Achieve Glory against All Odds- The Development of China’s Foreign Policy in the Past 60 Year

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Achieve Glory against All Odds:The Development of China’s Foreign Policy in the Past 60 Years 

Chengde ince its founding 60 years ago,the People’S Republic of China has been pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace under the guidance of Marxism—Leninism,Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory.Braving wind and storm in diplomatic front and breaking through brambles and thorns,it has scored brilliant achievements.Through arduous diplomatic struggles, China has safeguarded its national independence,sovereignty and security,created a favorable international environment for its cause of modernization,reform and opening—up,improved its international status and influence, and made important contribution to the promotion of world peace and development as well as the cause of human progress. 

The first generation of Chinese leaders。with Comrade Mao Zedon ̄as its core,laid the foundation for an independent foreign policy of peace and initiated the glorious cause of China’S diplo— macy.During the time of the first—generation leaders and the subsequent feW years,China’S diplomacy could be divided into three different stages of development in accordance with its main 

Yin Chengde is Guest Senior Research Fellow at China Institute of International Studies 4 CHINA INTERNATIONAL STUDIES・November/December 2009 Development ofChina Foreign Policy in the Past 60 Years line. 1.The first stage is from the founding of New China to the late 1 9 50s before the deterioration of Sino—Soviet relations.DurinK that time,the main fine of China’S diplomacy was“leanin ̄to one side”,which means to ioin the socialist camp and ally with the Soviet Union to fight against the United States,the policy of war and aggression of the West,and their intervention,threat, blockade and encirclement of China.This was determined by the prevailing internationai situa廿on and China’S international environment at that time.The U.S.一led Western powers launched the Cold War against the socialist countries.trying to contain and suppress them.In the East,not reconciling to its failure of anti—communist and pro—Chiang Kai—shek policy in China,the United States carried out an anti—China policy and encouraged other Western countries to take a hostile attitude toward New China and refuse to recognize it.The United States also flagrantly launched a war of aggression against Korea and took the War to China,S northeastern border。 established various anti—corn— munist treaty organizations in China’S surrounding areas to besiege and contain China in a frenzied manner,and dispatched the Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait and occupied China’S sacred territory Taiwan.The Soviet Union was the first country to recognize New China and provided great assistance to China’S revolution and construction.It Offered China us¥3oo million of low—interest loans and sent 1arge numbers of experts to help the newly—established People’S Republic to get a firm foothold and lay the foundation for construction.Under such circumstances, alliance with the Soviet Union against the United States was the inevitable choice and fundamental need of China to ensure its own survival and development. In the meanwhile.China practiced proletarian internationalism and provided great assistance to the oppressed nations’strugles a ̄ainst imperialism and colonialism for national independence. In the early 1950s.China offered a large number of military and material assistance to Vietnam and helped it achieve victory in 

CHINA INTERNATIONAL STUDIES・November/December 2009 5 Yin Chengde the struggle against France;dispatched troops to Korea and defeated the United States’invasion into the Democratic People’S Republic of Korea and its annexation scheme;and went all out to support the Afro—Asian and Latin American people’just strugle against colonialism and for national liberation.In handling international relations,China was the first to put forward and 1ointly initiated with India and Myanmar the five Principles of “mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity,mutual nonaggression,noninterference in each other’S internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit,and peaceful coexistence”,and insisted to establish and develop normal state relations with countries on the basis of these principles.New China also made its debut in the international arena with great magnanimity,and took an active part in the settlement of major international issues. Premier Zhou Enlai led a delegation to attend the Geneva Conference that beRx ̄n from Apri1 1 954 for discussions on the DPRK and Ind0一China issues and put forward constructive.fair and reasonable propositions on the issues accordingly,playing an important role to the political settlement of the Indo—China issue. In April l955.Premier Zhou Enlai again led a delegation to attend the Asian—African Conference held in Bandung,Indonesia and put forward the principle of“seeking common ground while reserving diferences”,making great contributions to the con— ference in ways of ensuring its fight direction of unity against imperialism and colonialism and achievement of important results.All this enhanced China’S international prestige and influence and opened up new prospects for the foreign relations of the new—born People's Republic.Before 1 954.only 1 9 countries established diplomatic relations with China;by the end of 1 960, the number had almost doubled to reach 3 6. 2.The second stage is from the late 1 9 50s when Sino—Soviet relations deteriorated to the early 1 970s before Sino—American relations thawed.DUring that time,the main line of China’S diplomacy is to fight against the serious threat and provocations from U.S.imperialism and Soviet revisionism simultaneouslv to