Symbolism in The Black Cat
As an important writer in the 19th century history of American literature, Edgar Allan Poe exerted certain international influences.
In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Black Cat, symbolism is used to show the narrator’s capacity for violence, madness, and guilt. The symbolism of the first black cat (Pluto), the second black cat, and the white spot illustrates the narrator’s expanding capacity for evil and perverseness.
The most important symbol of the story is the first black cat. The first black cat is symbolic of the narrator’s evil heart. It starts out in the story as the narrator’s favorite pet and playmate named Pluto, which is the name of the Underworld. On night, after returning home the narrator gets much intoxicated, so his love for the pet seems to fade away. Since the narrator is drunk. The first black cat avoids him. This bothers the narrator to the point where he picks up the cat and frightens it. Afraid of his master, the cat slightly wounds the narrator on the hand with his teeth. Because of the cat’s reaction to his picking him up, the narrator pokes out one of the cat’s eyes. The eye of the cat which is poked out by the narrator is symbolic of the narrator not wanting the cat to get a clear perception of his evil heart. Then suddenly on one morning the narrator hangs the first black cat by a noose from a tree. And finally the archetypal symbol associated with the first black cat is its color, black. The color black is associated with the well known superstition that black is
symbolic of evil and darkness. The first black cat is the victim of the narrator’s evil and violence.
The second black cat is symbolic of the narrator’s guilt. The night after the narrator’s house catches on fire, he goes to a bar where he sees the second black cat. The second black cat resembles the first black cat in every aspect except one. The finding of the second black cat is symbolic of the night on which the narrator comes home from a bar intoxicated. When the narrator begins to leave the bar, the second black cat begins to follow him and this is symbolic of the guilt that follows the narrator. The narrator notices that the second black cat resembles the first black cat in every aspect except one. And the similarity of the second black cat to the first black cat is symbolic of the guilt that the narrator is carrying. The narrator notices that at night the second black cat sits on his chest, just as the narrator’s guilt is doing.
Finally, the white spot found on the second black cat’s chest is symbolic of the burden that the narrator carries on his heart. The second black cat has s splotch of white covering nearly the whole region of its breast, which at times changes forms. The color of the spot, white, is an archetypal symbol that has a universal meaning of purity and light. This white spot on the heart of the second black cat is symbolic of the purity of the first black cat’s heart. The white spot changes to the form of gallows, which is symbolic of the guilt of the narrator. So basically the white spot
serves as a punishment to the narrator inflicted by the second black cat.
The first black cat, the second black cat and the white spot are the three most important symbols in this story. Each one of these symbols represents the evil and perverseness of the narrator. The first black cat lets the reads get a clear understanding of the narrator’s evil heart. The second black cat gives the readers an insight of the narrator’s guilt for what he has done to the first black cat. And the white spot helps the readers to realize what type of the punishment the second black cat is inflicting on the narrator. The basic function of the first black cat, the second black cat and the whit spot is to illustrate the narrator’s increasing capacity for evil and his descent into madness.
Symbolism applied in this story strengthens the artistic effect and symbolic meanings help the readers gain a deeper understanding of Edgar Allan Poe’s intentions of creating such kind of short stories. In a word, Symbolism used in Poe’s stories has greatly reinforced the effect of the stories.
1. Introduction: Adgar Allan Poe is a productive American writer in 19th century. He played an important role in American literary, especially in the aspect of horror novels. He is considered to be the father of detective story. His stories were full of creative pace and attract readers impressively. With in the middle of 19th century all kinds of realistic schools rising, Poe attained unprecedented popularity. Although he was a famous writer in the literary of romantic period, his thought contained abundant modern meaning. Allan Tate said that for most modern people, Poe seemed like one of our unpopular cousin. Poe was isolated by us, but could not be removed from our mind. This almost was a kind of kin. We had to admitted this relationship: his things was destroyed, in the same way, which threatened us potentially. Another modernist poet Welber also issued the similar view. In the 1959 of his speech The House of Poe, he considered that Poe 's writings really contained abundant modern implied meaning. Poe created entirely new territory, meanwhile his waters was the best one. This thesis analyzed the implicit modern factor in his Gothic tale The Black Cat. So-called modernism is not only a kind of literary trend and literary movement, but is also the expressive form of literary style. Modernism start from the late of 19th century, decline from the middle of 20th century. It included so many literal phoneme, such as expressionism, futurism, surrealism, symbolism, and so on. a deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement or divergence from the past in the arts and literature occurring esp. in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles. modernism actually is a kind of spiritual realism, which described dreamland and mysterious abstract moment world. Comparing to romanticism, it got rid of too much catharsis, showed more calmness and more reason. For realism, it disclosed the nature of matter and the truth of spirit directly, broke away from phenomenal shackles. In other words, modernism pursued the nature, discovered the mystery of human being 's inner heart, found person 's conscious activity. These pursuits showed so many aspects, also displayed the format of the novels creative, which pursued inner
The Raven The Raven was written by Edgar Allan Poe in 1844. As the best known of Poe’s verse, it narrated a story that a man suffering the pain of losing relatives encountered a raven at a lonely and depressed night. The tone of the verse, miserable and suspicious, derived from irreversible hopelessness. At the same time, the hopelessness was intensified with “Nevermore” from the raven until hopelessness was hard to see. As the only word of the raven, “Nevermore” was repeated for eleven times. It was th e name of the raven as well as the answer to the author’s every inquiry. The word sounded like irrelevant answer; but it made people think it was very suitable for the situation. It pushed the scene of fantastic dialogue into the philosophic narration on e xistence value. The all that people love most is just like the raven’s noise which will never come back if it is lost. A deep night in December, dark and cold, is the unbearable psychological portrayal of the narrator. It is this kind of mental state attracted the raven which perched upon a bust of Pallas just above the author’s chamber door. The raven conveyed the message from Hades again and again. At the same time, it took advantage of its’ raucous and harsh word—“Nevermore” to peck the broken heart o f the author. In this way, the author’s soul was settled down into low-floating shadow. In my mind, I think the verse does well in the following three aspects. Of course, they are worthy for us spending time appreciating it. Firstly, on the phonological processing, Edgar Allan Poe deeply dug the potential of English on the verse. Except that, he used a lot of alliteration, rhyme and harmonic rhyme. At the same time, he paid much attention on careful arrangement on the sound. In very section, there were a series of short verses composed of a long line. The order of using this way was to change atmosphere for every line. It loyally expressed the author’s sad mood. This way of writing made readers impressive. Secondly, The Raven modeled two important figures: young man and the raven. The sad man lost his favorite female and attempted to be absorbed in the book in order to forget the hurt. But all he did made a futile effort. The more books he read the
读爱伦·坡的短篇小说 上课时，听到老师讲起萧伯纳曾声称：“美国出了两个伟大的作家——埃德加·爱伦·坡和马克·吐温。” 因自己对爱伦·坡的陌生而深感惭愧，于是拜读了他的部分作品。 《黑猫》作为丝丝入扣、让人不寒而栗的“心理小说先驱”，读来毛骨悚然而又欲罢不能。明明《黑猫》中没有什么强烈的血腥恐怖场面甚至仅是以第一人称絮絮叨叨的讲述一个人杀了一只黑猫，后来另一只黑猫以奇特的方式复仇的故事。全文一字不及幽灵鬼怪，但在描述人內心邪恶的念头时，却令人不寒而栗。《黑猫》具有强烈的哥特式传奇色彩，以绚烂精致的文笔塑造出人内心的恶，以及人内心强烈的矛盾冲突，带给人窒息的紧张感。 爱伦·坡一生写了六七十篇短篇小说，虽然只写了四五篇推理小说，但是举世公认为推理小说的鼻祖。他的代表作《莫格街血案》、《玛丽·罗杰疑案》、《窃信案》和《金甲虫》都被奉为这类小说的先河，对后世起了很大影响。如今很多人认为夏洛克·福尔摩斯的创造者柯南·道尔才是推理小说之父。我也不例外是先拜读的《福尔摩斯侦探集》，并且崇拜着那位睿智的近乎万能的福尔摩斯。然而，当我读了爱伦·坡的《莫格街凶杀案》，却发现只需要粗略地对比一下柯南·道尔的首部作品《血字的研究》与爱伦·坡的《莫格街凶杀案》，就能发现福尔摩斯的形象简直就是爱德加笔下那位西·奥古斯特·杜宾的翻版，甚至连福尔摩斯的助手华生，也跟杜宾的朋友，也就是那个以第一人称描述故事的人称惊人地相似——他们都是以自己的平庸反衬出那位让他们相形见绌的主角是多么的明察秋毫，多么的了不起。更惊人的是，福尔摩斯连出场方式都似乎是照搬杜宾的。甚至这形成了一种侦探小说的模式，即侦探多是具有超人智力、观察入微、料事如神的理想人物，为了衬托他的了不起，又借一个对他无限钦佩、相形见绌的朋友来叙述他的事迹，此外还写了一个头脑愚钝、动机虽好而屡犯错误的警探作为对比，而作案地点一般安排在锁得严严密密的暗室，埋藏赃物罪证则用明显得出人意外的方法，破案过程则用逻辑严谨、设身处地的推理，然后有条不紊的迫使罪犯就范归案，在读者陷入种种谜团时再由主人公洋洋自得、滔滔不绝的解释其全过程。而这一模式在一百四十年来已为全世界各国侦探小说家竞相师法，不少这类作品都是步他後尘，脱不了这个窠臼。没有纠缠烂俗的爱情故事，也没有跌宕起伏的情节，只有抽丝剥茧般严密的纯粹的逻辑推理，这就是爱伦坡的推理小说。而在他的推理小说中，他描写心理和制造诡异气氛的能力也是无与伦比的。让我每每不寒而栗，却又执意的看到最后直至谜题的揭晓。
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Shavian once claimed that America had bred two magnificent authors, that is, Edgar·Allan·Poe and Mark Twain. After reading Edgar·Allan·Poe’s masterpiece---The Raven, it occurred to me that Allan·Poe lives up to his reputation which is the pioneer in Ameri can literature and representative of American Romantics. Edgar·Allan·Poe, born in a family of acting, has led a miserable life but came up with a great many works of art and have contributed a lot to American literature. Poe once said, “to me, the poem is not a purpose, but a passion.” And this poem—The Raven is a perfect embodiment of his literary theory. To achieve the beauty of rhythm, he adopted the “abcbbb” pattern, and the b rimes, which are based on the constant refrain, “Nevermore.” And every time I finish reading it, I couldn’t resist the excitement of appreciating such an article that blends with the beauty of music. This poem tells a story happened between a weary young man and a raven that kept repeating one single sentence, “Nevermore.” And wit h the raven’s repetition, the rhythm becomes stronger and more pronounced as the poem reaches its emotional climax. Through this story, we can see the grief in Poe after losing his beloved Lenore as well as his excellent skill in writing. Besides, in this poem, “…separate ember wrought its ghost upon the floor…” “the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” and some other descriptions of the environment build a scene full of sadness
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. `'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door - Only this, and nothing more.' Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore - Nameless here for evermore. And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating `'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door - Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; - This it is, and nothing more,' Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, `Sir,' said I, `or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you' - here I opened wide the door; - Darkness there, and nothing more. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, `Lenore!'
埃德加·爱伦坡诗歌《安娜贝尔·李》的唯美性赏析 摘要：爱伦坡作为19世纪美国唯美主义诗歌的重要代表人物之一，其著名的抒情诗《安娜贝尔李》堪称其巅峰之作。爱伦坡认为诗歌的宗旨就是为了创造美，这首诗歌将作者对美的认知表现的淋漓尽致,实现了内容和形式的完美统一。本文将本诗歌的音韵美，主题美，意象美，语言美几个方面对作品所体现的唯美思想进行分析。 关键词：唯美主义；音韵；意象；语言 埃德加·爱伦坡是19世纪美国著名的诗人、短篇小说家、文学评论家，在整个世界文学界享有盛名。他在波德莱尔和马拉美的介绍下成为欧洲唯美主义运动的先驱，他和奥斯卡瓦尔德一样提倡“为艺术而艺术“的宗旨，独树一帜的倡导诗歌应书写美而摒弃道德因素。爱伦坡的诗歌创作非常注重外在的表现形式，他的诗歌韵律优美，形式简练，用词华丽优美，很好的体现了唯美主义诗歌创作的原则。他追求诗歌的“整体效果”, 并从诗意的“完整性”和诗的效果的统一性出发, 把诗的长度同诗的美学效应联系起来, 并认为诗歌的题材、意象、节奏、谴词、韵律等都应围绕着诗歌的“整体效果”来服务。因此,他的许多抒情短诗形式优美,节奏性强,迄今仍为世人所传诵。 《安娜贝尔李》是爱伦坡死后才得以发表的一首诗，也被认为是悼念其亡妻弗尼吉亚的巅峰之作。爱伦坡一生可谓命途多舛，贫困凄惨。爱伦坡少年时便失去父母，中年丧妻。坡的妻子佛吉尼亚·克莱门是坡的表妹,13岁时便和坡结婚。婚后, 两人生活穷困潦倒, 颠沛流离。克莱门一八四六年患病, 无钱医治, 一八四七年一月三十日离开人世。这让坡肝肠寸断,精神备受打击。此诗便是作者在极度痛苦中对亡妻的一份思念与哀婉。这首诗歌具有极高的美学价值，很多评论家都曾对其大加赞赏。辜鸿铭认为美国无诗, 只有坡的这首《安娜贝尔·李》称得上是诗, 余者皆不足道。他的观点可能会略显偏颇，但这足以展现出了这首的美学价值。 一、行文的音韵美 爱伦坡一直提倡诗歌形式和内容的完美结合。形式美的体现之一便是行文的韵律美感，这首诗音韵优美，悦耳动听，节奏感强。首先主人公名字的选择, 可谓颇具匠心。诗人妻子的名字本是佛吉尼亚·克莱门, 为了追求美的艺术效果 , 用了安娜贝尔·李,她如同悦耳的铃声回荡在耳边 , 这正是作者要达到的铃音袅绕(bell - ringing) 的效果。坡在诗里采用了音韵优美的女子名“Annabel Lee”的美妙音节,不仅使人联想到一位婀娜多姿,风韵优雅的年轻女子,更被诗人巧妙地融入到诗歌的韵律中。诗中的“Annabel Lee”共出现七次,它悠扬如歌的音律“sea”“we”,“me”等单音节词相呼应,构成本诗惟一的韵脚。 此外，此诗冲破了抑扬格五音部的束缚，自由洒脱。诗中大量使用头韵，尾韵和半谐音韵。首先头韵的使用，头韵不简单是一个或两三个单词的重复，它同样表达着诗人丰富的情感和内心世界。如在第四节第一行“The angels，not half so happy in heaven”中
失窃的信。它是由埃德加爱伦坡写的。现在通常称为他的恐怖故事。这是三个故事他写了约奥古斯特杜平，和他如何解决犯罪的第三。这个故事是关于一个偷来的信。它第一次出现在一八四四年度杂志。它被重印了许多出版物，报纸和书籍。这是一个坡的故事，影响了发展现代侦探故事。这是奥尼尔为“失窃的信。” "The Purloined Letter" is a short story by American author Edgar Allan Poe. It is the third of his three detective stories featuring the fictional C. Auguste Dupin, the other two being "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" and "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt". These stories are considered to be important early forerunners of the modern detective story. It first appeared in the literary annual The Gift for 1845 (1844) and was soon reprinted in numerous journals and newspapers. “失窃的信”是由美国作家埃德加爱伦坡的短篇故事。这是他的三本侦探小说以虚构的 C. Auguste Dupin第三，其他两个是“在太平间谋杀案”和“神秘的玛丽罗格êT”。这些故事都被认为是现代侦探小说重要的早期先驱。它第一次出现在文学年度礼物1845（1844），很快就被转载在许多期刊和报纸。 The unnamed narrator is discussing with the famous Parisian amateur detective C. Auguste Dupin some of his most celebrated cases when they are joined by the Prefect of the Police, a man known as G—. The Prefect has a case he would like to discuss with Dupin. A letter has been stolen from the boudoir of an unnamed female by the unscrupulous Minister D—. It is said to contain compromising information. D— was in the room, saw the letter, and switched it for a letter of no importance. He has been blackmailing his victim. The Prefect makes two deductions with which Dupin does not disagree: 1.The contents of the letter have not been revealed, as this would have led to certain circumstances that have not arisen. Therefore Minister D—still has the letter in his possession. 2.The ability to produce the letter at a moment's notice is almost as important as actual possession of the letter. Therefore, he must have the letter close at hand. The Prefect says that he and his police detectives have searched the Ministerial hotel where D—stays and have found nothing. They checked behind the wallpaper and under the carpets. His men have examined the tables and chairs with magnifying glasses and then probed the cushions with needles but have found no sign of interference; the letter is not hidden in these places. Dupin asks the Prefect if he knows what he is seeking and the Prefect reads off a minute description of the letter, which Dupin memorizes. The Prefect then bids them good day. A month later, the Prefect returns, still bewildered in his search for the missing letter. He is motivated to continue his fruitless search by the promise of a large reward, recently doubled, upon the letter's safe return, and he will pay 50,000 francs to anyone who can help him. Dupin asks him to write that check now and he will give him the letter. The Prefect is astonished, but knows that Dupin is not joking. He writes the check and Dupin produces the letter. The Prefect determines that it is genuine and races off to deliver it to the victim. Alone together, the narrator asks Dupin how he found the letter. Dupin explains the Paris police are competent within their limitations, but have underestimated with whom they are dealing. The
乌鸦 很久前一个阴郁的午夜，我感到疲惫而又慵懒 一边沉思着那些早已为世人遗忘的离奇书卷 一边又点头连连，睡意恹恹。忽有敲门声回响在耳畔 仿佛有人轻轻地、轻轻地叩响了我的门环 “这是某位来客”，我嘀咕着说，“在把房门叩击 ——仅此而已，别无它事！” 啊！我至今清晰犹记，那是一个凄楚的冬季 每一块儿将尽而未尽的木炭，依然在地板上幽灵般熰燃 我急切地守候着天亮，并且徒劳地希望 能够在书中聊且把悲伤埋葬，为那逝去的丽诺而哀伤 为那天使称其为丽诺的、明净而又唯一的姑娘， ——而今却永远，无以仿佛其形象。每一个紫色的丝绸窗帘，都发出瑟瑟的低沉哀怨 让我心惊，让我感到前所未有的莫名惶恐 直到现在，我的心仍旧在不停悸动 “这是某位来客，恳请借宿休息 某位晚归的来客，恳请借宿于此 ——仅此而已，别无它事！” 我的心很快变得坚强，不再那么犹豫而又彷徨 “先生？或者是女士”，我说，“我真诚地向您表达歉意 当您前来敲门儿，正好我正在打盹儿
您轻轻地敲门，是如此之轻盈 以至于我不能肯定，我是否真的听清。”于是我把房门打开 ——但见漆黑一片，空无一物存在 我极目向黑暗中张望，长久地矗立着，恐惧而又迷茫 疑虑、冥思，冥思那些无人敢于冥思的问题 然而沉静依然如故，死寂一如其初 唯一听到的话语，是那低声的私语，“丽诺？” 我这么说着，并听到回声从耳旁掠过，“丽诺！” 仅此而已，别无它事。 转身走入房门，心中犹如火焚 更响的敲门声再次响起 “肯定是”，我说，“肯定是什么东西扰动了窗格子 让我去，让我去探清那里的秘密 让我的心稍事平息，好弄清楚这里的底细。” ——是风而已，别无它事。 当我伸手拉开百叶窗，却看到一只乌鸦振动着翅膀 一只远古传说中的庄严的乌鸦从天而降 没有半点的谦恭，没有半刻的暂停 俨然一位夫人或主人，蹲居于我的房门 恰恰蹲居在我的房门之上，栖息于那尊半身的雅典娜塑像 ——就这样蹲居，就这样栖息，仅此而已，别无它事。我的迷思变成了微笑
一声梧叶一声秋 ——由《人群中的人》浅析爱伦坡笔下的现代社会版权所有：快绿斋主人浙江大学 内容梗概 “我”大病初愈坐在伦敦D咖啡馆的窗前，掌灯时分，观察咖啡馆里和街上的人群。一开始“我”只是总体看，后来开始关注细节，从他们的服饰和举止来判断他们的身份和地位。 “我”先观察上流社会的人。他们中有“志得意满”“虚伪夸张”的世袭贵族、有闲阶级和生意人；也有“傲慢”、追逐时髦的低级职员和“体面”的高级职员；还有“假作诚实”的扒手，“印堂发黑”的赌徒，“耍小聪明”的“绅士。 接着“我”观察下层社会的人：小贩、醉汉、乞丐、女工、妓女……随着夜深，他们越来越多。“我”转而观察每个人的面孔。 这是“我”观察到一个老人，他有着极为特殊的表情，充满了矛盾，那表情“包含着巨大的精神力量，包含着小心谨慎，包含着吝啬小气，包含着贪婪，包含着冷酷，包含着恶毒，包含着渴血，包含着得意，包含着快活，包含着极度的恐惧，也包含着无比的绝望”。“我”想进一步观察他，于是就开始跟踪他。 老人的衣着也充满矛盾，又脏又破的衣服下竟有一把镶钻的短剑。“我”跟随老人来到一条条街，如果人少，老人就痛苦不安；如果人多，老人就快活紧张。从街巷到集市，从广场到大剧院，最后甚至到了贫民区。当人们渐渐散去，老人脸上是“比绝望还强烈的表情”。 然而他并不停止，又回到市中心，像昨天一样又开始追逐人群。 “我”最终不再追踪，而是径直来到老人面前，但他对“我”视而不见。“我”得出结
论：老人是人群中的人，“我”无法了解他。 作家简介 埃德加·爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe,1809_1849）是美国19世纪诗人、短篇小说家和文艺评论假。在诗歌方面，爱伦坡可以与弗罗斯特和惠特曼等大诗人一比高下，吟哦他创作了一批以音韵美和悲恸美著称于世的诗篇。在小说方面，他也能与马克吐温和福克纳等大小说家相提并论，因为他开创了美国侦探小说和现代科幻小数的先河，用演绎心灵恐怖的创作手法提升了哥特小数的艺术地位，并以夸张怪诞的方式渲染了讽刺的效果。至于在文学评论方面，他又可以与亨利詹姆斯等文学评论家相比较，因为他推崇“为艺术而艺术”的主张和易“激荡读者心灵”为目标的效果理论，从而成为美国批评界独树一帜的人物。 《人群中的人》一文是在1840年写作并发表的。当时爱伦坡供职于《格雷姆杂志》，1839年他写出了著名的《厄舍古屋的崩塌》和《威廉威尔逊》两部哥特小说。这一时期是成年后爱伦坡第一次过上了经济相对宽裕的生活。在《人群中的人》后，同年，他又写出了《摩格街谋杀案》，1841年，他写了《大漩涡底余生记》、仙女岛》和《艾蕾奥瑙拉》。【1】 摘要： 本文基于对爱伦坡《人群中的人》细致赏析，结合爱伦坡在这一时期的生活背景，分析作者在本文中表达的对现代社会的态度和深刻见解及预见性。并联系现实评定这篇文章在现在的意义。 本文分为两部分：第一部分，从环境、人物两方面分析《人群中的人》；第二部分，结合爱伦坡的世界观和文艺理论归纳出作者对现代社会的反思并通过比较几篇爱伦坡相近主题的诗歌进一步体会《人群中的人》想要表达的深刻思想 关键字：现代社会 孤独 爱伦坡 从作家简介中我们可以看到，爱伦坡在这一时期开始尝试新的文体。他刚刚攀到哥特小说的顶峰，就迫不及待地朝着其他高峰进发，比如说科幻小说等。这篇文章在《爱伦坡小说全解》中将其归入道德自省类，是比较合适的。他通过对人物的描写，让读者对他笔下人物的内心进行解读。虽然，《人群中的人》仍带有与哥特小说类似的文章布局，比如先渲染氛围，着重表达心理的感受，但却没有哥特小说最大的特点：惊悚、恐怖、悬疑。所以说这篇小说无疑是爱伦坡的一个新的尝试。
《阿芒提拉多阿芒提拉多的的酒桶酒桶》之》之》之文学评论 文学评论埃德加爱伦坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809—1849)是一位伟大的浪漫主义大师,在美国文学史中被誉为西方现代派文学的远祖.他在诗歌,小说和文学评论领域都取得了卓越的成就,是英文短篇小说的先驱和创始人之一,其短篇小说就题材风格和想象力而言可称为欧美文学中的奇葩.他一生共创作了70多篇短篇小说,后世编者把他的作品归为几类:幻想小说,恐怖小说,死亡小说,复仇和凶杀小说,推理小说等.也有人认为坡的作品大致可分为两类:恐怖小说和推理小说.但是无论按何种标准归纳分类,坡的作品都遵循他最著名的文学理论"效果论",即"在短篇小说这种文艺形式里,每一事件,每一细节,甚至一字一句都应收到一定的效果,一个预想中的效果,印象主义的效果",强调小说创作的艺术效果.这种创作风格在短篇小说《那桶阿曼梯莱托葡萄酒》中表现得淋漓尽致.在这篇不足两千字的小说中,作者运用了大量的对比手法,小说的字里行间都充满了作品所要渲染的恐怖气氛,成功地收到预期的恐怖效果. 运用对比的写作手法构筑小说,塑造人物,是众多小说大家及小说作者常用的艺术手段,而这种写作手法在爱伦坡的短篇小说《那桶阿曼梯莱托葡萄酒》中表现尤为突出.小说故事极短,情节简单:因受到福图纳托的侮辱,绅士蒙特雷塞伺机报复,蒙特雷塞以鉴别真假阿曼梯莱托葡萄酒为名将福图纳托骗至他家族的地窖并将其活埋在壁龛里.坡在小说中娴熟地运用对比手法,由杀人犯以第一人称的方式来讲述其犯罪心理和作案过程,让阅读者在整个阅读过程中充满惊惧. 1.人物名字的对比为了印象与效果的统一,坡在为人物确定名字时采用了语言象征的表述方法,使故事耐人寻味."仇人"福图纳托(Fortunato)的名字与英文中"fortunate"发音相似,意为"幸运
埃德加·爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe，1809—1849）是一位伟大的浪漫主义大师，在美国文学史中被誉为西方现代派文学的远祖。他在诗歌、小说和文学评论领域都取得了卓越的成就，是英文短篇小说的先驱和创始人之一，其短篇小说就题材风格和想象力而言可称为欧美文学中的奇葩。他一生共创作了70多篇短篇小说，后世编者把他的作品归为几类：幻想小说、恐怖小说、死亡小说、复仇和凶杀小说、推理小说等。也有人认为坡的作品大致可分为两类：恐怖小说和推理小说。但是无论按何种标准归纳分类，坡的作品都遵循他最著名的文学理论“效果论”，即“在短篇小说这种文艺形式里，每一事件，每一细节，甚至一字一句都应收到一定的效果，一个预想中的效果，印象主义的效果”，强调小说创作的艺术效果。这种创作风格在短篇小说《那桶阿曼梯莱托葡萄酒》中表现得淋漓尽致。在这篇不足两千字的小说中，作者运用了大量的对比手法，小说的字里行间都充满了作品所要渲染的恐怖气氛，成功地收到预期的恐怖效果。 运用对比的写作手法构筑小说、塑造人物，是众多小说大家及小说作者常用的艺术手段，而这种写作手法在爱伦·坡的短篇小说《那桶阿曼梯莱托葡萄酒》中表现尤为突出。小说故事极短，情节简单：因受到福图纳托的侮辱，绅士蒙特雷塞伺机报复，蒙特雷塞以鉴别真假阿曼梯莱托葡萄酒为名将福图纳托骗至他家族的地窖并将其活埋在壁龛里。坡在小说中娴熟地运用对比手法，由杀人犯以第一人称的方式来讲述其犯罪心理和作案过程，让阅读者在整个阅读过程中充满惊惧。 1.人物名字的对比 为了印象与效果的统一，坡在为人物确定名字时采用了语言象征的表述方法，使故事耐人寻味。“仇人”福图纳托（Fortunato）的名字与英文中“fortunate”发音相似，意为“幸运”，他代表新兴资产阶级，在生意场上很成功，但是在一生的幸运之后，他却遭受了人生最大的不幸：被活埋；而“复仇者”蒙特雷塞（Montresors）与英文中的“monstrous”发音相似，意为“魔鬼”，他是一个没落的贵族，福图纳托的快乐对于他来说是一种伤害，但不幸运的他却将幸运的福图纳托封死在地窖的壁龛里，从而扮演了“魔鬼”的角色。作者用这种命名方式使矛盾双方在故事开始即有了鲜明的对比，使阅读者初步了解了其语言魅力，感受到恐惧。 2.故事发生环境的对比 在这个故事中，其背景是地上和地下两个世界，这两个世界截然不同，形成鲜明的对比。在地上的世界，人们正在庆祝狂欢节，一片喧嚣，令人兴奋，到处洋溢着节日的气氛，代表着生的欢乐；地下的世界则寂寞阴暗，寒气逼人，有着成堆的白骨，满墙壁的硝，给人以毛骨悚然的感觉，而这个地下世界正是蒙特雷塞选择的谋杀地点，代表了死的恐怖。在搀扶福图纳托走下地窖时，蒙特雷塞取了两只火把（flambeaux），开始关于火把的用词是“flame”(熊熊燃烧的火焰)，而随着他们深入地窖，到福图纳托葬身之时火把变成了“glow”(微弱的火光)，这象征着福图纳托正在由生的世界走向死的世界。两种环境的对比描写使古堡地窖更加阴森恐怖，给阅读者以强烈的心理暗示。 3.人物服饰的对比 在小说开始时，作者介绍福图纳托“扮成小丑，身穿杂色条纹紧身衣，头戴圆尖帽，上面系着铃铛”，而蒙特雷塞在福图纳托同意去鉴别葡萄酒后“戴上黑绸面具，把短披风紧紧裹住身子”。二者的服饰差别很大，在阴冷的地窖中，这种差别变得更加明显。蒙特雷塞显然是有备而来，他自己穿了厚厚的衣服足以御寒，这表明他的谋杀是有预谋的；相比之下，福图纳托有些感冒了，穿得又少，在寒冷潮湿的地窖中不断咳嗽，显然他对这次“品酒”没有多少戒心。并且，福图纳托衣着鲜艳，说明他很懂得享受生活；蒙特雷塞“带着黑绸面具”，代表了死神，这是生与死的鲜明对比。作者让阅读者在了解“复仇者”真正目的的情况下洞悉谋杀全过程，使阅读者身临其境，加深了小说内容的恐怖效果。