1961 - Silicon Transistor Exceeds Germanium Speed

Unit 14 计算机和网络Unit 14-1第一部分：计算机的进展计算机和信息技术的进展计算机和信息技术的诞生可以追溯到许多世纪以前。

数学的发展引起了计算工具的发展。

据说17世纪法国的Blaise Pascal构建了第一台计算机。

在19世纪，常被推崇为计算之父的英国人Charles Babbage设计了第一台“分析机”。

该机器有一个机械的计算“工厂”，类似于19世纪早期的提花织布机，采用穿孔卡片来存储数字和处理要求。

Ada Lovelace和他（Charles Babbage）致力于设计并提出了指令序列的概念——程序。

到1871年Babbage逝世，这台机器还没有完成。

将近一个世纪以后，随着电子机械计算机的发展（程序）这一概念再次出现。

1890年，Herman Hollerith采用穿孔卡片帮助美国人口普查局分类信息。

与此同时，电报电话的发明为通信和真空管的发展奠定了基础。

这一电子器件能够用于存储二进制形式的信息，即开或关，1或0。

第一台数字电子计算机ENIAC（电子计数积分计算机，见图14.1）是为美国军队开发的，并于1946年完成。

普林斯顿的数学教授V on Neumann对（程序）这一概念作了进一步深入的研究，加入了存储计算机程序的思想。

这就是存储在计算机内存中的指令序列，计算机执行这些指令完成程序控制的任务。

图14.1 ENIAC：第一台数字化电子计算机从这一阶段开始，计算机和计算机编程技术迅速发展。

从真空管发展到晶体管，大大减小了机器（计算机）的尺寸和成本，并提高了可靠性。

接着，集成电路技术的出现又减小了计算机的尺寸（和成本）。

20世纪60年代，典型的计算机是基于晶体管的机器，价值50万美金，并需要一个大空调房和一名现场工程师。

现在相同性能的计算机只要2000美元，并且放在桌上（就可使用了）。

随着计算机越来越小，越来越便宜，计算速度也更快——通过叫做芯片的单个集成电路来实现。

微处理器和微型计算机的发展微型计算机随着集成电路（或芯片）技术的发展而发展。

Abrupt junction 突变结[?'br?pt] 突然的；Accelerated testing 加速实验[?k'sel?reitid]Acceptor 受主Acceptor atom 受主原子['?t?m] n. 原子Accumulation [?,kju:mju'lei??n]积累,堆积Accumulating contact(n. 接触，联系)积累接触Accumulation region['ri:d??n]地区积累区Accumulation layer['lei?] 层积累层Active region 有源区['?ktiv]积极的,有源的Active component [k?m'p?un?nt]元件有源元Active device 有源器件Activation 激活Activation energy 激活能Active region 有源（放大）区Admittance [?d'mit?ns]导纳Allowed band [b?nd]带允带Alloy-junction device ['?l??]合金结器件Aluminum(Aluminium) [?'lju:min?m]铝Aluminum – oxide ['?ksaid]铝氧化物Aluminum passivation [p?si'vei??n]钝化铝钝化Ambipolar [,?mbi'p?ul?]双极的Ambient temperature ['?mbi?nt]环境温度Amorphous [?'m?:f?s]无定形的，非晶体的Amplifier ['?mplifai?]功放扩音器放大器Analogue(Analog) ['?n?l?ɡ] comparator ['k?mp?reit?]模拟比较器Angstrom ['??str?m]埃Anneal [?'ni:l]退火Anisotropic [?n,ais?u'tr?pik]各向异性的Anode ['?n?ud]阳极Arsenic ['ɑ:s?nik (AS) 砷Auger ['?:ɡ?]俄歇Auger process 俄歇过程Avalanche ['?v?lɑ:nt?]雪崩Avalanche breakdown(击穿) 雪崩击穿Avalanche excitation [,eksi'tei??n](激发)雪崩激发Background(背景,本底,基底) carrier 本底载流子Background doping 本底掺杂Backward ['b?kw?d]反向Backward bias ['bai?s](偏置,)偏爱反向偏置Ballasting ['b?l?st] resistor 整流电阻Ball bond [b?nd](结合)球形键合Band 能带Band gap [ɡ?p](间隙)能带间隙Barrier 势垒Barrier layer 势垒层Barrier ['b?ri?] width 势垒宽度Base 基极Base contact 基区接触Base stretching 基区扩展效应Base transit(运输)time基区渡越时间Base transport efficiency [i'fi??nsi](效率)基区输运系数Base-width modulation [,m?dju'lei??n(?调制)基区宽度调制Basis vector ['vekt?]矢量基矢Bias 偏置Bilateral [,bai'l?t?r?l] switch 双向开关Binary ['bain?ri]code(代码)二进制代码Binary compound semiconductor二元化合物半导体Bipolar [bai'p?ul?]双极性的Bipolar Junction Transistor (晶体管)(BJT)双极晶体管Bloch [bl?k]布洛赫Blocking ['bl?ki?]（截止，阻塞）band 阻挡能带Blocking contact 阻挡接触Body（身体，主题）- centered（居中的）体心立方Body-centred cubic ['kju:bik]立方体structure ['str?kt??]结构体立心结构Boltzmann 波尔兹曼Bond 键、键合Bonding electron 价电子Bonding pad 键合点Bootstrap circuit ['s?:kit]电路自举电路Bootstrapped emitter [i'mit?]发射器follower（追随者）自举射极跟随器Boron ['b?:r?n]硼Borosilicate [,b?:r?u'silikit]硼硅酸盐glass 硼硅玻璃Boundary condition 边界条件Bound electron 束缚电子Breadboard 模拟板、实验板Break down 击穿Break over 转折Brillouin 布里渊Brillouin zone 布里渊区Built-in 内建的Build-in electric field 内建电场Bulk [b?lk]体/体内Bulk absorption 体吸收Bulk generation 体产生Bulk recombination [,ri:k?mbi'nei??n]体复合Burn - in 老化Burn out 烧毁Buried ['berid]埋葬的channel埋沟Buried diffusion扩散region 隐埋扩散区Can 外壳Capacitance[k?'p?s?t(?)ns]电容Capture俘获cross section 俘获截面Capture carrier 俘获载流子Carrier 载流子、载波Carry bit 进位位Carry-in bit 进位输入Carry-out bit 进位输出Cascade [k?s'keid]级联，串联级联Case 管壳Cathode['k?θ?ud]阴极Center 中心Ceramic [si'r?mik]陶瓷（的）Channel['t??n?l] (频道)沟道Channel breakdown 沟道击穿Channel current 沟道电流Channel doping 沟道掺杂Channel shortening 沟道缩短Channel width 沟道宽度Characteristic impedance[im'pi:d?ns]特征阻抗Charge (控告)电荷,充电Charge-compensation[,k?mpen'sei??n](补偿) effects 电荷补偿效应Charge conservation(保存,保持) 电荷守恒Charge neutrality[nju?'tr?l?t?](中性) condition电中性条件Charge drive/exchange/sharing/transfer/storage 电荷驱动/交换/共享/转移/存储Chemmical etching[nju?'tr?l?t?]化学腐蚀法Chemically-Polish['p?l??]（磨光）化学抛光Chemmically-Mechanically [m?'k?n?k?l?]（机械地）Polish (CMP) 化学机械抛光Chip 芯片Chip yield（产量）芯片成品率Clamped 箝位Clamping diode 箝位二极管Cleavage['kli?v?d?] plane（平面）解理面Clock rate（比率）时钟频率Clock generator 时钟发生器Clock flip-flop（触发器）时钟触发器Close-packed structure（构造）密堆积结构Close-loop（环）gain（获利，增加）闭环增益Collector 集电极Collision[k?'l??(?)n]（冲突）碰撞Compensated（补偿）OP-AMP 补偿运放Common-base/collector/emitter connection 共基极/集电极/发射极连接Common-gate/drain/source connection 共栅/漏/源连接Common-mode gain 共模增益Common-mode input 共模输入Common-mode rejection（抑制，拒绝）ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比Compatibility[k?m,p?t?'b?l?t?]兼容性Compensation 补偿Compensated impurities（杂质）补偿杂质Compensated semiconductor 补偿半导体Complementary（补足的）Darlington circuit（电路，回路）互补达林顿电路Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor（晶体管）(CMOS) 互补金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Complementary error function（功能，函数）余误差函数Computer-aided【辅助的】design (CAD)/test(CAT)/manufacture(CAM)Compound['k?mpa?nd] Semiconductor 化合物半导体Conductance[k?n'd?kt(?)ns]电导Conduction（传导band (edge) 导带(底) Conduction level/state 导带态Conductor 导体Conductivity 电导率Configuration（配置）组态Conlomb?['ku?l?m]库仑Conpled Configuration Devices 结构组态Constants（常量，常数）物理常数Constant energy surface 等能面Constant-source diffusion（扩散，传播）恒定源扩散Contact（联系，接触）接触Contamination[k?n,t?m?'ne???n]玷污Continuity[,k?nt?'nju??t?]（连续性）equation（方程式，等式）连续性方程Contact hole孔接触孔Contact potential（潜能，潜在的）接触电势Continuity condition 连续性条件Contra['k?ntr?]相反doping 反掺杂Controlled 受控的Converter[k?n'v??t?]（converter转变，转换）转换器Conveyer[k?n've?]传输器Copper（铜）interconnection[,?nt?k?'n?k??n]（互联）system 铜互连系统Couping 耦合Covalent[k??'ve?l(?)nt]（共价的）共阶的Crossover 跨交Critical （批评的）临界的Crossunder 穿交Crucible['kru?s?b(?)l]坩埚Crystal defect缺陷/face/orientation/lattice 晶体缺陷/晶面/晶向/晶格Current density（密度）电流密度Curvature'k??v?t??曲率Cut off 截止Current drift（漂移）/dirve/sharing电流漂移/驱动/共享Current Sense（感觉，检测）电流取样Curvature 弯曲Custom（风俗，习惯，定制的integrated circuit 定制集成电路Cylindrical 柱面的Czochralshicrystal 直立单晶crystal（晶体，单晶）Czochralski technique 切克劳斯基技术（Cz 法直拉晶体J）Dangling ['d??g(?)l??;bonds 悬挂键Dark current 暗电流Dead time 空载时间Debye length 德拜长度De.broglie 德布洛意Decderate 减速Decibel ['des?bel] (dB) 分贝Decode 译码Deep acceptor level 深受主能级Deep donor['d??n?（捐赠者level 深施主能级Deep impurity（杂质，不存，不洁）level 深度杂质能级Deep trap 深陷阱Defeat 缺陷Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体Degeneracy 简并度Degradation?[,degr?'de??(?)n]退化Degree Celsius(centigrade) /Kelvin 摄氏/开氏温度Delay 延迟Density 密度Density of states 态密度Depletion 耗尽Depletion approximation 耗尽近似Depletion contact 耗尽接触Depletion depth 耗尽深度Depletion effect 耗尽效应Depletion layer 耗尽层Depletion MOS 耗尽MOSDepletion region 耗尽区Deposited film(电影，薄膜) 淀积薄膜Deposition process 淀积工艺Design rules 设计规则Die 芯片（复数dice）Diode 二极管Dielectric 介电的Dielectric isolation（隔离。

摩尔定律英文原文英文回答：Moore's Law is an observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years, while the cost of computing halves. This observation has held true for nearly 50 years, and it has been a major driver of the rapid progress of the computer industry.The law was first proposed by Gordon Moore, a co-founder of Intel, in 1965. He noticed that the number of transistors on a chip had been doubling every year, and he predicted that this trend would continue. Moore's Law has since become a self-fulfilling prophecy, as the semiconductor industry has continued to find ways to pack more transistors onto a chip.There are a number of factors that have contributed to the continued validity of Moore's Law. One factor is theminiaturization of transistors. As transistors have become smaller, it has become possible to pack more of them onto a chip. Another factor is the development of new chip fabrication techniques. These techniques have allowed manufacturers to create chips with more layers of transistors and with finer feature sizes.Moore's Law has had a profound impact on the computer industry. It has led to the development of smaller, faster, and cheaper computers. These computers have made it possible for us to do things that were once impossible, such as accessing vast amounts of information, communicating with people all over the world, and playing sophisticated games.However, the continued validity of Moore's Law is not guaranteed. There are a number of challenges that the semiconductor industry is facing, such as the difficulty of further miniaturizing transistors and the increasing cost of chip fabrication. It is possible that Moore's Law will eventually reach its limits, but it is also possible that the industry will find new ways to overcome thesechallenges.中文回答：摩尔定律。

第二章67页2.1.1The essential structure of a BJT is represented in Figure 2-1(a).双极性晶体管的基本结构如图2-1（a）所示。

The very earliest such devices had structures literally of this kind.早期器件就具有上面所说的这种的结构。

Two closely spaced junctions were created by crystal-growth methods, and a “bar” or parallelepiped was then cut out of the germanium crystal.两个紧密间隔开的结是由晶体生长方法产生，和一个“杆”或平行六面体，然后切出锗晶体。

Electrical leads were attached to it (an enormous challenge!) and the result was a BJT. For reasons that will be explained shortly, these electrical terminals are given the names, respectively from left to right, emitter, base, and conductor.导线被连接到结（一个巨大的挑战！），结果是一个BJT（双极性晶体管）。

将要简短解释的原因，这些电气端子被赋予名称，分别由左到右，发射极，基极，和集电极。

These names were chosen with an eye to distinctive initial letters, which are displayed in Figure 2-1(a) in association with the three terminals.这三个极用三个独特的字母表示（E、B、C），如图2-1（a）所示。

The information provided herein is believed to be reliable at press time. Stanford Microdevices assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies or omissions.Stanford Microdevices assumes no responsibility for the use of this information, and all such information shall be entirely at the user s own risk. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. No patent rights or licenses to any of the circuits described herein are implied or granted to any third party. Stanford Microdevices does not authorize or warrant any Stanford Microdevices product for use in life-support devices and/or systems.Copyright 2000 Stanford Microdevices, Inc. All worldwide rights reserved.Absolute Maximum Ratingsre t e m a r a P e u l a V t i n U t n e r r u C y l p p u S 61A m e g a t l o V e c i v e D 6V e r u t a r e p m e T g n i t a r e p O 58+o t 04-C ºr e w o P t u p n I m u m i x a M 4-m B d e g n a R e r u t a r e p m e T e g a r o t S 051+o t 04-C ºer u t a r e p m e T n o i t c n u J g n i t a r e p O 051+CºOperation of this device above any one of theseparameters may cause permanent damage.Bias Conditions should also satisfy the following expression: I D V D (max) < (T J - T OP )/R th ,j-lKey parameters, at typical operating frequencies:e c n e r ef e R ro t a n g i s e D n o i t c n u F z H M 005z H M 058z H M 0591z H M 00421b C g n i k c o l B C D F p 022F p 001F p 86F p 652b C g n i k c o l B C D F p 022F p 001F p 86F p 651d C g n i l p u o c e D F u 1F u 1F u 1F u 12d C g n i l p u o c e D F p 001F p 86F p 22F p 22ek o h c L gn i k c o l B C A Hn 86Hn 33Hn 22Hn 81Application Schematic#n i P n o i t c n u F n o i t p i r c s e D ci t a m e h c S e c i v e D 1D N G ts e b r o F .d n u o r g o t n o i t c e n n o C o t e s o l c s a (s e l o h a i v e s u e c n a m r o f r e p d a e l e c u d e r o t )e l b i s s o p s a s d a e l d n u o r g .e c n a t c u d n i 2D N G 1n i P s a e m a S 3N I F R na f o e s u e h t s e r i u q e r n i p s i h T .n i p t u p n i F R r o f n e s o h c r o t i c a p a c g n i k c o lb C D l a n r e t x e .n o i t a r e p o f o y c n e u q e r f e h t 4D N G 1n i P s a e m a S 5D N G 1n i P s a e m a S 6TU O F R eb d l u o h s s a i B .n i p s a i b d n a t u p t u o F R l a n r e t x e n a h g u o r h t n i p s i h t o t d e i l p p u s .r o t c u d n i e k o h c F R d n a r o t s i s e r s e i r e s a ,n i p s i h t n o t n e s e r p s i g n i s a i b C D e s u a c e B n i d e s u e b d l u o h s r o t i c a p a c g n i k c o l b C D no i t a c i l p p a e e s (s n o i t a c i l p p a t s o m s a i b s i h t f o e d i s y l p p u s e h T .)c i t a m e h c s .d e s s a p y b l l e w e b d l u o h s k r o w t e nd BCaution: ESD sensitiveAppropriate precautions in handling, packaging andtesting devices must be observed.Part Number Ordering Informationr e bmuNt r a P e z i S l e eR l e eR/s e c i v eD3610-AGS"70003 Package Dimensions Pad Layout Package MarkingNote: Pin 1 is on lower left when you canread package markingDIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES [MM]。

复&hearts;制&hearts;人是泰瑞公&hearts;司&hearts;研制的合成人被用于外星殖民地它们力量过人是理想的劳动力因为一系列暴&hearts;乱&hearts; 复&hearts;制&hearts;人的生产遭禁泰瑞公&hearts;司&hearts;破产21世纪20年代中叶生态系统崩溃企业家尼安德·华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;发明了人造农业避免了饥荒发生他由此发迹华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;收&hearts;购&hearts;了泰瑞公&hearts;司&hearts;的残部研发出顺服的新一批复&hearts;制&hearts;人许多寿命无限的旧型号&hearts;复&hearts;制&hearts;人连锁8型幸存下来他们被追捕被"退休"追捕他们的人依然叫做复&hearts;制&hearts;人银翼杀手加利福尼亚州 2049年洛杉矶警局自动驾驶模式希望你不介意我擅自进来了I hope you don't mind me taking the liberty.我很小心没带进来灰尘I was careful not to drag in any dirt.我不介意灰尘I don't mind the dirt.但我很介意I do mind...不速之客unannounced visits.你是警&hearts;察&hearts;吗You police?你是萨珀·莫尔顿吗公民号&hearts;NK68514Are you Sapper Morton? Civic number NK68514?-我是个农民 -我看出来了- I'm a farmer. - I saw that.你种什么What do you farm?这是个蛋白质农场It's a protein farm.由华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;设计Wallace design.我闻到的是这个吗Is that what I smell?是我种的留着自己吃的Grow that just for me.大蒜Garlic.大蒜Garlic.你可以尝尝Go on, try some.不用了谢谢你No, thank you.我比较喜欢空着肚子I prefer to keep an empty stomach去处理一天里难熬的部分until the hard part of the day is done.你来这儿多久了How long you been here?从2020年开始Since 2020.你并非一直都是个农民是吗But you haven't always been a farmer, have you? 你的包Your bag.那是殖民地医疗用包It's colonial medical use.由军队发放Military issue.你以前驻在哪卡兰星吗Where were you? Calantha?那场景想必很凶残Must have been brutal.你是想逮捕我吗Plan on taking me in?让他们把我解剖了看看Let them take a look inside?莫尔顿先生Mr. Morton...如果能逮捕你if taking you in is an option...那我很是乐意I would much prefer that to the alternative.你肯定知道早晚会有人找上门的I'm sure you knew it would be someone in time. 很遗憾那个人是我I'm sorry it had to be me.都一样Good as any.如果你不介意Now, if you don't mind...能否请你往左上看if you could just look up and to the left, please.请不要站起来Please don't get up.杀死你的同类是什么感受How's it feel killing your own kind?我不用"退休"同类因为我们不会逃I don't retire my own kind because we don't run. 只有旧型号&hearts;才逃Only older models do.你们这些新型号&hearts;乐意干这种脏活And you new models are happy scraping the shit... 是因为你们从未见过奇迹because you've never seen a miracle.全部拍照取证Just photograph everything.呼叫长官Madam, please.洛杉矶警局来电Incoming L.A.P.D. Re-codec hash.洛杉矶警局你受伤了我可不付你医疗费You're hurt. I'm not paying for that.-我粘一下就好 -汇报- I'll glue it. - And?残存的几个连锁8型之一One of the tail-end Nexus 8s.他好像对你下手不轻He looks like he could take your head off.是啊He tried.他去了卡兰星之后擅自离队He went AWOL after Calantha...同行的还有几个也要处理掉with a few more in his outfit I wouldn't mind closing out.-就他一个人吗 -就他一个人- Just him? - Just him.回来测基线Come on home for your baseline.稍等长官One moment, madam.地下30米最大深度扫描Thirty meters to maximum depth.洛杉矶警局证物那是什么What is that?我派个挖掘小队过去I'll send a dig team.风暴前回来Come on home before the storm.洛杉矶警局KD6-3.7警官Officer KD6 - 3.7.-开始吧准备好了吗 -好了长官- Let's begin. Ready? - Yes, sir.背诵你的基线Recite your baseline.血黑色的虚无开始编织And blood-black nothingness began to spin.一个网络细胞之间相连A system of cells interlinked within cells...再相连与那主干再相连interlinked within cells interlinked within one stem.滚开劣种Fuck off, skin-job.于是在那黑暗衬托下And dreadfully distinct against the dark,显现一座喷泉向上高喷的白水柱a tall white fountain played.-细胞 -细胞- Cells. - Cells.-你进过孤儿院吗细胞 -细胞- Have you ever been in an institution? Cells. - Cells.创伤后基线测试警官KD6 - 3.7 2049年6月30号&hearts;-他们把你关在监狱里吗细胞 -细胞- Do they keep you in a cell? Cells. - Cells.如果你没有尽责When you're not performing your duties,-他们会把你关进小房&hearts;间吗细胞 -细胞- do they keep you in a little box? Cells. - Cells.-相连 -相连- Interlinked. - Interlinked.牵着你所爱之人的手是什么感觉相连What's it like to hold the hand of someone you love? Interlinked. 相连Interlinked.他们有教过你指尖相对的感觉吗相连Did they teach you how to feel finger to finger? Interlinked.相连Interlinked.你渴望你的心与人相连吗相连Do you long for having your heart interlinked? Interlinked.相连Interlinked.-你梦想过与谁相连吗 -相连- Do you dream about being interlinked? - Interlinked.怀抱你的孩子是什么感受相连What's it like to hold your child in your arms? Interlinked.相连Interlinked.你是否觉得自己有一部分缺少了Do you feel that there's a part of you that's missing?-相连 -相连- Interlinked. - Interlinked.-细胞之间相连 -细胞之间相连- Within cells interlinked. - Within cells interlinked.说三遍Why don't you say that three times?细胞之间相连Within cells interlinked.细胞之间相连Within cells interlinked.细胞之间相连细胞之间相连Within cells interlinked. Within cells interlinked.好了We're done.很稳定 KConstant K.你可以去领奖金了You can pick up your bonus.谢谢你长官Thank you, sir.注意不要靠近Caution, keep clear.注意不要靠近Caution, keep clear.注意不要靠近Caution, keep clear.随时随地联&hearts;系&hearts;外星殖民地Connect to Off-world any time, any place. 20分钟后开始Packages start at 20 minutes.提供多种选择Many options available.乔伊会去任何你想让她去的地方Joi goes anywhere you want her to go.随时随地联&hearts;系&hearts;外星殖民地Connect to Off-world any time, any place. 20分钟后开始Packages start at 20 minutes.帅气的铁皮兵你怎么了你现在回来了笨蛋谁他妈会在这儿等你我要把你这个混&hearts;蛋&hearts;赶出去滚劣种K 我没听见你你回来早了K? I didn't hear you. You're early.你不想让我回家吗You want me to come back?-快去洗洗吧 -遵命长官- Just go scrub. - Yes, ma'am.你的会开得怎样How was your meeting?就平时那样The usual.你今天过得如何How was your day?我都快得幽闭恐惧症了I'm getting cabin fever.99.9%消毒水99.9 percent detoxified water.工作时出了点意外I had an accident at work.衬衣大概是毁了I think I ruined my shirt.我确信我能补好它拿给我看看I'm sure I can fix that for you. Let me take a look at it.我得喝一杯I need a drink.-你想先喝一杯吗 -给我倒一杯吧- Do you want a drink first? - Pour me one, will you?我在尝试新菜谱I'm trying a new recipe.再多练练就能成了I just need a bit more practice.别忙活了Don't fuss.我应该腌久一点的希望不会干I should have marinated it longer. I hope it isn't dry.你知道这首歌&hearts;是1966年由重显唱片公&hearts;司&hearts;发行的吗Did you know this song was released in 1966 on Reprise Records?当时是榜单上第一名It was number one on the charts.很快就好了最后再收个尾It won't be much longer. Just putting on the finishing touches.好啦准备好了希望你喜欢Okay, it's ready. I hope you're gonna like it.我说了不用忙活的I told you not to fuss.但我仍然...And yet....好啦用餐愉快Voilà! Bon appétit.我想你了宝贝甜心I missed you, baby sweet.亲爱的这太美了Honey, it's beautiful.把腿翘起来Just put your feet up.放轻松Relax.今天可够呛了吧Was a day?是很够呛It was a day.你读给我听好吗Would you read to me?弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫《微暗的火》能让你好受一些It'll make you feel better.-你讨厌那本书 -我也不想读- You hate that book. - I don't wanna read either.我们跳舞吧Let's dance.你想跳舞还是想拆礼物Do you wanna dance, or do you wanna open your present? 什么礼物What present?-这个 -今天是什么日子- This one. - What's the occasion?就当做是...Let's just say...-我们的纪念日吧 -是吗- it's our anniversary. - Is it?不是但我们就当做是吧No, but let's just say that it is.好吗Okay?纪念日快乐Happy anniversary.投射仪An emanator.乔伊检测到投射仪正在连接华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;谢谢Thank you.亲爱的现在你想去哪里都可以了Honey, you can go anywhere you want in the world now.你想先去哪Where do you wanna go first?和你在一起时我很开心I'm so happy when I'm with you.你不必这么说You don't have to say that.语&hearts;音&hearts;信息语&hearts;音&hearts;信息正在播放挖掘完成了我们发现了一条新线索The dig's come through. We have a new lead.马上过来Get down here.碳读数 14.6GPHCarbon read: 14.6 GPH.这箱子是个士兵个人用品箱Your box is a military footlocker,属于萨珀·莫尔顿issued to Sapper Morton...被当成了棺材有创意creatively repurposed as an ossuary:里面装了一箱尸骨a box of bones.除了骨头就只有头发Nothing else in it but hair.土壤样本检测显示她已经入土30年了The soil samples indicate that she's been buried for 30 years. 骨头全部被拆开洗干净Bones all dismantled, fully cleaned,然后仔细安放好了meticulously laid to rest."她""She"?死因是什么珂珂Cause of death, Coco?没有裂痕没有外伤的迹象但是...No breaks, no sign of trauma, except...髂骨骨裂了a fracture through the ilium.产道狭窄胎儿一定是被卡住了It's a narrow birth canal. Baby must have got stuck. 她当时怀孕了吗She was pregnant?所以她不是被他杀了So he didn't kill her?她死于难产She died in childbirth.那是什么What's that?往回Go back.放大Closer.再放大Closer.那是什么What's that?骼脊上的切口Notching in the iliac crest.尖端很细像是把手术刀It's fine-point, like a scalpel.看着像是u200c紧急剖腹产That looks like an emergency C-section.切口很规则没有挣扎的痕迹The cuts are clean. No sign of a struggle.他曾经是军医He was a combat medic.也许他想救她但没成功Maybe he tried to save her, and he just couldn't.他看着可不像是会救人的那种He didn't seem like the saving type.他不辞劳苦埋了她He went to the trouble of burying her.一个多愁善感的劣种A sentimental skin-job.抱歉Sorry.那孩子在哪So where's the kid?你扫描了整片区域吗You scan the whole field?只有泥土和虫子没有其他尸体了Just dirt and worms. No other bodies.也许被他吃了Maybe he ate it.不可能That's not possible.她是个复&hearts;制&hearts;人She was a Replicant.怀孕了Pregnant.这个世界界限分明The world is built on a wall.把人和复&hearts;制&hearts;人区分开It separates kind.不管哪一边知道这个界限消失了Tell either side there's no wall,都会引发战争you bought a war.或是屠&hearts;杀&hearts;Or a slaughter.所以你刚刚...So what you saw...什么都没有看见didn't happen.遵命长官Yes, madam.我的职责就是维护秩序It is my job to keep order.这就是我们的职责我们维护秩序That's what we do here. We keep order.您想这件事消失吗You want it gone?抹除一切Erase everything.-孩子也不放过吗 -一切痕迹- Even the child? - All trace.你还有话要说吗You have anything more to say?我从没退休过自然出生的东西I've never retired something that was born before. 有什么区别What's the difference?自然出生意味着有灵魂我猜To be born is to have a soul, I guess.你是要抗命吗Are you telling me no?我都不知道有违抗命令这一说长官I wasn't aware that was an option, madam.好样的Attaboy.你没有那东西也挺好的You've been getting on fine without one.什么东西长官What's that, madam?灵魂A soul.你们这些新型号&hearts;乐意干脏活And you new models are happy scraping the shit...是因为你们从未见过奇迹because you've never seen a miracle.华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;公&hearts;司&hearts; 地球总部我来查一个以前的序列号&hearts;Just checking in on an old serial number.有DNA吗Confirmation DNA?有头发I got hair.样本 45-27第A5-869号&hearts;抽屉旧型号&hearts;An old one.大断电之前的Pre-Blackout.那就有点难找了That's gonna be tough.大断电后剩下的数据不多Not much from then.留下的也是...And what's there is...沧海一粟thick milky.您可以根据需要定制复&hearts;制&hearts;人You can customize them as much as you'd like.让它们多接近于人类都可以As human as you want them to be.不过您只是想在钻井现场使用对吧But your operation is strictly a drill site, isn't it?是我就不会把钱浪费在I wouldn't waste your money提高智力忠诚度和外表上on intelligence, attachment or appeal.还是说您想在订单里加点情趣型号&hearts;的Unless you'd like to add some pleasure models to your order. 请求查询背景信息我们改天再聊行吗Would it be possible to reschedule this call, please?所有人都记得大断电的时候自己在哪你呢Everyone remembers where they were at the Blackout. You? 那是我生产前的事了That was a little before my time.我当时和父母在家里度过了黑暗的十天I was home with my folks, then 10 days of darkness.所有机器都停止了运行Every machine stopped cold.等来电的时候我们的数据都被抹去了When the lights came back, we were wiped clean.照片文件所有的数据都没了Photos, files, every bit of data, gone.银行记录也没了Bank records too.那倒无所谓Didn't mind that.只不过留存下来的居然是纸质记录It's funny it's only paper that lasted.毕竟我们把所有东西都存在了硬盘里I mean, we had everything on drives.什么都放在里面Everything, everything, everything.我妈现在一想到我的婴儿照没了都会哭呢My mom still cries over the lost baby pictures.那真可惜你小时候一定很可爱Well, it's a shame. You must have been adorable.很零碎没多少信息Pretty fractured. Not much on it.禁令颁布前生产的上一代复&hearts;制&hearts;人One of the last gens, pre-Prohibition.标准配置Standard issue.-泰瑞公&hearts;司&hearts;研发的 -其他信息呢- Made by Tyrell. - And?不足为奇Unremarkable.不足为奇"Unremarkable"?我们肯定能给他找到其他线索There must be something else we can find for him.又找回了个旧复&hearts;制&hearts;人Another prodigal serial number returns.30年的案子终于结了A 30-year-old open case finally closed.谢谢您警官Thank you, officer.华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;先生派我来的我叫露芙I'm here for Mr. Wallace. I'm Luv.他给你取了名字He named you.你一定很特别Must be special.我是代华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;先生来的I'm here for Mr. Wallace.请跟我走Follow me.老一代复&hearts;制&hearts;人坏了整个项目的名声The ancient models give the entire endeavor a bad name.这是华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;先生给世界带来的馈赠不是吗What a gift, don't you think, from Mr. Wallace to the world?要不是他收&hearts;购&hearts;了泰瑞公&hearts;司&hearts;The outer colonies would never让这项技术死灰复燃have flourished had he not bought Tyrell...外星殖民地也不会这么兴旺revivified the technology.我们做出的贡献远不仅如此To say the least of what we do.连锁8型原型你好像也是我们的顾客I see you're also a customer.对我们的产品还满意吗Are you satisfied with our product?她非常逼真谢谢She's very realistic. Thank you.到了所有的废弃信息都在这Here. All the junk is in here.你真走运华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;先生喜欢收藏数据Lucky for you, Mr. Wallace is a data hoarder.这里好久没人来过了No one's been down here in ages.请见谅Sorry about that.我们那时所有的内存数据All our memory bearings from the time.在大断电时都受到了损害They were all damaged in the Blackout.不过有时会有片段幸存But there are sometimes fragments.泰瑞公&hearts;司&hearts;档案你有个儿子You got a little boy.他在向你展示他的蝴蝶标本还有杀虫罐He shows you his butterfly collection, plus the killing jar.我会带他去看医生I'd take him to the doctor.-有只黄蜂爬在你的手臂上 -我会杀了它- There's a wasp crawling on your arm. - I'd kill it.你在读一本杂&hearts;志&hearts;You're reading a magazine.其中有一页是一位女性的全幅裸体照You come across a full-page nude photo of a girl.这是在测试Is this testing我是复&hearts;制&hearts;人还是同性恋戴克先生whether I'm a Replicant or a lesbian, Mr. Deckard?请直接回答问题Just answer the questions, please.至少当时某些人还不知道她是什么It was unclear what she was, at least to someone.这是在做测试This was a test.那时人们很难辨认出复&hearts;制&hearts;人We were difficult to spot then.你找到她有什么不寻常的吗Was there anything unusual about how you found her?还需要开展正式调查To warrant an official investigation?你也知道人们是怎么看待旧型号&hearts;的You know how people are about old serial numbers.他们了解了这些复&hearts;制&hearts;人的下落后会更安心Everyone just sleeps better when they know where they got to. 她喜欢他She likes him.喜欢谁Who?戴克警官This Officer Deckard.她想激怒他She's trying to provoke him.被问及私人问题的时候会让人亢奋It is invigorating being asked personal questions.会让人觉得Makes one feel...被需要desired.你喜欢你的工作吗警官Do you enjoy your work, officer?感谢华&hearts;莱&hearts;士&hearts;先生让你来接待Please thank Mr. Wallace for your time.你曾与戴克警官共事You worked with Officer Deckard...过去的时候back in the day.能和我说说他吗What can you tell me about him?他喜欢单独行动He liked to work alone.我也是So did I.所以我们就做了搭档好各自行动So we worked together to keep it that way.就这些That was it.还有其他信息吗Anything else you can tell me?他对这个世界没有眷念He wasn't long for this world.为什么How so?他的眼神Something in his eyes.我怎样才能联&hearts;系&hearts;到他Any idea how I could contact him?联&hearts;系&hearts;不到None.他退休了He's nyugdíjas.退役了Retired.怎么回事What happened?大概得到他想要的了Probably got what he wanted.得以孤身一人To be alone.欢迎回来先生Welcome back, sir.您想在装运前审查一下新型号&hearts;吗先生You wanted to review the new model, sir, before shipment? 天使永远不该不拿礼物An angel should never enter the kingdom of heaven...就进入天堂without a gift.你至少说"婴孩降生"Can you at least pronounce, "a child is born"?新型号&hearts;A new model.那我们来看看她吧Well, let us see her, then.出生后第一反应The first thought...人们会感到恐惧one tends to fear...来保护自己的肉体to preserve the clay.真是迷人It's fascinating.我们还未搞清楚自己是什么之前Before we even know what we are...就害怕失去它了we fear to lose it.生日快乐Happy birthday.现在我们来看看你Now, let's have a look at you.我们制&hearts;造&hearts;天使We make angels...来造福文明社会in the service of civilization.是的过去有过坏天使Yes, there were bad angels once.我现在造的是好天使I make good angels now.由此我们征服了九个新世界That is how I took us to nine new worlds.九个Nine.孩子数手指头也能数到九A child can count to nine on fingers.那些星球应该属于我们We should own the stars.是的先生Yes, sir.文明的每次飞跃Every leap of civilization都是以可支配的[一次性的]劳动力为基础的was built off the back of a disposable workforce. 我们不再对奴隶感兴趣We lost our stomach for slaves...除非是改造过的unless engineered.但我只能造出这么多But I can only make so many.那贫瘠的牧场That barren pasture...寸草不生empty...因盐碱而荒芜and salted...就这里right here.星际间的死区The dead space between the stars.这里我们必须为天堂而改变这里And this, the seat that we must change for heaven.我无法让他们生育我发誓我努力过了I cannot breed them. So help me, I have tried.我们需要比以往更多的复&hearts;制&hearts;人We need more Replicants than can ever be assembled. 数百万由此来制&hearts;造&hearts;数万亿Millions, so we can be trillions more.我们可以攻占伊甸园We could storm Eden and retake her.泰瑞最后的秘诀Tyrell's final trick:生育Procreation.更完美了却无法再生Perfected, then lost.但有个孩子But there is a child.把孩子带来Bring it to me.是Sir.最出色的天使The best angel of all.对吧露芙Aren't you, Luv?穿绿色夹克的男人The man with the green jacket.他杀了萨珀查清楚他知道些什么The one who killed Sapper. Find out what he knows. 你好啊帅哥Hello, hello, A-Boy.一个人吗You alone?他是银翼杀手我认得他他很危险你走不走没关系It's fine.愿意给我买&hearts;&hearts;包烟吗Wanna buy a lady a cigarette?你连笑都不笑Oh, you don't even smile.你没听到你朋友说的话吗Didn't you hear your friends?你不知道我是谁吗Don't you know what I am?知道Yeah.吃米饭的男人Guy eating rice.那是什么What's that?是棵树It's a tree.我从没见过树Never seen a tree before.很美It's pretty.已经死了It's dead.谁会留着一棵死树呢Now, who keeps a dead tree?你不会杀了我吧会吗You're not gonna kill me, are you?不一定你是什么型号&hearts;Depends. What's your model number?你看我眼睛下面不就知道了Why don't you look under my eye and find out?你不喜欢真正的女孩You don't like real girls.我一直在这儿Well, I'm always here.你不能拿You can't take those.当然我通过正常程序也有文件证明Of course not. Proper channels and paperwork.都在这儿It's all here.帮我拿一下Hold this for me.这呢给你Yep. Here you go.珂珂死了Coco is dead.骨头不见了Bones are gone.消息已经传出去了才用了多长时间It's out. Already out. How long did that take?有什么消息别告诉我什么都没有So, what do you have for me? And don't say nothing.我找到了那个I found that.一只袜子A sock?-你从哪儿找到的 -萨珀家- Where'd you find it? - Sapper's.有其他东西吗Anything else?我把剩下的都烧了I burned everything else.那这是什么这日期是什么Then what's this? What's that date?是生日还是死期Is that a birthday? Is that a death day?我还不知道I don't know yet.只有我意识到了会发生什么吗Am I the only one that can see the fucking sunrise here?这会毁掉世界的 KThis breaks the world, K.我认识很多个复&hearts;制&hearts;人You know, I've known a lot of your kind.都很优秀但我有时会忘记你也是All useful, but with you, I sometimes forget.我小时候一个复&hearts;制&hearts;人都没有We didn't have any of you where I was a kid.你记得什么吗Do you remember anything?关于以前的事你还记得多少做我手下之前Before you were under me, you have any memories from before? 我有记忆I have memories...但都不是真实的是植入的but they're not real. They're just implants.跟我说说Tell me one.你的童年记忆From when you were a kid.我觉得跟别人讲童年的事很奇怪I feel strange sharing a childhood story,因为我没有童年considering I was never a child.如果我命令你你肯说吗Well, would it help you share if I told you it was an order?我记得我以前有个玩具I have one about a toy that I had.一匹木头小马A wooden horse.底部刻了字With an inscription underneath.我只记得有一群小男孩想抢走它All I remember is a group of boys trying to take it away from me. 所以我跑走了So I run.我想找个地方把它藏起来I go looking for a place to hide it,而我周围只有一个黑黑的炉子and the only place is this dark furnace.那里一片漆黑我很害怕It's very dark, and I'm very scared...但那个木马是我的全部所以我还是进去了but this horse is all I have, so I go in anyway.然后那些孩子抓住了我Later on, those kids find me...他们打我让我告诉他们木马在哪但我没说and they beat me to tell them where it is, but I don't. 就这些That's it.小小K保护自己的东西Little K, fighting for what's his.这个故事不错It's a good one.看着我Look at me.我们都在寻找真实We're all just looking out for something real.如果我全喝了会怎么样What happens if I finish that?我是不是该回去工作了长官Shouldn't I get back to work, madam?查查DNA库向我汇报Check back in after DNA base.纽约警局DNA档案室KD6-3.7警官Officer KD6 - 3.7.请求搜索Request.输入日期2021年6月10日出生的孩子的DNA记录DNA records children born 6-10-21.查询有无异常Looking for anomalies.数据错误有晶体备份数据吗You have the satcrystal backup?错误所有注解数据已被破坏无法解读处理好吧Okay.运行原始数据吧Run it raw.人类就是由数据构成的Mere data makes a man.A C T GA and C and T and G.你的基因编码只由四个字母组成The alphabet of you. All from four symbols.我只有两个I'm only two:1和0One and zero.虽然只有一半但却加倍优雅亲爱的Half as much but twice as elegant, sweetheart.你不喜欢你的长官You don't prefer your madam?你刚刚在偷听You were listening.也许Maybe.你没有告诉她真&hearts;相&hearts; 看来你还不够喜欢她You didn't like her enough to tell her the truth.2021年6月10日Six, 10 and 21.也没什么好说的There's nothing to tell.这故事你跟我讲了多少遍了How many times have you told me that story?你的记忆Your memory?底部刻着的日期The date carved beneath.2021年6月10日Six, 10 and 21.巧合吗Coincidence?一个危险的巧合A dangerous coincidence.我早就知道你很特别I always knew you were special.或许这就是你的特别之处Maybe this is how.一个孩子A child.自然出生Of woman born.通过生产降临到这个世上Pushed into the world.被人需要Wanted.被人爱Loved.若这是真的Well, if it were true...我余生都会被我这样的人追杀I'd be hunted for the rest of my life by someone just like me. 偶尔做下梦也没什么It's okay to dream a little.-不是吗 -你是我就不会这样想了- Isn't it? - Not if you're us.停Stop.对比4847和2181组数据Put up 4847 and 2181 side-by-side.完全一致翻译They're identical. Translate.性别女性别男一男一女A boy and a girl.-这不可能 -为什么- It's impossible. - Why?性别男两个人的DNA不可能完全相同Two people can't have identical DNA.性别女有一个人是假的是复&hearts;制&hearts;品One of these isn't real. It's a copy.他们都在莫瑞尔·科尔孤儿院呆过They were both processed at the Morrill Cole Orphanage. 莫瑞尔·科尔孤儿院死亡证明这上面说女孩死在那了It says the girl died there.死因是遗传缺陷Genetic disorder.迦拉太综合症Galatians Syndrome.男孩And the boy...消失了disappears.那个孤儿院在哪Where's the orphanage?想出去兜风吗You wanna go for a ride?即将离开大洛杉矶地区洛杉矶废物处理厂圣迭戈到了Well, here we are.系上安全带Buckle up.KK?K KK? K?K K KK? K? K?退后Stay back.开火Fire again.开火Fire again.开火Fire.朝东六十米Two hundred feet to the east. 开火Fire.北面Go north.开火Fire.停向东转20度Stop. Twenty degrees east.停Stop.放大Zoom in.再拉近一点Closer.拜托Oh, come on.站起来Get up.干活去Do your fucking job.找到那个孩子Find the child.看好车Watch the car.每一块都要找出来Every last piece,否则我就把你们赶到外面去or I'll put you outside where the sky is raining... 任火球砸死你们where it's raining fire!你们是来干活的You're in here to work.不干活的人我不需要And if you're not working, I don't need you.我不需要任何...I don't need any of--镍用来建殖民飞船The nickel is for the colonial ships.这是他们或我们最接近...Closest any of them or any of us is gonna get...外星殖民地的美好生活的时候了to that grand life Off-world.我真的鼓励他们玩耍让他们有事可做And I encourage play, I do. Keeps them occupied... 还能保持身手敏捷对吧and it makes them nimble, right?但是是工作But it's work.是工作将他们塑造成有价值的孩子It's work that molds them into a child worth having.选吧So come on, now.你想要什么类型的What sort do you have in mind?我这儿各种都有Because I got all kinds.洛杉矶警局-不不不 -我不买&hearts;&hearts;- Oh, no, no, no. - I'm not buying.不不这只是我的生存手段我也很公平No, no, no. This is just my game, and I play it fair.不不比你大的人物...No. No, I mean, bigger than you....比你大的人物也曾让我关闭这里Bigger than you have tried to shut me down. Bigger than you.而且他们还是真实的人类And they were men, at that.约30年前有个小男孩来过这里A little boy came through here about 30 years back.我要看你的记录I need to see your records.合法安置私下买&hearts;&hearts;卖&hearts;&hearts; 我都要看Legitimate placements, private sales, everything.我没保存那么久以前的记录Don't keep records that far back.-没有吗 -没有- You don't? - I don't.抱歉Sorry.帮不了你Can't help you.-是吗 -是的- You can't? - Nope.我觉得你帮得了I think you can.我觉得你这样的人记性都很好。

Unite2课文参考译文:因特网不能做什么？1 在1858年第一根横穿大西洋的通讯电缆铺设成功时，维多利亚时代的积极分子们曾欢呼说：“像电报这种为世界各国交流思想的工具诞生之后；那些根深蒂固的偏见与敌意不可能再长时间存在了。

”甚至在今天，人们仍以同样的口吻谈论着各种新技术．生物工程被说成是解决温饱问题的妙方。

人类基因组的排序据说可以彻底根治癌症和其他疾病．然而，人们把最盲目乐观的想法倾注在了因特网上。

网络专家们的整个行业曾用令人驰神往的美妙话语（并因此而获得了不菲的收入）称，因特网可以防止战争、减少污染；还能克服种种形式的不平等。

然而，尽管因特网出现的时间不长，依旧足以激起理想主义的灵感，但它存在的时间也已长得足以判断预言家的预言正确与否了。

2所有的断言中最为美妙的便是J麻省理J学院的一些专家们所宣称的：因特网是一种潜在的和平力量。

一位权威尼十拉斯内格罗蓬特说，正是由于因特网的存在，来来的孩子们“将不知道民族主义为何物”。

他的同事迈克尔德托索斯曾写道，数字化通信将带来“计算机辅助下的和平”，它“有助于避免未来种族仇恨的爆发和国家分裂的发生”。

他的理念是改进了的通信手段将减少误解；避免冲突。

3可惜啊！这种断言并不比有关其他新技术可能促进和平的说法新鲜到哪里去。

在20世纪初，人们认为飞机的发明将有助于结束战争，因为它可以增进国际间的交往，使陆军变得陈旧过时（虽然这种说法不那么可信）——因为陆军容易受到来自空中的打击。

在第一次世界大战的现实使这些想法都成为泡影之后，人们又把希望寄托在收音机上。

“国与国之间将和平相见；”这是英国BBC 电台全球广播使用的一句很好的标语。

可悲的是，卢旺达电台并不认为收音机生来是一种一劳永逸的和平力量。

4 人们所犯的错误就在于他们认为战争的爆发是由于不同种族间缺乏充分的理解而引起的。

其实；即使真的如此；因特网也同样可用于鼓动冲突、充满憎恨的演说和偏狭的见解在阴暗的角落里滋生蔓延，政府却感到难以于预、不可否认，尽管因特网可以增进交流，它却无法消除战争。

第1章1.Semiconductors are atoms that contain valence electrons.A.twoB.threeC.fourD.five2.Two element types are used for doping.There are and.A.trivalent,pentavalentB.trivalent,hexavalentC.pentavalent,hexavalentD.trivalent,heptavalent3.The n-type material is electrically.A.positiveB.neutralC.negativeD.None of the above4.Silicon is a better insulator than germanium at room temperature.A.TrueB.False5.A trivalent element has valence electrons.A.fiveB.fourC.threeD.two6.A forward biased pn junction has minimum depletion layer width and junction resistance.A.TrueB.False7.The barrier potential for a pn junction is typically in the range.livoltB.1-10voltsC.10-100voltsD.100-1000volts8.The two types of a pn junction bias are forward bias and reverse bias.A.TrueB.False9.Conductivity in a semiconductor varies directly with temperature.A.TrueB.False10.P-type material is a semiconductor that has added impurities.A.pentavalentB.tetravalentC.divalentD.trivalent第2章1.A“Diode”is:A.A component that blocks the current flow in both directionsB.A component that allows the current to flow in both directionsC.A component that allows the current to flow in one direction,but blocks it inthe opposite directionD.A mechanical check valve2.The most common diodes are made from semiconductors such as silicon.A.TrueB.False3.A diode is a small signal device with current typically in the____range.liampB.1-1,000ampsC.1,000-10,000ampsD.10,000-100,000amps4.Diodes will conduct when in Reverse Bias.A.TrueB.False5.function on most DMMs(Digital Multimeters)is the:A.Special AC Function TestB.Special DC Function TestC.Special Diodes Function TestD.Special Resistance Function Test6.The ideal diode is viewed as a switch.A.TrueB.False7.What are the characteristics of the reverse biased ideal diode?A.The diode has infinite resistance.B.The diode does not pass current.C.The diode drops the applied voltage across its terminals.D.All of the above.8.What are the characteristics of the forward biased ideal diode?A.The diode has no resistance.B.The diode does not limit the circuit current.C.The diode has no voltage drop across its terminals.D.All of the above.9.Cathode is the n-type terminal of a diode.A.TrueB.False10.Anode is the n-type terminal of a diode.A.TrueB.False11.A diode is a two-terminal device that acts as a one-way conductor.A.TrueB.False12.The zener diode is a type of diode that is designed to work in the region of its operating curve.A.forward operatingB.reverse breakdownC.cutoffD.saturation13.A pn-junction diode is reversed biased when the cathode is more positive than the anode.A.TrueB.False14.Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)emit light when biased properly.A.TrueB.False15.When you test a diode,a forward resistance and a reverse resistance indicates that the diode is undamaged.A.high,highB.high,lowC.low,highD.low,low16.What causes most diode failures?ponent agingB.excessive forward currentC.exceeding the component’s V RRM ratingD.All of the above17.There are three diode models,there are:A.ideal model,practical model,complete modelB.ideal model,forward model,complete modelC.forward model,reverse model,complete modelD.ideal model,forward model,reverse model18.LEDs have characteristic curves that are very similar to those for pn-junction diodes and have lower forward voltage values and higher reverse breakdown voltage ratings.A.TrueB.False19.A pn-junction diode is reverse biased when the cathode is more negative than the anode.A.TrueB.False20.The light-emitting diode is designed to work in the region of its operating curve.A.forward operatingB.reverse breakdownC.cutoffD.saturation第3章1.The transistor is a_____device whose output current,voltage,and/or power are controlled by its input.A.one-terminalB.two-terminalC.three-terminalD.four-terminal2.The arrow on the BJT schematic symbol is always drawn on the emitter terminal.A.emitterB.collectorC.baseD.none of above3.The emitter,collector,and base currents of the transistor are identified as_________respectively.A.I B,I C,and I EB.I C,I E,and I BC.I E,I B,and I CD.I E,I C,and I B4.The symbol of the forward current gain is_______A.αB.θC.βD.γ5.The symbol of base supply voltage is__________A. B.B C.V BE D.B6.The symbol of the dc voltage measured from the collector terminal to the base terminal of the transistor is___________A.V BEB.V CEC.BD.V BC7.When both junctions are reverse biased,the transistor is operating in the_____region.A.cutoffB.activeC.saturationD.none of above8.When both junctions are forward biased,the transistor is operating in the_____region.A.cutoffB.activeC.saturationD.none of above9.When the base-emitter junction is forward biased,and the collector-base junction is reverse biased,the transistor is operating in the_____region.A.cutoffB.activeC.saturationD.breakdown10.When the base current is30μA,and the beta rating is200,what is the value of collector current?A.6AB.6mAC.6.67AD.150mA11.Determine the values of for the circuit.A.125mAB.50.1AC.125μAD.50.1mA12.The ratio of collector current to emitter current is the dc_____rating of a transistor.A.αB.θC.βD.γ13.When the beta rating is300,what is the value of alpha?A.300B.1C.0.997D.0.00314.The portion of the curve between and the breakdown voltage(B) represents the_____region of operation.A.cutoffB.activeC.saturationD.breakdown15.The label B is the label commonly used to represent dc_____.A.αB.θC.βD.γ16.The temperature differential between two points can be found as the sum of thermal resistance and power dissipation.A.TrueB.False17.Integrated transistors have greater maximum power and maximum current ratings than their discrete component counterparts.A.TrueB.False18.If the arrow on the BJT schematic symbol points toward the base,the transistor is a NPN type.A.TrueB.False19.The current directions for the NPN transistor are the opposite of those for the PNP transistor.A.TrueB.False20.The dc beta rating of a transistor is the ratio of dc base current to dc collector current.A.TrueB.False第4-5章1.Which one of the following statements regarding“Common-EmitterAmplifier”is correct?mon-emitter amplifier provides voltage gain only.mon-emitter amplifier provides current and power gain.mon-emitter amplifier provides voltage and power gain.mon-emitter amplifier provides voltage,current,and power gain.2.Which one of the following is not one of the amplifier configurations?mon-Emitter(CE)mon-Collector(CC)C.Collector-Emitter(CE)mon-Base(CB)3.About“Common-Emitter Amplifiers”,which one of the following is true?A.The collector is common to the input and output circuits.B.The common-emitter amplifier is the most widely used BJT amplifier.C.ansistor is normally returned to ac ground.D.The input and output signal voltages are90degrees out of phase.4.The collector terminal of the tr The configuration shown in this figure is:A.A common-emitter(CE)amplifierB.A common-collector(CC)amplifierC.A common-base(CB)amplifierD.A collector-emitter(CE)amplifier5.When the(+)input of an op-amp is more positive,the output is___?A.PositiveB.NegativeC.ZeroD.Infinite6.A circuit that amplifies the difference between two input voltages isknown as a___?A.Audio amplifierB.Class AB amplifierC.Push-pull amplifierD.Differential amplifier7.In multistage amplifiers,the total gain of the circuit is equal to the___ofthe individual amplifier dB gains.A.subtractionB.multiplicationC.divisionD.sum8.Which amplifier has the input and output voltage waveforms180°out ofphase?mon-Basemon-Emittermon-Collector9.What type of feedback helps the input to increase the output?A.Negative feedbackB.Degenerative feedbackC.Positive feedbackD.Neutral feedback10.An op amp has____input impedance and____output impedance.A.Low;lowB.Low;highC.High;lowD.High;high11.As shown in the figure，Uo=___A.10VB.4VC.6VD.2V12.The maximum output voltage of operational amplifier shown in the figureis UOM=±10V,so the output voltage is Uo=___.A.0vB.5vC.+10vD.-10v13.The output polarity in the figure below is:A.positiveB.negative14.The voltage gain(ACL)of this circuit is()A.11B.10C.-10D.-1115.The op-amp non-inverting input produces a180°voltage phase shift.A.TrueB.False16.An op-amp is a high gain dc amplifier that has high input impedance andlow output impedance.A.TrueB.False17.All amplifiers are100%efficient.A.TrueB.False18.Feedback is a term used to describe a circuit connection that“feeds”aportion of the output voltage or current back to the input to control the circuit’s operating characteristics.A.TrueB.False19.Open-loop voltage gain of an op amp means there is no feedback path tocontrol it,and it can vary greatly.A.TrueB.False20.When an op amp uses feedback circuitry,the gain is called closed-loopvoltage gain.A.TrueB.False第六章1.Convert the decimal number125to binary()A.1111101B.1100111C.1001001D.11101102.Convert the binary number1001001to decimal.A.71B.72C.73D.743.Add100and111().A.1001B.1010C.1011D.11104.Subtract101from110()A.001B.010C.011D.1005.Divide1100by100()A.001B.010C.011D.1006.Determine the1’s complement of the signed binary number0110011.A.1001100B.1110011C.0001100D.01100117.Determine the2’s complement of the signed binary number100111010.A.111000101B.111000110C.000111010D.1001110108.Express+19as8-bit numbers in sign magnitude,1’s complement and2’s complement.A.00010011,00010011B.10010011,10010011C.01101100,01101100D.11101100,111011009.Express-19as8-bit numbers in sign magnitude,1’s complement and2’s complement.A.a00010011,00010011B.10010011,10010011C.01101100,01101100D.11101100,1110110110.Determine the decimal value of the1’s complement signed number11101011.A.-20B.-21C.-22D.-2311.Determine the decimal value of the2’s complement signed number 11010111.A.-40B.-41C.-40D.4112.Convert the binary number1001111011110011100to hexadecimal.A.5F79AB.4F81CC.4F79CD.89C4F13.Convert the hexadecimal number6BD3to binary.A.0110101111010011B.1110101111011011C.0110111110010011D.111011111001001114.Convert the hexadecimal number6B to decimal.A.106B.107C.108D.10915.Convert the binary number100111011101110to octal.A.33536B.47456C.36356D.4735616.Convert the octal number645to binary.A.110100101B.101110101C.110101110D.11001010017.Convert the octal l number61to decimal.A.48B.49C.50D.5118.Convert the decimal number98to BCD.A.11001000B.10010001C.11001000D.1001100019.Convert the BCD code100000010111to decimal.A.922B.817C.718D.17820.Convert the binary number110011to decimal.A.50B.51C.52D.53第7、9章1.As shown in the figure,a logical expression corresponds to a logical symbol ：A.①②B.②③④C.①③④D.①②④2.As shown in the figure,a logical expression corresponds to a logical symbol ：A.①②B.②③④C.①③④D.①②④3．What is the minimum number of digits needed to represent 100bits of information in binary numbers?A.six bit B.eight bit C.seven bit D.ten bit4.F=AB+BC ，The input ABC combination for F=1is A 、ABC=000B 、ABC=010C 、ABC=101D 、ABC=1105.A+BC=A 、A+B B 、A+C C 、（A+B ）（A+C ）D 、B+C6.Logical expressions B A B A L +=implement ()logical functions 。

工艺考试复习：整理者（butterflying 2011‐1‐11）1.在半导体技术发展的过程中有哪些重要事件?（一般）晶体管的诞生集成电路的发明平面工艺的发明CMOS技术的发明2.为什么硅是半导体占主导的材料？有哪些硅基薄膜？（一般）硅材料：优良的半导体特性、稳定的电的、化学的、物理的及机械的性能（特性稳定的金刚石晶体结构、良好的传导特性、优异的工艺加工能力、研究最透彻的材料、具有一系列的硅基化合物）（总结：半导体性、电、物理、化学、机械性）硅基薄膜：外延硅薄膜、多晶硅薄膜、无定形硅薄膜、SiO2与Si3N4介质膜、SiGe薄膜、金属多晶硅膜3. 微电子技术发展基本规律是什么？（重要）摩尔定律（Moore’s Law）：芯片内的晶体管数量每18个月～20个月增加1倍――集成电路的集成度每隔三年翻两番，器件尺寸每三年增加0.7 倍，半导体技术和工业呈指数级增长。

特征尺寸缩小因子，250→180→130→90→65→45→32→22→16(nm)等比例缩小比率（Scaling down principle）：在MOS器件内部恒定电场的前提下，器件的横向尺寸、纵向尺寸、电源电压都按照相同的比例因子k缩小，从而使得电路集成度k2倍提高，速度k倍提高，功耗k2倍缩小。

MOS管阻抗不变，但连线电阻和线电流密度都呈k倍增长。

（阈值电压不能缩得太小，电源电压要保持长期稳定）（总结：尺寸、电源电压变为1/k，集成度变为k^2.速度变为k倍。

（掺杂浓度变为k倍）Device miniaturization by “ Scaling‐down Principle”− Device geometry‐L g, W g, t ox, x j ⋅ 1/k− Power supply‐V dd ⋅1/k− Substrate doping‐N ⋅ k®Device speed ⋅ k® Chip density ⋅ k24. 什么是ITRS ?（重要）International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors国际半导体技术发展蓝图技术节点：DRAM半间距Technology node = DRAM half pitch5. 芯片制造的主要材料和技术是什么？（一般）Si材料：大直径和低缺陷的单晶硅生长、吸杂工艺、薄膜的外延生长、SiGe/Si异质结、SOI 介质薄膜材料和工艺：热氧化、超薄高K栅氧化薄膜生长、互连的低K介质；高分辨率光刻：电子束掩膜版、光学光刻（电子束曝光EBL）、匹配光刻。