考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提⾼30篇unit-20Unit 20Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1With advancing age, our bodies experience an inevitable loss of bone. Two major studies in elderly populations now underscore the importance of dietary protein in this structural erosion, which can lead to osteoporosis. The reports come to sharply different conclusion, however, about the effect of animal protein on the rate of bone loss.In one study, diets rich in animal protein correlated with greater bone loss and fracture risk. In the other, animal protein appeared to protect bone.Such contradictions, “which are not very satisfying”, often emerge from observational studies where researchers record the natural habits and health of people, notes Robert P. Heaney of Creighton University Medical Center in Omaha, Neb. “That’s not a criticism of such studies,” he says, “just a reminder of the uncontrollable variables common in populations.”However, he notes, the new studies are important because they’re in the vanguard of efforts to understand protein’s impact on age-related bone loss. This condition underlies a growing U.S. epidemic of hip fractures. Treating them costs more than $ 10 billion annually.The first of the new analyses computed bone loss over 7 years in some 750 elderly women, all taking part in a larger osteoporosis study that’s been running since 1986 at four U.S. sites.Women eating the most animal protein—roughly four times their vegetable protein intake—lost 0.8 percent of the bone in their hips annually, notes endocrinologist Deborah E. Sellmeyer, director of the University of California, San Francisco-Mount Zion Osteoporosis Center. This is four times the rate of bone loss in participants who ate about equal parts animal and vegetable protein.The risk of hip fractures in women eating the highest proportion of animal protein was 3.7 times that in women regularly downing equal quantities of animal and vegetable protein, the team reports in the January America Journal of Clinical Nutrition.The findings make sense, Sellmeyer argues, because digestion of animal protein releases large amounts of acid that the kidneys must excrete. Previous studies showed that when kidney function decreases with age and calcium intake drops, the body draws upon skeletal calcium to buffer the resulting buildup of acid, thus eroding bone. Most of the women in this study consumedonly about half of the 1,500 milligrams of daily calcium recommended for people their age.1. Which of the following statements about observational studies is true?[A] They often lead to contradictive conclusions.[B] They remind people of the uncontrollable variables in life.[C] They are often criticized by researchers.[D] Researchers record the natural habits and health of people by them.2. According to Heaney, why are the two studies important?[A] Because they reduce the number of U.S. epidemic of hip fractures.[B] Because they are the first to study protein’s effect on bone loss of elders.[C] Because they cost more than $10 billion annually.[D] Because they show observational studies can lead to contradictive conclusion.3. According to the text, the first study shows[A] elderly women take in more animal protein than vegetable protein.[B] digestion of animal protein releases more acid than that of vegetable protein.[C] diets rich in animal protein will lead to greater bone loss and fracture risk.[D] there are many uncontrollable variables in populations.4. According to previous studies, which of the following is true?[A] The amount of acid released by digestion of animal protein increases as people age.[B] Most elderly women can only take in about half of the required amount of calcium.[C] As people age, the kidney function and calcium intake increase.[D] The skeletal calcium will decrease if people can’t take in enough calcium.5. The author may go on to talk about[A] the suitable amount of animal protein for elderly people to take.[B] how to improve the intake of calcium.[C] the report of the second new analysis.[D] the significance of the new analyses.Text 2Insurance in respect of the property will be carried out by the Society in accordance with the rules and the mortgage conditions which such insurance companies as the Society may determine. The Society has a wide experience of insurance companies and of the terms offered by their policies, and places insurance with many companies who are able to provide the cover which the Society considers necessary. You may like the Society to insure with a particular company, and if so please contact immediately the Branch Office to which you submitted your application for loan, and so long as that company and its terms are acceptable to the Society the cover will be arranged accordingly. If you should suggest a company and it is not one with which the Society does business you will be informed and offered a choice of other companies. You may request change of insurance company at any time during the life of the mortgage. If your mortgage is under the endowment scheme or supported by an insurance guarantee or if the documents of title specify the company to be used it may not be possible to accept your choice.The initial sum insured will be the figure shown under the heading “Amount of Property Insurance” in the Details of Loa n. This figure is the amount recommended by the Society’s value, as his estimate of the replacement cost of the building at the date of valuation, unless some otheramount has been agreed in writing between you and the Society. No warranty is given or implied that the amount of insurance will cover complete loss.You are reminded that the market value of your property bears no relationship to the cost of replacement. The amount for which the property is insured should therefore represent not less than the cost, at the time of repair or replacement, of rebuilding all the property covered in the same materials, form, style and condition as when it is new. It should also include in complying with the requirements of the Local Authority and in removing debris, etc. The term“property”includes domestic outbuilding, garages, walls, landlords’ fixtures and fittings, etc., but excludes the value of the land.The market value of a house is therefore likely to be less than the cost of rebuilding, especially if the property is elderly. Even if the property is recently built, the work involved in reinstatement will be more expensive than the building cost which can be achieved by a builder building on an estate basis.6. Where is the text probably taken from?[A] An advertisement. [B] An information booklet.[C] A newspaper article. [D] A formal speech.7. If a customer suggests an insurance company，[A] the Society may not be able to agree to the company.[B] the Society will provide a list of alternative companies.[C] the Society will not accept responsibility for the policy.[D] it is impossible to change that company later on.8.Which of the following is true when you insure your property?[A] You should use the market value as a guide.[B] You should take the advice of your Local Authority.[C] Garages and garden sheds are not usually included.[D] You should not take the land value into account.9.When does rebuilding a property cost more than its market value?[A] Only if the property is old.[B] Particularly if the property is new.[C] Whatever the age of the property.[D] As the cost of rebuilding rises.10.We can infer from the text that[A] the Society is experienced in offering suggestions to insurance companies.[B] the insurance company will refuse your application if your choice violate its rules.[C] after evaluation, the initial sum insured will be figured out by the Society’s value.[D] the amount for which the property is insured is required by the Local Authority.Text 3Imagine that I have $100 and I offer you $ 20 of it, no strings attached. You’d take it, right? Any fool would; it’s a windfall. But imagine further that you know I must give away part of my $ 100 or lose it all. All of a sudden my motives aren’t entirely altruistic, but I’m still offering you free money. Take it or leave it, but no negotiation allowed. How would you feel? What would you do?If you were like a lot of people who have answered these questions in a psychological experiment over the years, you would now feel conflicted. Many of these people actually walked away from the deal, even though it would have meant a no-strings-attached twenty bucks in their pockets. Why? Because the arrangement is fundamentally unfair, and once you know this your basic sense of moral indignation clicks in. Your emotions and principles trump your pure rationality.Psychologists have demonstrated this in the laboratory, time and time again. It’s known as the Ultimatum Game, and its counterintuitive findings are part of a broad new understanding of how the human brain and mind work. Consider another experiment from the emerging field of social neuroscience. Psychologist John Bargh flashed words in front of volunteers, but so rapidly that they did not register in the conscious mind. Some of the words had to do with rudeness (like impolite and obnoxious) while others were the opposite (respect, considerate). The volunteers were later put in a simulated situation in which they could be civil toward one another—or not. Many who had seen the words associated with rudeness were not.Two-thirds of the volunteers who had been primed with rudeness words interrupted another person afterward, compared to only 16 percent of those primed with politeness words.Marketers and politicians are already familiar with these advances in brain science, and are using this knowledge to control our behavior. Advertisements are deliberately designed to target the emotional brain and create bonds, even cravings (one of our basest and most powerful emotional drives). Extensive research shows that our brains have certain hardwired inclinations that might be exploited. For example, our brains tend to register frequently heard facts as true, even if they are patently false. As a result, our memories and beliefs are highly malleable and unreliable. We also tend, if unchecked by the conscious reasoning mind, to focus overly on risk, inconvenience, hassles—anything negative. And researchers have found that we all carry around an innate hostility toward “otherness,” which means anyone not like us.Despite remarkable progress in understanding the brain’s anatomy and biochemistry, the organ is far too complex an array of interconnected circuits to be that easily manipulated with simple subconscious stimuli. Advertis ers may be disappointed to hear it, but there is no “Buy now!” switch hidden among the neurons and synapses.11. 100 dollar deal suggests that[A] money is nothing compared with moral principles.[B] where there is no pain, there is no gain.[C] emotional reaction often overpowers rational thinking.[D] a motive is often at work when money is given away.12. J ohn Bargh’s experiment wanted to find out[A] whether words were better memorized through conscious training.[B] how people’s minds reacted to words of rudeness or politeness.[C] how the emotional parts of our brains can be manipulated.[D] what kind of words had the greatest effect on people’s minds.13. Politician can persuade us to believe what is apparently false by[A] creating our desire for it. [B] repeating it frequently.[C] bringing it to our conscious mind. [D] pretending to reject it themselves.14. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Some findings in modern neuroscience have been misused,[B] Not many advertisements are as well-written as they should be.[C] People’s subconscious mind is not so easily manipulated.[D] There are many things yet unknown to today’s neuroscientists.15. Which of the following is closest to the messge the text tries to convey?[A] The latest advances in neuroscience. [B] Marketing and mind control.[C] Advertisement writing techniques. [D] The conflict between emotions and principles.Text 4The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This reminder is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of last century (1900-1909) and those of the generation of the 1920’s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences also existed for similar generations of White poets.When poets of the 1910’s and 1920’s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between “conservative”and “experimental”would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although theseremain helpful classifications for White poets of these decades. Certainly differences can be noted between “conservative”Black poets such as Countee Cullen and Cluade McKay and “experimental”ones such as Jean Toomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.However, in the 1920’s Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive.③It may be said, though, that virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put it, “inevitably the thing the Negro poet knows best.”At the turn of the 20th century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gifted, though Roscoe Jamision and G. M. McClellen may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested,“meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life,” and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes, “V aluably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed (an) error... they refused to look into their hearts and write.” These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too, often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.16. In the author’s opinion, the attitude toward classification in the literary history should be[A] enthusiastic. [B] sympathetic.[C] defensive. [D] cautious.17. According to paragraph 2, what counts most for Black poets is[A] the making of classification by literary historians.[B] the distinction between “conservative” and “experimental”.[C] racial achievement despite differences in poetic styles.[D] the classifications of the white poets of their decade.18 An issue facing Black poets in the 1920’s was whether they should[A] achieve a consensus on new techniques of poetry.[B] write exclusively about and for Blacks.[C] withdraw their support from a repressive society.[D] identify themselves with an international movement of Black writers.19. According to the text, most turn-of-the-century Black poets generally[A] wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary practice.[B] used dialects to express their inner feeling and values.[C] expressed complex feelings in the words of ordinary people.[D] interpreted the frustrations of Blacks to an audience of Whites20. Sterling Brown is mentioned in the last paragraph in order to[A] present an interpretation of some Black poets that contradicts that of the author’s.[B] introduce a distinction between Black poets who used dialect and White poets who did not.[C] suggest the effects of some Black poets’ decision not to write only about racial subjects.[D] prove that Black poets rejected the racial discrimination of their time.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about the tips on Building Leadership Power, followed by a list of examples or explanations. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (1-5). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.Some people see the leader as a motivator, while others define a leader as one having extraordinary vision and decision-making power. Several noted authors in the field offer sound definitions of leadership.There are many different power bases that a leader can use and exploit. There are three types of positive power that effective leaders use: charismatic power, expert power and referent power.This article teaches the technique of building these powers.21. Promote an image of expertiseAfter all, if you’ve worked hard to gain knowledge, it’s fair that you get credit for it.22. Get the power to rouseThe inspiration is the subject of the “Get the Power to Rouse” module. In it, you’ll learn how motivation works, and find out how best to motivate and inspire your team, with the huge performance improvements that come with this.23. Task allocationIn any team sport, a lot of time is spent choosing the players who will play in each game. The selection process also involves deciding the position where each team member will play, based on the player’s skill, form (current ability to perform well) and the likely opposition that the team will face.24. Keep your eye on the targetNotice I didn’t say “Keep Your Eye on the Goal”. If I looked at the goal when shooting the basketball, I missed more shots than if I looked at the top corner of the square on the backboard. Just like creating and concentrating on supportive marketing steps help you achieve the ultimate goal.25. Harmonize the teamOnce you’ve identified strengths and areas of development, harmonizing skill gives you the skills and techniques you need to build a well-balanced leadership style. You’ll develop the emotional sureness of touch shown by the best leaders, and learn to build the team consciousness, mutually trusting relationships with team members needed if your team is to perform “as one”. This is the classic model of leadership. It creates an immensely positive impact on the team’s emotional climate.In conclusion, as the amelioration of the modern corporate governance nowadays, leadership has never been more important. Governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and international alliances all seek excellent leaders. And building excellent leadership is not as complicated as you may imagine. Besides, since society has changed hugely over the last 50 years, citizens are individually more powerful, and employees are more able to shift jobs, few of us enjoy having power exerted over us. These changes make flexible and powerful leadership skills more necessary than ever before. [A] When to the extent that people on the team are really mad at one certain person or more over there, or they can’t stand the team leader, they will not contribute their best. Then they won’t work well with other people; they won’t be seamless in their efforts. And the actual performance of the team will be lowered directly.[B] For example, a visionary leader may clearly articulate where the team is going but not how it will get there. This sets people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks. To be effective using this module, a leader needs a well-developed sense of empathy. You have to be able to read people, to sense what they are feeling and if they resonate with the picture you are painting.[C] An important tactic is to make subtle references to prior education or experience (e.g., “When I was chief engineer at GE, we had a problem similar to this one”). Beware; however, this tactic can easily be overdone.[D] For example, if you need 720 new customers this year to make a half a million dollars, then you need 60 new customers per month (720/12 months). If you normally get a 2% response from your marketing methods, then you know you need to contact 3,000 people each month through your marketing methods to get 60 new customers (60 is 2% of 3,000).[E] If, as a leader, one of his primary concerns is not the welfare of his team, then he will never know just how successful they can be. Positive regard for your people leads to the best customer service, the highest level of contribution by each team member and the highest profits.[F] Besides, where you have a gap, you may need to train existing team members, or recruit to fill the gap. Often, training isthe best option: Not only is it usually cheaper, you also know more about the individual’s talents and working methods. On the downside, a newly trained person usually has plenty of theory, but lacks the experience of putting that training into practice.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.26)The race for high-definition television is considered important by some experts because the technology may represent more than a path to sparkling images and sound as good as that on compact discs. Some experts see it creating a wide variety of new uses, including video systems for education, industry, medical imaging and the military.27)Moreover, the technology is so demanding electronically, requiring scores of advanced new computer chips, that it is seen as a new driving force for the semiconductor industry, potentially providing greater demand than computers. Both Europe and Japan have based their efforts on the development of analog systems that use wavelike transmission signals. These signals can easily be disrupted by static. Moreover, they are broadcast by satellites (Japan has one in orbit and Europe will soon) and are therefore not available to regular television viewers.28)Satellite transmissions aimed at a small geographic area or nation are relatively easy to accomplish, but experts say they cannot rival the economic advantages of terrestrial broadcasting that allows local programming and local advertising. The basic goal of high-definition television is to increase the number of lines in a television picture, thus sharpening it. The challenge is not just the making of high-quality picture tubes. It also is devising a way to process and transmit all the extra information that is needed to animate the added scanning lines.The solution is signal compression. It relies heavily on digital processing, which breaks the analog signals from a camera into digital pulses that are sliced, diced and rearranged with high precision. In a technique known as conditional replenishment, a series of images is digitally analyzed and object moving. The static background is sent only once.29)Another technique reduces the data flow even further by taking into account that the human eye perceives fewer details on a moving object than a stationary one.30)Both Europe and Japan do some of this kind of digital signal compression, but then they switch back to analog signals for transmission to television sets, since that was the accepted approach when they started their work.The advantage of digital transmissions is error reduction. Electronic flaws, called noise, that invade an analog signal are sometimes nearly impossible to differentiate from the signal itself. But since a digital signal is made up of a string of simple pulses, noise stands out and is easily removed. Similar techniques of digital transmission are how deep-space probes send back stunning photos like Voyager 2 recently radioed from Neptune(海王星).做题点拨与全⽂翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然的2.underscore v.强调3.protein n.蛋⽩质4.erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损；削弱，减少5.osteoporosis n.⾻质疏松症6.correlate vi.(to, with)相关，关联v.使相互关联7.fracture n.⾻折，破裂v.(使)破裂8.vanguard n.先驱，先锋9.endocrinologist n.内分泌学专家10.excrete v.排泄，分泌11.buffer v.缓解，起缓冲作⽤n.缓冲器12.skeletal a.⾻骼的难句突破1.The risk of hip fractures in women (eating the highest proportion of animal protein) was 3.7 times that in women (regularly downing equal quantities of animal and vegetable protein), the team reports [in the January America Journal of Clinical Nutrition].【分析】复合句。
