补全短文部分
第一篇What We Take from and Give to the Sea
As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.
We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds 一even candy, and ice cream — aswell as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water.(4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.
The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.
We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.
注释：
Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too.还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水里。
Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life.把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。
练习：
A Natural sponges become cleaning aids.
B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.
C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.
D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.
E We even use their bones for fertilizer.
F Some of its contents may cause illness.
答案与题解：
1.E前面二句讲了我们从大海捕捉大量的鱼供人们食用，这句接着讲“甚至连鱼的骨头也被用来做化肥”。Even这个词在这里清楚地表示了这两句话的关系。
2.D这句话的前一句讲的是我们可以通过水的蒸发从海水中得到一种矿物质——盐，这句话则说除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来。
3.A前面讲到除了矿物质外，大海还给了我们珍珠、海绵和海草这三样东西。接着作者分别用一句话来说明每一样东西的昂途。先讲了珍珠,最后讲的是海草，所以这中间的一句应该是讲海绵的用途了o
4.F前一句话说了^们不能喝海水，这句话解释了为什么不能喝，很自然。
5.B前面一句话用garbage—词有力地回答了“我们给予大海什么”这个带有自责性的问题，这句话则是对这个简单回答的具体解释。
译文：论我们给予大海的以及向大海索取的
自我们在地球上生活乏始，我们就开始利用环绕着陆地的海洋。我们向海洋索取的同时也在给予。
我们从海里捕鱼——为了获取百万人的食物，我们每年在海里捕数千吨的鱼，甚至连鱼的骨头也被用来做化肥。我们从海里获得物。制盐的一种办法就是将海水放在浅底的水池里直至水分蒸发。除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来，还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水里。但是这些物质不能通过海水的蒸发而被我们获取。海洋赐予我们的礼物还有珍珠丨海绵和海草。珍珠能做成珠宝，海绵可用来作为清洗东西的物品，海草可加工成许多种食品，甚至糖果、冰淇淋以及药品。不管你相不相信，淡水也是海洋赐予我们的礼物。海水不能饮用，其中有些物质会致病。但是去掉海水中的盐分后，海水就变成了淡水。将来，我们会越来越依赖午从海水中取来的淡水。
海洋给予我们食物、化肥、矿物、水资源以及其他的礼物。然而，我们又给予了大海什么呢？垃圾。我们把大海当做垃圾桶的时候污染了大海。海洋虽然巨大无边,却无法容纳所有我们倾倒进去的水。把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。然而，随着世界人口的增长，我们也许将会比以往任何时候都需要海洋以及它给人类带来的东西。
我们最终认识到，如果破坏了海洋，我们就将毁灭自己。只希望这个认识还不算太迟。
第二篇Teamwork in Tourism
Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.
(1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in
organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵
Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. (3)
Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4)
(5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.
注释：
concerned:作定语时常常放在所修饰的词或短语的后面，表示“有关的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.
carriers and properties:指运输公司和房地产公司。
optimum:形容词，意为“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：适合这种花生长的最佳温度。
brochure:指具有宣传性质的小册子。
seminar：研讨会
conversely:相反地，反过来说0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude.
练习：
A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.
B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.
C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs.
D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.
E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.
F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.
答案与题解：
1.C本段第二句和第三句话都以人称代词they作主语，但所指不明。在大多数情况下，其指代对象应在同一段落的前文中找。C与这两个句子在结构和意思上都是平行的，时态
也一致，而且用travel operators这个名词去替代这两个句子中的they都讲得通。
2.B这一句继续讲旅游经纪人的工作,它同本段前三句话在时态、结构和意思上一致或平行。
3.F指示词this/that及其复数形式在英语中是重要的衔接手段，多数情况下this指上文刚刚提到的事情或说过的话。本段第一句话说旅游顾问召开研讨会使代理人熟悉新业务和销售技巧。承接这句话，F说“通过这种方式，代理人学会了怎样对旅行自的地加以解释以及向游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车的购买”。“这种方式”就是指上一句话中的召开研讨会，因而F是最合适的选项。
4.E本段第一句话说房地产公司和旅行社密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾了顾客的方便和他们自己的财政方面的安排。E实际上进一步阐述了二者之间相互依赖的紧密关系。
5.A写文章讲究句子和段落之间的衔接。第四段讲到了房地产公司和旅行社之间相互依赖的合作关系,A说“旅行社和运输公司之间也存在着同等程度的信任”，像same, different (ly) , similar(ly), otherwise这样的词语有很强的衔接力，属于指称衔接（reference)中的比较衔接。下一句话详细解释旅行社和运输公司之间的关系，进一步印证了应该选A。
译文：旅游业中的团队合作
不同旅游部门之间越来越多的合作证明对有关各方都有益。政府机构、贸易与旅游协会、运输公司和房地产公司都一齐致力于为旅行者创造良好的条件。
旅游经纪人作为旅游计划的专家提出广泛的研究方案。他们了解所有的旅游区和所有运输公司的服务。他们的专长是组织不同类型的旅游活动以及准备有效的广告宣传。他们把材料分发给旅行社。这些材料包括杂志、小册子和广告项目。他们提供熟悉情况和组织研讨问题的旅游，从而使旅行社在短时间内就能获得有关他们正在推出的旅行活动的第一手资料。
旅游顾问举办各种重要的研讨会以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通过这种方式, 代理人学会了怎样对旅行目的地加以解释以及向游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车的购买。
房地产公司与旅行社之间密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾了顾客的方便和他们自己的财政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅馆提供良好的服务，反过来，旅馆依靠旅行社来完成合同，招揽顾客。
在旅行社与运输公司（包括汽车出租和观光服务)之间也存在着同种程度的信任。运输公司依靠旅行社来提供乘客，而旅行社依靠运输公司提供受游客欢迎的旅行活动。所有服务机构都以提高效率、价格公平及使顾客满意为宗旨。
第三篇Are Online Friends Real Friends?
Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ____(1)____. Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.
Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It?s convenient, it?s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It?s often easier to share t houghts and feelings online. ____(2)____. They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.
Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. ____(3)____. Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can?t be sure of wha t they really like3. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you?re totally sure of who that person is.
Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. ____(4)____. In contras t, there are many people who believe that it?s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it?s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends. ”____(5)____. They say that it?s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don?t share experiences in person4.
People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the …add on? in any relationship.”
注释：
1．Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：现今这些问题成了人们热议的话题。
2．When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：当你浏览社交网站和进人聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人。
3．They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can?t be sure of what they really like.：他们有时会夸大自己的优点而掩盖缺点，让你看不清他们的庐山真面目。
4．They say that it?s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don?t share experiences in person.：他们认为，由于缺乏共同的经历，与网友发展信任和联系很困难。
练习：
A．In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.
B．When you?re not face to face, it?s much easier to deceive people.
C．Many people would agree.
D．Researchers also found that it?s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.
E．Online friends may be of help in many ways.
F．Online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.
答案与题解：
1．F开头第一句讲了现代计算机技术给人类带来了一种新型的人际关系，即网友。而这一句是对网友的定义，即人们通过网络认识的朋友。第二句的开头online friends与第一句的结尾online friendship承上启下，是文章写作的要素。
2．A本段讲的是网上交友的有利因素：方便快捷；分享真情实感比社交场合容易得多。本句的开头in addition (另外）引出对以上有利因素的补充。
3．B本段讲的是网上交友的不利因素。本段第一句是一个总括句：网上交友有一大不利。本句说明这一不利是什么，即没有而对而的接触，人们很容易受骗，紧接着下一句讲怎样被骗：网友只会告诉你他们想让你知道的信息。
4．D该句的前一句讲的是：调查结果显示，超过40%的受访者认为“网上的友谊”同“线下的友谊”一样牢固。而这一句是对上一句的进一步解释：调查还显示，网友转变成现实中的朋友也不是不寻常的。also —词也表明了该句和前一句的关系。
5．C该句的前一句和后一句都讲的是网络可以使人们多联系，但耍使人们成为亲密的朋友比较难。所以，该句（很多人也认同这一点）恰当地把它们连接起来。
译文：网友算真正的朋友吗？
现代计算机技术使得一种新的人际关系成为可能，即网友。网友，或称虚拟朋友，是指在网上认识的人。网友是否能像现实中的朋友一样互相帮助？交网友的利弊分别有哪些？网络上能建立起牢固的联系吗？现金，这些问题引起了激烈的争论。
有的人认为，网络是结交朋友最好的方式。网络不仅方便快捷，还能让你联系到全世界各种类型的人。当你浏览社交网站或进入聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人，信息更新和照片也能增进这种体验。在网上交友对于内向的人来说尤其有利，因为他们在社交场合可能会感到不自在。在网络上，分享思想和情感也变得更为容易。另外，虚拟的朋友能够给人们以情感支持，减少人们的孤独感，帮助他们解决问题。
网络虽然可以增进友谊，但也存在不少缺陷。由于没有面对面的接触，人们很容易受骗。网友只会告诉你他们想让你知道的信息。他们有时会夸大自己的优点而掩盖缺点，让你看不清他们的庐山真面目。正因如此，在不完全确定对方是谁之前，不要随便将个人信息提供给网络上的任何人。
网络上的朋友能和现实中的朋友一样有意义吗？对此有许多不同的观点。南加州大学的
研究人员对美国2000户家庭进行了一项调查，调查结果显示，超过40%的受访者认为“网上的友谊”同“线下的友谊”一样牢固。调查还显示，网友不能转变成现实中的朋友也不是寻常的。与此相对的是，许多人认为与网友发展深厚友谊不太可能。拉丽莎·拉什米帕西是一名年轻的软件工程师，她说：“同许多人保持联系给人感觉很好，但是我网上的朋友不都是我亲密的朋友。”很多人也认同这一点，他们认为，由于缺乏共同的经历，与网友发展信任和联系很困难。
人们还在为网友的问题争论不休。不过，大部分人仍认为，虚拟的朋友不能代替现实中的朋友。正如一位人生导师说：“社交网站只能成为人际关系的助益，而不能取而代之。”
第四篇The First Four Minutes
When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, ”Contact：The first four minutes" ? he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“(1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”
You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.(2)If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.
When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear fiiendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ”
On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic，realizing that the other person has his own needs，fears, and hopes.
Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a fiiendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ”
(3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ”
But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships2 ? especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions.
(4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.
The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in everyschool, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. —(5) That is at least as important as how much we know.
词汇：
undivided 不分散的，专一的personality 个性，人格
accustomed 惯常的
注释：
1.People like people who like themselves.人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。这里的who like themselves不作“喜欢自己”解，根据上下文，可以解释为“有自信的人”。
2."total honesty" is not always good for social relationships:在社会关系上“绝对的诚实”并非总是好的。
3.... a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. ??…?在和陌生人接触的头几分钟，适当演一点儿戏是最合适不过的了。
4.apply to:适用于
5.required course:必修课
练习：
A In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.
B Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to4 relationships with family members and friends.
C In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.
D Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.
E He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.
F He is eager to make friends with everyone.
答案与题解：
1.D本文主要讲与人初次见面最初四分钟对于人际交往的重要性。文章开头以自问自答的形式提出主题,然后说Leonard Zunin博士在书中向任何想交新朋友的人提出一条建议。什么建议呢？比较一下只有把D放在这里最合适，因为人们常用祈使句向别人提建议，D 是一个祈使句，它的意思是：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。”和上下文意思连贯。
2.E承接上一段。作者在本段第一句话告诉我们有人并不按他建议的那样做。那么这些人怎么做呢？E说:“他不停地往其他人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更有趣的人似的。”显然此处选E最合适。
3.A文章第三、第四段建议当被引见给陌生人时,态度应当友好而自信，还应掌握好分寸。对此有人会说友好和自信非我本性，如果硬要装出如此态度就是不诚实。这是一种反驳意见，我们期待作者的回答。A说:“作为回答，Zunin博士说只要我们稍加练习就可以帮助我们改变社交习惯。”下文是对此的进一步解释。
4.B到此为止作者主要谈与陌生人相处要注意最初四分钟。从其他句子来看，本段谈的是家庭成员之间在交往中也应注意在一起的最初四分钟，那么选项B是最合适的了^
5.C本段强调人际关系的重要性，C说:“在他看来，成功主要依赖于如何与他人友好相处。” 这句话的意思符合本段主题，后一句的主语this指的就是与人友好相处这件事。
译文：最初四分钟
人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友？按列奥纳多·祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处的最初四分钟。在他的书《接触：最初四分钟》里，他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出了这样的建议：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。许多人如果这样做了的话，他们的生活就会完全不同。”
你可能已经注意到了，一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。他不停地往其他人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。如果有人对你这样，你大概不会很喜欢他。
作者建议，当我们被介绍给新认识的人时，我们应该尽力显得友好和自信。一般讲，他说：“人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。”
另一方面我们不能让别人觉得我们太自以为是。表现出感兴趣、有同情心，能意识到别人有他们自己的需要、担心和希望是很重要的。
听到这样的建议，有人或许会说：“但是我不是一个友好的、自信的人。那不是我的天性。我如果那样做将是不诚实的。” ?
作为回答，祖尼博士说只要我们稍加练习就可以帮助我们改变社交习惯。对我们选择的个性上的改变我们会慢慢习惯。“这就像适应一辆新车。一开始会觉得陌生，但它比旧车好开。”
但是当我们不觉得友好且自信的时候却给人那样的表象，这是诚实吗？可能是，但是祖尼博士认为在社会关系上“绝对的诚实”并非总是好的，尤其是在接触的最初四分钟里。任何事情都有时间限制。在和陌生人接触的头几分钟，适当演一点儿戏是最合适不过的了。那种时候不适于抱怨健康状况或谈论别人的缺点，也不适于全盘托出某人的观点和印象。
以上有关陌生人的建议有很多也适合于家庭成员和朋友间的关系。对于丈夫和妻子或父母与孩子来说，久别重逢的前几分钟最容易出问题。祖尼博士建议认真对待离别重逢的最初四分钟。如果有不愉快的事情需要讨论，也应该稍后再说。
作者说每个学校都应该把人与人之间的关系作为必修课，和阅读、写作、数学等一起上。
他认为一生中的成功主要看我们如何与别人相处。至少这和我们拥有的知识一样重要。
第五篇Financial Risks
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ；the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.
(1) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (3) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. (4) Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects5. (5) International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
词汇：
solvency 偿付能力
contract terms 合同条款d
ehydrated potato 脱水土豆
expropriation 剥夺……所有权；没收、征用
expulsion .逐出，开除;呼出, 排出
cancellation 取消，注销；作废，废除
import license 进口许可证
exchange-rate fluctuation 汇率率波动
floating exchange rate 浮动汇率
International Business Machine Corporation (美国）国际商用机器公司
注释：
1.... encountered in day-to-day business. ??…?在日常的商务活动中遇到的。
2.relate to…：与……有关。例如：
We are interested in what relates to ourselves.我f门关、注与我f门自己有关的事。
3.currency inconvertibility:货币的不可兑换性
4.... sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk：???…有时政治风险是不可避免的
5.... to minimize their unfavorable effects. 把它们的不利影响—到最低程度。
练习：
A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.
B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.
C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1
D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.
E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.
F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.
答案与题解：
1.C从文章结构上看，第一段提出要讨论三种主要的金融风险：商业风险、政治风险和外汇险。第三、第四段的主题句告诉我们这两段分别讨论了政治风险和外汇风险，第二段自然是谈商业风险,用C作该段主题句是最合适的。
2.B本段第二、第三句话列举了商业风险的种种表现形式，B说:“国际市场独有的一种风险与金融调节有关。”后一句话的主语Such risk指的就是这一独特的风险，such在句子之间起到了衔接作用。
3.D本句和前一句举例说明因产品质量争议而引起的所谓国际市场独有的商业风险。本句主语the distributor指的就是上句中出现的a distributor in Germany，这里distributor通过重复在句子之间起到了衔接作用。
4.A本段主要谈政治风险，因而选项A最合适。、
5.E本段主要谈外汇风险，E说：“世界主要货币的浮动汇率制迫使所有商家特别关注汇率的波动，并意识到需要调整金融计划来作补偿。”后一句以国际商用机器公司为例说明这一情况。
译文：金融风险
国际金融市场的风险存在几种类型，主要是商业风险、政治风险和外汇风险。
商业风险事实上是日常商务活动中一般的信用风险。包括偿债能力、违约和拒绝付款。然而竞争才是最主要的风险，需要持续有效的管理和营销才能在竞争中立足。国际市场的二个独特的风险是金融调节方面的风险。这种风险产生于有关货物质量、合同条款及货款不兑现方面引起的争执。例如，有一家公司将几百吨脱水土豆运给德国一家批发商，这^^批发商经过检验认为这些土豆的味道和质地不合标准。对于出口商这方来说,可以降低价格、另寻买主或将土豆运回国内，两者均需要付出相当大的代价。
政治风险与战争、变革、货币的不可兑换性、土地征用、驱逐出境、进口许可的限制或取消有关。政治风险是所有商务活动都需要考虑的环境因素。是通过信息管理系统和有效的决策程序防范政治风险的最好办法。许多公司都发现，有时政治风险是不可避免的，所以商家必须心中有数或是放弃某些市场的交易o
汇率不稳定也必然会产生不利影响。但多年来，大多数公司都能采取预防性措施将这种不利影响降到最低限度。世界主要货币的浮动汇率制迫使所有商家尤为关注汇率的波动，并意识到需要调整金融计划来作补偿。例如，国际商用机器公司曾报道1981年第三季度的收益额因为汇率变动而急剧下降了21.6%。实行浮动汇率制以前，主要货币的贬值并不常见，而且通常可以预测得到。但是在浮动汇率制度下，汇率的波动是很常见的。
第六篇Mobile Phones
Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved1 to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody?s going to drop dead overnight2 but we should be asking for more scientific information，” Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. ____1____
A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day3. ____2____
As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas5. ____3____The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.
Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. ____4____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.
____5____ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to
fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.
词汇：
mobile 移动的electromagnetic 电磁的
transmitter tower发射塔shield 隔离屏
circulate 流传density 密度
disregard 不顾accelerate 加速，加快
注释：
1．动词prove用的是过去式形式proved,这是一种虚拟语气表示假设的用法。
2．Nobody?s going to d rop dead overnight ... 没有人会在一个晚上倒地死去……”overnight 是副词，意为“一夜间；一下子；整夜”。如：This stadium was not built overnight.这个体育场不是一下子建起来的。
On his way to Europe, John stayed with his parents in Chicago overnight.在去欧洲的途中，约翰在芝加哥他父母那儿待了一个晚上。
3．介词by表示“以……（的速度增加）”。
4．介词by表示“到……前”。如：
By Thursday morning you should complete writing the experiment report.到周四上午你应该写完实验报告。
the year 2000：公元2000年
5．many in high density residential areas是独立主格结构。注意它省略了being，即many （being）in high density residential areas0此夕卜，many指的是many transmitter towers。
6．vat a rate more than three times that of adults可以理解为at a rate（that is）more than three times that of adults，意为“以比成人多两倍的比率”短语中的that指代rate。倍数的表达法是：“数字＋times＋名词/that”。如：
His salary is three times that of mine.他的薪水比我多两倍。
The sales Volume of refrigerators in 2000 was twice that in 1999.2000年冰箱的销量比1999年多一倍。
练习：
A He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults6.
B By the year 20004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones ：nearly one for every two people.
C“If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until
proper shields can be devised,” he said.
D Then who finances the research?
E For example, Telstra, Optus and V odaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.
F The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.
答案与题解：
1．C“空1”应该填入与low-level radiation有关的内容，例如：low-level radiation究竟有害还是无害。所以，C是合适的选项。此外,直接引语也佐证了选择的合理性。
2．B“空2”前面一句介绍了澳大利亚拥有手机的现状。选项B的内容是对到2000年之前手机发展前景的预测，内容连贯，是正确答案。
3．E这一段第一句说的是，许多微波发射塔建在人口稠密的居民区。选项E的内容涉及微、波发射塔的地点选择只考虑到地理位置，而不顾及社区的安全。选项E扩展了第一句表达的信息。此外，选项E中出现tower这个词，与第一句的tower相呼应，也佐证了选择的合理性。
4．A“空4”前面一句说的是Robert Bell建议政府应该禁止在儿童比例高的地区（如学校操场、儿童医疗中心、居住小区等）的500米半径范围内建造发射塔。选项A说明为什么要这样做的原因，因而是答案。
5．D“空5”后面一句说的是major telephone companies出钱资助研究项目的问题，提示了D是正确答案。
译文：移动电话
根据科学家罗伯特·贝尔的观点，如果移动电话被证实是一种辐射危害的来源的话，那在上面应该贴一个标签。而且直到移动电话发射塔的电磁辐射对人体健康的长期影响有一个合乎科学的评价之前，不能建造更多的发射塔。“没有人会在一个晚上就倒地死去，伹我们还是应该寻找更多的科学论据去指出它的危害。”罗伯特?贝尔在一次关于少量辐射对人体健康影响的会议上说。“如果移动电话被证明有危害，就应该在它上面贴一个警告标签，直到设计出合适的隔离屏为止。”他说。
在公众中一个广泛的流行说法是，现在的科学家们还不能完全地保证，电磁辐射对人类没有负面影响。正如罗伯特?贝尔所指出，仅在澳大利亚就有330万部移动电话，而且正以每天2 000部的速度增加。估计到公元2000年之前澳大利亚将拥有800万部移动电话，接近每两人一部手机。
同时，在澳大利亚境内分布着2 000座发射塔，其中有许多还坐落在人口密集的居民区。例如，Telstra, Optus和V odaphone所建造的发射塔从地理位置上来说是合适的，但都忽视了公众的需求。从这些发射塔发出的电磁辖射可能已经对附近的居民产生了一些有害影响。
罗伯特·贝尔建议，在更多的研究工作未完成之前，政府应该禁止在学校操场、儿童日托中心、医院、运动场所以及儿童占比例较高的居住场所方圆500米范围内建造发射塔。他说显现的证据表明，儿童以成年人三倍多的比例吸收微量辐射。同时他补充说还有一个证据证明如果癌症患者受到电磁波的辐射，就会导致疾病的加速恶化。
那么谁资助这项研究呢？罗伯特·贝尔认为由较大的电话公司提供资金是合情合理的，
他还极力主张政府进行一系列广泛的关于辐射可能对身体健康有所影响的调查与研究。
第七篇The World's Longest Bridge
Rumor has it that1 a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian
Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily.(1) When completed in 2010, theworld's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons 一equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic — and stretch 5 kilometers long. “ That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built. ?，says structural engineer Shane Rixon.
(2) They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges.
A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54，100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1. 2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built.
When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. (3 ) Getting these cables up will be something2. It's not just their length — totally 5. 3 kilometers — but their weight. '—— (4)
After lowering vertical “suspender?，cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck— wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139，000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. (5)
词汇：
legendary 传说中的gorge 峡谷
monster 怪物，妖怪mammoth 巨大的
lurk 潜伏hefty 高强度的
Sicily 西西里岛（意大利南部）sling 用悬带吊挂
Tyrrhenian Sea 第勒尼安海beefy 结实的
Messina Strait 墨西拿海峡yank 拽
注释：
1.Rumor has it that:有传言说…………rumor has it that是一种固定结构。it是宾语，that 引导的从句具体说明it的内容。
2.something:值得重视的人或事
练习：
A Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds.
B What do the world's longest bridges have in common?
C If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼晡而过)across the Messina Strait Bridge.
D They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.
E The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires.
F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons — more than half the bridge's total mass.
答案与题解：
1.C选项C中有一个关键词beast,与第一句的monster相呼应。所以，C是答案。
2.B第二段第二.句的主语是They。由于表语是suspension bridges, They替代的一定是前面句子出现过的bridges。六个选项中，只有B含有bridges，且填在第二段段首意思连贯。
3.E “空3”前面的句子有the first job这几个词。有first,必有second/then。六个选项中，只有E含有The second job。所以，E是答案。
4.F “空4”前面的句子说的是，把这些吊索吊高定位是有难度的，不仅仅由于它们很长，还由于它们很重。F介绍了它们的重量，应该是“空4”前面的句子的后续句。
5.D “空5”前面的句子说的是，桥桩很重要。为什么很重要呢？D解释了桥桩的作用，意思连贯，所以是答案。
译文：世界上最长的桥
据传说，在意大利和西西里岛间的第勒尼安海的深处，潜伏着一头神奇的六头怪兽。如果这是真的，你有可能在飞驶过墨西拿海峡桥时窥视到这怪物。到2010年该桥竣工的时候，它将是一座世界上最长且重达30万吨的大桥，这个重量近似于撞沉泰坦尼克号巨轮的冰山的重量。这座桥长约5千米，桥的结构工程师雪恩·里克森说：“|它比有史以来最长的桥还长出约50%。”
那么，世界上最长的这些桥之间有什么共同点呢？它们都是吊桥，有着巨大的桥的构架，横跨航道或峡谷间的巨大水域。一座吊桥只需要两个塔身来支撑绳索。墨西拿海峡桥的两座塔将分别重54100吨，它们将支撑住桥的大部分重量。桥的绳索很结实，每条直径1.2米，它们将支起建桥史上最长最宽的桥板。
墨西拿海峡桥的建造将于2005年开始，那时要做的第一项工作将是树立起两座370米高的铁塔。第二项工作将是在海峡两端支起两套钢索，每一套绳索由44352根单独的钢缆组成。把这些钢缆举起来是很不容易地。这不仅仅体现在钢缆很长（共有5.3千米），而且也由于它们的重量，它们将重达166500吨，这个重量已超过类桥总重量的一半。
在从主绳索上降下垂直的悬索后，建造者将造起一条60米宽、54630吨重的公路，或者说是桥板，这个宽度的路将可容纳12条交通车道。桥板的重量将使两端的钢索负重70500吨。
反过来，相应的钢索将以139000吨的力度拽着牢牢扎根了的固定物，这个力度近似于10万辆轿车的总重量。这些桥桩是很必要的，正是这些桥桩防止了桥的随便移动。
第八篇Public Relations
Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases , designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image1.
(1) Since public relations involves communications with stockholders,financial analysts，government officials，and other noncustomer groups，it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with2 marketing efforts. (2)
Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix.
(3) Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department4, as it can provide a useful adjunct to5 the regular advertising. (4)
The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function，whether within the company or an outside firm，can take care of public image problems and opportunities. (5) Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business7，such as its product quality，the servicing and handling of complaints，and the tenor of the advertising. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions.
词汇：
goodwill .信誉；善意，友好；愿意，乐意
noncustomer group 非消费者群体consulting firm 咨询公司o
vertone 联想；暗示；次要的作用（或意义）；弦外之音
delude 欺骗，哄骗newsworthy 有新闻价值的
注释：
1.... designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image.：……旨在提高信誉，树立良好形象。
2.in tune with:与……协调，与……一致。例如：
The price of gold coins fluctuates in tune with commodities.金币的价格随商品涨落。
3.be in the form of:是(或有）……形式（或形状）。例如：
Gold was found in the ancient tomb in the form of bars.在古墓中发现了铸成金条的黄金。
4.Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department ...另一方面，宣传也不能脱离营销部门……
5.a useful adjunct to...：对……的有用补充
6.downright ill-advised:十分不明智
7.Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business.其中有许多因素与公司做生意的方式有关。
练习：
A Publicity may be in the form of news releases that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department.
B Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated by the# firm；some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.
C Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm，usually in the form of press releases or press conferences.
D Many factors impact on the public image.
E It surely causes heavy losses to the company.
F Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences.
答案与题解：
1.C文章第一段给公关下定义，其中特别提到公关包括对外宣传。把C放在这里起承接上一段，引出下一段的作用。
2.F前一句说这种组织设置会成为一种限制，因为公关部门或公关顾问很可能与营销部门不相协调一致，那么这种情况会造成什么后果呢？F说:“可能会导致沟通不畅、彼此不合作的后果。”这两句话放在一起意思连贯、顺畅。E似乎也能构成答案，但语气过于肯定,所述内容过于具体，上下文没有足够的信息使之成为合适的选项。
3.A A句意思为:“公关部进行的宣传也可以是新闻发布形成的。这种形式能为公司带来良好影响。”后一句说，另一方面，宣传也不能脱离营销部门，因为它是对正规广告宣传的一种有益补充。这两句话从两个不同的方面谈对外宣传的运作方式及其意义，意思连贯，on the other hand起了衔接作用，属于连接衔接(conjunction)。
4.B B句意思为:“此外，并非所有的宣传都由公司发起，有些宣传来自于媒体的反应，即由于公司颇有争议甚至十分不明智地采取了或未采取某些行动而引起的媒体的负面反应。”这句话和前两句都是谈公司的对外宣传，可以自然地构成一个段落,fortherm0re起了衔接作用，也属于连接衔接。
5.D前一句意思为：“我们想强调的一点是公司如果认为有关公众形象的一切伺题或机遇可以由从事公关的部门（无论是公司内部部门还是子公司)处理好,那是自欺欺人。”这是从反面说明问题，D说:“有众多因素作用于公众形象。”这是从正面说明问题，一正一反都
要说明公众形象不是专门的公关部门可以独立做好的简单事情，下文是对众多影响因素的进一步解释。
译文：公关
公关是指一整套有计划的包括广告宣传在内的公司的对外联络，旨在提高信誉，树立良好形象。
宣传时公关的一部分，一般由公司发起，包括新闻发布会和记者招待会两种常见形式。因为公关包含公司与股东、金融分析家、政府官员及其他非消费者群体之间的联络，所以公关部从营销部划分出去，作为一个直接对总部负责的行政部门或独立的咨询公司。这种组织设置会成为一种限制，因为公关部门或公关顾问很有可能与营销部门不相协调一致。这样就可能导致沟通不畅、彼此不合作的后果。尽管公关的基本目的是要积极创造一种良好的公众形象，然而通常情况下公关部门对于树立公众形象的影响不能与其他有关因素的影响相比。
公关部进行的宣传页可以是新闻发布形式的。这种形式能为公司带来良好影响。另一方面，宣传页不能脱离营销部，因为宣传是对正规广告宣传的一种有益补充。此外，并非所有的宣传都由公司发起；有些宣传来自于媒体的反应，即由于公司颇有争议甚至十分不明智地采取了或未采取某些行动而引起的媒体的负面反应。
我们想强调的一点是公司如果认为有关公众形象的一切问题或机遇都可以由从事公关的部门（无论是公司内部部门还是子公司）处理好，那是自欺欺人。有众多因素作用于公众形象。其中有许多因素与公司经营的方式有关，比如产品的质量、售后服务及顾客意见的处理以及广告的意向。公关和定向宣传有助于突出有新闻价值、能产生有利影响的事件，而且能成功地缓和因不利的宣传带来的不良影响，但是对公众形象的树立具有更加持久影响的却是其他众多因素。
第九篇Heat Is Killer
Extremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people feel hot, it can cause serious medical problems — even death. Floods, storms, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters kill thousands of people every year. (l) .Experts say heat may be nature's deadliest killer. Recently, extreme heat was blamed for killing more than one hundred people in India. It is reported that the total heat of a hot day or several days can affect health. ( 2) .Experts say heat waves often become dangerous when the nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest daytime temperature. This causes great stress on the human body.
(3) . Stay out of the sun, if possible. Drink lots of cool water. Wear light colored clothing made of natural materials ；avoid wearing synthetic clothing. Make sure the clothing is loose，permitting freedom of movement1. And learn the danger signs of the medical problems, such as headache and vomiting, that are linked to heat. (4) . The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot. Doctors say those suffering headache or muscle pain should stop all activity and rest in a cool place and drink cool liquids. Do not return to physical activity3 for a few hours because more serious conditions could develop.
Doctors say some peoples face an increased danger from heat stress. (5).
Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure4，poor blood flow，nervousness or depression.
词汇：
eruption .爆发，喷发vomit 呕吐
deadly 致命的muscle肌肉synthetic 合成的
注释：
1.Make sure the clothing is loose, permitting freedom of movement.衣月艮——定要宽松，以便活.动自如。make sure意为“确信，保证”，其后面从句的谓语要用一般现在时。一如:Make sure the door is locked before you leave0 permitting freedom of movement 是分词短语，用做目的状语。
2.The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot.疼痛是一个警告，说明你的身体过热。that the body is becoming too hot 是同位语从句，与warning 同位，说明warning 的内容
3.physical activity ：体力活动
4.Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure ...：炎热天气对于那些必须服药以控制血压的人，??…也增加了危险性。
练习：
A Such persons have a weak or damaged heart, high blood pressure, or other problems of the blood system.
B Several of these conditions are present at the same time.
C Most people suffer only muscle pain as a result of heat stress.
D Several hot days are considered a heat wave.
E So does extreme heat.
F Doctors say people can do many things to protect themselves from the dangers of extreme heat.
答案与题解：
1.E本文&标题是Heat Is Killer,通篇文章说的是heat的危害性及预防方法。“空1”前面的句子是，"Floods，storms, volcano eruptions and other natural events kill thousands of people every year"，“空1”后面的句子是，“…heat may be nature's deadliest killer"。所以这里应将最致命的杀手E提出。
理工类职称英语新增标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第八篇What Is a Dream For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions. Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. 1 The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by
2016职称英语教材-卫生类C级完形填空及参考译文1 第一篇Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病 世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。两百万人因此丧命。结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。目前的治疗至少需要六个月。患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。 研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20％的新病例，也可能防止大约5％因结核病引起的死亡。这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。 世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第六篇 第六篇 The Apgar Test The baby was bom at 3：36 p. m. At 3：37，she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3：41，she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad. Another baby, bom at 8：24 p. m.，scored 3 out of 10 on his first test He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8：34 and scored 5. 1 He called for help1. These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. 2 Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6，the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth. The Apgar t est is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is bom. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0，1，or 2. 3
2015年职称英语理工类B级考试真题 第一部分：词汇选项 1.The organization was bold enough to face the press. A.pleased B.powerful C.brave D.sensible 参考答案：C 2.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A.accept B.control C.observe D.regulate 参考答案：A 3.I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A.limit B.fear C.power D.fool 参考答案：B 4.Most people find rejection hard to accept. A.excuse B.client C.destiny D.refusal 参考答案：D 5.She's extremely competent and industrious. A.hardworking B.honest C.objective D.independent 参考答案：A 6.The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A.hide B.handle C.disclose D.establish 参考答案：C 7.He tried to assemble his thoughts. A.clear B.share C.gather D.spare 参考答案：C
8.The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A.message B.punishment C.guilt D.obligation 参考答案：B 9.Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A.flexible B.terrible C.reasonable D.serious 参考答案：B 10.These products are inferior to those we brought last year. A.poorer than B.narrower than https://www.doczj.com/doc/1b16790650.html,rger than D.richer than 参考答案：A 11.The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. A.improved B.changed C.worsened D.developed 参考答案：C 12.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. A.coexisting B.fair C.full D.pubic 参考答案：A 13.They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport. A.requesting B.planning C.preparing D.looking 参考答案：A 14.He said some harsh words about his brother. A.unkind B.proper C.normal D.unclear 参考答案：A 15.We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A.amount
阅读理解：第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Tumor C级 The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking ,said medical experts after a five-year research study . Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else .Following breast cancer ,it has the second-highest incidence rate. “An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer ,” said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center. He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat. About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchens. However , local women were adjacent to then cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer .come claimed they may change food preparation methods. “Unless my family and I don/t eat at home every day , I must stay in the kitchen to cook,” said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less.” Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems. Other experts agreed with He. “Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,” said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University’s Medical College. “It’s true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.” He’s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used. The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said. 练习： 1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? D A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women. B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men. C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males. D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females. 2. Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai? B A Heart disease. B Breast cancer. C Infectious diseases. D Lung cancer. 3. What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? A
The First Four Minutes最初四分钟 When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends?人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友？During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact：The first four minutes" he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. (1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”按列奥纳多?祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处的最初四分钟。在他的书《接触：最初四分钟》里，他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出了这样的建议：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。如果这样做了的话，他们的生活就会完全不同。”； You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. 你可能已经注意到了，一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。(2) He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more.他不停地往其他人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.如果有人对你这样，你大概不会很喜欢他。
职称英语理工类B级阅读理解真题及答案(第三篇) 第4部分：阅读理解（第31——45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个选项。 第三篇 Can You Hear This? When something creates a sound wave in a room or anauditorium, listeners hear the sound wave directly from the source. They alsohear the reflections as the sound bounces off thewalls. floor, and ceiling. These are called the reflected wave or reverberant(反射)sound, which can be heard evenafter the sound is no longer coming from the source. The reverberation time of an auditorium isdetermined by the volume or interior size of the auditorium. It is alsodetermined by how well or how poorly the walls, ceiling, floor, and contents ofthe room (including the people) absorb sound. There is no ideal reverberation time,because each use of an auditorium calls for different reverberation. Speechneeds to be understood clearly; therefore rooms used for talking must have ashort reverberation time. The full-sound performance of music such ad Wagneroperas or Mahler symphonies should have a long reverberation time. The light,rapid musical passages of Bach or Mozart need a reverberation time somewherebetween. Acoustic problems often are caused by poorauditorium design. Smooth, curved reflecting surfaces create large reflections.Parallel (平行的）wallsreflect sound back and forth, creating a rapid, repetitive pulsing https://www.doczj.com/doc/1b16790650.html,rge pillars (柱）and comerscan cause acoustic shadows as the sound waves try to pass around the object.Some of these
2016年全国职称英语考试必过技巧 1、试题概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”： 1.2、详解 1.2.1、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空所占分值最高（合计高达75分），放到前面来做，避免万一时间不够，可以确保先抓住大部分分数。 1.2.2、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空都是部分来自教材，放到前面来做，记忆比较深刻，答题成功率较高。 1.2.3、阅读判断放到最后，是因为本题根据经验蒙答案（具体方法后面详述）成功率可拿到全部7分中的3分，这样可以腾出时间给需要查词典即可稳拿分数的词汇题，所以阅读判断的答题时间只有1分钟。 2、词汇（1分/题*15=15分） 2.1、必杀技： 2.1.1、准备一本正式出版的英语同义词词典，推荐牛津出版社出版，外研社翻译出版的《牛津英语同义词词典》。 2.1.2、教材练习不用做，把答案勾画出来，只需记住其中题目划线部分或者答案是词组的，其余不用看。 2.1.3、考试时看到有教材中的词组题则直接答上，其余的查词典。 2.2、详解： 2.2.1、职称英语考试允许带一本正式出版的，并非针对职称英语考试而编写的词典。而本题考核内容就是同义词（词组），显然使用同义词典效率更高。 2.2.2、词组记忆相对容易而查词典找同义词组相对较困难，又因试题来自教
材练习4-9题，所以必须记住教材中的词组题。教材词汇练习一共100题，其中有词组的也就20个左右，记住绝对没有困难； 2.2.3、因职称英语词汇数量有限，直接查同义词词典，一般前三个义项就会有答案。 3、阅读理解（3分/题*15题=45分） 3.1、必杀技： 3.1.1、熟记教材文章练习题的正确答案，重点掌握去年教材上没有的新增文章，考试时先找教材上的文章，做出来。 3.1.2、其他文章，先作考试题目中有人名、地名、国家名、数字、年代等专有名词的题。 3.1.3、勾画出考试题目中的关键词（一般是名词，不必认识它也不必查词典），然后到文章中找一样的关键词定位。 3.1.4、定位关键词后，对比文章中关键词附近的词或词组，与答案选项中词或者词组重合的最多的即为正确答案。（就像玩拼图游戏，考察你的眼力！ˇ?ˇ） 3.1.5、如果你无法定位关键词，则： 3.1.5.1、如有选项为“以上X项皆是”，即为正确答案， 3.1.5.2、看四个答案选项中有无大部分相似的。如有，若意思完全相反的其中一个必是答案；若意思并非相反的则较长选项为答案，如没有大部分相似的，则最长的选项为答案。 3.1.6、如果考试题目是针对文章中的某个单词的意思，那么就相当于是一个词汇题，则同义词词典又派上用场了！ 3.1.7如果考试题目是问文章主旨（如作者的观点，替换文章标题等）的，则需要细读文章题目，每段第一句和文章最后一句，并大致搞清意思。然后选择意思最接近的一项答案。 3.2、详解： 3.2.1、考题共3篇文章，其中1篇（5个题占15分）来自教材。根据历年经验，教材新增文章作为考题的概率较大。所以熟记教材上所有文章（以教材新增文章为重点）的练习题答案，即可保证稳拿15分！注意：因为考试会把ABCD4个答案选项次序打乱，所以不要只记正确答案的ABCD编号，而要记住正确答案
职称英语补全短文第3课时1 PASSAGE 8 Einstein Named "Person of Century" Albert Einstein，whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe，was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday. A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius，Einstein has come to represent_（1）_the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic，but technological-technologies_（2）_，" wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. "Clearly，no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein." Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism，and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1b16790650.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found