名词与代词
名词
1. 名词的定义：
名词是表示人、物、地点以及抽象概念名称的词。例如：
teacher 教师engineer 工程师
panda 大熊猫house房屋
family 家庭audience 听众
coffee 咖啡cotton 棉花
relief 免除courage 勇气
2. 名词的分类：
英语名词可分为两类：
1) 专有名词(Proper noun)：它是主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。如：
Einstein 爱因斯坦，Chicago 芝加哥，Broadway 百老汇，Buddhism 佛教。
2) 普通名词( common noun)：专有名词之外的名词都是普通名词，普通名词又分为四类：
(1) 个体名词：指作为个体存在的人或物，如：uncle 叔叔，computer 计算
机。
(2) 集体名词：指由个体组成的集体，如：army 军队，government 政府。
(3) 物质名词：指无法分为个体的东西，如：water 水，tea 茶，steel 钢铁。
(4) 抽象名词：指状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：joy 喜悦，youth 青
春
英语中的名词又可分为可数名词( countable noun 或缩写成[C] )与不可数
名词( uncountable noun 或缩写成[U] )两大类。可数名词与不可数名词的区分是英语中一个重要问题，因为它涉及到一个名词的形式和它前面加不加冠词以及加那种冠词的问题。个体名词和集体名词通常是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词通常是不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式；不可数名词只有单数形式。一般名词的复数以加—s或—es构成。如：
bag—bags 袋子，car—cars 汽车，dish—dishes 盘子，watch—watches 手表。
名词复数的构成：
名词复数形式的构成规则如下：
1) 一般在单数名词词尾加—s。如：
boat—boats 船，desk—desks 书桌，dog—dogs 狗，field—fields 田地。
2) 以s，sh，ch，x 等结尾的名词，加—es。如：
class—classes 班级，brush—brushes 刷子，match—matches 比赛，box—boxes 盒子，hero—heroes 英雄。
3) 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，一般变为—ves。如：
knife—knives 小刀，leaf—leaves 树叶，shelf—shelves 架子，thief—thieves 小偷。但也有例外，如：belief—beliefs 信仰，gulf—gulfs 海湾，roof—roofs 屋顶，safe—safes 保险箱。
4) 以辅音字母+ y 结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加—es。如：
baby—babies 婴孩，city—cities 城市，factory—factories 工厂，university —universities 大学。但以元音字母+ y 结尾的名词，仅加—s。如：boy—boys 男孩，ray—rays 光线。
有些常用名词有不规则的复数形式。如：
child—children 儿童，foot—feet 足，man—men 男人，mouse—mice 老鼠，tooth—teeth 牙齿，woman—women 女人。
有些名词单复同形。如：
Chinese 中国人，deer 鹿，fish 鱼，Japanese 日本人，sheep 羊。
有些名词通常只有复数形式。如：
scissors 剪刀，trousers 裤子，spectacles 眼镜，belongings 所有物，
surroundings 环境。
代词
1. 代词的定义：
代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。代词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。由于有些代词有性、数、格和人称的不同形式，作为名词的代用词，代词必须同所替代的词保持性、数、人称上的一致。例如：
Your brother borrowed my psp yesterday. I met him this afternoon and he gave it back to me. 昨天你弟弟借了我的psp掌上游戏机。今天下午我遇上他，他把psp还给了我。（him，he都指代your brother，him作宾语，he作主语。it指代psp，作宾语）
Jeannie always answers her professors’ questions very well; that shows she works very hard after class. 珍妮一向对教授的问题回答得很好；这说明她课下很用功。（代词that代替前面的分句，作主语）
I had a chat with our teacher Li. It was very helpful. 我和李老师谈了一次话。这次谈话对我帮助很大。（代词it 代替前面的整个句子，作主语）
2. 代词的分类：
代词可分八种：
1) 人称代词
人称代词作主语时，用主格形式；作宾语时，用宾格形式。
2) 物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，它分两种：
(1) 形容词性物主代词：
(2) 名词性物主代词：
3) 反身代词
反身代词是表示或强调自身的代词，有人称和数的区别。
4) 相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词。
5) 指示代词
指示代词是指代上下文出现的人或事物的代词。它有单数和复数的区别。
指示代词还有：same 同样的，so 这样，such 这样的，it （指人用）等。
6) 疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，包括：who （谁，主格），whom （谁，宾格），whose （谁的，所有格），
which （哪个，哪些），what （什么）等。其中who ，whom ，whose 只能指人，which 和what 可指人或物。
7) 关系代词
关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它不但起连接主句与从句的作用，代替主句中作为先行词的名词或代词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分（作主语、宾语、表语、定语等），还有格的变化和指人或指物的区别。
8) 不定代词
不定代词用于代替任何不特定名词或形容词。
在八类代词中，不定代词的词义和用法比较复杂。现将其中常用的几个介绍如下：
不定代词some与any
some和any起名词和形容词的作用，既可以指人也可以指物。这两个词多作定语，可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯定句中，而any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中。some有时也可以用于疑问句中，表示希望得到肯定的答复，或表示提议或请求。any有时也可以用于肯定句中，表示“任何”。例如：
Would you like some bananas? 你想要一些香蕉吗？
(some用于肯定句，修饰复数名词，词义为“—些”，“几个”)：
Some girl had written an English word on the blackboard. 某个女孩在黑板上写了一个英语词。
(some用于肯定句，修饰可数名词的单数，词义为“某个”)
There is some orange juice in the refrigerator. 冰箱里有一些橙汁。
(some用于肯定句，修饰不可数名词，词义为“一些”)
Are there any trees in the picture? 图画中有树吗？
(any用于疑问句，修饰复数名词，词义为“一些”)
If you have any news, ring me up right away. 如果你有什么消息，立即打电话给我。(any用于条件句，修饰不可数名词，词义为“什么”)
There aren’t any flowers in the garden．花园里没有什么花了。
(any用于否定句，修饰复数名词，词义为“什么”)
some在表示请求、邀请或预料对方可能作出肯定答复时，也可用于疑问句。例如：
Could you lend me some money? 你能借给我一些钱吗？(请求)
Would you like some tea? 你要不要喝点茶？(邀请)
Are you expecting some friends this afternoon? 你下午有朋友来吗?(估计对方作出肯定答复)。
any在表示“任何”这个意义时，也可用于肯定句中。例如：
You can choose any topic. 你可以选任何主题。
She wanted a job, any sort of a job. 她需要一份工作，任何工作都行。
不定代词no与none
两者都属于否定性不定代词，no只有形容词性质，在句中作定语。意为“没有”，“不是”，可修饰单、复数可数名词或不可数名词。与no性质不同，none 通常只有名词性质，在句中作主语、宾语等。none意为“没有人（物）”，既可指人，也可指物。例如：
There is no water in the bottle. 瓶子里没有水。(no修饰不可数名词)
She has no question about it. 这方面她没有问题。(no修饰可数名词单数)
There are no letters for him today.今天没有他的信。(no修饰可数名词复数) None of them spoke French except Daniel. 除了丹尼尔外，他们中谁也不说法语。(none作主语)
Apart from the dizziness, he had none of the true signs of the disease. 除了有点头晕，他没有得这病的任何征兆。(none作宾语)
不定代词many与much
不定量代词many和much都有“许多”、“很多”的意思，在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等，所不同的是：many + 可数复数名词；much + 不可数名词。
Many sands will sink a ship. 积沙能沉舟。
The head teacher's deputy assists with many of his duties. 副校长帮助校长做很多工作。
Many of us have had a case of the jitters since that family moved in here. 自从那家人搬到我们这儿，我们就感到忐忑不安。
He doesn't put much thought into his books.他并没有花费太多心思在书本上。
Much research has been done on this subject and much has been discovered. 关于这个课题，已做过大量的研究，并有很多发现。
不定代词few，a few与little，a little
不定量代词few与a few修饰或代替复数可数名词。little与a little修饰或代替不可数名词。a few / a little是肯定含义，意为“还有一点”；few / little是否定含义，意为“几乎没有了”。
例如：
Now sum up in a few words. 用几句话总结一下。
There are few feminine members of the committee.这个委员会中女委员很少。
Few people realized the significance of the discovery. 很少有人意识到这一发现的重要性.
There's little ink in the inkbottle. 墨水瓶里几乎没墨水了。
Give me a little of that wine，please. 请给倒—点那种酒吧!
He had a little money，twenty pounds or so. 他有一点钱，大约二十英镑。
不定代词each与every
两者都是概括性不定代词，each词义为“每个，各个”，着重于个别性，其构成成分各具特性，可以修饰或代替名词；every虽然也有“各个”的意义，但着重于整体性，其构成成分有共性。every只作定语，用来修饰名词。例如：Each of the women signed her name as she came in. 每位妇女进门时都签了名。
There are two columns on each page of this dictionary. 这本字典每页分为两栏。
Each phrasal verb is illustrated with a English sentence. 每一短语动词都配有一个英语例句加以说明。
There are two sides to every question. 每一个问题都有两面。
Women should be treated as coequal with men in every way. 女人在各方面应受到与男人同等的对待。
Simulated Test（1）
词汇与结构（共20小题；每小题1分，满20分）
26. The manager will not _______ us to use his car.
A. have
B. let
C. agree
D. allow
27. _________ her and then try to copy what she does.
A. Mind
B. See
C. Stare at
D. Watch
28. Will you _________ me a favor, please?
A. do
B. make
C. bring
D. give
29. It’s bad _______ for you to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed.
A. behavior
B. action
C. manner
D. movement
30. —It’s a good idea. But who’s going to _______ the plan?
—I think John and Peter will.
A. carry out
B. get through
C. take in
D. set aside
31. Before the final examination, some students have shown _____ of tension. They even have
trouble in sleeping.
A. anxiety
B. marks
C. signs
D. remarks
32. The problem is not _______ so easy as you think. It’s far from being settled.
A. hardly
B. almost
C. nearly
D. scarcely
33. —It’s time to tidy your room, Harry!
—See the tidy room, Mum! __________ is where it should be.
A. Something
B. Anything
C. Everything
D. Nothing
34.—What will you buy for your boyfriend’s birthday?
—I want to buy a _________ wallet for him.
A. black leather small
B. small black leather
C. small leather black
D. black small leather
记住Opshacom这个为帮助记忆而杜撰的词，就能掌握英语中形容词排列的顺序。Opshacom中Op代表opinion，指表示人们观点的形容词，如beautiful，horrible，lovely，nice 等；
sh代表shape，指表示形状的形容词，如long，short，round, narrow等；
a代表age，指表示年龄、时代的形容词，如old，new，young等；
c代表color，指表示颜色的形容词，如red, black, orange等；
o代表origin，指表示国籍、地区的形容词，如British，Canadian，German等；
m代表material，指表示材料的形容词，如plastic，metal, aluminium等。
英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如a nice long new black British plastic pen 当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。
35. The young actor who had been thought highly of ________ to be a great disappointment.
A. turned up
B. turned out
C. turned down
D. turned in
36. He is fond of playing _______ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _________
music.
A. /; the
B. / ; /
C. the; /
D. the; the
37. —Don’t you feel surprised to see George at the meeting?
—Yes. I really didn’t think he _________ here.
A. has been
B. had been
C. would be
D. would have been
38. Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of movies ______ bad for their
mental development.
A. that is
B. which is
C. as is
D. what are
39. —Nancy was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
—Oh, really? I ________. I _________ visit her.
A. didn’t know; will go to
B. don’t know; will go to
C. didn’t know; am going to
D. haven’t known; am going to
40. —Take this medicine twice a day, Peter?
—Do I have to take it? It _______ so terrible.
A. is tasting
B. is tasted
C. tastes
D. has tasted
41. The young ________ interested in pop music.
A. is
B. have
C. has
D. are
42. Important _______ his discovery might be, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his
time.
A. when
B. until
C. as
D. although
43. —Why does he look sad?
—There are so many problems _________.
A. remaining to settle
B. remained settling
C. remaining to be settled
D. remained to be settled
44. —The physics exam is not difficult, is it?
—______. Even Harry ________ to the top students failed in it.
A. Yes; belongs
B. No; belonged
C. Yes; belonging
D. No; belonging
45. ________ tomorrow’s lessons, Frank has no time to go out with his friends.
A. Not preparing
B. Not having prepared
C. Not to prepare
D. Being not prepared
Key to Simulated Test（1）
词汇与结构
26-30:DDAAA
31-35:CCCBB
36-40:CCCAC
41-45:DCCCB
初中英语名词代词练习题名词 一、名词的数 Ⅰ. 单项选择 ( ) 1. At last the little boy came up with a(an)to help the poor man. A. information B. advice C. idea D. news ( ) 2. — Tom, can you help me find a new job? — Yes. Three are needed in our school. Would you like to have a try? A. men teacher B. men teachers C. man teachers D. man teacher ( ) 3. — What would you like to drink, my dear friends? —, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cup of coffees D. Two cups of coffee ( ) 4. I hear that two and three are coming to our school this week. A. Japanese; German B. Japanese; Germen C. Japanese; Germans D. Japaneses; Germans ( ) 5. These people want to have some for supper, so they decided to catch now. A. fish; many B. fishes; much C. fish; much D. fishes; too much Ⅱ. 根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。 1. You should take more (锻炼). Don’t always sit at the table busy doing your (练习). 2. There are lots of (土豆) in the basket. 3. I’ve heard of(两条) news about Han Han’s new magazine. 4. Look! The cat is running after two (老鼠). 5. When autumn comes, the (叶子) on the tree turn yellow. 【指点迷津】 名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分。 二、名词所有格 Ⅰ. 根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。 1. — Where have you been, Tim? —I’ve been to(亨利的家). 2. Are they going to have a picnic on (儿童节)? 3. This is (汤姆和蒂姆的房间). The twin brothers like it very much. 4. My home isn’t far from here. It’s only(十五分钟的) walk. 5. My brother has lots of friends. Mr Black is a friend of (我弟弟的). Ⅱ. 单项选择 ( ) 1. When we saw the film 2012, I sat between Ted and Ben. That is to say my seat was between . A. Ted and Ben B. Ted’s and Ben C. Ted and Ben’s D. Ted’s and Ben’s
名词性物主代词 英语中的物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 形容词性物主代词： 单数形式：my（我的），your（你的），his /her/ its（他的、她的、它的）。 复数形式：our（我们的），your（你们的），their（他们的）。 名词性物主代词： 单数形式：mine（我的xx），yours（你的xx），his /hers /its（他的xx、她的xx、它的xx）。 复数形式：ours（我们的xx），yours（你们的xx），theirs（他们的xx）。 代词表格： 名词性物主代词的用法： 1. 形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，用在名词前。（黑体为形容词性物主代词） e.g：1. This is my book. 这是我的书。 2. 名词性物主代词起名词的作用。（黑体为名词性物主代词） e.g：This book is mine. 这本书是我的。 3. 注意：在使用名词性物主代词时，必须有特定的语言环境，也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道，已经提起过。 e.g： It's hers. 是她的。 （单独使用大家不知是怎么回事，不可以这样用。） There is a book. It's hers. 这有本书。是她的（书）。 （这里的hers=her book） 只有上文提及了某个名词，才会知道名词性物主代词指代的事物。
4. 为避免重复使用名词，有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。 e.g：My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink. 为避免重复使用bag，可写成My bag（形容词性） is yellow, hers（名词性=her bag）is red, his（名词性=his bag） is blue and yours（名词性=your bag） is pink. 5. 名词性物主代词可以用在介词of的后面，相当于“of+名词所有格”。 e.g Jack is a friend of mine. Jack 是我的一个朋友。 练习： 1.Look at the clock. _____(it)face is round. 2.Alice is ______ new classmate. She is sitting beside_____. (I) 3.Here is ______ present. Here _____ are. (you) 4.Let _____ (he) help you with your English. 5.The books on the shelf are ______(she). 6.This is not _____ bag, _____ is yellow. (I) 7.The boy in front of _____ is _____ brother. (he) 8.Where are _____ books? ______ are on the desk. (they) 9.—Have you got a cushion? --- Yes.Look , these are _____. (we) 10.These aren’t _____(you) pears. They are _____ pears.(they) 11.Look at the tree. _____ (it) leaves are green. 12.The lovely cat isn’t _____ (she). It’s _____(I). 13.Here are some books for _____ (we). 14.Go there and play with _____ (they). 15.The cake is for _____ (she) . Today is _____ (she) birthday. 16.Which one do you like, _____ (we)or ______ (they)? 17._____ haven’t any flour. Give _____some. (I) 18.Miss Fang is _____ English teacher. She teaches _____ English. (we) 19.Don’t talk. Listen to _____ (he). 20. Can ____ talk about _____ family? (you) 21. Grandma lives Pudong. We visit _____(she) every week.
中考复习一名词和代词 名词 考试要求： 中考关于名词的考查要求是可数名词和不可数名词的用法；可数名词的单、复数形式；名词所有格的用法。重点考查名词的复数形式和名词所有格。同学们一定要掌握名词的单、复数形式的变化规则和名词所有格的用法。 知识总结： 1. 可数名词和不可数名词： 英语的名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数形式两种形式。 2. 可数名词的单数变为复数的规则： （1）一般情况下，在可数名词的单数形式后面加字母-s构成复数形式。 如：book － books pen － pens eraser － erasers （2）以字母x；s；ch；sh结尾的单词，其复数形式是在单词后面加字母-es。 如：bus － buses box － boxes watch － watches （3）以辅音字母＋ｙ结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是把字母ｙ变为i再加-es。 如：baby － babies country－countries city － cities 注意：如果是以元音字母＋y结尾的单词则直接加字母-s。 如：boy － boys toy－toys （4）以字母f或者fe结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是先把字母f变为v再加-es。 如：wife－wives leaf－leaves knife－knives （5）以字母o结尾的可数名词，其复数形式一般加-s，或－es。 如：photo－photos，radio－radios，piano－ pianos， tomato－tomatoes，potato －potatoes （6）一些特殊变化的复数形式， 如：man/woman－men/women child－children foot－feet tooth－teeth mouse－mice （7）有些名词的单复数形式相同： sheep deer Chinese Japanese yuan（元） jin （斤）注意：有些集体名词本身既表示单数意义又表示复数意义。当这些名词指代一个单位、机构或被看成一个整体时，作单数形式理解；如果表示这个群体的所有成员，通常被看作复数。常用的这类词有： class 班级 team 队（员） family 家庭/人 government 政府 group 组（员）
初中英语专项练习一 名词、代词、冠词 1.----How is your skirt, Marry? ---- It ’ s more beautiful than ____/. A. my sister’ s B. my sister C. sister D. mine 2. I ’ m going on holiday on the 12th and I have to be back at work on the 26th, so I ’ ve got two ____ holiday. A. weeks B. week’ s C. weeks ’ D. week 3. Look! The kites in the sky are in different ____, some are big and some are small. A. sizes B. colors C. prices D. names 4. I ’ ve read ____ sports news about the FI race today. A. two B. pieces C. two pieces D. two pieces of 5. All the ____ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8 th, because it was their own holiday. A. man B. men C. woman D. women 6. Mark met an old friend of ____ on a train yesterday. A. he B. him C. his D. her 7. I need ____ paper, Mum. I want to write ____ letter to my English teacher. A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some any 8. There are two ____ and three ____ on the table. A. knifes, forks B. knifes, forks C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks 9. We have got a lot of ____ today. A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do D. book to read 10.We could see ____ children and hear ____ noise in the park. A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many 11.Will you pass me ____? A. a few pieces of chalk? B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks 12.This toy was made by a ____ boy. A. ten-year-old B. ten-years-old C. ten-year-older D. ten-years-older 13.____ are big and bright. A. The classroom window B. The window of the classroom C. The windows of the classroom D. The classroom’ s windows !4. ----Would you like ____ milk, please? ----No, thank you. I still have some. A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all 15.There are two ____ in the city. A. car ’ s factory. B. car’ s factories C. factories of car D’.cars factories 16.Take more ____, and you will be thinner and healthier. A. exercise B. homework C. medicine D. meals 17.At the root of the hill you could hear nothing but the ____ of the running water. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound 18.Brian is so kind that he o ften gives me a ____ when I’ m in trouble. A. reply B. seat C. hand D. reason 19.You should express your thanks by returning the kindness when you get help from ____. A. other B. another C. others D. the other 20.We had plenty of paper but ____ ink. A. a few B. few C. not many D. not much 21.My car is not so expensive as ____. A. him B. he ’ s C. he D. his 22.Lily and Lucy have arrived, but ____ students aren’ t here yet. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others 23.There are high buildings on ____ side of the road. A. both B. every C. any D. either 24.----What do you usually have for breakfast? ---- ____ eggs and ____ milk. A. Little, a few B. A little, a little C. A few, a little D. A few, a few, 25.____ is difficult if you put your heart into it.
教学过程 一、课堂导入 教师给出例句并让学生找出句中的名词。English is useful. Children are playing happily. She learns Chinese hard every day. Tom is my good friend.
They chose the boy monitor. 导入名词的定义： 名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 二、复习预习 1、教师引导学生复习上节课我爱记单词中的重点单词及识记技巧，并采用提问的方式将上节课的重难点进行复习和巩固记忆； 2、针对上节课的作业进行订正、讲评、答疑，将集中出错的地方进行分析和进一步讲解。 三、知识讲解 考点 1：名词分类，可数名词与不可数名词 1．名词的种类 名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词分为可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词；不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。 例如： 可数名词： a.个体名词 man , woman , desk , pencil b.集体名词 class , family , police , army 不可数名词： a.物质名词 meat , rice , cotton , iron b.抽象名词 life ,help, happiness , sadness 2．可数名词的数 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
2. 不规则名词复数 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
不可数名词的认知 A、各种物质的统称：bread面包，beer啤酒，cloth布， coffee咖啡 cream奶油 gold黄金 B、抽象名词： advice忠告，beauty美丽， death死亡， experience经验， help帮助，hope希望， information消息／信息，knowledge知识 work工作 C、有些名词既可以是可数名词也是不可数名词： 如：experience指某人的经历时是可数名词，指“经验”时不可数。 He had an exciting experience last week．上星期他有一次激动人心的经
一、名词 概念：是表示人、事物、抽象概念等的词。根据其词汇意义分为专有名词和普通名词。 1.普通名词：表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词 例如：表示东西、事物book/tree/computer 表示一类人boy/girl/teacher/father/man/ woman 表示抽象概念，像人的感情，品质，精神happiness/trouble/ 练习：辨析那些是名词，那些不是 computer, take, book, new, actor, run, water, coffe, table, age, sell, sport, bring 2.专有名词：表示人、地方、机构、组织等专有名称，具体来说，它包 括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽 象名词等。 例如：Jim吉姆 China中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生 July七月Friday星期五 the Yellow River黄河 Christmas圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Tow Cities双城记 二．名词的数 1.可数名词（单数和复数的变化） 可数名词复数规则变化： （1）一般情况在词尾加-S book---books desk---desks 等。 （2）以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的名词，通常加-es: bus-buses box-boxes match-matches watch-watches dish-dishes 练习：There are many_____(bus) and____(car) on the street. I have two______(watch),so I give a______(watch) to my sister. (3)以y结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况: 以”辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将y改为ies; 如：city-cities, baby-babies 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加-s 如：toy-toys holiday-holidays (4以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v加es 如：wife-wives , knife-knives, leaf-leaves(树叶), life-lives(生命) 记住以下10个单词要把f或fe改成v加es的单词： Wife(妻子) , life（生命）, knife（小刀）, leaf （树叶）, thief（贼）,half（一半）,self（自己）,shelf（架 子）,wolf（狼） 但注意：roof-roofs(屋顶)是例外 （5）以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词，加 es 如tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes （黑人英雄爱吃番茄和马铃薯） 以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词，加S 如radio-radios, piano-pianos
初中英语语法归纳：代词 代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 (一)代词的类别 相互代词 each other,one another 指示代词 this,that,these,those 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代 词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,man y,much,other,another 复合不定代词 everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing 疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose 直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句。表语从句等。 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。 (二)代词的用法 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。 eg. She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果： (She作主语,me作动词宾语) Kath is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语) 2.物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 ①形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school,his backpack ②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。 egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主语) I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语) ③“of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。 cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 3.反身代词 ①反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。 few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语) She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语) He’s not worried about himself.(作介词宾语) ②带有反身代词的常用短语。 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃些…吧
物主代词的用法讲解与练习 一.概念 物主代词表示“……(人)的”,表所属关系。可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。 二．用法 1.形容词性物主代词其后必须跟名词，不能单独使用,后面必须接名词，表示所有。 Is that your bike? 那是你的自行车吗? Those are our books.那些是我们的书。 2.名词性物主代词可以单独使用，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语使用。 May I use your pen? Yours works better. I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 三．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的关系为： 名词性物主代词=相应的形容词性物主代词＋名词 四．物主代词用法歌诀 物主代词两类型，形容词与名词性。 形容词性作定语，后面定把名词用。 名词性要独立用，主宾表语它都充。 练习 1.---Is this_______(你的) classroom? ---No, it’s not _______ (我们的). 2.______(他的) father is a worker. 3.---Whose keys are these? ---______ are ______ (他的)，not ______(我的). 4.This isn’t ______(我的) car; _______(我的) is being repaired. 5.Is the coat ______(你的) or _______(他的)？It’s ______(我的)，not _____(他的). 6._______(她的) views of life are very different from _________(我们的). 7.I like ______(你的) better than _______(她的). 8.I own that cat. That cat is _______. 9.This coat of ______ (你的) is much nicer than ______(我的).
Contents ●第一章：重点词性 ●名词、代词、形容词、冠词 ●动词、副词 ●第二章：句子成分 ●主语、谓语、宾语 ●附加成分与句型结构 ●第三章：各类句子与从句 ●并列结构、并列句与主谓一致 ●名词性从句 ●状语从句 ●定语从句 ●第四章：非谓语轻松搞定 ●动名词 ●分词 ●动词不定式与独立主格 ●第五章：语气句型 ●虚拟语气 ●省略句 ●倒装句 ●第一章第一讲：名词 ●名词的基本用法：basic usage of the nouns ●名词的分类：types of noun ●名词的数：number of noun ●名词的格：case of noun ●一.名词的概念和基本用法 ●名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实
体或抽象事物名称的词。如： ●人的名字（Henry 亨利、Jack 杰克、Bingyu 炳玉）； ●职业称呼（doctor 医生、pilot 飞行员）（推荐歌曲peerless）； ●物品名称（radio 收音机、watch 手表）； ●地名（London、Paris）; ●抽象概念（courage 勇气、behaviour 举止）等。 ●名词经常与其他词连用形成名词短语，如： ●the man; ●the woman next door; ●that tall building等。 二.名词的分类 Practice: 1.I’ve read __________ sports news about the F1 race today. A. two B. pieces C. two pieces D. two pieces of 2.My teacher gave me __________. A. a good advice B. some good advices C. some good advice D. good advices
代词 要点： 1.英译汉——有“的”是物主代词, 无“的”是人称代词 2.放动词前，作主语——人称代词主格 放动词或介词后，作宾语——人称代词宾格 3.后面不加名词，起名词作用——名词性物主代词。 后面有名词，起形容词作用——形容词性物主代词 练习：一、翻译 1. 我父母___________ 2.它名字________ 3.他的姓氏_____________ 4．你可以________ 5.你的电话号码___________ 6.帮助她________ 7. 他有_______ 8.我们想要__________ 9.看见他____________ 10. 它吃_______ 11.我们最喜爱的水果__________ 12.他们旧电脑____________ 13.她全家照_____________ 14.join _______（我们） 15. 谢谢你。_________ 16.她喜欢它。____________ 二、适当形式填空 1. What’s ____name? (you / your) ____ name is Bob. (I) 2. _____ erasers are in ____drawer. (she) 3. Can ____(you) do ____ (you) homework? 4. _____ is a cat. ____ name is Mimi. (It) 5. ____ brother can speak Japanese. (He) 6. Please take ___ keys to school. __ are on the table. ( they) 7. __ is thirteen years old.___ birthday is March 1st. (He) 8.___ favorite vegetable is tomato. (She) 9.Can you help ___? (we ) Please take___ to school. (they ) 10. ___ can’t see ___baseball. It’s behind __. (I )
初中英语中考题例专项练习(名词)一、中考题例 ( )1. Nobody thought it easy to finish so much work in. A. two days' time B. two-days time C. two day' s time D. two days time ( )2. 一Are there any on the farm? 一Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep ( )3. This is bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Anne' s and Jane" s C. Anne' s and Jane D. Anne and Jane" s ( )4. When we see dark in the sky, we know that rain may come soon. A. stars B. planes C. clouds D. things ( )5. - What can I do for you, sir? T' d like two. A. bottle of orange juice B. bottle of oranges juice C. bottles of orange juice D. bottles of oranges juice ( )6. Today is September 10th. It is Day. A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher" s ( )7. - Would you like something to drink,or coffee? - Coffee, please. A. fruit B. tea C. meat D. bread ()8. - Would you like? - Thank you. T m not thirsty. A. some bread B. some juice C. any bread D. any juice ( )9. On Day the boys and girls had a good time. A. Children B. Children J s C. Childrenes D. Childrens ( )10. There are three in my family. A. people B. person C. peoples D. child ( )11.1 have two in my pencil box. A. knife B. knifes C. knives D. a knife ( )12. 一What can we call her? - Her full name is Lucy Marion King, we can call her. A. Miss Lucy B. Miss King C. Miss Marion D. Miss Lucy Marion ( )13. - Is it an animal? - Right, it's a of the cat family. A. kind B. number C. member D. Piece ( )14. Jack is now in. A. the three grade B. Grade Third C. Grade Three ( )15. It" s ride from my home to the factory. A. two hours and half" s B. two and half hours' C. two and a half hours' D. two hour and a half" s ( )16. Most students can go to college for further in our city.
名词 一、名词的分类 名词即表示人或物名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体可看表：类别意义例词 专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等 名称的词Lucy, China, the Great Wall, the Great Hall of the People 普通名词可数名 词 个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary, pencil, chair, window 集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词Family, police, class, group, team 不可数 名词 物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的 词 Rice, glass, water, porridge, paper, air, wood,wheat, steel 抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象 概念的词 Knowledge, danger health, life, homework, interest, love 动动脑筋，观察一下： car ——cars ，student ——students ，book——books designer——designers airplane——airplanes water, bread, paper, tear, 二、可数名词的复数形式 1、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词（Countable Noun）和不可数名词（Uncountable Noun），可 数名词又有单数和复数两种形式。 练一练：把下面的名词变成它的复数形式 season_______form________plan_________bus______watch_______tomato_________ hobby_________ city__________ toy________ monkey________wife________ leaf________ man________woman_______ sheep______mouse_________foot______ (一)名词复数构成规律： 情况构成方法例词 一般情况+s cake grape month couple 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh等结尾的词+es watch box bus boss 辅音字母+y结尾的词改y为i，+es beauty county baby lady factory 以f和fe结尾的词变f(fe)为ves leaf wife wolf knife life thief 以o结尾的词1、有生命体的+es, 2、无生命体的+s Negro hero potato tomato mango 黑人英雄喜欢吃土豆、番茄和芒果。radio zoo piano photo （二）一些不规则变化特例： man—men woman----women tooth----teeth foot---feet mouse----mice child----children deer---deer sheep---sheep Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese policeman-policemen（与man和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women）Englishman———Englishmen Frenchman————Frenchmen （三）某国人变复数，记住以下的顺口溜： 中日不变，英法改变，其他加s Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen American—Americans （例外：German---Germans）（German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans） （四）复合词的复数: 改中心词为复数 girl student———— girl students 注意：man和 woman 等作定语时，它的单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定， 例如： woman teacher----women teachers man teacher -----men teachers
【是什么】 1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法； 2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法； 3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法； 4 常见不定代词的一般用法； 5. 指示代词的一般用法，并了解其在上下文中的指代用法； 6. 相互代词的基本用法； 7. 疑问代词的基本用法。 8. 关系代词的基本用法。 【知识点】 代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。 一. 人称代词 1.人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。 2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如： I like table tennis. （作主语） Do you know him?（作宾语） 3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如： ---Whos is knocking at the door? ---It’s me. 4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如： He is older than me. He is older than I am. 二. 物主代词 1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如： Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box. 3. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语） --- Is this English-book yours? （作表语） --- No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语） 三. 指示代词 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。 1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those 则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如： This is a pen and that is a pencil． We are busy these days． In those days the workers had a hard time． 2. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲 到的事物，例如： I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English． 3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai． 4. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如： Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 四. 反身代词 英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己" 等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。