门对医学生而言非常重要也有必要了解的文献阅读课程。在漫
漫医学路程上，我们离不开文献阅读，掌握阅读英语文献阅读非常有必要。在您的教学改革下，同学们更多的参与互动，采取上课提问的方式提高了学生积极参与课堂教学的兴趣。而且让学生做出展示能更有效的锻炼学生的制作、演讲的能力。在课堂上徐老师的教学方法让我们更有趣味的了解医学单词的构造和记忆。如果把presentation的内容放宽，同学们可以对自己感兴趣的科研方向进行展示，而不再限制于一本书，相信同学们的积极性会更高。
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
英语阅读理解技巧 发表时间：2011-08-15T15:52:19.310Z 来源：《学英语》(高中教师版）2011年第36期供稿作者：胡连娟[导读] 即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。山东诸城一中胡连娟新的高中英语教学大纲明确规定：“侧重提高阅读能力”。纵观近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位，并且有逐年增加的趋势。可以毫不夸张地说，做好阅读理解题，是获得高考英语高分的关键！阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是： 1．读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 2．既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。 3．既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。 4．既理解某句、某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 5．既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这五项要求，我们可将阅读理解多项选择题归纳为以下几种题型：细节理解题，词句理解题，主题、主旨题，猜测词义题，推理判断题。下面作者结合平时教学中的经验体会，谈一谈做英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略。 一、先看题干，带着问题读文章。 即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调、作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间，特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。 二、速读全文，了解大意知主题。 阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效地吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度，就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时主题句就是文章的第一句。当然，也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题、归纳概括题、中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。试试看，你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗？ The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不难看出，文章的第一句是主题句，后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。 三、详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子的杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。 四、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。 在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题（中心思想，加标题等）和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文；要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。五、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。 a. 定义法如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即“退火”。 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。 The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。 b 同位法如：They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。 We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。 c. 对比法 She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 d. 构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等）Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility 的意思是“可能性”。 e. 因果法 The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent的意思是“永远的，永久性的”。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学 Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide：Is It Ever an Option?) Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well. These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of
英语阅读理解解题技巧-解题步骤 在做阅读理解时，可遵循三部曲的原则，即：快速阅读短文;认真逐题作答;复查校对答案。 第一步，快速阅读短文;通读测试题，明确考查点。 先读题，明确题目要求，弄清考点，然后带着问题去读文章，这种方法在英语中称为scanning，就是寻读。快速阅读一遍弄清段落大意，对全文有一个整体了解，阅读时从宏观入手，掌握中心意思，注意哪些用以说明中心意思的主要事实和细节，抓住关键词，弄清作者写此篇文章的目的及意图。如遇到生词，应先跳过，继续通读全文，切忌长时间死扣生词，因为有些生词并不影响对全文的理解，还有一些词可以通过上下文推测含义。 第二步，认真逐题作答。 看完短文后，对整篇短文的内容有了大致的了解，然后马上看后面的问题，带着问题去找答案。如果属于客观信息题，就可直接在短文中找到出处。如果是主观判断题，则应迅速再读全文，仔细分析思考，将近似的答案对照原文反复比较，推敲，选出最佳答案。 第三步，仔细校对所选答案。 做完所有题目后，再读一遍短文，逐一检查所有答案是否有误。如果有拿不定主意的答案，不要随意更改。一定要从原文中找到依据，方可更正。 -阅读技巧 ①要快速浏览全文，掌握主旨和大意，特别注意文章的主题句，理出作者的写作思路。(What is the idea?What are facts?)
②要尽快浏览课文后的思考题，尽量带着问题读; ③完成事实细节题时，要找到定位句; ④要把有关WHO，WHAT，WHERE，HOW和WHY等方面内容用笔圈画出来。 ⑤遇到推理判断题时，要注意作者的态度和命题人的意图，不可从个人的经验出发。 “做英语阅读理解时，答题也有讲究。如果同学们具备一定的答题技巧，那么最终将事半功倍。”王老师说，做猜测词义题、细节理解题、主旨归纳题、推理判断题都有一定的技巧。 英语阅读理解解题技巧一、猜测词义题 阅读理解经常会遇到生词，这些生词怎么解决呢?这就需要一些猜词的技巧。 (一)根据生活常识猜测词义 Children are always boasting.They say things like“My Dad's car is bigger than your Dad's，”“My Mom is smarter than yours.”and“My family has more money than yours.” The word“boasting” means __B___ A.骄傲 B.吹牛 C.顽皮 D.幼稚 Many plants and animals are going extinct.Mammoths，which are related(有关联的) with Asia elephants，are now extinct.There are no mammoths in the world today. 1.A mammoth is a kind of _C___. A.plant B.bird C.animal D.tree 2.The word extinct means _C_ A.出现 B.危险 C.灭绝
医用英语医学文献翻译4(缺5-9整理版)
UNIT 1 TEXT B 刷牙，使用牙线，以及每年2次的牙齿检查是口腔卫生保健标准，但是保护你珍珠样洁白的牙齿的好处远比我们知道的还要多。在一篇评论文章中，塔夫茨大学牙科医学院的一个教员破除了常见的牙科神话，并概述了饮食和营养如何影响儿童，青少年，孕妇，成年人和老年人的口腔健康。误区1：口腔卫生的不良后果是限制嘴巴 准妈妈也许不知道她们所吃的食物会影响到胎儿的牙齿发育。在怀孕过程中的营养缺乏也许会使未出生的孩子在今后的生活中更容易出现蛀牙。“在14周到4个月大的时候，缺乏钙，维生素D，维生素A，蛋白质和卡路里会导致口腔软组织缺损，” Carole Palmer说。Carole Palmer 是，教育学博士(EdD)，注册营养师(RD)，塔夫茨大学教授，公共健康和社会服务系营养和口腔健康推进部的负责人。有数据表明缺乏足够的维生素B6和B12可能是导致患唇裂和阻碍味觉形成的危险因素。 在童年的时候，最普遍的疾病是蛀牙，大约比儿童哮喘高五倍。“如果一个儿童因为蛀牙而嘴巴受伤，他/她在学校会比较难集中注意力，而且
会更喜欢吃容易咀嚼的食物，这些食物含有的营养往往更少些。甜甜圈和点心这样的食物大多营养品质低下，含糖量高于其他需要咀嚼的富含营养的食物，比如水果和蔬菜，” Palmer说。“口腔并发症与不良的饮食习惯会造成认知和生长发育问题，以及导致肥胖。” 误区2：吃越多糖，越容易蛀牙 这与你吃了多少糖无关，而是糖和牙齿接触的时间有多少。“食物，比如慢慢溶解的糖果和苏打水在嘴巴里停留的时间会比较久。这增加了牙齿暴露在口腔细菌由糖产生成的酸中的时间，” Palmer说。 有研究表明，十几岁的青少年大约40%的碳水化合物是由软饮料中摄取的。这些源源不断地软饮料增加了牙齿腐烂的风险。无糖碳酸饮料和酸性饮料，比如柠檬水，往往被认为比含糖饮料对牙齿更安全，但是经常食用的话仍会造成牙齿釉质脱矿。 误区3：宝宝因蛀牙失去牙齿是可以的 这是常见的误区，认为宝宝因为蛀牙失去牙齿是无关紧要的，因为宝宝的乳牙总会在将来某一天脱落。Palmer指出婴儿牙齿蛀牙可能会损害
13级本科?英语应用基础?考试题 一、Translate the following words into Chinese 1.营养 2.蛋白质 3.淀粉 4.维生素 5.开处方 6.硝酸盐 7.青霉素 8.口渴 9.糖尿病 10.新陈代谢 11.呕吐 12.病毒 13.腹胀 14.肥胖 15.儿科 16.垂体 17.压力 18.关节炎 19.溃疡
20.瘤 二、Reading comprehension Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches. Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it. At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk
Unit One Text A：Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal 或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。 作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手. 这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。 作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。 到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。Thomas Percival提出的道德规范为职业医师提供了金标准，主宰着医生们服务他人时的道德权威和独立性以及医生对病人的责任，还有医生的个人荣誉。 6.The seeds had been sown by Hippocrates - or one of his ghost writers. 种子已经被希波克拉底或者他的代笔者们所播种。 7.二战之后，由于在罪犯身上进行骇人听闻的医学实验而违反了医学伦理准则，23位来自行德国纳粹集中营的医生被判有罪。这一事件导致了纽伦堡宣言的诞生（1947），这意味着关于人类受试者的道德治疗的讨论的开启，概述了在医学研究中关于这些受试者权益的道德问题。这反过来导致1948年世界医学协会通过了维也纳宣言的宣誓。 Contemporary dilemmas in the Modern World
英语阅读理解技巧 一、阅读理解的测试要点 1．理解主旨大意； 2．寻读具体信息； 3．理解细节； 4．根据上下文提供的语境，推测生词词义，进而加深对文段的理解； 5．简单的判断和理解； 6．理解文段的基本逻辑结构； 7．理解作者的意图和态度； 8．理解文段的文化信息； 9．理解图表信息； 10．理解指代关系。 从高考命题的实际情况看，命题者常用下述方法提问： 1．What is the purpose of the text? 2．What does the author mainly tell US about in the passage? 3．What can we infer from the passage? 4．What can be inferred from the passage? 5．It can be concluded from the text that ? 6．What can we learn from the text? 7．What is the general idea/main idea of the text? 8. The passage mainly focuses on ? 9. What is the main subject discussed in the text? 10. It can be inferred from the passage that? 11. It can be inferred from the that the author seems to? 12. What is the best title of the text/for the article? 13. The best title for this passage is? 14. What can we infer from the last/the first two paragraphs? 15. The meaning of the word/sentence in Paragraph X is related to? 16. In Paragraph X, "X X X" can be replaced by? 17. The underlined word "X "/sentence in Paragraph X probably mean. 18. The text is mainly written to explain. 19. Which of the following statements is true? 20. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text? 基于上述测试要点，学生在阅读过程中必须具备下列技能，才能获取和处理信息：1．略读； 2．找读； 3．预测下文； 4．理解大意； 5．分清文章中的事实和观点； 6．猜测词义； 7．推理判断； 8，了解重点细节； 9。理解文章结构；
Unit One 1. neuron 神经 2. office visit(诊所)就诊 3. scan 扫描 4. medical practice 行医 5. blood pressure 血压 6. maintenance(健康)保持 7. mammogram 乳房Ｘ线 8. physical 身体 9. side effect 副作用 10. panic 恐慌 11. practicing 执业 12. transplant 移植 13. budget 预算 14. tablet 药片 15. childproof 防孩子 16. randomized 随机 17. allocation(随机)分配 18. prognosis 预后 19. control 对照 20. follow-up 跟踪 21. ward 病房 22. hepatitis 肝炎 23. malaise 身体不适 24. metabolism 代谢 25. liver 肝 26.pathophysiology 病理生理 27. literature 文献 28. investigation 调查 29. incidence 率 30. epidemiology 流行病学 31. bed rest 卧床休息 32. hospital stay 住院33. jaundice 黄疸 34. course 病程 35. intravenous 静脉注射 36. diastolic 舒张 37. perfusion 灌注 38. primary 初级 39. bypass(冠脉)旁路 40. informed 知情 41. humanitarian 人道主义 42. the Red Cross 红十字会 43. relief 援助 44. casualty 人员伤亡 45. emergency 紧急 Unit Two 1. re-emerging 再现 2. strain 变种 3. vaccine 疫苗 4. infectious 传染性的 5. emerging 新出现 6. prevention 预防 7. plague 鼠疫 8. pathogenic 病原的 9. authorities 机构 10. drug resistanc 抗药性 11. course 疗程 12. scarlet fever 猩红热 13. virulence 毒性 14. pandemic 大流行 15. antigen 抗原 16. genetic 基因的 17. neurological 神经性 18. immunity 免疫力 19. infrastructure 基础设施 20. case 病例 21. swine 猪 22. tuberculosis 结核 23. morbidity/incidence发病 率 24. professionals 专业人士 25. latent 潜伏 26. skin test 皮试 27. screening 筛查 28. interferon 干扰素 29. toxicity 毒性 30. curable 可治愈的 31. intractable 难治的 32. pathogen 病原体 33. ulcer 溃疡 34. exposure 接触(带病者) 35. recombination 重组 36. bioterrorism 生物恐怖活动 37. foodborne 生物传播 Unit Three 1. adrenaline 肾上腺素 2. residency 实习 3. autoimmune 自身免疫 4. stamina 持久力 5. transient 短暂的 6. bedridden 卧床不起 7. building block 基本构件 8. model 模型 9. neurodegeneration神经退 化 10.excrete 排除(毒素) 11.optimize 优化 12.load 载量 13.relapse 复发 14.self-experimentation自我 实验 15.trial 试验 16.neuromuscular 神经肌肉 17.therapist 治疗师 18.micronutrient 微量营养素 19.function 功能 20.track 跟踪 21.coordination 协调 22.cardiovascular 心血管 23.rapport 亲密 24.synchronization 同步 25.contagion 传染 26.regulate 调节 27.psychobiological 生物心理 28.solace 慰藉 29.imaging ＭＲＩ 30.activate 激活 31.mandatory 强制性 32.dubious 无把握的 33.background 背景 34.concept 概念 35.regimen 方案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/525648194.html,plications 并发症 37.anti-tumor 抗肿瘤 38.standard 标准的 39.pharmacological 药理学的 40.solubility 溶解性 41.in vivo 体内 Unit Four 1. complementary 补充 2. alternative 替代(医学) 3. paradigm 模式 4. acupuncture 针灸 5. adjunct 辅助 6. nausea 恶心 7. post-operative 术后 8. clinical 临床的 9. physicaltherapy 理疗 10. therapeutic 治疗(方法) 11. intervention 干预 12. design 设计 13. resonance 共振 14. emission 发射ＰＥＴ 15. analgesia 止痛 16. establishment(生物医学)界 17. rehabilitation 康复 18. licensed 持照(针灸师) 19. strategies 策略 20. formulas 配方 21. wide array 各式各样的 22. integrative(中西医)结合 23. acute 急性的 24. administer 给药 25. procedure 程序 26. evaluation 评估 27. prevalence 患病率 28. conventional 传统(疗法) 29. evidence-based 循证的 30. management(压力)处理 31. peripheral 外周／外围 32. mechanisms 机制
医学英语阅读：英文病历 a sample of complete history patient's name： mary swan chart number： 660518 date of birth：10-5-1993 sex： female date of admission： 10-12-2000 date of discharge： 10-15-2000 final discharge summary chief complaint： coughing, wheezing with difficult respirations. present illness： this is the first john hopkins hospital admission for this seven-year-old female with a history of asthma since the age of 3 who had never been hospitalized for asthma before and had been perfectly well until three days prior to admission when the patient development shortness of breath and was unresponsive to tedral or cough medicine. the wheezing progressed and the child was taken to john hopkins hospital emergency room where the child was given epinephrine and oxygen. she was sent home. the patient was brought back to the er three hours later was admitted.past history：